English Speaking and Grammar Through Hindi

Preface
This 'English Speaking & Grammar' book of Cromosys Language Research and Education
Center is designed to teach you English from very basic to the advanced level. The lessons
and study materials uniquely designed, which you will not find in any other books, are to
guide you to be fluent following correct usage of grammar. Having done the research over
English in twelve years, I am confident to assure you that it has everything that you need to
get a good command over English. Its step-by-step explanation to tense, modals,
advanced modals, voice and preposition with rules and alerts guarantee your success. You
will feel that this is the only book you were always in the need of.
The communication in any language without following the rules degrades the standard and
corrupts the meaning. As the world is changing day by day, English is incorporating in all
the sectors of human life around the globe. Every day, the use of English is increasing and
a person with good knowledge of it is able to get a good job. And so, the call centers and
print and visual media have great demand of those who are good in this language. The
modern ventures of newspapers, magazines, and movies have contributed a lot to make
English strong, sense-touching, smooth and beautiful. As English has advanced a lot in last
twenty-five years, the universal standard of it has adopted many new sentence structures
and grammar patterns, which are never taught to the students in academic schools. And
that is why English remains difficult to many people.
Considering that point, I prepared this magnificently powerful quality guide to help you gain
the improvement on Spoken English. Around eight years ago I went to the USA where I got
a chance to get an exclusive training of this language. I have been communicating with
English-speaking people around the world while managing a team in several call centers,
and in part time, I have been teaching this language globally with high exposure. So being
able to understand linguistic science, I promise that the knowledge that you are going to
get from this book will definitely sharpen your ability so that you can make your way of
success without any hindrance.
Cromosys, our language research and education center, saving human efforts from being
wasted, is to make you as good as native English speaker. This path-breaking pioneer
training institute for English Speaking, Mass Communication, Foreign Languages,
Computer Training, and Academic Tuition, is committed to enlightening human mind with
educational endeavors, and we are doing the same for last successful fifteen years. We not
only hope but believe that your success is in your hand now, and this book will take you
miles ahead in your expectation. We always respect the views and comments of readers,
so for any communication with regards to assistance, enquiry or collaboration, we are
always there at your reach as it helps us improve our ability.
Niranjan Jha
Founder:
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My other booksEnglish Word Power | Voice Accent and Pronunciation | Dynamic Grammar of English |
Teach Yourself Spanish | Teach Yourself French
MODALS
Can
IkgPkku%& ldrk gS] ldrh gS] ldrs gSa
Rule : Sub + can + v1 + obj
Affirmative
eSa ;g dke dj ldrk gwaA
vki mlls fey ldrs gSaA
ge ogkaa igqap ldrs gSaA
og Qzsap cksy ldrh gSA
I can do this work.

You can meet him.
We can reach there.
She can speak French.
Negative
og eq>s enn ugha dj ldrk gSA
cPps ogka ughsa tk ldrs gSaA
vki mlls ckr ugha dj ldrs gSaA
ge mls /kks[kk ughsa ns ldrs gSaA
He can not help me.

The Children can not go there.
You can not talk to him.
We can not cheat him.
Interrogative
D;k og i= fy[k ldrh gS\
Can she write a letter?
D;k vki bulokyksa ds tokc ughsns ldrs gSa\ Can you not answer these questions?
ge mlls dSls fey ldrs gSa\
How can we meet him?
rqe Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksy ldrs gks\
Why can you not speak French?
Exercise
vki ;g dke dj ldrs gSaA og vkidks MkaV ldrh gSA D;k vki eq>s dqN crk ldrs gSa\ og lc
dqN le> ldrk gSA fk{kd rqEgsa loky iwN ldrs gSaA dfork fufru ls D;ksa ugha fey ldrh gS\
vki eq>s :i;s dc ns ldrs gSa\
For word meaning see last page of the book.
Exercise
eSa ;g dke dy dj ldrk gwaA iqfyl mls fxjQrkj D;ksa ugha dj ldrh gS\ D;k og ;gka vk ldrk
gS\ vki mlls ;g loky iwN ldrs gSaA rqe ijh{kk ikl dj ldrs gksA fufru Qzsap ugha cksy ldrk
gSA vki mls ;gka dc cqyk ldrs gSa\ ge ;gka dSls Bgj ldrs gSa\ D;k eSa ;g ?kM+h csp ldrk gwa\
Hint- v1 = go, v2 = went, v3 = gone, v4 = going, v5 = goes
Could
IkgPkku%& ldk] ldh] lds] ldk Fkk] ldh Fkh] lds Fks
Rule : Sub + could + v1 + obj
Affirmative
ge ogkaa le; ij igqap ldsA
og esjs lkFk Qzsap cksy ldhA
eSa ;g dke Bhd rjg dj ldk A
og eq>s iSls ls enn dj ldhA
We could reach there on time.

She could speak French with me.
I could do this work properly.
She could help me with money.
Negative
cPps ogka ughsa tk ldsA
vki mlls ckr ugha dj ldsA
og gesa /kks[kk ughsa ns ldk A
vki bu lokyksa ds tokc ughas ns ldsA
The Children could not go there.

You could not talk to him.
He could not cheat us.
You could not answer these questions.
Interrogative
D;k og rqEgsa enn dj ldh\
D;k vki fdrkc ugha [kjhn lds\
og eq>ls D;kas ughsa fey ldk\
vki ;g dke dSls dj lds\
Could she help you?

Could you not buy the book?
Why could he not meet me?
How could you do this work?
Exercise
eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA D;k vki mlls dksbZ loky iwN lds\ cPps gkWdh D;ksa ugha [ksy lds\ eSa ;g
dye mls ugha ns ldkA vki mlls dc fey lds\ og eq>s /kks[kk ughsa ns ldhA rqEgkjk HkkbZ ?kj dc
igqap ldk\ eSa fufru ls ckr ugha dj ldkA rqe vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tk lds\ D;k cPps Ldwy ugha igqap
lds\
Exercise
rqe Qzsap ugha lh[k ldrs gksA rqe Qzsap ugha lh[k ldsA og eq>s ugha Hkwy ldrh gSA og eq>s ugha Hkwy
ldhA vki mlls dgka fey ldrs gSa\ vki mlls dgka fey lds\ ge ogka ugha Bgj ldrs gSaA ge ogka
ugha Bgj ldsA og ;g dke ugha dj ldrk gSA og ;g dke ugha dj ldkA vki i= D;ksa ugha fy[k
ldrs gSa\ vki i= D;ksa ugha fy[k lds\
Should
IkgPkku%& uk pkfg,] uh pkfg,] us pkfg,
Rule : Sub + should + v1 + obj
Affirmative
gesa ogka le; ij igqapuk pkfg,A
mls esjs lkFk Qzsap cksyuh pkfg,A
eq>s ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A
mls iSls ls esjh enn djuh pkfg,A
We should reach there on time.

He should speak French with me.
I should do this work today.
He should help me with money.
Negative
cPpksa dks ogka ugha tkuk pkfg,A
vkidks mlls ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A
gesa ;g fdrkc ugha [kjhnuh pkfg,A
mUgsa ;g dke ugha djuk pkfg,A
The children should not go there.

You should not talk to him.
We should not buy this book.
They should not do this work.
Interrogative
D;k cPpksa dks Qzsap lh[kuh pkfg,\
gesa mlls dSls feyuk pkfg,\
mls ;g fQYe D;ksa ugha ns[kuh pkfg,\
eq>s vc dgka tkuk pkfg,\
Should the children learn French?

How should we meet him?
Why should he not see this film?
Where should I go now?
Exercise
vkidks mls i<+kuk pkfg,A D;k eq>s mlls feyuk pkfg,\ gesa bu lokyksa ds tokc ughsa nsus pkfg,A
fk{kd dks mls ugha MkaVuk pkfg,A rqEgsa ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A gesa vc D;k djuk pkfg,\
D;k eq>s ;g ?kM+h cspuh pkfg,\ gesa mlls dgka feyuk pkfg,\ eq>s ;g dye ugha [kjhnuh pkfg,A
yksxksa dks vc ?kj tkuk pkfg,A cPpksa dks ;gka ugha Bgjuk pkfg,A
Exercise
mls dkWQh ugha ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ugha ih ldrk gSA og dkWQh ugha ih ldkA gesa ;g dke D;ksa
ugha djuk pkfg,\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj lds\ D;k mls
iqfyl dks dqN ugha crkuk pkfg,\ og rqEgsa /kks[kk ughsa ns ldhA jfo ?kj dc igqap ldk\ ge fufru
ls ckr ugha dj ldsA vki vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tk lds\ D;k yksxksa dks vc ?kj tkuk pkfg,\
4
Would
IkgPkku%& rk gksxk] rh gksxh] rs gksaxs
Rule : Sub + would + v1 + obj
Affirmative
vki mlls feyrs gksaxsA
og dkWQh ihrk gksxkA
cPps jkst Ldwy tkrs gksaxsA
dfork fufru dks tkurh gksxhA
You would meet him.

He would drink coffee.
The children would go to school daily.
Kavita would know Nitin.
Negative
og rqEgsa I;kj ugha djrh gksxhA
vki mls ilan ugha djrs gksaxsA
rqEgkjk HkkbZ nokbZ ugha ysrk gksxkA
os rqEgsa enn ugha djrs gksaxsA
She would not love you.

You would not like her.
Your brother would not take medicine.
They would not help you.
Interrogative
D;k og kjkc ihrk gksxk\
D;k cPps dfork i<+rs gksaxs\
og jkst dgka tkrh gksxh\
vesfjdu Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksyrs gksaxs\
Would he drink wine?

Would the children read poems?
Where would she go daily?
Why would Americans not speak French?
Exercise
og teZuh esa jgrk gksxkA rqe mldk uke tkurs gksxsA dfork fufru ls ckr ugha djrh gksxhA fk{kd
rqEgsa Bhd rjg ugha i<+krs gksaxsA D;k og fQYesa ns[krh gksxh\ og vkWLVzsfy;k dSls tkrk gksxk\ ;gka
dkSu jgrk gksxk\ gesa ;g dke djuk pkfg,A eq>s ;g ?kM+h ugha cspuh pkfg,A gesa mlls dgka feyuk
pkfg,\ cPpksa dks ;gka D;ksa Bgjuk pkfg,\
Exercise
vki pk; ugha ihrs gksaxsA vki pk; ugha ih ldrs gSaA vki pk; ugha ih ldsA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh
pkfg,A og rqels ckr ugha dj ldrh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldhA og rqels ckr ugha djrh
gksxhA vki mls ilan djrs gksaxsA og dkWQh ugha ihrk gksxkA mls dkWQh ugha ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh
ugha ih ldrk gSA og dkWQh ugha ih ldkA gesa ;g dke D;ksa ugha djuk pkfg,\ ge ;g dke D;ksa
ugha dj ldrs gSa\ ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha dj lds\ EkSa mls dqN ugha crk ldkA gesa mlls dgka
feyuk pkfg,\ eq>s ;g dke dSls djuk pkfg,\ og ;gka ugha Bgj ldrh gSA
5
Have to
IkgPkku%& uk gS] uh gS] us gSa] iM+rk gS] iM+rh gS] iM+rs gSa
Rule : Sub + have to / has to + v1 + obj
Note- I, we, you, they, plural noun = have to
he, she, it, name, singular noun = has to
Affirmative
rqEgsa pk; ihuh gS / rqEgsa pk; ihuh iM+rh gSA You have to drink tea.
mls fdzdsV [ksyuk gSA
He has to play cricket.
eq>s mlls ckr djuh gSA
I have to talk to him.
gesa mlls vkt feyuk gSA
We have to meet him today.
Negative
gesa ;g dke ugha djuk gSA
fk{kd dks Qzsap ugha i<+kuh gSA
cPpksa dks vkt Ldwy ugha tkuk gSA
vkidks mlls ckr ugha djuh gSA
We have not to do this work.

The teacher has not to teach French.
The children have not to go to school today.
You have not to talk to him.
Interrogative
D;k mls eq>ls ckr djuh gS\
D;k vkidks mlls ugha feyuk gS\
gesa ogka dc igqapuk gS\
cPpksa dks Qzsap D;ksa lh[kuh gS\
Has he to talk to me?

Have you not to meet him?
When have we to reach there?
Why have the children to learn French?
Exercise
D;k rqEgsa ;g fQYe ns[kuh gS\ mls eq>ls D;k iwNuk gS\ gesa ;gka D;ksa Bgjuk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks Qzsap ugha
lh[kuh gS\ mls vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha jguk gS\ rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks kknh dc djuh gS\ mUgsa ;g kgj vkt
NksM+uk gSA eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA D;k vki mlls dksbZ loky iwN lds\ cPps gkWdh D;ksa ugha [ksy
lds\ eSa ;g dye mls ns ldrk gwaA og vkidk uke tkurh gksxhA
Exercise
rqEgsa Qzsap cksyuh gSA rqe Qzsap cksyrs gksxsA rqEgsa Qzsap cksyuh pkfg,A rqe Qzsap cksy ldsA rqe Qzsap cksy ldrs
gksA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh gSA vki pk; ugha ihrs gksaxsA vki pk; ugha ih ldrs gSaA vki pk; ugha ih
ldsA vkidks pk; ugha ihuh pkfg,A mls rqels ckr ugha djuh gSA og rqels ckr ugha dj ldrh gSA og
rqels ckr ugha dj ldhA og rqels ckr ugha djrh gksxhA mls rqels ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A
Had to
IkgPkku%& uk Fkk] uh Fkh] us Fks] iM+rk Fkk] iM+rh Fkh] iM+rs Fks] iM+k] iM+h] iM+s
Rule : Sub + had to + v1 + obj
Affirmative
gesa dkWQh ihuh FkhA
gesa dkWQh ihuh iM+rh FkhA
gesa dkWQh ihuh iM+hA
mls vkt ;gka vkuk FkkA
eq>s ;g dke iwjk djuk FkkA
gesa mlls vkt feyuk FkkA
We had to drink coffee.

He had to come here today.
I had to complete this work.
We had to meet him today.
Negative
mls Ldwy ugha tkuk FkkA
gesa mlls ckr ugha djuh FkhA
mUgsa ;g ?kM+h ugha [kjhnuh FkhA
fk{kd dks Qzsap ugha i<+kuh FkhA
He had not to go to school.

We had not to talk to him.
They had not to buy this watch.
The teacher had not to teach French.
Interrogative
D;k vkidks eq>ls dy feyuk Fkk\
gesa ogka dSls igqapuk Fkk\
rqEgsa mlls dc kknh djuh Fkh\
mls eq>ls ckr D;ksa djuh Fkh\
Had you to meet me yesterday?

How had we to reach there?
When had you to marry him?
Why had he to talk to me?
Exercise
eq>s mlls ,d loky iwNuk FkkA mls vHkh ;gka vkuk FkkA eq>s MkWDVj cuuk FkkA gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc
nsuk FkkA D;k vkidks mlds lkFk dkWQh ihuh Fkh\ iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj D;ksa djuk Fkk\ D;k eq>s
mldh enn djuh Fkh\ D;k vkidks mlls ckr djuh Fkh\ gesa ;g fdrkc i<+uh FkhA mls ;gka dc igqapuk
Fkk\
Exercise
mls ;g dke dSls djuk Fkk\ mls ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ og ;g dke dSls djrk gksxk\ mls ;g dke
dSls djuk pkfg,\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldk\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gS\ vkidks mlls feyuk
FkkA vkidks mlls feyuk gSA vki mlls feyrs gksxsA vkidks mlls feyuk pkfg,A vki mlls fey ldsA
vki mlls fey ldrs gSaA rqe mldk fny thr ldrs gksA
Used to
IkgPkku%& vk djrk Fkk] vk djrh Fkh] vk djrs Fks
Rule : Sub + used to + v1 + obj
Affirmative
ge mlls ckr fd;k djrs FksA
og i= fy[kk djrh FkhA
eSa vesfjdk tk;k djrk FkkA
rqe mlls feyk djrs FksA
We used to talk to him.

