é é bbdded bedddddbbbodé n [NORIIIERN INDIA ENGINE RING COLLPOE NEW DELL ONAIMET OF EE HAE AL AtnenMatins suembD ors XPERIMENT NO; «1 IMPACT OF JET WITH FLAT PLATE Cee EEE ENnENINEEE EEE 11Objective 12 Theory 1.3 Procedure 1.4 Observation tube Precautions 1.7 Pre-Requisite 1,8 Post-Requiaite 15 Apparition required 1.6 ee 11 OBJECTIVE: - To determine the co efficient of impact for vanes 12 THEORY: - Momentum equation is based on Newion's second aw of motion which states that the algebraic sum of extemal forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change of ‘momentum in that direction. The external forces include the component of the weight of the fluid & of the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surfuce of the control volume. If « vertical water jet moving with velocity is made to strike a target, which is free to move in the vertical direction then a force will be exerted on the target by the impact of jel, according to momentum equation this force (which is also equal to the force required to bring back the target in its original position) must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in that direction. Formula Used:- PQ v(I-cosp) F'=p Q (1-cos) as v=Q/a Where F* =force (calculated) p= density of water Beangle of difference V =velocity of jet angle Q=discharge A=area of nozzle (w/4d?) As for flat vane B=90 F=pQ%a EXP No (1) (ETME-356) Page | of 3cs ee¢ PARAL O ccuee cde ern tntttt Wop NHN INDIA ELLIS RISE. SE OOM spre inst 18 a ass A set AM TT pm BERR, 1.3 PROCEDURE: - 14 1. Note down the rel density of water 2 install any type of vane i.e. flat, inclined or curved 3. Install any size of nozzle i¢, \Omen or 2mm di 4, Note down the position of upper disk, when jet is not ru 5 Note down the reading of height of water in the col 6. As the jet strike the vane, position of upp which vane is raise. 7. Put the weight of various values one by one to bring the vane to 8. At this position finds out the discharge alvo 9. The procedure is repeated for each value of flow rate by 10. This procedure can be repeated for different type of va Jevant dimension or area of cu and nore. OBSERVATION TABLE: Diameter of nozzle Mass density of water p ‘Area of collecting tank: Area of nozzle ‘SNO} Int Final | Time | Dis teu) omy _{isee)_| tom! ee) Q y ; . : (var Figure 1.1: Impact of jet on flat plate EXP No (1) (ETME-356) Page 2 of 3ttt ANORMHERN INDIA PNGINEFING COLLEGE. NEW BI LS APPARATUS USED: Collecting tink, Transparent cylin, mm & 12mm, Vane of different shape (flat, inclined or ved) Fer esos af distweter 1 1.6 PRECAUTIONS: 1. Water flow should be steady and uniform, 2. The reading on the seale should be taken with 3. The weight should be put slowly & one by une 4. After changing the vane the flask should be clone Hany erro tightly 1.7 PRE-REQUISITE :- 1. What is Newton’s second law? 2. What is impact? 3: Compare density of water and mercury? 1.8 POST- REQUISITE:- when a jet of water EXP No (1) (ETME-356 Fluid Systems) Page 3 of 3| bec CCU ULL UCC UCe CCUG C CY ss > > ns Ss —) r? a e LiL ° {unis COLLEGE, NEW DEL DEPARTMENT OF MUL HANICAL.& AUTOMATION ENGINEERING SY ENGINEERING C : Nout TRERN INT EXPERIMENT NO: - 2 IMPACT OF JET WITH CURVED PLATE Shad a ae sive 2.2 Theory 2.3 Procedure 24 Observation Table 25Apparatus required 2.6 8 Post-Requisite 210} Precautions 2.7 Pre-Requisi ‘o determine the co efficient of impact for vanes, 2d Momentum equation is based on Newtor second law of motion which states that the algebraic sum ofexteral forces applied to control volume of fluid in any direction is equal to the rate of change of ‘momentum in that direction. The external forces include the component of the weight of the fluid & of the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the control volume. If a vertical water jet moving with velocity is made to strike a target, which is free to move in the vertical direction