She used to write letters.
I used to go to America.
You used to meet him.
Negative
og dkWQh ugha ih;k djrh FkhA
cPps QqVckWy ugha [ksyk djrs FksA
os baxfyk ugha cksyk djrs FksA
rqe mlls ugha feyk djrs FksA
She used not to drink coffee.

The children used not to play football.
They used not to speak English.
You used not to meet him.
Interrogative
D;k vki mlls feyk djrs Fks\
Used you to meet him?
og Qzsap dSls lh[kk djrh Fkh\
How used she to learn French?
vki mls enn D;ksa ugha fd;k djrs Fks\ Why used you not to help him?
fufru dgka tk;k djrk Fkk\
Where Nitin used to go?
Alert
og [ksyk djrk FkkA
He used to play.
mls [ksyuk FkkA
He had to play
mls [ksyuk iM+kA
He had to play.
og [ksyrk gksxkA
He would play.
Exercise
ge mls :i;s fn;k djrs FksA rqe mls D;ksa MkaVk djrs Fks\ og eq>ls jkst feyk djrh FkhA vki ogka dSls
jgk djrs Fks\ dfork fufru dks lykg fn;k djrh FkhA eSa mls jkst Ldwy Hkstk djrk FkkA bjkd dqoSr ls
D;ksa yM+k djrk Fkk\ D;k cPps jkst Ldwy tk;k djrs Fks\ vki fk{kd ls ckr D;ksa ugha fd;k djrs Fks\
Exercise
D;k og baxfyk cksyk djrk Fkk\D;k mls baxfyk cksyuh Fkh\D;k mls baxfyk cksyuh gS\D;k og baxfyk
cksyrk gksxk\D;k mls baxfyk cksyuh pkfg,\D;k og baxfyk cksy ldk\D;k og baxfyk cksy ldrk
gS\og cqjs dke fd;k djrk FkkA eSa mls :i;s ugha ns ldkA mls eq>ls ckr ugha djuh FkhA og eq>ls D;ksa
feyk djrh Fkh\ gesa vc D;k djuk gS\
Need to
IkgPkku%& t:jr gS] vko;Drk gS
Rule : Sub + need to + v1 + obj
Affirmative
eq>s ;g dke vkt djus dh t:jr gSA
gesa vkils ckr djus dh t:jr gSA
mls vHkh ;gka vkus dh t:jr gSA
I need to do this work today.

We need to talk to you.
He need to come here now.
Negative
gesa ;g dke djus dh t:jr ugha gSA
mls baxfyk lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gSA
cPpksa dks ;g fQYe ns[kusdh t:jr ugha gSA
film.
Interrogative
D;k vkidks nokbZ ysus dh t:jr gS\
D;k mls ;g dke djus dh t:jr gS\
gesa ogka dc igqapuss dh t:jr gS\
We need not to do this work.

He need not to learn English.
The children need not to see this
Do you need to take medicine?

Does he need to do this work?
When do we need to reach there?
Alert
eq>s ;g dke djus dh t:jr gSA
eq>s ;g dke djuk gSA
eq>s ;g dke dju k pkfg,A
I need to do this work.

I have to do this work.
I should do this work.
Exercise
mls Qzsap lh[kus dh t:jr gSA eq>s mldk uke iqNuk FkkA vki mlls vkt D;ksa ugha fey lds\ gesa ogka
dc igqapuk pkfg,\ vki mls enn ugha djrs gksaxsA iqfyl mlls ;g loky iwN ldrh gSA Hkkjr dks bl
eSp ds fy, D;k djuk pkfg,\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldk\ og ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gS\ vkidks
mlls feyuk FkkA vkidks mlls feyuk gSA
Exercise
mls ;g dke vkt D;ksa djuk Fkk\ og vkids lokyksa dk tokc ugha nsrh gksxhA dfork fufru ls D;k
iwNk djrh Fkh\ cPpksa dks fdzdsV ugha [ksyuk gSA mls ;g dke dSls djuk gS\ eSa mlls ugha fey ldkA
rqe mldk fny dSls thr ldrs gks\ D;k vkidks xk;d cuuk gS\ rqEgsa ;g dke vkt djuk pkfg,A gesa
vc D;k djuk pkfg,\ D;k eq>s ;g ?kM+h cspuh pkfg,\
Must
IkgPkku%& vo;] t:j
Rule : Sub + must + v1 + obj
Affirmative
mls ;g dke vo; djuk pkfg,A
He must do this work.
gesa mlls vo; feyuk pkfg,A
We must meet him.
yksxksadks vius nskls izse vo; djuk pkfg,A The people must love their country.
Negative
rqEgsa ?keaMh vo; ugha gksuk pkfg,A
Nk= dks ;gka vo; ugha vkuk pkfg,A
vkidks mls ekQ vo; ugha djuk pkfg,A
You must not be proud.

The student must not come here.
You must not forgive him.
Interrogative
D;k mls baxfyk vo; cksyuh pkfg,\
Must he speak English?
D;k eq>s mlds ckjs esa vo; tkuuk pkfg,\
Must I know about him?
D;k xjhcksa dks dM+h esgur vo; djuh pkfg,\ Must the poor work hard?
Alert
rqEgsa iSls vo; dekus pkfg,A
rqEgsa iSls dekus pkfg,A
rqEgsa iSls dekus gSaA
You must earn money.

You should earn money.
You have to earn money.
Exercise
mls nksLrksa ls vo; feyuk pkfg,A gesa xjhcksa ls uQjr vo; ugha djuh pkfg,A vki mls Qzsap D;ksa
ugha i<+k lds\ D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ vesfjdk esa jg ldrk gS\ eSa ;g dke dSls dj ldrk gwa\ og >wB ugha
cksy ldhA gesa muls D;k iwNuk pkfg,\ jfo fQYe ugha ns[k ldkA dfork xhr ugha xk ldhA vkidk
HkkbZ mls tkurk gksxkA cPps oga dSls tk;k djrs Fks\
Exercise
iqfyl ogka le; ij ugha igqap ldhA vkidks ekQh ekaxuh pkfg,A rqe mlls kknh ugha dj ldrs gksA
vki ogka dc igqap ldrs gSa\ og eq>s dqN D;ksa ugha crk ldh\ rqEgsa mldks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg,A D;k rqEgsa
mlls :i;s vo; ysuk pkfg,\ D;k gesa xjhcksa ls uQjr djuh pkfg,\ vki mls Qzsap D;ksa ugha i<+k
lds\ D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ ;gka D;ksa ugha jg ldrk gS\ eSa mls dSls cqyk ldrk gwa\
10
May
IkgPkku%& ldrk gS] (laHkkouk)
Rule : Sub + may + v1 + obj
Affirmative
vkt ckfjk gks ldrh gSA
os ;gka igqap ldrs gSaA
bl txg vkx yx ldrh gSA
It may rain today.

They may reach here.
This place may catch fire.
Negative
og ckgj ugha tk ldrh gSA
vkWfQlj NqV~Vh ugha ys ldrs gSaA
;g ?kM+h ugha py ldrh gSA
She may not go out.

The officers may not take leaves.
This watch may not work.
Interrogative
D;k yksx eq>ls ;g loky iwN ldrs gSa\May the people ask me this question?
vkt ckfjk D;ksa ugha gks ldrh gS\
Why may it not rain today?
rqEgsa vkt nsjh D;ksa gks ldrh gS\
Why may you get late today?
Alert
og ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA (laHkkouk)
kk;n og ijh{kk ikldj ldrhgSA (cgqr de laHkkouk)
og ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA ({kerk)
She may pass the exam.

She might pass the exam.
She can pass the exam.
Exercise
og vkidks lp crk ldrh gSA fufru dfork ls >wB cksy ldrk gSA vkidks mlls dqN iwNuk pkfg,A rqe
ogka le; ij igqaprs gksxsA og eq>s D;ksa ugha le> ldh\ mls vc lc dqN Hkwy tkuk pkfg,A iqfyl mls
fxjQrkj ugha dj ldhA gesa vc dgka tkuk pkfg,\ D;k mls eq>ls ckr djuh gS\ og vkidk uke ugha
tkurh gksxhA
Exercise
rqe dkWQh ih ldrs gks ({kerk)A rqe dkWQh ih ldsA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuk pkfg,A rqe dkWQh ihrs gksxsA rqEgsa
dkWQh ihuh gSA rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh FkhA rqe dkWQh ih;k djrs FksA rqEgsa dkWQh vo; ihuh pkfg,A dfork dks
rqels dc feyuk gS\ cPps ogka D;wa ugha tk ldrs gSa\ eq>s mls enn djuh pkfg,A D;k vki mls ugha
i<+k;k djrs Fks\ og vc D;k dj ldrk gS\
11
TENSE
Present Indefinite
IkgPkku%& rk gS] rh gS] rs gSa] rk gwa
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + v1/v5 + obj
Note: I, we, you, they, plural noun = v1
He, she, it, name, singular noun = v5
eSa fdzdsV [ksyrk gwaA
I play cricket.
og fdzdsV [ksyrk gSA
He plays cricket.
ge Ldwy tkrs gSaA
We go to school.
dfork xhr xkrh gSA
Kavita sings songs.
Negative
Rule : Sub + do/does + not + v1 + obj
rqe Ldwy ugha tkrs gksA
You do not go to school.
og Ldwy ugha tkrh gSA
She does not go to school.
eSa dkj ugha pykrk gwaA
I do not drive a car.
ge fQYesa ugha ns[krs gSaA
We do not see films.
Interrogative
Rule : Do/does + sub + v1 + obj
D;k os baxfyk cksyrs gSa\
Do they speak English?
D;k rqe Ldwy tkrs gks\
Do you go to school?
D;k dfork xhr xkrh gS\
Does Kavita sing songs?
D;k vki mls ilan ugha djrs gSa\
Do you not like him?
Double Interrogative
vki baxfyk dSls lh[krs gSa\
How do you learn English?
og gkWdh dc [ksyrh gS\
When does she play hockey?
rqe ogka D;k djrs gks\
What do you do there?
os dgka jgrs gSa\
Where do they live?
vki Qzsap D;ksa cksyrs gSa\
Why do you speak French?
;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksyrk gS\
Who plays cricket here?
;g dke dkSu djrk gS\
Who does this work?
Exercise
eSa i= fy[krk gwaA vki mls ugha tkurs gSaA D;k og ;gka vkrh gS\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tkrs gks\ vki mlls
ckr D;ksa djrs gSa\ dfork rqels dc feyrh gS\ cPps ogka dSls tkrs gSa\ eSa mls enn djrk gwaA D;k vki
mls ugha i<+krs gSa\ og ;gka D;k djrk gS\ rqe mldk uke dSls tkurs gks\ vki baxfyk D;ksa ugha cksyrs
gSa\ og rqels dgka feyrh gS\ og eq>s D;ksa cqykrk gS\
Note :- the fdlh fufpr oLrq ds fy,] tSls the book = dksbZ fufpr fdrkc;
a fdlh vfufpr oLrq ds fy,] tSls a book = dksbZ fdrkc;
12
Present Continuous
IkgPkku%& jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gwa
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj
Note:
I = am
We, you, they, plural noun = are
He, she, it, name, singular noun = is
og i= fy[k jgh gSA
ge ogka tk jgs gSaA
eSa fdzdsV [ksy jgk gwaA
She is writing a letter.

We are going there.
I am playing cricket.
Negative
Rule : Sub + is/am/are + not + v4 + obj
os fQYe ugha ns[k jgs gSaA
They are not seeing a film.
fk{kd Qzsap ugha i<+k jgs gSaA
The teacher is not teaching French.
og ;gka ugha vk jgk gSA
He is not coming here.
Interrogative
Rule : Is/am/are + sub + v4 + obj
D;k rqe mls cqyk jgs gks\
D;k os baxfyk cksy jgs gSa\
rqe ogka dSls tk jgs gks\
Are you calling him?

Are they speaking English?
How are you going there?
rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\
os dgka jg jgs gSa\
vki Qzsap D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\
;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksy jgk gS\
;g dke dkSu dj jgk gS\
What are you doing there?

Where are they living?
Why are you speaking French?
Who is playing cricket here?
Who is doing this work?
Exercise
og pk; ihrh gSA og pk; ih jgh gSA vki ;g dke D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki ;g dke D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ og eq>s
D;ksa cqykrk gS\ og eq>s D;ksa cqyk jgk gS\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tkrs gks\ D;k rqe ogka ugha tk jgs gks\ vki
mlls ckr D;ksa djrs gSa\ vki mlls ckr D;ksa dj jgs gSa\ og rqels D;k iwNrh gS\ og rqels D;k iwN jgh
gS\
13
Present Perfect
IkgPkku%& pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] fy;k gS]
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + have/has + v3 + obj
Note:
I, we, you, they, plural noun = have

He, she, it, name, singular noun = has
ge mls :i;s ns pqds gSaA
og fdrkc [kjhn pqdk gSA
Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk gSA
og i= fy[k pqdh gSA
We have given him money.

He has bought a book.
India has won the match.
She has written a letter.
Interrogative
Rule : Have/has + Sub + v3 + obj
D;k
D;k
D;k
D;k
os fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\

fk{kd Qzsap i<+k pqds gSa\
og ;gka vk pqdh gS\
dfork xhr xk pqdh gS\
Have they seen the film?

Has the teacher taught French?
Has she come here?
Has Kavita sung a song?
og dgka igqap pqdk gS\
vki mls D;k crk pqds gS\
rqe mls dgka Hkst pqds gks\
Where has he reached?

What have you told him?
Where have you sent him?
Exercise
cPps Ldwy tk pqds gSaA D;k vki mlls ckr dj pqds gSa\ D;k dfork rqels fey pqdh gS\ iqfyl mls
fxjQrkj dj pqdh gSA D;k vki mls i<+k pqds gSa\ D;k og vkils ckr dj pqdh gS\ D;k rqe ogka igqap
pqds gks\ ge mlls ckr dj pqds gSaA D;k og rqels loky iwN pqdh gS\ D;k vki mls fdrkc ns pqds gSa\
Exercise
og fdzdsV [ksyrk gSA og fdzdsV [ksy jgk gSA og fdzdsV [ksy pqdk gSA D;k vki mlls ckr djrs gSa\
D;k vki mlls ckr dj jgs gSa\ D;k vki mlls ckr dj pds gSa\ og ;gka ugha vkrk gSA D;k og pk;
ugha ih jgh gS\ vki ;g dke dc dj jgs gSa\ rqe mls dSls tkurs gks\ D;k og fdzdsV [ksy pqdh gS\ D;k
og eq>s cqyk jgk gS\ vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ os vesfjdk D;ksa ugha tkrs gSa\
14
Present Perfect Continuous

IkgPkku%& rk vk jgk gS] rh vk jgh gS] rs vk jgs gSa
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + have/has + been + v4 + obj
Note:
since = (fufpr le;) ls

since Monday = lkseokj ls, since 1947 = 1947 ls
for = (vfufpr le;) ls
for two hours = nks ?kaVs ls] for three years = rhu lkyksa ls
og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh gSA
She has been writing a letter for an hour
os nl feuV ls fQYe ns[krs vk jgs gSaA
They have been seeing a film for ten minutes.
eSa mlls lkseokj ls feyrk vk jgk gwaA
I have been meeting him since Monday.
os nks fnu ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs gSaA
They have been playing a match for two days.
Interrogative
Rule : Have/has + sub + been + v4 + obj
D;k fk{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gSa\
Has the teacher been teaching French for ten minutes?
D;k og rqels ?kaVksa ls ckrsa djrh vk jgh gS\
Has she been talking to you for hours?
D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs gSa\
Have you been drinking coffee since morning?
ge vk/ks ?kaVs ls dgka tkrs tk jgs gSa\
Where have we been going for half an hour?
Exercise
D;k vki Qzsap i<+krs gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+k jgs gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+k pqds gSa\ D;k vki Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs
gSa\ eSa nl feuV ls i= fy[krk vk jgk gwaA eSa i= fy[k pqdk gwaA eSa i= fy[k jgk gwaA eSa i= fy[krk gwaA
D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhnrs gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhn jgs gSa\ D;k vki fdrkcsa [kjhn pqds gSa\ D;k vki
fdrkcsa [kjhnrs vk jgs gSa\
15
Past Indefinite
IkgPkku%& vk] bZ] ,] rk Fkk] rh Fkh] rs Fks
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + v2 + obj
mlus fQYe ns[kh / og fQYe ns[krk Fkk A He saw a film.
eSaus mls cqyk;kA
I called him.
ge ogka x;sA
We went there.
mlus eq>s enn dhA
He helped me.
Negative
Rule : Sub + did + not + v1 + obj
vkius mls ugha i<+k;kA
You did not teach him.
iqfyl us mls fxjQrkj ugha fd;kA
The police did not arrest him.
rqe Ldwy ugha x;sA
You did not go to school.
eSaus dkj ugha pykbZA
I did not drive the car.
Interrogative
Rule : Did + sub + v1 + obj
D;k dfork us xhr xk;k\
Did Kavita sing a song?
D;k fufru us gkWdh [ksyk\
Did Nitin play hockey?
D;k mlus vkidks cktkj esa ns[kk\
Did he see you in the market?
D;k vkius muls ckr ugha dh\
Did you not talk to them?
vkius baxfyk dSls lh[kh\
How did you learn English?
mlus gkWdh dc [ksyk\
When did he play hockey?
rqeus ogka D;k fd;k\
What did you do there?
os dgka jgrs Fks\
Where did they live?
vki Qzsap D;ksa ugha cksyrs Fks\
Why did you not speak French?
;gka fdzdsV fdlus [ksyk\
Who played cricket here?
Exercise
eSaus i= fy[kkA og ;gka ughsa vk;hA D;k rqe ogka ugha x;s\ vkius mlls ckr D;ksa ugha dh\ dfork eq>ls
ugha feyhA cPps ogka dSls x;s\ eSa mls ugha tkurk FkkA vki baxfyk cksyrs gSaA vki baxfyk cksy jgs gSaA
vki baxfyk cksy pqds gSaA vkius baxfyk cksyhA
vki mlls D;k iwNrs gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwN pqds gSa\ vki mlls D;k iwNrs
vk jgs gSa\ vkius mlls D;k iwNk\ mlus vkidks D;k dgk\ D;k vki mldk uke tkurs gSa\ eSa mls :i;s
ns jgk gwaA Hkkjr us ;g eSp ugha thrkA iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh gSA D;k vkius mlls kknh dh\ mlus esjs
loky dk tokc ugha fn;kA rqe mldk uke dSls tkurs Fks\ og rqels dgka feyh\ geus mlls dksbZ loky
ugha iwNkA
16
Past Continuous
IkgPkku%& jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + was/were + v4 + obj
Note:
I,he, she, it, name, singular noun = was

We, you, they, plural noun = were
ge ogka tk jgs FksA
og i= fy[k jgh FkhA
fk{kd Qzsap i<+k jgs FksA
We were going there.

She was writing a letter.
The teacher was teaching French.
Negative
Rule : Sub + was/were + not + v4 + obj
og ;gka ugha vk jgk FkkA
eSa mls ugha cqyk jgk FkkA
os fQYe ugha ns[k jgs FksA
He was not coming here.

I was not calling him.
They were not seeing the film.
Interrogative
Rule : Was/were +sub + v4 + obj
D;k os baxfyk cksy jgs Fks\
D;k fufru dkWQh ih jgk Fkk\
vki dy dgka tk jgs Fks\
Were they speaking English?

Was Nitin drinking coffee?
Where were you going yesterday?
Exercise
vki mlls ckr dj jgs FksA vkius mlls ckr dhA vki mlls nks ?kaVs ls ckr djrs vk jgs FksA vki mlls
ckr dj pqds gSaA vki mlls ckr dj jgs gSaA vki mlls ckr djrs gSaA vki mlls ckr dj ldrs gSaA vki
mlls ckr dj ldsA vkidks mlls ckr djuh pkfg,A vki mlls ckr djrs gksaxsA vkidks mlls ckr
djuh gSA vkidks mlls ckr djuh FkhA vki mlls ckr fd;k djrs FksA
Exercise
ge mlls ugha feys\ D;k og vkidks dqN iwN jgh Fkh\ ge ogka D;ks ugha tk jgs gSa\ D;k vki mldk uke
tkurs Fks\ fk{kd baxfyk i<+k pqds gSaA eSa mls /kks[kk ugha ns jgk gwaA og rqEgsa I;kj D;ksa ugha djrh gS\
cPpksa us xhr dc xk;k\ D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh Fkh\ og ;gka dSls vk jgh Fkh\
17
Past Perfect
IkgPkku%& pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] x;k Fkk
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + had + v3 + obj
og fdrkc [kjhn pqdk FkkA
ge mls :i;s ns pqds FksA
Hkkjr eSp thr pqdk FkkA
ge mlls fey pqds FksA
He had bought the book.

We had given him money.
India had won the match.
We had met him.
Negative
Rule : Sub + had + not + v3 + obj
og eq>s :i;s ugha ns pqdk FkkA
vki fdrkc ugha [kjhn pqds FksA
fk{kd Qzsap ugha i<+k pqds FksA
os fQYe ugha ns[k pqds FksA
He had not given me money.

You had not bought the book.
The teacher had not taught French.
They had not seen the film.
Interrogative
Rule : Had + sub + v3 + obj
D;k
D;k
D;k
D;k
D;k
og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\

rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\
cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\
og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\
vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\
Had she sung the song?

Had you written the letter?
Had the children played hockey?
Had she come here?
Had you sent them to school?
Exercise
D;k og fQYesa ns[krk gS\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgk gS\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k pqdk gS\ D;k og lqcg ls fQYesa
ns[krk vk jgk gS\ D;k mlus fQYesa ns[kh\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgk Fkk\ D;k og fQYesa ns[k pqdk Fkk\
Exercise
eSa mls enn dj pqdk FkkA ge ?kj igqap pqds FksA mlus rqEgsa D;ksa MkaVk\ og xzkmaM esa D;ksa nkSM+ jgk gS\
D;k rqe mlls :i;s ysrs gks\ rqeus ogka D;k lquk\ vki mls xkyh D;ksa ns jgs Fks\ geus mls dqN ugha
crk;kA eSa lc dqN le> pqdk FkkA
Note :- English esa Past Perfect negative sentence dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tcfd fgUnh esa ughaA
18
Past Perfect Continuous

IkgPkku%& rk vk jgk Fkk] rh vk jgh Fkh] rs vk jgs Fks
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + had been + v4 + obj
og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh FkhA
She had been writing a letter for an hour.
os nl feuV ls fQYe ns[krs vk jgs FksA
They had been seeing a film for ten minutes.
eSa mlls lkseokj ls feyrk vk jgk FkkA
I had been meeting him since Monday.
os nks fnuksa ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs FksA
They had been playing the match for two days.
fk{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs FksA
The teacher had been teaching French for ten minutes.
Interrogative
Rule : Had + sub + been + v4 + obj
D;k og rqels ?kaVksa ls ckrsa djrh vk jgh Fkh\
Had she been talking to you for hours?
D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs Fks\
Had you been drinking coffee since morning?
D;k os nl feuV ls i= fy[krs vk jgs Fks\
Had they been writing a letter for ten minutes?
D;k vki nks lky ls baxfyk lh[krs vk jgs Fks\
Had you been learning English for two years?
D;k og ?kaVksas ls rqEgkjs loky dk tokc nsrh vk jgh Fkh\
Had she been answering your questions for hours?
Exercise
og nks lkyksa ls vkidks enn djrk vk jgk FkkA og vkidks enn dj pqdk FkkA og vkidks enn dj jgk
FkkA mlus vkidh enn dhA og nks lkyksa ls vkidks enn djrk vk jgk gSA og vkidks enn dj pqdk
gSA og vkidks enn dj jgk gSA og vkidks enn djrk gSA rqe i= D;ksa fy[k jgs gks\ D;k dfork rqels
ugha feyrh gS\ og ;g dke D;ksa dj jgk Fkk\ fk{kd rqels D;k iwN jgs Fks\
Exercise
D;k rqe tkurs gks og rqels D;ksa feyrh vk jgh Fkh\ mlus D;k ns[kk tc og cktkj x;kA D;k vki ns[k
jgs gSa cPps Dykl esa D;k dj jgs gSa\ vki i<+ jgs Fks ysfdu og [ksy jgk FkkA eSaus vkils loky iwNk
ysfdu vkius tokc ugha fn;kA rqe D;k dj jgs gks vxj og dkj pyk jgh gS\ eSaus mls :i;s fn;s ysfdu
mlus fdrkc ugha [kjhnhA og D;k djrh gS tc og Qzkal esa jgrh gS\ iqfyl mls ihV jgh gS vkSj og jks
jgk gSA Hkxoku mls enn djrk gS tks (who) nwljksa dks enn djrs gSaA
19
Future Indefinite
IkgPkku%& xk] xs] xh
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + will + v1 + obj
eSa mls :i;s nwaxkA
og fdrkc [kjhnsxkA
rqe mlls vkt feyksxsA
og rqels kknh djsxhA
I will give him money.

He will buy a book.
You will meet him today.
She will marry you.
Negative
Rule : Sub + will + not + v1 + obj
ge mls ugha i<+k;saxsA
og rqels ckr ugha djsxhA
cPps fdzdsV ugha [ksysaxsA
ge Qzkal ugha tk;saxsA
We will not teach him.

She will not talk to you.
The children will not play cricket.
We will not go to France.
Interrogative
Rule : Will + sub + v1 + obj
D;k Hkkjr ;g eSp thrsxk\
D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj ugha djsxh\
fufru dkWQh dc ih;sxk\
vki dy dgka tk;saxs\
Will India win this match?

Will the police not arrest him?
When will Nitin drink coffee?
Where will you go tomorrow?
Exercise
D;k vki ;g dke djrs gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke dj jgss gSa\ D;k vki ;g dke dj pqds gSa\ D;k vki ;g
dke djrs vk jgs gSa\ D;k vkius ;g dke fd;k\ D;k vki ;g dke dj jgs Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke dj
pqds Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke djrs vk jgs Fks\ D;k vki ;g dke djsaxs\
Exercise
eSa mlls ;g loky iwNwaxk vxj og eq>ls feyrk gSA vki mls D;k crk;saxs tc vki mlls :i;s ysaxs\ eSa
ugha tkurk gwa og dy D;k djsxkA og eq>s ilan djrh gS ysfdu eSa mls ilan ugha djrk gwaA mlus Qzsap
lh[kk tc og Qzkal esa jgrk FkkA vki mls dSls crk;saxs fd vki mls I;kj djrs gSa\ D;k rqeus mlls iwNk
mlus eq>s :i;s D;ksa fn;s\
Note- vktdy shall dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
20
Future Continuous
IkgPkku%& rk jgsxk] rh jgsxh] rs jgsaxs
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + will be + v4 + obj
og dkWQh ihrk jgsxkA
rqe dkj pykrs jgksxsA
cPps xhr xkrs jgsaxsA
ge fQYesa ns[krs jgsaxsA
He will be drinking coffee.

You will be driving the car.
The children will be singing songs.
We will be seeing films.
Negative
Rule : Sub + will + not + be + v4 + obj
cPps xhr ugha xkrs jgsaxsA
fufru dkWQh ugha ihrk jgsxkA
ge fQYesa ugha ns[krs jgsaxsA
og dkj ugha pykrh jgsxhA
The children will not be singing songs.

Nitin will not be drinking coffee.
We will not be seeing films.
She will not be driving the car.
Interrogative
Rule : Will + sub + be + v4 + obj
D;k Hkkjr eSp [ksyrk jgsxk\
D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihVrh jgsxh\
D;k vki mls i<+krs jgsaxs\
D;k ge gj eghus Qzkal tkrs jgsaxs\
ge ;g dke D;ksa ugha djrs jgsaxs\
Will India be playing match?

Will the police be beating the thief?
Will you be teaching him?
Will we be going to France every month?
Why will we not be doing this work?
Exercise
fk{kd mls i<+krs gSaA fk{kd mls i<+k jgs gSaA fk{kd mls i<+k pqds gSaA fk{kd mls i<+krs vk jgs gSaA
fk{kd us mls i<+k;kA fk{kd mls i<+k jgs FksA fk{kd mls i<+k pqds FksA fk{kd mls i<+krs vk jgs FksA
fk{kd mls i<+k;saxsA fk{kd mls i<+krs jgsaxsA
Exercise
mlus vki ij Hkjkslk fd;k ysfdu vkius mls /kksdk fn;kA eSa tkurk gwa vki eq>ls D;k pkgrs gSaA rqe
mlls kknh D;ksa ugha djrs gks vxj rqe mls I;kj djrs gks\ og eq>s ugha crk;sxk og dgka jgrk gSA og
ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxk vxj vki mls ugha i<+krs gSa\ D;k mlus rqEgsa crk;k eSaus mls D;k fn;k\
21
Future Perfect
IkgPkku%& pqdsxk] pqdsxh] pqdsaxs
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + will have + v3 + obj
og fdrkcsa [kjhn pqdsxkA
ge eSp thr pqdsaxsA
fk{kd Qzsap i<+k pqdsaxsA
og rqels fey pqdsxhA
He will have bought the books.

We will have won the match.
The teacher will have taught French.
She will have met you.
Negative
Rule : Sub + will + not + have + v3 + obj
ge mls :i;s ugha ns pqdsaxsA
og rqels ugha fey pqdsxhA
dfork xhr ugha xk pqdsxhA
fufru gkWdh ugha [ksy pqdsxkA
We will not have given him money.

She will not have met you.
Kavita will not have sung the song.
Nitin will not have played hockey.
Interrogative
Rule : Will + sub + have + v3 + obj
D;k
D;k
D;k
D;k
vki mls i<+k pqdsaxs\

cPps gkWdh [ksy pqdsaxs\
iqfyl mls fxjQrkj djpqdsxh\
ge ;g fQYe ns[k pqdsaxs\
Will you have taught him?