then a force will be exerted on the target by the impact of jet, according to momentum equation this force (which is also equal to the force required to bring back the target in its original position) must be equal to the rate of change of momentum of the jet flow in that direction. Formula Used:. =p Qv (I-cosp) » Q (1-cosf) as v=Q/a Where F' =force (calculated) p= density of water Bangle of difference vane ‘area of nozzle (n/4d?) peigyemispherical vane, Now for % error =F- F/F'x100 Qa Force (due to putting on weight) EXP No (2) (ETMB-356) Page 1 of 4—_——_—~ | WWPOwOOoTNOrETrEEKes OOOO brOrbrOrib- mth F pe EPAKTAIIN OF MECHANICAL & AUEOMA nd PUNE peut te COLLEGE, NEW DEED . on eRNINDIAE 2,8 PROCEDURE: 1 note down the tetevant dimension oF area of collecting tink, diameter of nozzle, and lensity of Water . Sta agy spe ot vane Le. Hat, inclined or curved, F inwall any size of oezte Le, 10mm or fmm din, 4. Note down the position of upper disk, ashen el is not runing, § Note down the reading of height of water in the collecting tank, 6, As the jot sttke the vane, position oF upper disk is changed, note the reading in the seale to which vane is raised. 7. Put the weight of various values one by one to bring the vane to its initial po 8. Atthis position finds out the discharge also, 9. The procedure iy repeated foreach value of Now rate by reducing the water supply. 10, This procedure ean be repeated for different type of vines and nozzle, 24 OUSERVATION TABLE Diameter of nozzle Mass density of water p= Area of collecting tank= Area of nozzle on, Curved hi Pherical vane When jet is not running, position of upper disk is at = Disclurge measurement Balancing Theoretical | Extor in % SNOJ Initial] Final] Time Discharge | Mass — | Force Force =F (eam) J (em) | (see) | om? see) Q JW (amy | dyme) | 2pQ a (dyne) EXP No (2) (ETME-356) Page 2 of 4tebttitteereres DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING. NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DEL Weigh Pan Hemispherical Cup o f™ Flow Control Valve (sink) Fig 2.1: Impact of jet on Curve Plate EXP No (2) (ETME-356) Page 3 of 4oé rer eeee ceee edu ey HP HOMH OHH MANNE AA AA i e od? b r v sons NOAFNGNTERINGCOLLEGE|NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHAM aOMATON ENGNERNG 2:5 APPARATUS USED:- Collecting tank, Transparent eylinder, Two nozzles of diameter 10 are 2mm, Vane of different shape (fat, inclined or curved) 2.6 PRECAUTIONS: | 1. Water flow should be steady and uniform. 2. The reading on the scale should be taken without any error. 3. The weight should be put slowly & one by one. 4, After changing the vane the flask should be closed tightly 2.7 PRE-REQUISIT! 1. Define the terms impact of jet and jet propulsion? 2. Find the expression for efficiency of a series of moving curved vane when a jet of water slrikes the vanes at one ofits tips? 28 POST-REQUISITE: Difference between curve and flat plate impact formula? Define Newton's second law? What is jet velocity? Page 4 of 4 EXP No (2) (ETME-356; Fluid SystRULLLLLTIEGLCSIEL 7 again tonal tty (0A HELE LF META tea mn ante ata ane ' wen EXPERIMENT NO; . 4 ELTON WHEEL TURBINE, M1 Objective 42 Theory 4.3 Procedure 3.4 Calculation & (Observation 1.4 Appuaratins required 1.6 Precautions 3.7 Pre Requisite 4.8 Port-Requisite ——— ML OBJECTIVES « To study the pei prmance characteristics of a Pelton Wheel turbine 32 THEORY: Hydraulic machines are defined as those machine possessed by water) into mechanical ene Turbines are defined as hydraulic mach Hydraulic turbines are of diffe of the types of hydraulic turbi 8 which convert either I bY OF mechanical energy inte hydrul which convert hydraulic ent types according to specifi ines, ‘draulic energy (energy ie energy. Hey into mechani Hon and Pelton wheel er turbin energy in one Pelton Wheel or Turhi the Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine The water strikes