Will the children have played hockey?
Will the police have arrested him?
Will we have seen this film?
Exercise
vki mls i<+k pqds gSaA vki mls i<+k pqds FksA vki mls i<+k pqdsaxsA D;k og vkils fey pqdh gS\ D;k og
vkils fey pqdh Fkh\ D;k og vkils fey pqdsxh\ eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdk gwaA eSa mlds loky
dk tokc ns pqdk FkkA eSa mlds loky dk tokc ns pqdwaxkA
Exercise
D;k vki mls enn djrs gSa\ D;k vki mls enn dj jgs gSaS\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqds gSa\ D;k vkius
mls enn dh\ D;k vki mls enn dj jgs Fks\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqds Fks\ D;k vki mls enn
djsaxs\ D;k vki mls enn djrs jgsaxs\ D;k vki mls enn dj pqdsaxs\ og eq>s D;ksa ugha crkrh gS fd og
eq>s ilan djrh gS\ eSaus i= fy[kk ysfdu mlus ugha i<+kA eSa mls MkaVrk gwa fQj Hkh og cqjs dke djrk
gSA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxh vxj og geskk [ksyrh jgsxh\ fufru tkurk gS dfork mls fdruk I;kj
djrh gSA rqe D;k dj jgs Fks tc og dkj pyk jgh Fkh\ eSas mls :i;s nsrk gwa ysfdu og fdrkc ugha
[kjhrk gSA
22
Future Perfect Continuous

IkgPkku%& rk vk jgk gksxk] rh vk jgh gksxh] rs vk jgs gksaxs
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + will have + been + v4 + obj
Note :- ls = from
os nks fnuksa ls eSp [ksyrs vk jgs gksaxsA
They will have been playing the match from two days.
fk{kd nl feuV ls Qzsap i<+krs vk jgs gksaxsA
The teacher will have been teaching French from ten minutes.
og ,d ?kaVs ls i= fy[krh vk jgh gksxhA
She will have been writing a letter from ten minutes.
cPps nl feuV ls fQYe ls ns[krs vk jgs gksaxsA
The children will have been seeing the film from ten minutes.
og lkseokj ls rqels feyrh vk jgh gksxhA
She will have been meeting you from Monday.
Interrogative
Rule : Will + sub + have been + v4 + obj
D;k og ?kaVksa ls rqels ckr djrh vk jgh gksxh\
Will she have been talking to you from hours?
D;k vki lqcg ls dkWQh ihrs vk jgs gksaxs\
Will you have been drinking coffee from morning?
D;k os ikap feuV ls ;g dke ;g dke djrs vk jgs gksaxs\
Will they have been doing this work from five minutes?
D;k og vxys lky ls gkWdh [ksyrk vk jgk gksxk\
Will he have been playing hockey from next year?
D;k fk{kd mls eaxyokj ls i<+krs vk jgs gksaxs\
Will the teacher have been teaching him from Tuesday?
Exercise
eSaus ;g fdrkc ugha [kjhnhA vkius mlls ckr D;ksa ugha dh\ D;k og rqels jkst feyrk gS\ D;k cPps vkt
QqVckWy [ksysaxs\ ge vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha jgsaxs\ og ;gka dc vkrh gS\ D;k cPps ;g fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\
Exercise
eSaus ugha ns[kk mlus ogka D;k fd;kA vki mlls D;k iwNrs gSa tc vki mlls feyrs gSa\ iqfyl us rqEgsas
fxjQrkj D;ksa fd;k vxj rqe mlls ugha yM+s\ vki baxfyk cksyrs gSa ysfdu vkidk ckWl Qzsap cksyrk gSA
rqeus dSls tkuk fd mlus rqEgsa /kksdk fn;k\ D;k rqe lqu jgs gks tks eSa rqEgsa crk jgk gwa\ (tks=what) eSa
ns[k jgk gwa rqe mlds lkFk dgka tk jgs gksA
23
Exercise
vki xhr xkrs gSaA vki xhr xk jgs gSaA vki xhr xk pqds gSaA vkius xhr xk;kA vki xhr xk jgs FksA vki
xhr xk pqds FksA vki xhr xk;saxsA vki xhr xkrs jgsaxsA vki xhr xk pqdsaxsA eSa mlls ckr djrk gwaA eSa
mlls ckr dj jgk gwaA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdk gwaA eSaus mlls ckr dhA eSa mlls ckr dj jgk FkkA eSa mlls
ckr dj pqdk FkkA eSa mlls ckr d:axkA eSa mlls ckr djrk jgwaxkA eSa mlls ckr dj pqdwaxkA vki Qzsap
D;ksa cksy jgs gSa\ ;gka fdzdsV dkSu [ksy jgk gS\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk gS\ D;k og xhr xk pqdh
Fkh\
D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ D;k og ;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ D;k vki
mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ ;g dke dkSu dj jgk Fkk\
Exercise
translate into Hindi
She does not go to school. We will not give him money. She will not have met you.
Did Kavita sing the song? You will meet him today. Did Nitin play hockey? We have
given him money. He has bought a book. India has won the match. He will buy a
book. Did he see you in the market? We do not see films. She has written a letter. She
will marry you. Did you not talk to him? Will you have taught him? I do not drive a
car. Will the police have arrested him? Why are you speaking French? Who is playing
cricket here? Had she come here? Had you sent them to school? What are you doing
there? I will give him money.
Exercise
ge mlls fey pqds gSaA ge mllss fey pqds FksA ge mlls fey pqdsaxsA vki D;k djrs gSa\ vkius D;k
fd;k\ vki D;k djsaxs\ og D;ksa [ksy jgh gSa\ og D;ksa [ksy jgh Fkh\ og D;ksa [ksyrh jgsxh\ vki Qzsap D;ksa
cksy jgs gSa\ D;k og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\ D;k rqe i= fy[k pqds Fks\ D;k cPps gkWdh [ksy pqds Fks\ D;k og
;gka vk pqdh Fkh\ D;k vki mUgsa Ldwy Hkst pqds Fks\ rqe ogka D;k dj jgs gks\ D;k vki mls enn djrs
gSa\ og eq>s ilan djrh gSA eSaus i= fy[kkA mlus ugha i<+kA og ijh{kk ikl dSls djsxh\ dfork mls I;kj
ugha djrh gSA eSas mls :i;s nsrk gwaA
24
ADVANCED MODALS
Will have to
IkgPkku%& uk gksxk@uk iM+sxk
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + will have to + v1 + obj
eq>s ;g dke dy djuk gksxk@eq>s ;g dke dy djuk iM+sxk
I will have to do this work tomorrow.
mls vkt ;gka vkuk gksxkA
He will have to come here today.
cPpksa dks Dykl esa Qzsap cksyuh gksxhA
The children will have to speak French in class.
Negative
Rule : Sub + will + not + have to + v1 + obj
eq>s mldks :i;s ugha nsus gksaxsA
I will not have to give him money.
cPpksa dks ;g dfork ;kn ugha djuh gksxhA
The children will not have to memorize this poem.
gesa mlls dqN ugha iwNuk gksxkA
We will not have to ask him anything.
Interrogative
Rule : Will + sub + have to + v1 + obj
D;k mls esjs HkkbZ ls ckr djuh gksxh\
Will he have to talk to my brother?
gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc D;ksa nsuk gksxk\
Why will we have to answer these questions?
eq>s blds fy, D;k djuk gksxk\
What will I have to do for this?
Alert:- D;k
D;k
D;k
D;k
D;k
rqe tkvksxs\
rqEgsa tkuk gS\
rqEgsa tkuk gksxk\
rqe tk pqdksxs\
rqe tkuk pkgrs gks\
Will you go?

Have you to go?
Will you have to go?
Will you have gone?
Do you want to go?
Exercise
rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh gksxhA rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh FkhA rqEgsa ;g fdrkc [kjhnuh gSA rqe ;s fdrkcsa
[kjhnk djrs FkssA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnrs gksxsA rqe ;s fdrkcsa [kjhn ldsA rqEgsa ;s fdrkcsa [kjhnuh pkfg,A
og esjs lkFk ugha jg ldkA gesa vHkh ?kj ugha tkuk gSA cPps jkst Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk;k djrs Fks\ D;k
vkidks ;g ckr mls crkuh Fkh\ gesa ;g dke vkt iwjk djuk gksxkA rqEgsa mldks lp crkuk gksxkA vkidks
;gka Bgjuk gksxkA
25
Would have to
IkgPkku%& uk iM+rk gksxk
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + would have to + v1 + obj
mls kjkc ihuh iM+rh gksxhA
He would have to drink wine.
rqEgsa mlds lkFk jguk iM+rk gksxkA
You would have to live with him.
cPpksa dks lqcg tYnh mBuk iM+rk gksxkA
The children would have to get up early in the morning.
Negative
Rule : Sub + would + not + have to + v1 + obj
mls fdrkcsa ugha [kjhnuh iM+rh gksxhA
He would not have to buy books.
vkidks mls lykg ugha nsuh iM+rh gksxhA
You would not have to advise him.
fk{kd dks dgkfu;ka ugha lqukuh iM+rh gksxhA
The teacher would not have to narrate the stories.
Interrogative
Rule : Would+ sub + have to + v1 + obj
D;k mls vius HkkbZ ls jkst feyuk iM+rk gksxk\
Would he have to meet his brothers daily?
D;k mUgsa Lisfuk cksyuk iM+rk gksxk\
Would they have to speak Spanish?
D;k yksxksa dks ogka eNfy;ka [kkuh iM+rh gksxh\
Would the people have to eat fish there?
Alert:- og [ksysxkA
og [ksyrk gksxkA
mls [ksyuk gksxkA
mls [ksyuk iM+rk gksxkA
He will play.
He would play.
He will have to play.
He would have to play.
Exercise
mls dkWQh ihuh iM+rh gksxhA mls dkWQh ihuh iM+sxhA mls dkWQh ihuh gSA mls dkWQh ihuh FkhA og dkWQh
ihrk gksxkA mls dkWQh ihuh pkfg,A og dkWQh ih;k djrk FkkA og dkWQh ihrk gSA og dkWQh ih jgk gSA
og dkWQh ih pqdk gSA mlus dkWQh ihA og dkWQh ih jgk FkkA og dkWQh ih pqdk FkkA og dkWQh ih;sxkA
og dkWQh ihrk jgsxkA og dkWQh ih pqdsxkA
26
May have to
IkgPkku%& uk iM+ ldrk gS
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + may have to + v1 + obj
mUgsa ;g kgj NksM+uk iM+ ldrk gSA
They may have to leave this city.
gesa mldks dqN :i;s nsuk iM+ ldrk gSA
We may have to give him money.
vkidks MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA
You may have to go to the doctor.
Negative
Rule : Sub + may + not + have to + v1 + obj
mls dkj ugha [kjhnuh iM+ ldrh gSA
He may not have to buy a car.
vkidks ;g dke ugha djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
You may not have to do this work.
gesa nokbZ ugha ysuh iM+ ldrh gSA
We may not have to take the medicine.
Interrogative
Rule : May + sub + have to + v1 + obj
D;k vkrafd;ksa dks ikfdLrku ls ckgj tkuk iM+ ldrk gS\
May the terrorists have to go out of Pakistan?
D;k iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj djuk iM+ ldrk gS\
May the police have to arrest him?
D;k mls ;g dfork ;kn djuh iM+ ldrh gS\
May he have to memorize this poem?
Alert:- mls tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA
He may have to go.
og tk ldrk gSA (laHkkouk)
He may go.
kk;n og tk ldrk gSA (de laHkkouk)
He might go.
mls tkuk iM+rk gSA
He has to go.
kk;n mls tkuk iM+ldrk gSA(de laHkkouk)
He might have to go.
Exercise
mls ;gka Bgjuk iM+ ldrk gSA mls ;gka Bgjuk iM+rk gksxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk iM+sxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk
gSA mls ;gka Bgjuk FkkA og ;gka Bgjrk gksxkA mls ;gka Bgjuk pkfg,A gesa yksxksa ls ckr djuh iM+
ldrh gSA rqEgsa dM+h esgur djuh iM+ ldrh gSA yksxksa dks eqlhcr dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA gesa
mldk uke iwNuk iM+ ldrk gSA mls Lisfuk lh[kuh gksxhA cPps vkils D;k iwNk djrs Fks\ gesa ogka dSls
igqapuk Fkk\ kkfyuh dks jfo ds ckjs esa D;k tkuuk gS\
27
Having to
IkgPkku%& uk iM+ jgk gS
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + is/am/are + having to + v1 + obj
mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ jgh gSA
He is having to learn French.
eq>s ;gka jguk iM+ jgk gSA
I am having to live here.
gesa jkr esa i<+kbZ djuh iM+ jgh gSA
We are having to study in the night.
Negative
Rule : Sub + is/am/are + not + having to + v1 + obj
mls nokbZ ugha ysuh iM+ jgh gSA
He is not having to take medicine.
vkidks ;g dke ugha djuk iM+ jgk gSA
You are not having to do this work.
gesa dM+h esgur ugha djuh iM+ jgh gSA
We are not having to do hard work.
Interrogative
Rule : Is/am/are + sub + having to + v1 + obj
D;k mls ogka Lisfuk cksyuh iM+ jgh gS\
Is she having to speak Spanish there?
rqEgkjs HkkbZ dks kjkc D;ksa ihuh iM+ jgh gS\
Why is your brother having to drink wine?
rqEgsa vdsys D;ksa jguk iM+ jgk gS\
Why are you having to live alone?
Alert:- gesa lh[kuk iM+rk gSA
We have to learn.
gesa lh[kuk iM+ jgk gSA
We are having to learn.
gesa lh[kuk iM+ jgk FkkA
We were having to learn.
ge lh[k jgs gSaA
We are learning.
ge lh[krs vk jgs gSaA
We have been learning.
gesa lh[kuk iM+ ldrk gSA
We may have to learn.
Exercise
mls baxfyk cksyuh iM+ jgh gSA mls baxfyk cksyuh iM+ ldrh gSA mls baxfyk cksyuh iM+rh gksxhA
mls baxfyk cksyuh iM+sxhA mls baxfyk cksyuh iM+rh gSA mls baxfyk cksyuh iM+rh FkhA og baxfyk
cksyrk gksxkA gesa fdrkcsa D;ksa [kjhnuh iM+ jgh gSa\ vkidks mls :i;s D;ksa nsus iM+ jgs gSa\ fonsfk;ksa dks
Hkkjr esa fgUnh cksyuh iM+ jgh gSA D;k vkidks eq>ls dqN iwNuk Fkk\ yksx rqEgkjs ckjs esa ugha tkurs gksaxsA
Hkkjr dks ;g eSp thruk gksxkA mls esjk uke D;ksa tkuuk gS\ vkidks mlls kknh dc djuh gS\
28
Could have + v3
IkgPkku%& ldrk Fkk] ldrh Fkh] ldrs Fks
ladsr:- kfDr Fkh ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;k
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + could have + v3 + obj
os ;g eSp thr ldrs FksA (thrs ughsa)
They could have won this match.
og ;gka vk ldrk FkkA (vk;k ugha)
He could have come here.
vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA (i<+k;s ugha)
You could have taught him.
Negative
Rule : Sub + could + not + have + v3 + obj
og ijh{kk ikl ugha dj ldrk FkkA (ysfdu ikl fd;k)
He could not have passed the exam.
ge mlls vkt ugha fey ldrs FksA (ysfdu feys)
We could not have met him today.
eSa ;g dke iwjk ugha dj ldrk FkkA (ysfdu iwjk fd;k)
I could not have completed this work.
Interrogative
Rule : Could + sub + have + v3 + obj
D;k iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj ldrh Fkh\ (ugha fd;k)
Could the police have arrested him?
D;k ge mls ;gka cqyk ldrs Fks\ (ugha cqyk;s)
Could we have called him here?
D;k vki mlds loky dk tokc ns ldrs Fks\ (ugha fn;s)
Could you have answered his question?
Alert:- vki baxfyk cksy ldrs gSaA
You can speak English.
vki baxfyk cksy ldsA
You could speak English.
vki baxfyk cksyldrs FksA (kfDr Fkh&cksys ugha) You could have spoken English.
Exercise
eSa ;g dke dj ldrk gwaA eSa ;g dke dj ldkA eSa ;g dke dj ldrk FkkA eq>s ;g dke djuk pkfg,A
eq>s ;g dke djuk gSA eq>s ;g dke djuk FkkA rqe ;g dke djrs gksxsA vki mls enn dj ldrs FksA
ge mls yanu Hkst ldrs FksA D;k og viuk uke cny ldrk Fkk\ vki mlls :i;s ys ldrs FksA yksx
vehj D;ksa ugha cu lds\ gesa mlls vkt D;ksa feyuk gS\ vki mls MkaV ldrs FksA vki mlds ckjs esa D;k
tkurs gSa\ rqe ogka D;ksa tk jgs gks\
29
Sould have + v3
IkgPkku%& uk pkfg, Fkk
ladsr:- drZO; Fkk ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;k
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + should have + v3 + obj
vkidks mlls ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA (fd;s ughsa)
You should have talked to him.
gesa ogka tkuk pkfg, FkkA (x;s ughsa)
We should have gone there.
mUgsa xjhcksa dh enn djuh pkfg, FkhA (dh ughsa)
They should have helped poor.
Negative
Rule : Sub + should + not + have + v3 + obj
mls kjkc ugha ihuh pkfg, FkhA (ysfdu ih;k)
He should not have drunk wine.
rqEgsa ;g ?kM+h ugha cspuh pkfg, FkhA (ysfdu csph)
You should not have sold this watch.
vkidks mls lcdqN ugha crkuk pkfg, FkkA (ysfdu crk;k)
You should not have told him everything.
Interrogative
Rule : Should + sub + have + v3 + obj
D;k eq>s ml ij fookl djuk pkfg, Fkk\ (ugha fd;k)
Should I have believed him?
D;k yksxksa dks usrkvksa ls dqN mEehn djuh pkfg, Fkh\ (ugha dh)
Should the people have expected anything from the politicians?
gesa ogka dc igqapuk pkfg, Fkk\ (ugha igqaps)
When should we have reached there?
Alert:- mls tkuk pkfg, FkkA (drZO; Fkk&x;k ugh)
He should have gone.
og tk ldrk FkkA (kfDr Fkh&x;k ugh)
He could have gone.
mls tkuk pkfg,A
He should go.
og tk ldrk gSA
He can go.
Exercise
rqEgsa mlls feyuk pkfg, FkkA rqe mlls fey ldrs FksA rqEgsa mlls feyuk gSA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+
ldrk gSA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+sxkA rqEgsa mlls feyuk iM+rk gksxkA rqe mlls feyrs gksxsA rqe mlls
feyk djrs FksA rqEgsa baxfyk lh[kuh pkfg, FkhA og vkidks :i;s ns ldrk FkkA gesa ;g dke ugha djuk
FkkA vki mlls dgka feyk djrs Fks\ mlus esjs lkFk ,slk D;ksa fd;k\ rqe mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNrs gks\
vki eq>s ;g fdrkc dc nsaxs\ yksx vkils ;g loky D;ksa iwN jgs Fks\
30
Would have + v3
IkgPkku%& pqdk gksrk] fy;k gksrk] vk gksrk
ladsr:- laHkkouk Fkh ysfdu dke ugha fd;k x;k
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + would have + v3 + obj
og i= fy[k pqdk gksrkA (fy[kk ughsa)
He would have written a letter.
cPps baxfyk lh[k pqds gksrsA (lh[ks ugha)
The children would have learnt English.
ge viuk dke dj pqds gksrsA (fd;s ugha)
We would have done our work.
Negative
Rule : Sub + would + not + have + v3 + obj
mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh gksrhA (ysfdu ikl dh)
She would not have passed the exam.
ge mls :i;s ugha fn;s gksrsA (ysfdu fn;ss)
We would not have given him money.
cPpksa us vkils dksbZ loky ugha iwNk gksrkA (ysfdu IkwNk)
The children would not have asked you any question.
Interrogative
Rule : Would + sub + have + v3 + obj
D;k og rqEgsa ;g ckr crk pqdh gksrh\ (ugha crk;k)
Would she have told you this matter?
D;k iqfyl vkrafd;ksa dks ekj pqdh gksrh\ (ugha ekjk)
Would the police have killed the terrorists?
D;k og eq>ls kknh dj pqdh gksrh\ (ugha dh)
Would she have married me?
Alert:- og [ksy ldrk FkkA (kfDr Fkh&[ksyk ugha)
He could have played.
mls [ksyuk pkfg, FkkA (drZO; Fkk&[ksyk ughaa)
He should have played.
og [ksy pqdk gksrkA (laHkkouk Fkh&[ksyk ugh)
He would have played.
Exercise
og rqels ckr dj ldrh FkhA mls rqels ckr djuh pkfg, FkhA og rqels ckr dj pqdh gksrhA vki ;g
fQYe ugha ns[k ldrs FksA vkidks ;g fQYe ugha ns[kuh pkfg, FkhA vki ;g fQYe ugha ns[k pqds gksrsA
D;k eSa mls enn dj ldrk Fkk\ D;k eq>s mldh enn djuh pkfg, Fkh\ D;k eSa mldh enn dj pqdk
gksrk\ os ;g dke dj ldrs gSaA vki mls enn dj ldrs FksA ge mls yanu Hkst ldrs FksA vki mlls
:i;s ys ldrs FksA yksx vehj D;ksa ugha cu lds\ gesa mlls vkt D;ksa feyuk gS\ vki mls MkaV ldrs
FksA og esjs ckjs esa D;k tkurh gS\
31
May have + v3
IkgPkku%& pqdk gksxk] fy;k gksxk
ladsr:- laHkkouk gS fd dke gks x;k gS
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + may have + v3 + obj
og i= fy[k pqdh gksxh@mlus i= fy[k fy;k gksxkA (kk;n fy[k fy;k gS)
She may have written a letter.
cPps fQYe ns[k pqds gksaxsA
The children may have seen the film.
iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gksxhA
The police may have arrested him.
Negative
Rule : Sub + may + not + have + v3 + obj
mlus [kkuk ugha cukk;k gksxkA
He may not have cooked food.
mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh gksxhA
He may not have passed the exam.
fk{kd us mls vkt ugha i<+k;k gksxkA
The teacher may not have taught him today.
Interrogative
Rule : May + sub + have + v3 + obj
D;k iqfyl vkradh dks ekj pqdh gksxh\
May the police have killed the terrorist?
D;k og yanau igqap pqdk gksxk\
May he have reached London.
D;k vesfjdk ikfdLrku ls nksLrh rksM+ pqdk gksxk\
May America have broken friendship with Pakistan?
Alert:- og fy[k ldrk Fkk (kfDr Fkh&fy[kk ugha)
He could have written.
mls fy[kuk pkfg,Fkk (drZO; Fkk&fy[kk ugha)
He should have written.
og fy[k pqdk gksrk (laHkkouk Fkh&fy[kk ugha)
He would have written.
og fy[k pqdk gksxk (kk;n fy[k fy;k gS)
He may have written.
kk;n og fy[kpqdk gksxk (cgqr de laHkkouk) He might have written.
Exercise
cPps Ldwy tk pqds gksaxsA cPps Ldwy tk pqds gksrsA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk pkfg, FkkA cPps Ldwy tk ldrs
FksA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iM+ ldrk gSA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iM+rk gksxkA cPpksa dks Ldwy tkuk iMsxkA
rqEgkjs nksLr ?kj igqap pqds gksaxsA mls esjs ckjs esa D;k tkuuk Fkk\ yksx jktuhfr ilan D;ksa ughsa djrs gSa\
og esjk dke ugha dj ldrk FkkA gesa mlls D;k iwNuk pkfg, Fkk\ rqe ogka dbZ nksLr cuk pqds gksxsA
32
Must have + v3
IkgPkku%& vo;...pqdk gS
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + must have + v3 + obj
og viuk dke vo; iwjk dj pqdk gSA
He must have completed his work.
rqe mlls vo; fey pqds gksA
You must have met him.
os esjk uke vo; tku pqds gSaA
They must have known my name.
cPps ?kj vo; igqap pqds gSaA
The children must have reached home.
Interrogative
Rule : Must + sub + have + v3 + obj
D;k vki mls :i;s vo; ns pqds gSa\
Must you have given him money?
D;k og vkidk irk vo; Hkwy pqdh gS\
Must she have forgotten your address?
D;k rqe mlds loky dk tokc vo; ns pqds gks\
Must you have answered his question?
D;k cPps ?kj vo; igqap pqds gSa\
Must the children have reached home?
Alert:- rqe dkWQh vo; ih pqds gks
rqe dkWQh ih pqds gks
rqe dkWQh ih ldrs Fks
rqEgsa dkWQh ihuh pkfg, Fkh
rqe dkWQh ih pqds gksrs
rqe dkWQh ih pqds gksxs
You must have drunk coffee.