the bucket along the tangent of the Tunner, ‘The energy available at the inlet of the {urine is only kinetic energy. The pressure at the Inlet ey ullet of the turbine is atmoxpheric. The {urbine is used for high heads and isn ‘Wafter L.A Pelton, an Ametican Engineer se ter trom the reservoir flows through the penstocke se the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The novale inereases the kinetic energy of the water towing through the penstock by converting pressure strike) sna kinetic energy. Al the outlet of the nozzles the wer comes out in the form of a Jet and its up the jet ir "se parts of the Jet, glides over the inner cr etaped in such a way that buckets rotates, nthe rat turbine rotates and thus hydraulic energy of warat ets converted into mechanical ener (onthe runner of turbine which is further converted thy ical energy in a genetator/alternator Speed of the turbine runner is require direetly to the turbine oad, the runner 5 surfaces and comes out at the d 10 be maintaine, shaft runs at constant speed i ‘d constant so that the speed falls and consec inder varying load condi cetri¢ generator coupled tions. With increase is Siuently balls of the centrifugal governor mone inwards, Through Suleble linkages. the resulting downward movement af he governor slee (Rao! valve which admits oil under pressure to a the servomotor, led t0 a relay oy ervomotor. The oi n oF on the piston of nd that pushes the spear to a position which ineteac Ge flow passage, (Quantum of water striking the EXP No (3) (EIME-356) Paget orgROR Let treet | [NORTIIERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI pra ROCEDURE: » Cheek the 2 ion of the belt, 2. Check the pointer of the circular spring balance. 3. Check the bypass valve, which should be fully open, 4, Tum on the MCB switch 5. Check the 3 phases of the power supply by means of the indicators. 6. Tum on the starter. Pump is started and water is allowed to flow through the turbine. 7. Adjust the spear valve for a particular nozzle opening 8. Adjust the bypass valve for the desired inlet water pressure, 9. Load the flywheel by tightening the bolt up to 0.5kg. 10, Record the pressure res ling, manometer reading and speed readings of the circular spring balance. 11, Repeat the experiment for 1kg, 1.5 kg and 2kg load, 12, Repeat the experiment for the three more spear valve settings. 3.4 CALCULATIONS:- Unit Speed (Ny) =NANH Unit power (Py) = Par Unit discharge (Qu) = QVH Specific Speed (Ns) = Nu/VPu BHP=2ar (W-S) Ng/4500 WHP= pgQHi75 Overall efficiency (n) =BHP/WHPX100 Discharge (Q) ‘VeQ/ (Cross sectional area of pipe) Observation:- Specific weight of water= Effective radius of the flywheel and belt= Diameter of the pipe (di) = ‘Area of cross section of the pipe (Ax) = Area of cross section of the throat (Aa) = Distance between pressure gauge and the centre line of turbine Z= EXP No (3) (ETME-356) Page 2 of 4 MRIMIFAETOF MECHIAKICAL & AUTOMATON FRGINEE RING| © al > Manometer reading (fa) ~ e Coefficient of discharge (Cs T? Applied load (Higher side reading (W) = . Reading shown with the direction of the flywheel(S) = * 2 sf Observation Table:- be 2 SNo_ | Efficiency ] Discharge | BHP | WHP | Overall [Uni [Unt Unit & 2 water | Q(m/3s) efficiency | speed | Power | discharge head H Ps. n 9 e HEUER CETTE TTTIItttt Fig (3) Pelton wheel turbine 3.5 APPARATUS USED:- Pelton Wheel 3.6 PRECAUTIONS:- 1. Take one set of reading wit cone spear wheel position 2. After taking one set of reading release the tension ofthe belt and run the turbine at no load condition for atleast five minutes. 3. By pass valve should always fully open atthe time of starting the pump. 4. Before starting the pump check the manometer tapings. 5. Tachometer should not touch with any moving part at the time of rpm measurement, 6. After experiment drain off the water from the tank. EXP No (3) (ETME-356) Page 3 of 4| MebebttLtREeE DEE EELa EL dd Desai ee ee ogrifR INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECIANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 3.7 PRE-REQUISITE =~ 1, What is Pelton turbine? 2. Classify the types of turbine? 3. What is the need of priming? 38 POST-REQUISITE:- 1. What do you mean by an impulse turbine? 2, How does an impulse turbine differ from a reaction turbine? 3. Why is a pelton wheel suitable for high head only? 4, What isthe specific speed range of a pelton wheel? 5. What is meant by a speed ratio of a pelton whee!? EXP No (3) (ETME-356) Page 4 of 4| VVVEVVEEVVLKVUULEFEUUECLECECCKUCC CCV GGCOS [NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, ‘W DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT NO: - 4 FRANCIS TURBINE Se 4.1 Objective 4.2 Theory 4.3 Procedure 4.4 Observation Table 4.5Apparatus required 4.6 Precautions 4.7 Pre-Requisite 4.8 Post-Requisite EE EEE 4.1 OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficiency of Francis Turbine Apparatus, 4.2THEORY: Reaction Turbine: - In this type of turbine there is a gradual pressure drop and takes place continuously over the fixed and moving blades or over guide vanes and moving vanes. The function of the guides’ vanes is that they alter the direction of water as well as increases its velocity, As the water passes over the moving vanes its kinetic energy is absorbed by them. Francis Turbine: - The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet is known as Francis turbine, after the name of J.B Francis an American engineer who in beginning desi radial flow reaction turbine. In the modern Francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the turbine i the radial direction and leaves in the axial direction at the outlet of the runner. Thus the modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine. Constructional detail The main parts of the Francis turbine are: 1. Penstock 2. Casing 3. Guide mechanism 4. Runner 5. Draft tube ues . It is a long pipe at the outlet of which a nozzle is fitted. The water from reservoir lows ecuah tbe fan lone Pips itinoreases the kinetic energy of water lowing through the penstock. 2. Casing: «In case of reaction turbine, casing and runner are always full of water. The water from the a which is of spiral shape in which area of cross-section of the casing goes the casing penjccrasing sradualy ‘The casing completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. ing i r ier the runner at constant velocity casing is made of spiral shape, so that the water may ent city thoughoutthe circumference of the runner. The casing is made of concrete or cast steel. . = i ircular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. 3. Guide Mechani It consists of a stationary circular wheel upine. ‘The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism, The guide vanes allow the water to ‘c runner without shake at inlet. Also by a suitable arrangement, the width i on th , Ae a ae rest vanes ofa guide's mechanism canbe aleed 0 that the amount of water striking the runner can vary. wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surface of + - [tis a circular 7 : Rune alte Were radial curved vanes are so shaped that the waier enters and leave the vanes is made very smoot! EXP No (4) (ETME-356) Page 1 off| Vu oCetore Ite t et ove PEevVes vs eLVELUUE gah NDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTONATION ENGINEERING NORTIIERN INDIA the euner without shock. The runners are made of cast stel, cast ron or stainless steel. They are keyed to the shaft. 5, Drat tube: - The pressure atthe exit of the runner ofa reaction turbine is generally less than mosphere pressure. The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tal race. A tube or pipe of tradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit ofthe turbine to the til race, This tube of increasing area is called draft tube. The draft tube, in addition to serve a passage for water discharge, has the following two purposes also. 1. The turbine may be placed above the tail race and hence turbine may be inspected properly 2. The kinetic energy rejected at the outlet of the turbine is converted into useful pressure energy. 