You have drunk coffee.
You could have drunk coffee.
You should have drunk coffee.
You would have drunk coffee.
You may have drunk coffee.
Exercise
vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA vkidks mls i<+kuk pkfg, FkkA vki mls i<+k pqds gksrsA vki mls i<+k pqds
gksaxsA vki mls i<+k pqds gSaA vki mls i<+k pqds FksA vki mls i<+k pqdsaxsA rqeus mlls dqN D;ksa ugha
iwNk\ mlus eq>s rqEgkjs lkFk dc ns[kk\ rqEgsa mldks ekQ dj nsuk pkfg, FkkA yksxksa dks ogka le; ij
igqapuk pkfg, FkkA vki mlds fy, dqN vPNk dj ldrs FksA mls vkt dgka tkuk Fkk\ yksx xjhcksa dh
enn D;ksa ugha dj ldrs gSa\ vki esjk irk mlls iwN ldrs FksA mls vijkf/k;ksa dk lkFk ugha nsuk
pkfg, FkkA
33
Have had to
IkgPkku%& djuk gh gS
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + have had to + v1 + obj
eq>s ;g dke djuk gh gSA
I have had to do this work / I have got to do this work.
mls baxfyk lh[kuh gh gSA
He has had (got) to learn English.
vkidks mlls ckr djuh gh gSA
You have had (got) to talk to him.
Negative
Rule : Sub + have + not + had to + v1 + obj
gesa ogka vkt igqapuk gh ugha gSA
We have not had (got) to reach there today.
iqfyl dks vkradh dks ekjuk gh ugha gSA
The police has not had to kill the terrorist.
mls yanau igqapuk gh ugha gSA
He has not had to reach London.
Interrogative
Rule : Have + sub + had to + v1 + obj
D;k rqEgsa dEI;wVj lh[kuk gh gS\
Have you had to learn computer?
D;k vkidks mlls cnyk ysuk gh gS\
Have you had to take revenge on him?
D;k mls bl lky kknh djuh gh gS\
Has he had to marry this year?
Alert:- I have had to go
eq>s tkuk gh gSA
I have got to go
eq>s tkuk gh gSA
I must have to go
eq>s vo; tkuk gSA
I should have to go
eq>s tkuk gh pkfg,A
I have to go
eq>s tkuk gSA
I need to go
eq>s tkus dh t:jr gSA
I must go
eq>s vo; tkuk pkfg,A
I am to go
eSa tkus dks gwaA
I am about to go
eSa tkus okyk gwaA
I should go
eq>s tkuk pkfg,A
Exercise
mls fQYe ns[kuh gSA mls fQYe ns[kuh FkhA mls fQYe ns[kuh gksxhA mls fQYe ns[kuh iM+ ldrh gSA
og fQYe ns[k ldrk FkkA mls fQYe ns[kuh pkfg, FkhA og fQYe ns[k pqdk gksrkA
34
Had had to
IkgPkku%& djuk gh Fkk
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + had had to + v1 + obj
gesa vkt ogka tkuk gh FkkA
We had had to go there today / We had got to go there today.
eq>s ;g dke djuk gh FkkA
He had had to do this work.
mls baxfyk lh[kuh gh FkhA
He had had to learn English.
vkidks mlls ckr djuh gh FkhA
You had had to talk to him.
Interrogative
Rule : Had + sub + had to + v1 + obj
D;k rqEgsa dEI;wVj lh[kuk gh Fkk\
Had you had to learn computer?
D;k vkidks mlls cnyk ysuk gh Fkk\
Had you had to take revenge on him?
D;k mls bl lky kknh djuh gh Fkh\
Had he had to marry this year?
D;k gesa ;g loky mlls iwNuk gh Fkk\
Had we had to ask him this question?
Alert:- She had had to play
She had got to play
She had to play
She had played
She had been playing
mls [ksyuk gh FkkA

mls [ksyuk gh FkkA
mls [ksyuk FkkA
og [ksy pqdh FkhA
og [ksyrh vk jgh FkhA
Exercise
gesa baxfyk lh[kuh gSA gesa baxfyk lh[kuh FkhA gesa baxfyk lh[kuh gksxhA gesa baxfyk lh[kuh iM+
ldrh gSA ge baxfyk lh[k ldrs FksA gesa baxfyk lh[kuh pkfg, FkhA ge baxfyk lh[k pqds gksrsA vki
eqlhcrksa dk lkeuk dj ldrs FksA mls esjs ckjs esa fdlus crk;k\ vki mls Lisfuk dSls i<+krs gSa\ ge
mls vkt ;gka ugha cqyk;saxsA vkidks ;g dke dy djuk pkfg, FkkA rqe mlds ckjs esa eq>s crk ldrs
gksA gesa mlls D;k ckr djuh gS\
35
Could have had to

IkgPkku%& uk iM+ ldrk Fkk
ladsr:- dke etcwjh esa fd;k tk ldrk Fkk&ysfdu ugha fd;k x;k
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + could have had to + v1 + obj
gesa ogka tkuk iM+ ldrk FkkA
We could have had to go there.
mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ ldrh FkhA
He could have had to learn French.
rqEgsa nokbZ ysuh iM+ ldrh FkhA
You could have had to take medicine.
cPpksa dks dfork fy[kuh iM+ ldrh Fkh\
The children could have had to write poems?
Interrogative
Rule : Could + sub + have had to + v1 + obj
D;k gesa mlls ckr djuh iM+ ldrh Fkh\
Could we have had to talk to him?
D;k iqfyl dks mls fxjQrkj djuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\
Could the police have had to arrest him?
D;k eq>s bu lokyksa dk tokc nsuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\
Could I have had to answer these questions?
D;k mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+ ldrk Fkk\
Could they have had to go to the doctor?
Alert:- mls Qzsap lh[kuh iM+ ldrh Fkh
mls Qzsap lh[kuh gh Fkh
mls Qzsap lh[kuh gh gS
og Qzsap lh[k ldrh Fkh
mls Qzsap lh[kuh Fkh
She could have had to learn French.

She had had to learn French.
She has had to learn French.
She could have learnt French.
She had to learn French.
Exercise
mls i= fy[kuk iM+ ldrk FkkA gesa ;g dke djuk iM+ ldrk FkkA rqEgsa ;gka Bgjuk pkfg, FkkA rqEgkjk
HkkbZ ijh{kk ikl pqdk gksxkA gesa vkils dqN ugha iwNuk gSA eSa mls dSls Hkwy ldrk gwa\ og esjs ckjs esa
dqN ugha lksprh gSA rqeus esjs ?kj esa mls D;ksa cqyk;k\ yksx mls xkyh D;ksa ugha nsaxsA
36
Would have had to

IkgPkku%& uk iM+k gksrk
ladsr:- dke etcwjh esa fd;k tkrk&ysfdu ugha fd;k x;k
Affirmative
Rule : Sub + would have had to + v1 + obj
mls dkWQh ihuh iM+h gksrhA
He would have had to drink coffee.
vkidks ;g fQYe ns[kuh iM+h gksrhA
You would have had to see this film.
gesa vesfjdk tkuk iM+k gksrkA
We would have had to go to America.
eq>s ;g dEI;wVj Bhd djuk iM+k gksrkA
I would have had to repair this computer.
Interrogative
Rule : Would + sub + have had to + v1 + obj
D;k mls ;gka vkuk iM+k gksrk\
Would he have had to come here?
D;k yksxksa dks usrkvksa ls feyuk iM+k gksrk\
Would the people have had to meet the politicians?
D;k gesa ;g dke vkt iwjk djuk iM+k gksrk\
Would we have had to complete this work today?
D;k mUgsa MkWDVj ds ikl tkuk iM+k gksrk\
Would they have had to go to the doctor?
Alert:- mls tkuk iM+k gksrk
mls tkuk iM+ ldrk Fkk
og tk pqdk gksrk
og tk ldrk Fkk
He would have had to go.