4.3 PROCEDURE: After starting and running the turbine at normal speed for the sometime load the turbine and take readings. Note the followings:- 1, Net supply head(Pressure & vacuum gauge readings) 2. Discharge (Manometer readings) 3. Turbine shaft speed, 4. Brake weight (dead weights plus hanger and rope weight) 5. Spring balance reading. 44 OBSERVATION TABLE: ‘SNo [Setting | Shak | Net | Pressure Brake | Spring | Net | Input | Output | Efficien ofthe | speed | supply | gauges | inLPM | weight | balance | brake | Power | Power speed | in | head | Readings inkg | in | weight RPM | in awn | v2) | ay meters EXP No (4) (ETME-356) Page 2 offEE . P »~s ) c 3 » & = r f os &s &s 5 : S x ~ J 2 2 a) pes 2 vuNG COLLEGE,NEAWDILIME——DEPAILIMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUIOMATION ENGINEERING poet SN ENDIA ENGINE SSN af see Fig (4) Francis Turbine Important Formulas:- Efficiency = Break Power/Input Power x100% Brake Power = 2nNTg/60000 Where =N turbine speed in RPM Tis torque in ky-m (Effective radius of the brake drum in m net brake load in kg) Input power= v.Q.H kW ipecitic weight gf water =9.81KN/m? Q=Discharge in m/sec supply head in m. 4.5 APPARATUS USED:- Francis Turbine 4.6 PRECAUTIONS:- 1, Take one set of reading with one spear wheel position. 2. After taking one set of reading release the tension of the belt and run the turbine at no load condition for at least five minutes. 3. By pass valve should always fully open at the time of starting the pump. 4. Before starting the pump check the manometer tapings. 5. Tachometer should not touch with any moving part at the time of rpm measurement, 6. Affer experiment drain off the water from the tank. EXP No (4) (ETME-356) Page 3 offee LAD o> or og on og eee ereeececcu Jn Fo wou e 4.7 PRE-REQUISITE:- 1. What is reaction turbine? 2/ Explain draught tube function? 3{ How many types flow used in turbine? 48 POST-REQUISITE:- 1. What is the radial flow turbine? 2. Differentiate between inward and outward flow turbine? 3, What are guide vanes? 4, What is a draft tube? 5, What are the specifications of a Francis turbine? EXP No (4) (ETME-356) Page 4 of 4Ott a | it [NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION EMGINEERING EXPERIMENT NO: - 5 KAPLAN TURBINE 5.1 Objective 5.2 Theory 5.3 Procedure 5.4 Observation Table 5,5, PParatus required 5.6 Precautions 5.7 Pre-Requisite 5.8 Post-Requisite 5.1 OBJECTIVE: - To st vi tudy the characteristics of Kaplan Turbine, to calculate the efficiency and to draw the following curves, ‘+ Efficiency Vs Discharge * BHP Vs Discharge 5.2 THEORY: Axial flow Turbine: - 1. Kaplan Turbine (Adjustable blades) 2. Propeller (Blades are fixed) Kaplan Turbine: - Kaplan Reaction turbines are axial flow turbines in which the flow is parallel to the axis of the shaft. They are low head, high discharge turbine. In this water tum at right angles between the guide vanes, runner & then flow parallel te the chan I is inward flow reaction turbine. {i flow was along the radius from periphery to the cente of fe runner. (From outer dia to the inner ia of runner). I is eapable of giving high efficiency at overionde (up to 15-20%), Construetional details 1. Penstock 2. Spiral or scroll casing 3. Guide mechanism 4. Runner 5. Draft tube ar yenstock: Its the water way used to carry the water from the reservoir to the turbine. At the inlet ‘ofthe penstock trash eracks are used to prevent the debris from g joing into the turbine, 2 Spiral or Seroll casing: - In ease of reaction turbine casing and funner are always full of water. The Naler from the penstock enters the casing whichis of spiral shape in which ace of cross-section of the casing goes on decreasing gradually. The casing completely surrounds the runner ofthe turbing te casing is made of spiral shape, so that the water may enter the runner at constant velocity throughout the circumference of the runner. 