He could have had to go.
He would have gone.
He could have gone.
Exercise
mls Lisfuk cksyuk iM+rk gksxkA vki mls D;k i<+k;k djrs Fks\ gesa vkt ogka D;ksa tkuk Fkk\ vkidks ;g
dke dSls djuk gS\ rqEgsa viuh xyfr;ka ugha Hkwyuh pkfg,A yksx mlds ckjs esa tku pqds gksaxsA eq>s mlls
dqN ugha iwNuk pkfg, FkkA gesa vkt vkWfQl ugha tkuk gksxkA vki mls esjk irk ns ldrs FksA mlus ;g
loky eq>ls D;ksa iwNk\ D;k og rqEgsa enn djrk gS\ D;k vkius mlls kknh ugha dh\ dfork eq>ls ugha
feyrh gSA ge dy ogka igqap pqdsaxsA
37
VOICE
Present Indefinite
Affirmative
Active Voice :- Sub + v1/v5 + obj
rqe fdzdsV [ksyrs gksA
You play cricket.
Passive Voice :- Obj + is/am/are + v3 + by + sub
fdzdsV rqEgkjs }kjk [ksyk tkrk gSA
Cricket is played by you.
Bare Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + v3
fdzdsV ;gka [ksyk tkrk gSA
Cricket is played here.
Negative
Active :- Sub + do/does + not + v1 + obj
eSa mls ugha i<+krk gwaA
I do not teach him.
Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + not + v3 + by + sub
mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tkrk gSA
He is not taught by me.
Bare Passive:- Obj + is/am/are + not + v3
mls baxfyk ugha i<+k;h tkrh gSA
He is not taught English.
Interrogative
Active :- Do/does + sub + v1 + obj
D;k og fQYesa ns[krh gS\
Does she see films?
Passive :- Is/am/are + obj + v3 + by + sub
D;k fQYesa mlds }kjk ns[kh tkrh gSa\
Are the films seen by her?
Bare Passive:- Is/am/are + obj + v3
D;k fQYesa ;gka ns[kh tkrh gSa\
Are the films seen here?
Exercise
og QqVckWy [ksyrk gSA QqVckWy mlds }kjk [ksyk tkrk gSA QqVckWy Hkkjr esa [ksyk tkrk gSA rqe mls D;ksa
MkaVrs gks\ mls rqEgkjs }kjk D;ksa MkaVk tkrk gS\ mls D;ksa MkaVk tkrk gS\ vki ;g dke dSls djrs gSa\ ;g
dke vkids }kjk dSls fd;k tkrk gS\ ;g dke dSls fd;k tkrk gS\ fdzdsV vesfjdk esa D;ksa ugha [ksyk
tkrk gS\ D;k og vkidks ilan djrh gS\ os vkils dc feyrs gSaS\ og eq>s I;kj ugha djrh gSA eq>s mlds
}kjk I;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gSA eq>s I;kj ugha fd;k tkrk gS\
38
Present Continuous
Affirmative
Active :- Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj
cPps baxfyk cksy jgs gSaA
The children are speaking English.
Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + being + v3 + by + sub
baxfyk cPpksa }kjk cksyh tk jgh gSA
English is being spoken by the children.
Bare Passive :- Obj + is/am/are + being + v3
baxfyk Dykl esa cksyh tk jgh gSA
English is being spoken in class.
og eq>s ugha cqyk jgh gSA
She is not calling me.
eq>s mlds }kjk ugha cqyk;k tk jgk gSA
I am not being called by her.
eq>s ogka ugha cqyk;k tk jgk gSA
I am not being called there.
vki mlls D;k iwN jgs gSa\
What are you asking him?
mls vkids }kjk D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\
What is he being asked by you?
mls D;k iwNk tk jgk gS\
What is he being asked?
Alert:- og i<+ jgk gSA
mls i<+k;k tk jgk gSA
og i<+krk gSA
mls i<+k;k tkrk gSA
He is reading.
He is being taught.
He teaches.
He is taught.
Exercise
D;k og fQYesa ns[k jgh gS\ D;k fQYesa mlds }kjk ns[kh tk jgh gSa\ D;k fQYesa ogka ns[kh tk jgh gSa\
D;k iqfyl pksj dks ihV jgh gS\ D;k pksj dks iqfyl ds }kjk ihVk tk jgk gS\ D;k pksj dks ihVk tk jgk
gS\ og :i;s ugha nsrk gSA og :i;s ugha ns jgk gSA mls :i;s ugha fn;s tkrs gSaA mls :i;s ugha fn;s
tk jgs gSaA rqe ;g dke dc iwjk djrs gks\ og eqlhcr dk lkeuk dSls djrk gS\ vki gesa /kks[k D;ksa ns
jgs gSa\ gesa vkids }kjk /kks[kk D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gS\ gesa /kks[kk D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gS\
39
Present Perfect
Active :- Sub + have/has + v3 + obj
iqfyl mls fxjQrkj dj pqdh gSA
The police has arrested him.
Passive :- Obj + has/have + been + v3 + by + sub
mls iqfyl ds }kjk fxjQrkj fd;k tk pqdk gSA
He has been arrested by the police.
Bare Passive:- Obj + has/have + been + v3
mls fxjQrkj fd;k tk pqdk gSA
He has been arrested.
eSa ;g dke ugha dj pqdk gwaA
I have not done this work.
;g dke esjs }kjk ugha fd;k tk pqdk gSA
This work has not been done by me.
;g dke vHkh rd ugha fd;k tk pqdk gSA
This work has not been done till now.
D;k vki mls :i;s ns pqds gSa\
Have you given him money?
D;k mls vkids }kjk :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSa\
Has he been given money by you?
D;k mls :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSa\
Has he been given money?
Alert:- eSa :i;s ns pqdk gwaA
eq>s :i;s fn;s tk pqds gSaA
eSa :i;s nsrk gwaA
eq>s :i;s fn;s tkrs gSaA
eSa :i;s ns jgk gwaA
eq>s :i;s fn;s tk jgs gSaA
I have given money.

I have been given money.
I give money.
I am given money.
I am giving money.
I am being given money.
Exercise
D;k og :i;s [kpZ dj pqdk gS\ D;k :i;s mlds }kjk [kpZ fd;s tk pqds gSa\ D;k lHkh :i;s [kpZ fd;s
tk pqds gSa\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tkrh gS\ mls enn
D;ksa ugha dh tkrh gS\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk gS\ eq>s ;g loky D;ksa iwNk tk jgk gS\ vki mls ;gka dc
cqyk jgs gSa\ yksx ogka dSls igqap jgs gSa\ mls D;ksa MkaVk tk jgk gS\ eq>s ;g ckr crk;h tk pqdh gSA
40
Past Indefinite
Affirmative
Active :- Sub + v2 + obj
mlus fdrkc [kjhnhA
He bought the book.
Passive :- Obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub
fdrkc mlds }kjk [kjhnh x;hA
The book was bought by him.
Bare Passive :- Obj + was/were + v3
;g fdrkc dy [kjhnh x;hA
This book was bought yesterday.
eSaus mls ugha i<+k;kA
I did not teach him.
mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k x;kA
He was not taught by me.
mls ugha i<+k;k x;kA
He was not taught.
vkius ;g dke D;ksa ugha fd;k\
Why did you not do this work?
;g dke vkids }kjk D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\
Why was this work not done by you?
;g dke vkt D;ksa ugha fd;k x;k\
Why was this work not done today?
Alert:- mlus D;k crk;k\
mls D;k crk;k x;k\
D;k mlus dqN crk;k\
What did he tell?

What was he told?
Did he tell anything?
Exercise
vkius mlls D;k iwNk\ mls vkids }kjk D;k iwNk x;k\ mls vkt D;k iwNk x;k\ og eq>s le>k
pqdh gSA eq>s mlds }kjk le>k;k tk pqdk gSA eq>s le>k;k tk pqdk gSA rqe mls ilan D;ksa ugha
djrs gks\ D;k mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh\ vki mlls dc feyrs gSa\ ;g ?kM+h D;ksa ugha csph x;h\
kjkc bl gkWVsy esa ugha ih tkrh gSA og vesfjdk esa dSls jgrk gS\ vkius mlls kknh D;ksa ugha dh\
41
Past Continuous
Active :- Sub + was/were + v4 + obj
og i= fy[k jgk FkkA
He was writing a letter.
Passive :- Obj + was/were + being + v3 + by + sub
i= mlds }kjk fy[kk tk jgk FkkA
A letter was being written by him.
Bare Passive:- Obj + was/were + being + v3
;g i= fy[kk tk jgk FkkA
This letter was being written.
og fQYe ugha ns[k jgh FkhA

She was not seeing a film.
fQYe mlds }kjk ugha ns[kh tk jgh FkhA
A film was not being seen by her.
;g fQYe ugha ns[kh tk jgh FkhA
This film was not being seen.
vki D;k dj jgs Fks\
What were you doing?
vkids }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\
What was being done by you?
vc rd D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\
What was being done till now?
Alert:- og D;k crk jgh Fkh\
mls D;k crk;k tk jgk Fkk\
mlus D;k crk;k\
mls D;k crk;k x;k\
What was she telling?

What was she being told?
What did she tell?
What was she told?
Exercise
og Qzsap cksy jgk FkkA Qzsap mlds }kjk cksyh tk jgh FkhA Qzsap Dykl esa cksyh tk jgh FkhA D;k vkius
mls viuk uke crk;k\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;g eSSp dSls thrk x;k\ mls D;k
i<+k;k tk jgk Fkk\ Lisfuk Hkkjr esa ugha cksyh tkrh gSA vki baxfyk dSls lh[k jgs gSa\ vki mls enn
D;ksa ugha dj jgs Fks\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh
Fkh\ og ;gka D;k dj jgk Fkk\ ;gka mlds }kjk D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\ ;gka D;k fd;k tk jgk Fkk\
42
Past Perfect
Affirmative
Active :- Sub + had + v3 + obj
cPps fdrkcsa [kjhn pqds FksA
The children had bought the books.
Passive :- Obj + had been + v3 + by + sub
fdrkcsa cPpksa }kjk [kjhnh tk pqdh FkhA
The books had been bought by the children.
Bare Passive :- Obj + had been + v3
;s fdrkcsa [kjhnh tk pqdh FkhA
These books had been bought.
eSa mls ugha i<+k pqdk FkkA

I had not taught him.
mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA
He had not been taught by me.
mls ugha i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA
He had not been taught.
D;k vki dEI;wVj Bhd dj pqds Fks\
Had you repaired the computer?
D;k dEI;wVj vkids }kjk Bhd fd;k tk pqdk Fkk\
Had the computer been repaired by you?
D;k ;g dEI;wVj Bhd fd;k tk pqdk Fkk\
Had this computer been repaired?
Alert:- eSa i<+k pqdk FkkA
eq>s i<+k;k tk pqdk FkkA
eSa i<+krk vk jgk FkkA
I had taught.
I had been taught.
I had been teaching.
Exercise
D;k vkius ;g dkj pyk;h\ D;k ;g dkj vkids }kjk pyk;h x;h\ D;k ;g dkj pyk;h x;h\ Hkkjr
us ;g eSp dSls thrk\ ;g eSp Hkkjr ds }kjk dSls thrk x;k\ ;g eSp dSls thrk x;k\ vkius mls
;gka dc cqyk;k\ mlls dqN D;ksa ugha iwNk x;k\ D;k mls vesfjdk Hkstk tk pqdk gS\ vki mls D;k
crk jgs Fks\ rqEgsa D;k i<+k;k tkrk gS\ ;g dke dc iwjk fd;k tk jgk gS\ rqe mls ilan D;ksa ugha
djrs gks\ D;k mlus ijh{kk ikl ugha dh\ vki mlls dc feyrs gSa\
43
Future Indefinite
Active :- Sub + will + v1 + obj
og nhokjsa jaxsxkA
He will paint the walls.
Passive :- Obj + will be + v3 + by + sub
nhokjsa mlds }kjk jaxh tk;sxhA
The walls will be painted by him.
Bare Passive:- Obj + will be + v3
;s nhokjsa vkt jaxh tk;sxhA
These walls will be painted today.
eSa mls ekQ ugha d:axkA
I will not forgive her.
mls esjs }kjk ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
She will not be forgiven by me.
mls ekQ ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
She will not be forgiven.
vki mls D;ksa MkaVsaxs\
Why will you scold him?
mls vkids }kjk D;ksa MkaVk tk;sxk\
Why will he be scolded by you?
mls D;ksa MkaVk tk;sxk\
Why will he be scolded?
Alert:- eSa D;k iwNwaxk\
eq>ls D;k iwNk tk;sxk\
D;k eSa dqN iwNwaxk\
What will I ask?

What will I be asked?
Will I ask anything?
Exercise
rqe mls dSls gjkvksxs\ mls rqEgkjs }kjk dSls gjk;k tk;sxk\ mls dSls gjk;k tk;sxk\ vki mls dgka Hkst
jgs gSa\ mls vkids }kjk dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ mls dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ D;k og lp crkrk gS\ rqe
mlls uQjr D;ksa djrs gks\ ;g leL;k dSls lqy>k;h tk;sxh\ mldk bykt dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ D;k
mls ekQ ugha fd;k x;k\ os kgj NksM+ pqds FksA D;k vkius mls viuk uke crk;k\ yksx xjhcksa dh enn
D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;g eSSp dSls thrk x;k\ mls D;k i<+k;k tk jgk Fkk\ vki mls enn D;ksa ugha dj
jgs Fks\ mls vkids }kjk enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ mls enn D;ksa ugha dh tk jgh Fkh\ og ;gka D;k
dj jgk Fkk\
44
Future Perfect
Affirmative
Active :- Sub + will have + v3 + obj
MkWDVj ejht dk bykt dj pqdsaxsA
The doctor will have cured the patient.
Passive :- Obj + will have been + v3 + by + sub
ejht dk MkWDVj ds }kjk bykt fd;k tk pqdsxkA
The patient will have been cured by the doctor.
Bare Passive :- Obj + will have been + v3
bl ejht dk bykt fd;k tk pqdsxkA
This patient will have been cured.
eSa mls ugha i<+k pqdwaxkA
I will not have taught him.
mls esjs }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk pqdsxkA
He will not have been taught by me.
mls ugha i<+k;k tk pqdsxkA
He will not have been taught.
D;k rqe ;g leL;k lqy>k pqdksxs\
Will you have solved this problem?
D;k ;g leL;k rqEgkjs }kjk lqy>k;h tk pqdsxh\
Will this problem have been solved by you?
D;k ;g leL;k dy rd lqy>k;h tk pqdsxh\
Will this problem have been solved till tomorrow?
Alert:- og /kks[kk nsxkA
mls /kks[kk fn;k tk;sxkA
og /kks[kk ns pqdsxkA
mls /kks[kk fn;k tk pqdsxkA
He will cheat.
He will be cheated.
He will have cheated.
He will have been cheated.
Exercise
eSa mls dSls Hkwywaxk\ mls esjs }kjk dSls Hkwyk;k tk;sxk\ mls dSls Hkwyk;k tk;sxk\ rqe ;g dke dSls
djksxs\ ;g dke rqEgkjs }kjk dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ;g dke vkt dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ge ;g dke dy
iwjk djsaxsA mlus eq>ls ;g loky D;ksa iwNk\ gesa :i;s dc fn;s tk;saxs\ vijk/kh ls D;k iwNk tk
jgk gS\ vki yksxksa ls ckr D;ksa ugha djrs gSa\ ;s nhokjsa D;ksa jaxh tk;sxh\
45
VOICE OF MODALS
Can/Could/Should/Would/May/Must
Active :- Sub + modal + v1 + obj
rqEgsa ;g dke djuk pkfg,A
You should do this work.
Passive :- Obj + modal + be + v3 + by + sub
;g dke rqEgkjs }kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
This work should be done by you.
Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + be + v3
;g dke vkt fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
This work should be done today.
Continuous :- Sub + modal + be + v4 + obj
rqEgsa ;g dke djrs jguk pkfg,A
You should be doing this work.
fufru mls ugha i<+k ldkA
Nitin could not teach him.
mls fufru ds }kjk ugha i<+k;k tk ldkA
He could not be taught by Nitin.
mls ugha i<+k;k tk ldkA
He could not be taught.
fufru mls ugha i<+krk jg ldkA
Nitin could not be teaching him.
D;k og kjkc ihrk gksxk\
Would he drink wine?
D;k kjkc mlds }kjk ih tkrh gksxh\
Would wine be drunk by him?
D;k kjkc ogka ih tkrh gksxh\
Would wine be drunk there?
D;k og kjkc ihrk jgrk gksxk\
Would he be drinking wine?
Exercise
mls fxjQrkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks fdzdsV [ksyrs jguk pkfg,\ rqEgsa baxfyk ugha
i<+k;h tkrh gksxhA mUgsa dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ dfork fufru ls ckr djrh jgrh gksxhA vkius ;g
loky mlls D;ksa ugha iwNk\ ;g ?kM+h dSls Bhd dh tk;sxh\ vki vijk/kh ls D;k mEehn dj ldrs
gSa\ ;g jgL; ugha [kksyk tk ldrk gS\ ;s isM+ ugha dkVs tkus pkfg,A rqe [kqndks (yourself) /kksdk
D;ksa ns jgs gks\
46
Have to/Has to/Had to/Used to/Need to

Active :- Sub + modal + to + v1 + obj
gesa mlls dqN iwNuk gSA
We have to ask him something.
Passive :- Obj + modal + to + be + v3 + by + sub
mls gekjs }kjk dqN iwNk tkuk gSA
He has to be asked something by us.
Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + to + be + v3
mls vc dqN iwNk tkuk gSA
He has to be asked something.
Continuous :- Sub + modal + to + be + v4 + obj
gesa mlls dqN iwNrs jguk gSA
We have to be asking him something.
vkidks ;g leL;k lqy>kuh FkhA
You had to solve this problem.
;g leL;k vkids }kjk lqy>k;h tkuh FkhA
This problem had to be solved by you.
;g leL;k dy lqy>k;h tkuh FkhA
This problem had to be solved yesterday.
vkidks leL;kvksa dks lqy>krs jguk FkkA
You had to be solving the problems.
eq>s vc D;k djuk gS\
What have I to do now?
vc esjs }kjk D;k fd;k tkuk gS\
What has to be done by me now?
vc D;k fd;k tkuk gS\
What has to be done now?
eq>s D;k djrs jguk gS\
What have I to be doing?
Exercise
mls ;gka dSls yk;k tkuk gS\ vkidks ;g dke djrs jguk gSA gesa mlls ckr ugha djuh pkfg,A
mls mRlkfgr dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ rqe dfork ls D;ksa feyk djrs Fks\ vkius ;g eSp D;ksa ugha
ns[kk\ mldk thou dSls cpk;k tk ldrk gS\ gesa dqN ugha iwNk tk;sxkA vkrafd;ksa dks dSls ekjk
tk ldk\ mls fxjQrkj dSls fd;k tk ldrk gS\ D;k cPpksa dks fdzdsV [ksyrs jguk pkfg,\ rqEgsa
baxfyk ugha i<+k;h tkrh gksxhA mUgsa dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ dfork fufru ls ckr djrh jgrh
gksxhA vkius ;g loky mlls D;ksa ugha iwNk\ ;g ?kM+h dSls Bhd dh tk;sxh\
47
Could have/Should have/Would have/May have/Must have

Active :- Sub + modal + have + v3 + obj
vki mls i<+k ldrs FksA
You could have taught him.
Passive :- Obj + modal + have + been + v3 + by + sub
mls vkids }kjk i<+k;k tk ldrk FkkA
He could have been taught by you.
Bare Passive :- Obj + modal + have + been + v3
mls baxfyk i<+k;h tk ldrh FkhA
He could have been taught English.
Continuous :- Sub + modal + have + been + v4 + obj
vki mls i<+krs jg ldrs FksA
You could have been teaching him.
gesa bl loky dk tokc nsuk pkfg, FkkA
We should have answered this question.
bl loky dk tokc gekjs }kjk fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA
This question should have been answered by us.
bl loky dk tokc fn;k tkuk pkfg, FkkA
This question should have been answered.
gesa bu lokyksa dk tokc nsrs jguk pkfg, FkkA
We should have been answering these questions.
D;k cPps dkWQh ih pqds gksrs\
Would the children have drunk coffee?
D;k dkWQh cPpksa }kjk ih tk pqdh gksrh\
Would coffee have been drunk by the children?
D;k dkWQh gkWVsy esa ih tk pqdh gksrh\
Would coffee have been drunk in the hotel?
D;k cPps dkWQh ihrs jgrs\
Would the children have been drinking coffee?
Exercise
mls ;g kgj NksM+ nsuk pkfg, FkkA ge mlls vkt fey pqds gksrsA rqe ;g ykWVjh thr ldrs FksA
mls Ldwy Hkstk tkuk pkfg, FkkA gesa ogka dSls igqapuk gS\ ;g dkj dc csph tk;sxh\ ge ;g dke
dSls NksM+ ldrs gSa\ vkius mls vkt D;k i<+k;k\ mls vkt D;k i<+k;k x;k\ vki gesa dgka Hkst jgs
gSa\ gesa dgka Hkstk tk jgk gS\ rqe ;s ?kfM+;ka csp ldrs FksA ;s ?kfM+;ka csph tk ldrh FkhA mls ;g
dke djrs jguk gSA
48
SMART VERBS
Start
IkgPkku%& yxrk gS
Rule : Sub + start + v4 + obj
rqe [ksyus yxrs gksA
D;k rqe [ksyus yxrs gks\
rqe D;ksa [ksyus yxrs gks\
You start playing. / You begin to play.

Do you start playing?
Why do you start playing?
og nkSM+us yxhA
D;k og nkSM+us yxhA
og D;ksa nkSM+us yxhA
She started running. / She began to run.

Did she start running?
Why did she start running?
fk{kd i<+kus yxsaxsA

D;k fk{kd i<+kus yxsaxs\
fk{kd D;ksa i<+kus yxsaxs\
The teacher will start teaching.

Will the teacher start teaching?
Why will the teacher start teaching?
Alert :- rqe [ksyrs gksA

You play.
rqe [ksyus yxrs gksA
You start playing.
rqe [ksyus yxs gksA
You have started playing.
Continue
IkgPkku%& jgrh gS
Rule : Sub + continue + to + v1 + obj
og [ksyrh jgrh gSA
She continues to play./She keeps on
playing.
D;k og [ksyrh jgrh gS\
Does she continue to play?
og D;k [ksyrh jgrh gS\
What does she continue to play?
fk{kd i<+krs jgsA
D;k fk{kd i<+krs jgs\
fk{kd D;ksa i<+krs jgs\
The teacher continued to teach.

Did the teacher continue to teach
Why did the teacher continue to teach?
og nkSM+rh jgsxhA
D;k og nkSM+rh jgsxh\
og D;ksa nkSM+rh jgsxh\
She will continue to run.

Will she continue to run?
Why will she continue to run?
Alert :- og
og
og
og
og
[ksyrh gSA
[ksyus yxrh gSA
[ksyrh jgrh gSA
[ksyus yxh gSA
[ksyrh jgh gSA
She plays.
She starts playing.
She continues to play.
She has started playing.
She has continued to play.
49
Would
1. rk gksxk
og Qzsap tkurk gksxkA
He would know French.
2. de laHkkouk
og dy ;gka vk;sxhA (de laHkkouk) She would come here tomorrow.
3. vk djrk Fkk (dHkh&dHkh)
fufru dfork ls feyk djrk FkkA
Nitin would meet Kavita.
4. vkxzg ;k fuosnu
D;k vki eq>s mldk uke crk;saxs\
Would you tell me his name?
5. Narration esas Indirect Speech esa will ds cnys would yxrk gS

jke us dgk fd og [ksysxkA Ram said that he would play.
6. dkk!
dkk! og ;gka gksrkA
Alert :- og Ldwy tk;k djrh FkhA
og Ldwy tk;sxhA
og Ldwy tkrh gksxhA
Would that he were here!

She would (used to) go to school.
She will go to school.
She would go to school.
Exercise :Translate into Hindi

I would not tell him anything. She would not like your habits. Will he start doing
his work? Will the police continue beating the thief? She said that she would
meet me next day. I would like to know your address. He starts speaking French.
What does she start doing there? I started meeting him. The people will start
hiding the truth. What did you start asking him? Why did you start scolding
him? He starts weeping. He continues to weep. She may pass the exam. She can
pass the exam. They will talk to you. They would talk to you.
Exercise :Translate into English
og ogka D;k djrk gS\ og ogka D;k djus yxrk gS\ og ogka D;k djrk jgrk gS\ vkius mls D;ksa
MkaVk\ vki mls D;ksa MkaVus yxs\ vki mls D;ksa MkaVrs jgs\ og eq>ls ckr djrh gSA og eq>ls ckr
djus yxrh gSA og eq>ls ckr djrh jgrh gSA rqe mlls loky D;ksa iwNus yxs\ rqe mlls loky
D;ksa iwNrs jgs\
50
Have
1. vius ikl j[kuk/gksuk
I have a book for you. esjs ikl vkids fy, ,d fdrkc gSA
2. [kkuk/ihuk
Would you have coffee with me? D;k vki esjs lkFk dkWQh ih;saxs\
3. ysuk/xzg.k djuk
Have your seat please. d`i;k viuk LFkku xzg.k dhft,A
Have fun. etk yhft,A
4. uk gS]iM+rk gS
They have to live in America. mUgsa vesfjdk esa jguk gS/jguk iM+rk gSA
I do not have to talk to him. eq>s mlls ckr ugha djuh gSA (New Grammar)
5. djokuk
She will have her hair colored. og vius cky dyj djok;sxhA
I will have him call you. eSa mlls vkidks dkWy djokmaxkA
6. pqdk gS
I have told you everything. eSa rqEgsa lc dqN crk pqdk gwaA
7. vehj
There are two kinds of people in the world; have and have-not.
nqfu;k esa nks rjg ds yksx gksrs gSa; vehj vkSj xjhcA
Exercise :Translate into Hindi

Does he have a black pen? I do not have to give him money. When will you have
them caught? What time are you going to have dinner today? She would be your
best companion. They asked me how much they would pay for that. Did he have
enough money to survive? I have sent the children to school. I have to send the
children to school. I am having to send the children to school. I have had to send
the children to school. You have to have them with you.
51
Get
1. ikuk/feyuk
How much did you get for it? rqEgsa blds fy, fdrus :i;s feys\
2. yxuk
I am getting cold. eq>s BaM yx jgh gSA
3. le>uk
She got your point very clear. mls rqEgkjh ckr fcYdqy le> esa vk;hA
4. fnykuk
Get me your manager on the phone. vius eSustj dks Qksu ij ykvksA
5. djokuk
They will get this work done. os yksx ;g dke djok ysaxsA
6. gksuk
It is getting darker. va/ksjk T;knk gks jgk gSA
Go
1. tkuk
When is he going from here? og ;gka ls dc tk jgk gS\
2. gksuk
Why are you going mad about it? rqe blds fy, ikxy D;ksa gks jgs gks\
3. fcduk
How are the mangoes going these days? vke bu fnuksa dSls fcd jgs gSa\
4. lQyrk
It is a big go of my life. ;g esjs thou dh cM+h lQyrk gSA
5. izxfrkhy
If you are go, life is good to you. vxj vki izxfrkhy gSa rks ftUnxh vkids fy,
vPNh gSA
52
Be
1. gS / Fkk
I am to go from here. eSa ;gka ls tkus dks (okyk) gwaA
2. cuuk
Will you be my friend? D;k rqe esjk nksLr cuksxs\
3. gksuk
You have to be positive about it. rqEgsa blds fy, ikWtsfVo gksuk gSA
4. gks / gks tk;s (vknsk)
He be hanged. mls Qkalh ns nh tk;sA
Praised to be Jesus Christ. thll dzkbLV dh t; gksA
5. being = vfLrRo
We are losing our being. ge viuk vfLrRo [kks jgs gSaA
Look
1. ns[kuk
Look at the girls dancing in the party. ikVhZ esa ukprh yM+fd;ksa dks ns[kksA
2. fn[kuk
You look very tired today. rqe vkt cgqr Fkds fn[krs gksA
3. ns[kks!
Look! I will not do this work. ns[kks] eSa ;g dke ugha d:axkA
4. fn[kkoV
The look of the hotel has to be changed. gkWVsy dk yqd cnyk tkuk gSA
5. QSku
Go behind the originality, not the look. okLrfodrk ds ihNs tkvks] Qsku ds ughaA
6. ut+j
She gave me a look from the corner. mlus dksus ls eq> ij ,d ut+j MkyhA
53
Do
1. djuk
When are you doing this work? rqe ;g dke dc dj jgs gks\
2. v/;;u djuk
I did English in my school. eSaus baxfyk dh i<+kbZ Ldwy esa dhA
3. lqy>kuk
He did the puzzle in a second. mlus it+y dks ,d lsdaM esa lqy>k fn;kA
4. rks
I do know him. eSa mls tkurk rks gwaA
5. yk;d gksuk
It will not do for me. ;g esjs fy;s ugha pysxkA
May
1. ldrk gS (laHkkouk)
She may pass this exam. og ;g ijh{kk ikl dj ldrh gSA
2. vknsk
You may leave now. rqe vc tk ldrs gksA
3. vuqjks/k
May I have your name please? D;k eSa vkidk uke tku ldrk gwa\
4. dkeuk djuk
May you get the victory! esjh dkeuk gS fd vki fot;h gksaA
5. might = cgqr de laHkkouk
She might accept my proposal. kk;n og esjk izLrko Lohdkj djsA
5. might = kfDr
Truth disappears in the shadow of might. kfDr ds lk;s esa lp xk;c gks tkrk
gSA
54
PREPOSITIONS
About
yxHkx
It is about 4 oclock. yxHkx pkj cts gSA
dh rS;kjh esa
He is about to leave. og tkus dh rS;kjh esa gSA
ds ckjs esa
What are you talking about? rqe fdlds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs gks\
dh ;kstuk esa
I know what she is about. eSa tkurk gwa og fdl ;kstuk esa gSA
Above
ls mij
The fan is hanging above the table. ia[kk Vscy ds mij yVdk gqvk gSA
ls vf/kd
You are getting above your salary. rqEgsa viuh lWyjh ls vf/kd fey jgk gSA
ls vehj
He married in above his family. mlus vius ls vehj ifjokj esa kknh dhA
JsB
The clerk should respect his above. DydZdks viuss lhfu;j dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A
le> ls ckgj
French is above you. Qzsap rqEgkjh le> ls ckgj gSA
ls T;knk
You speak above your age. rqe viuh mez ds fglkc ls T;knk cksyrs gksA
After ds ckn
Don't read after mid-night. vk/kh jkr ds ckn er i<+ksA
ds pDdj esa
The pick-pocket is after his money. ikWdsVekj mlds iSls ds pDdj esa gSA
ds dkj.k
He died after malaria. og eysfj;k ds dkj.k ej x;kA
ls vf/kd
Give me all you have after 400 Rs. 400 :i;s lsvf/kd rqEgkjs ikl ftruk gS eq>s nksA
ls ihNs
I am after you. eSa rqEgkjs ckn gwaA
dh mez ds ckn
He changed his career after 25. mlus 25 ds ckn viuk djh;j cny fy;kA
ckn dk
I can not be sure about after-world. ijyksd ds ckjs esa eSa fufpr ugha gks ldrk gwaA
ds uke ij
He was named after the name of the city. kgj ds uke ij mldk uke j[kk x;kA
55
At
ds le; ij
The bus reached me at 4 pm. cl us eq>s pkj cts igqapk;kA
ds ikl
He is standing at the gate. og xsV ds ikl gSA
ds fdukjs
The temple is at the river. eafnj unh ds fdukjs gSA
ds fglkc ls
He was hired at 100 Rs. a day. mls 100 : fnu ds fglkc ls dke is j[kk x;kA
dh rjQ
What are you looking at? rqe fdl rjQ ns[k jgs gks\
esa
He will live rest of his life at village. og viuh ckadh ftanxh xkao esa xqtkjsxkA
dh jQrkj ls
The car is running at full speed. dkj iwjh jQrkj ls py jgh gSA
(vkf[kj) esa
She agreed to marry me at last. og vkf[kj esa eq>ls kknh djus rS;kj gqbZA
ds djhc
The old man is at death. cw<+k vkneh e`R;q ds djhc gSA
ij
Getting furious at what I saw, I slapped him. eSaus tks ns[kk ml ij xqLlk gksdj
eSaus mls rekpk ekjkA
Against
ds f[kykQ
The public is against the vote. yksx oksV ds f[kykQ gSA
ds lgkjs] ls yx dj
I was standing against the tree. eSa isM+ ds lgkjs [kM+k FkkA
ds fy,
He received 500 Rs. against the rent. mls fdjk;s ds fy, 500 : feysA
ds foijhr
The boat is sailing against the wind. cksV gok ds foijhr pyk;k tk jgk gSA
Before
ls igys
There was no one before 2 pm. nks cts ls igys dksbZ ugha FkkA
ds lkeus
Everything is open before you. lc dqN vkids lkeus [kqyk gSA
igys
Before education was not so important. igys fk{kk bruh t:jh ugha FkhA
56
By
ls
Why are you going by car? rqe dkj ls D;ksa tk jgs gks\
}kjk
This work can not be done by the labors. ;g dke etnwjksa }kjk ugha gks ldrk gSA
ds lgkjs
The police caught the thief by his hair. iqfyl us pksj dks cky ls idM+kA
rd
He will come back by evening. og kke rd okil vk;sxkA
(ek=k) ls
The bullet missed him by an inch. xksyh mls ,d bap NksM+ ds fudy x;hA
ds ikl ls
He drove the car by the jungle. mlus taxy ds ikl ls dkj pyk;hA
ikl
Come and sit by me. vkvks vkSj esjs ikl cSBksA
By the way = oSls
By the way what brings you here? oSls vkidk ;gka dSls vkuk gqvk\
ds fglkc ls
You will be paid by the week. vkidks lIrkg ds fglkc ls iSls fn;s tk;saxsA
Behind
ds ihNs
Who was standing behind the gate? xsV ds ihNs dkSu [kM+k Fkk\
esa kkfey
The police knows the culprit behind the plot. iqfyl lkftk esa kkfey xqugxkj dks
ls de
tkurh gSA
I am not behind you. eSa (tkudkjh esa) rqels de ugha gwaA
le; ls ihNs
The watch is running behind the time. ?kM+h le; ls ihNs py jgh gSA
From
ls
What do you want from me? rqe eq>ls D;k pkgrs gks\
le; ls
The school would open from 16th June. Ldwy 16 twu ls [kqysxkA
ls nwj
How long the station is from here? LVsku ;gka ls fdruk nwj gS\
le; le; ij
You have to visit him from time to time. rqEgsa mldks le; le; ij ns[kus tkuk gSA
dkj.k ls
He died from fever. og cq[kkj ls ej x;kA
ifjokj ls
He is from a noble family. og ,d vPNs ifjokj ls gSA
57
For
ds fy,
You have to pay for your deeds. rqEgsa vius deZ dh ltk Hkksxuh gksxhA
:i;s esa
I bought it for 10 Rs. eSaus bls 10 : esa [kjhnkA
le; ls
I have been waiting for two hours. eSa nks ?kaVs ls bartkj dj jgk gwaA
dks ysdj
He can die for his words. og vius opu dks ysdj ej ldrk gSA
ftlds fy,
For he traveled across the country. ftlds fy, mlus iwjs nsk dh ;k=k dhA
ds fglkc ls
This car runs 60 km for a liter. ;g dkj 60 fdeh izfr yhVj pyrh gSA
ds okLrs
He is living for bread only. og flQZ [kkus ds okLrs th jgk gS\
What...for = D;ksa
What are you asking me for? rqe eq>s D;ksa iwN jgs gks\
cpkus ds fy,
He ran for life. og viuh tku cpkus nkSM+kA
In
LFkku esa
He is in London for three weeks. og rhu lIRkkg ls yanau esa gSA
le; esa
What were you doing in the morning? rqe lqcg esa D;k dj jgs Fks\
ds ckn
I will meet you in a week. eSa rqels ,d lIrkg ckn feywaxkA
eghus esa
Winter falls in December. tkM+s dk ekSle fMlsEcj esa vkrk gSA
vanj
She is taking me in. og eq>s vanj ysds tk jgh gSA
jax esa
Don't write in red. yky jax ls ugha fy[kksA
ij
The birds are sitting in the tree. i{kh isM+ ij cSBs gSaA
Into
ds vanj
Look into the book. fdrkc ds vanj ns[kksA
esa
He fell into the well. og dw,a esa fxj x;kA
(nsj jkr) esa
I saw her studying into the night. eSaus mls nsj jkr esa i<+rs ns[kkA
58
On
Of
Off
ij
Put the computer on the table. dEI;wVj dks Vscy ij j[k nksA
dks
I will be leaving on Tuesday. eSa eaxyokj dks tkmaxkA
esa
The officers are on the way for office. vkWfQllZ vkWfQl vkus ds fy, jkLrs esa gSaA
de iSls ij
The labors are living on the low wages. etnwj de iSls esa thou th jgs gSaA
tkjh
The war was on for the next two years. tax vxys nks lky rd tkjh FkkA
NqV~Vh ij
She is on maternity leave. og eka cuus dh NqV~Vh ij gSA
gksus ij
On getting drunk he started abusing. ih ysus ij og xkyh nsus yxkA
LFkku ij
Where do you put on? rqe dgka jgrs gks\
rjQ
He turned his back on the crowd. mlus viuh ihB HkhM+ dh rjQ eksM+ yhA
ls
Beware of dogs! dqRrksa ls lko/kku!
dk cuk gqvk
The jacket is made of leather. tSdsV ysnj dk cuk gqvk gSA
dk
The people of west neglect marriage. ifpe ds yksx kknh dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ysrsA
esa ls
Which of you can run faster? rqeesa ls dkSu T;knk rst+ nkSM+ ldrk gS\
ds dkj.k
She died of AIDS. og ,M~l ds dkj.k ejhA
nwj = Get off. nwj gks tkvksA
nwljh vksj
Why is he sailing off the shore? og fdukjs ls nwljh vksj D;ksa tk jgk gS\
can = Turn off the PC. dEI;wVj can dj nksA
ls gVdj
Off Link Road. fyad jksM ls nwj gVdj
NqV~Vh
I will have off next Monday. vxys lkseokj eSa NqV~Vh ywaxkA
e`r
He is off. og ej x;k gSA
(pay off) = ns dj NqVdkjk ik ysuk
I paid him off. eSaus mls iSls nsdj NqVdkjk dj fy;kA
59
Over
mij
There is a clock hanging over his head. mlds lj ds mij ?kM+h Vaxh gSA
bl ikj ls ml ikj
The thief jumped over the wall. pksj nhokj ds bl ikj ls ml ikj Qkan x;kA
ls T;knk
The car is running over 60. dkj 60 ls T;knk dh xfr ls py jgh gSA
lekIr
The show is getting over. kks lekIr gksus tk jgk gSA
cgqr T;knk
Don't behave to be over-talented. cgqr T;knk izfrHkkoku fn[kusokyk O;ogkj er djksA
To
dks
He is going to America. og vesfjdk (dks)s tk jgk gSA
rd
Keep it to yourself. bls vius rd lhfer j[kksA
}kjk
You are known to all. rqe lc ds }kjk tkus tkrs gksA
ls
I told him to talk to you. eSaus mls rqels ckr djus dks dgkA
esa
Welcome to India. Hkkjr esa vkidk Lokxr gSA
ikl
Come to me before 6 pm. esjs ikl 6 cts ls igys pys vkukA
rd
Count from 10 to 25. nl ls iPphl rd fxuksA
ls
Multiply 4 to 6. 4 dks 6 ls xq.kk djksA
ls de
It is quarter to ten. nl ctus esa 15 fefuV de gSA
ij
Don't take it to your heart. bls fny ij er yksA
Up
mij
He was lifted up the hills. mls igkM+h ls mij mBk;k x;kA
pkyw
The internet is up now. baVjusV vc pkyw gks x;kA
p<+ko
The business is full of ups and downs. fctusl cgqr mrkj p<+ko ls Hkjk gSA
mijh
The upside of the door is broken. njokt+s dk mijh fgLlk VwVk gSA
60
With
ds lkFk
He is living with his aunt. og viuh pkph ds lkFk jg jgk gSA
ls
I am writing with a blue pen. eSa uhys isu ls fy[k jgk gwaA
rS;kjh ds lkFk
Start the work with proper plans. lgh ;ktukvksa ds lkFk dke kq: djksA
ls Hkjk gqvk
His brain is washed with fanaticism. mldk fnekx /kkfeZd dV~Vjrk ls Hkj
fn;k x;kA
esa
The girl with sharp feature is my neighbor.rh[ks uSu uDkdh yM+dh esjh iM+kslu gS
Some more prepositions
According to
Agreeably to
Along with
Away from
Because of
By dint of
By means of
By reason of
By virtue of
By way of
Conformably to
For the sake of
In accordance with
With reference to
In addition to
On the behalf of
In case of
In comparison to
In compliance with
In consequence of
In course of
In favor of
In lieu of
ds vuqlkj
ls lger gksrs gq,
ds lkFk
ls nwj
ds dkj.k
dh rkdr ls
ds tfj;s
ds dkj.k ls
ds ne ij
ls gksdj
ds tSlk
dh [kkfrj
ds eqrkfcd
ds lanHkZ esa
ls tksM+rs gq,
dh rjQ ls
dh fLFkfr esa
ls rqyuk djrs gq,
ds eqrkfcd
ds ifj.kke esa
ds dze esa
ds fgr esa
dh txg ij
In order to
In reference to
In regard to
In the event of
On account of
On condition that
Owing to
With a view to
61
ds fy,
ds lanHkZ esa
ls tqM+k gqvk
ds ?kVuk dze esa
ds dkj.k
dh fLFkfr esa
ds dkj.k
ds utfj;s ls
eSa
rqe
ge
I
you
we
eSa
rqe
ge
og
og
os
I
you
we
he
she
they
fy[kuk
i<+uk
cksyuk
i<+kuk
nkSM+uk
ysuk
nsuk
[kjhnuk
cspuk
jksuk
galuk
ihVuk
MkaVuk
crkuk
Hkstuk
lquuk
thruk
djuk
lqukuk
I;kj djuk
xkuk
xkyh nsuk
ikuk
jguk
enn djuk
iwNuk
Word Meaning
og yM+dk
og yM+dh
os yksx
esjk
rqEgkjk
gekjk
mldk
mldh
mudk
write
read
speak
teach
run
take
give
buy
sell
cry
laugh
beat
scold
tell
send
hear
win
do
narrate
love
sing
abuse
get
live
help
ask
eq>s
rqEgsa
gesa
mls
mls
mUgsa
my
your
our
his
her
their
he
she
they
me
you
us
him
her
them
Verb Patterns
wrote
written
read
read
spoke
spoken
taught
taught
ran
run
took
taken
gave
given
bought
bought
sold
sold
cried
cried
laughed
laughed
beat
beaten
scoldedscolded
told
told
sent
sent
heard
heard
won
won
did
done
narrated
narrated
loved
loved
sang
sung
abused
abused
got
gotten
lived
lived
helped
helped
asked
asked
62
tokc nsuk
ilan djuk
Hkjkslk djuk
Bgjuk
[ksyuk
ns[kuk
ihuk
[kkuk
tkuk
vkuk
/kks[kk nsuk
cukuk
ekjuk
ejuk
gjkuk
lykg nsuk
rksM+uk
kknh djuk
pykuk
cqykuk
igqapuk
j[kuk
fn[kkuk
mBuk
cSBuk
ckr djuk
feyuk
tkuuk
fxjQrkj djuk
le>uk
lh[kuk
yM+uk
Hkwyuk
answer
like
trust
stay
play
see
drink
eat
go
come
cheat
make
kill
die
defeat
advise
break
marry
drive
call
reach
put
show
get up
sit
talk
meet
know
arrest
understand
learn
fight
forget
nq?kZVuk
Hkfo;
mToy
mRlkfgr djuk
nskizse
Hkh
xqtjk le;
Word Meaning
accident
future
bright
encourage
country-love
also
past
answered
liked
trusted
stayed
played
saw
drank
ate
went
came
cheated
made
killed
died
defeated
advised
broke
married
drove
called
reached
put
showed
got up
sat
talked
met
knew
arrested
understood
learnt
fought
forgot
63
answered
liked
trusted
stayed
played
seen
drunk
eaten
gone
come
cheated
made
killed
died
defeated
advised
broken
married
driven
called
reached
put
showed
got up
sat
talked
met
known
arrested
understood
learnt
fought
forgotten
;gka
ogka
jkst
dksbZ
loky
ogka ls
dqN
pksj
bu fnuksa
fdruk
tcrd
ysfdu
tc
fQj Hkh
vxj
tks
nwljs
fd
flQZ
Bhd rjg
geskk
yksx
blfy,
lkspuk
?kj
ysuk
lp
>wB cksyuk
dekuk
jksduk
xjhc
tSlk
uQjr djuk
eqfdy
NksM+uk
ekQ djuk
;g lc
ekaQh ekaxuk
xyrh
leL;k
lqy>kuk
fonskh
kd
nwj djuk
dkSu lh
Hkkkk
fu;qDr djuk
here
there
daily
any
question
from there
anything
thief
these days
how much
until
but
when
still
if
who / what
other
that
only
properly
always
people
so
think
home
take
truth
lie with
earn
stop
poor
as
hate
trouble
leave
forgive
all this
apologize
mistake
problem
solve
foreigner
doubt
clear
which
language
apoint
Word Meaning
D;ksafd
okil
kgj
iwjk djuk
rHkh
ftUnk jguk
;s
lcdqN
;kn j[kuk
cuuk
fdruk
ds fy,
rkjhQ djuk
ckjs esa
fookl djuk
lkFk nsuk
Nqikuk
jktusrk
xqejkg djuk
lkeuk djuk
lgh
cnyuk
i<+kbZ djuk
jktuhfr
igys
vkSj T;knk
vc rd
TkqYe djuk
bykt djuk
flikgh
cnnqvk nsuk
deZ
[kpZ djuk
lykg
ckj ckj
[kkuk cukuk
ds :Ik esa
mEehn djuk
lkeku
gVkuk
Mjuk
cgkuk
cpkuk
lEeku djuk
[kksyuk
jgL;
64
because
back
city
complete
only then
survive
these
everything
remember
be
how much
for
appreciate
about
believe
support
hide
politicians
mislead
face
proper
change
study
politics
before
any more
till now
oppress
cure
soldier
curse
deeds
spend
advice
again and again
cook
as
except
luggage
remove
fear
excuse
save
respect
open
secret

English Speaking and Grammar Through Hindi

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English Speaking and Grammar Through Hindi

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Preface

I can do this work.

He can not help me.

We could reach there on time.

The Children could not go there.

Could she help you?

We should reach there on time.

The children should not go there.

Should the children learn French?

You would meet him.

She would not love you.

Would he drink wine?

We have not to do this work.

Has he to talk to me?

We had to drink coffee.

He had not to go to school.

Had you to meet me yesterday?

We used to talk to him.

She used not to drink coffee.

I need to do this work today.

We need not to do this work.

Do you need to take medicine?

I need to do this work.

You must not be proud.

You must earn money.

It may rain today.

She may not go out.

She may pass the exam.

She is writing a letter.

Are you calling him?

What are you doing there?

I, we, you, they, plural noun = have

We have given him money.

os fQYe ns[k pqds gSa\

Have they seen the film?

Where has he reached?

Present Perfect Continuous

since = (fufpr le;) ls

I,he, she, it, name, singular noun = was

We were going there.

He was not coming here.

Were they speaking English?

He had bought the book.

He had not given me money.

og xhr xk pqdh Fkh\

Had she sung the song?

Past Perfect Continuous

I will give him money.

We will not teach him.

Will India win this match?

He will be drinking coffee.

The children will not be singing songs.

Will India be playing match?

He will have bought the books.

We will not have given him money.

vki mls i<+k pqdsaxs\

Will you have taught him?

Future Perfect Continuous

Will you go?

You must have drunk coffee.

mls [ksyuk gh FkkA

Could have had to

She could have had to learn French.