3. Guide Mechanism: - It consists ofa stationary circular whee! all-round the , The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide mechanism. The gerne vanes alow ee me strike the vanes fixed onthe runner without shock at inet, Also by Suitable arrangement, the we? betneen wo ajacen vanes of gude mechan canbe are amount of ware, Width the runner can be varied. Water striking EXP No (5) (ETME-356)| OR nna rernnery webeeee seuss s \ space called. whirl chamber, is provided between the guide vanes she how tums by 90° € move as a free vortex i.e without the inet changes into axial component due to the guidan and the runner. In this chamber, id of any external torque. The radial xed housing. 4 Rumer: - IU is a circular wheel, also called *hub’ or *bass" on which a seties of radial curved vane: ae fived. The surface of the vanes is made very smooth. The radial curved vanes are vo shaped that Auer enters and leaves the runner without shock, The runners are made of east steel, cast iron oF Nainless steel. In Kaplan turbine, the shaft is the extended part of runner with amaller diameter 5. Draft tube: - The pressure at the exit of an axial turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure The water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to the tail race This tube of increasing area is called draft tube, 5.3 PROCEDURE 1. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. 2 . Guide vanes in the turbine are in closed position while starting the pump. Now slowly open the gate valve and open the chock fitted to the pressure gauge and see that the pump develops the rated head. 4. If the develops the required heads, slowly open the turbine guide vanes by rotating the hand wheel until the turbine attains the rated speed, Load the turbine slowly and take the readings. 5.4 OBSERVATION TABLE & CALCULATION:- wup- (000 Ke/m’ Q=Discharge (measured by orifice meter) Where ensity of wat H-Supply head in m BHP= Where R=Effeetive radius of drum (0.165m) W=Brake weight (kgf) pring balance reading (ke) Netpm Overall efficiency (ns) = BHP/WHP X100% Page 2 of 4i uo 1 RN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Observation Table: BHP [Efficiency To] Supply Head | Gate [Discharge | WAP | Brake | Spring |W 3 Hom) — | Opening | Q¢m’/s) load W | reading tke) | stkep RPM 3 | Fully Fig (5) Kaplan Turbine 5.5 APPARATUS USED:- Kaplan Turbine EXP No (5) (ETME-356) eewevevneveeccsceced | re ore ms e SSS Oe ee ee ee 5.6 PRECAUTIONS:- 1. The main valve should be closed before starting the machine 2 Do not load the turbine suddenly, Loading should be done graduall d so that the rum at normal speed. ly and at the same time supply cof water should be increas 1. How is a Kaplan turbine different from a Francis turbine? What is the speed ratio of Kaplan turbine? 3. What do you mean by a reaction turbine? 4. Why are hydraulic losses less in a Kaplan turbine then in a Fr 5.8 POST-REQUISI s turbine? 1, What is Kaplan turbine? 2. What do you mean by 3. Why are hydraulic losses | Kaplan turbine then in a Francis turbine? Page 4 of 4 EXP No (5) (ETME:ft e q Ss Doolin eee Ima ool oo Dre call UeGedededrdrv Sn oe sty NOU ENGINEERING CEL ENE NEW DEL DUPARTMMINTOR MECTEANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT NO: - 6 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP o1Okjostive 62 Theory 6.3 Procedure 64 Observation Table 6.5Appanmtus required 6.6 Precautions 6.7 Pro-Requisite 6.8 Post- Requisite 61 OBJECTIVE and its charac curve of the following * Discharge Vs Head e Vs Efficiency To study the characteristies ofa pump, calculate the efficiency schar Discharge Vs Power 62 THEOR The hydraulic machine which conve centrifugal force acting on the fluid is called centrifugal pump. ‘The centrifugal pump acts as a reverse of an inwant radial flow reaction turbine, This means thatthe flow in centrifugal pump is in the radial outward directions, The centrifugal pump works on the principle of forced Vertex flow which means that when a certain mass of liquid is related by an extemal torque, the rise in pressure head of the rotating liquid takes place. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportions mare of the tangential velocity of the liguid at that point, Thus at the outlet of the impeller radius is more, the Fise in pressure head will be more and the liquid will be discharged at the outlet with a high pressure head. Due to this pressure head. the liquid can be lifted to a high level mechanical energy in to pressure energy by means of to the sq Construetional details Main part of a centrifiygal pump: 1. Impeller:-The rotating part of a centrifugal pump backward curved vanes. The impeller is mounted on electric motor. ay 3 Casing: - The casing ofa centrifugal pump is similar to the easing ofa reaction wing, VS tight passage surrounding the impeller and is designed in such a way that fhe Mines crete te tater discharged atthe outlet ofthe impeller is converted info pressure energy WANE TN A Eh The casing and enters the delivery pipe. The following three types oF casing are commonly 210p 1 consists led “Impeer connected t0 the shaft of an shaft which is (i) Volute casing ii) Vortex casing (iii) Casing with guide blade 4 pipe whose one end is connested 10 the inlet of tinea i Known as suction pipes A foot valve whic isa Trend of the suction pipe. The foot valve opens Tower end of the suction pipe. a foot-valve and a st dips in to W ater i Aa Wve is fitted at the lower strainer is aso fitted a the 3. Suction pipe wit the pump and other end non-retum valve or one Way ¥ only in the upward direction. A Page Loft EXP No (6) (ETME:| TTT TTT TC CC} COCO SCRE {NEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Inbia ENGI i NORTHERN . whose one end is connected to the outlet of thy A pipe who 4, Delivery pipe: Pump and other end delivers iter at a required height is known as delivery pipe. the water at a Formulae used: Inlet pressure head = P) m Discharge pressure head Manometer head H = Total head at inlet- Total head at outlet Datum head = Zm Total head across pump H = (P)-P2) +Z) Torque T = (load. arm distance) Input power P = (2x. speed in r.p.s. T) Watts Water power Po = (p. g. H.Q) Watts Efficiency # % = Water power /Input power «100 6.3 PROCEDURE: 1. Note down the area of col the spring from the centre of 2. Priming the pump set before starting, 3. The speed control on the motor is set to a value and atthe same time ‘is adjusted to give the maximum possible discharge 4. Conditions were allowed to steady before the rate of, motor and r.p.s. value were recorded, 5. The flow rate is reduced in stages and the above 6. The procedure is repeated other type of values, 7. Prime the pump if necessary §: Keep the bypass valve and main valve fully open, 9. Start the pump. 10. Note down the readings at different pressure heads and discharge, lecting tank, position of delivery pressure gauge and arm distance of f shaft. the flow regulating valve discharge Q, suction head, load on the procedure is repeated Observation Table;- S.No. EXP No (6) (ETM! Discharge Input Suction Delivery | Total Head | Output | Efficiency Q(em3/s) Power Head H,(cm)| Head Hy Hn(em) | Power Po P\(HP) (cm) (HP) 356) Page 2 of 4oveit:kN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & RIN WICAL. & AUTOMATION ENGINE ENGINEERING : N g = é _Impeller |. Casing ‘Ny Suction point Fig: Centrifugal Pump (Turbine Type) Fig (6) Centrifugal Pump 64 CALCULATIONS:- Shaft input power to the motor=Power input by energy meter = No. of revolution x 3600/ Time »Energy meter constant 0.736 Where rpm= Rotation of energy meter dise i ‘Time=Time for one revolution of dise factor from KW to HP 5% imp (P) = Shaft input to the motor xmotor efficiency Motor efficiency Shaft input to the put Page 3 of 4 EXP No (6) (ETME-356) ve wweVeVEVUVECOU SURO et (iP RIEL COLL, EW BAN DAW MEST OF AFCHANHE ‘ALA AUTOMATION PNONET RING Total Head (I,) ©Suction head (I1,) +Delivery Head (114) Ostpat of the pump Where p = density of water QeDischarge in m/s [Length of the collectin We width of the collecting tank in m He Height of water in collecting tank in m read through Gauge glass and scale Efficiency of the pump = Output power/input powerx100% ng tank in m 6.5 APPARATUS USED: - Centri Pump 6.6 PRECAUTION: 1. Priming is must before 2. Pump should not be run 3.Us ting the pump, nply lean water in the sump tank, 6.7 PRE REQUISITE:- 1, What is pump’ 2. The centrifugal pump is works on which prin 68 POST REQUISI 1. How many types of pumps? 2. What is impeller? Page 4 of 4 EXP No (6) (ETME-356)5 | 3 F888 8 OOOO UCT VU VS VIS NORUIERN INDIA ENGINEERING: ‘GE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION FNGINEL RING EXPERIMEN’ NO: -7 RECIPROCATING PUMP. T1Objective 7.2 Theory 7.3 Procedure 7.4 Observation Tab le 7.5Apparatus required 746 Precautions 7.7 Pre-Requisite 7.8 Post -Requisite 7.1 OBJECTIVE: -To determine the efficiency of reciprocating Pump. 7.2 THEORY: The reciprocating pump is positive dis displacement or pushing of liquid by closely fitted cylinder, The li placement pump ice. it operate ‘liquid by a piston or plunger that ¢ liquid is alternativel to discharge side on the principles of actual 8 reciprocating motion in a Xecutes ingle 0 is zero or the piston is towards extreme left as the ad centre i.e. from 0-0" to 8=180". The piston mere from extreme left to extreme right end. This movement of Piston called backward stroke. So, during the vlinder increase, resulting fall in pr , the liquid face is sucked in and forced out during the is foreed out through the non return delivery valve itis called From above we find that pump has a capacity to ereate patil « liquid by itself property is called self priming, ing single cylinder pump liquid is swept and only onee in one is swept twice for each revolution of the crank. discharge stroke or delivery stroke. vacuum resulting in the suction of th It may be observed that a single acti tevolution of the crank where is in double acting, 7.3 PROCEDURE: 1. Note down the area of collecting tank 2. Priming the pump set before starting, 3. Before starting ensure that pump is free to rotate, an 4. Flow regulating valve was adjusted to give the max. Possible discharge. 5. Conditions were allowed to steady before the rate of discharge Q, discharge and load on the motor were recorded. 6. The flow rate is reduced in stages and the above procedure is Tepeated Observation Table:- Page | of 3 EXP No (7) (ETME-356)¥ 2 & > : 2 ; 2 & z a Ss = ~~ 2 2 ss ca ~~ os es 3 ot Ca ? 2 o? oo? ot o? 2 DIAPSONTERIG COLLEGE,NEW DELI pera SNO. Pump Speed [Discharge | Suction Time for, pressure vacuum mm kgfem? of Hg ltr rise in measuring lank T see Time for 5 rev of cron ners Stare ‘aur sewer risovassevacr sane comer Fig (7) Reciprocating Pump 7.4 CALCULATION a) Volume per stroke = W/4 DAL2-(piston rod volume) ») Flow rate (discharge) 5 Let time required for Qq lr be te see\Discharge, in Qa (m’ Ise) = Qax 1070 ¢) Discharge head , Let discharge pressure be P ke/em’ EXP No (7) (ETME-356) Page 2 of 3| ; 3 3 2 4 5 + 2 2 a a a 2 2 2 noe ER INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MEW DELI Aneaeasrrey TOF NEHA Aan aE IE Ikp/em™ pressures 10m head of water 4) Suction head Suction head" Vacuum min of Hy/1000x 13.01 iad + discharge head friction head Where loss of head in piping and fitting is assumed to be 3m €) Output Output=WQalit/1000kW Where Wespecific weight of oil=9810N/n? Qa=Discharge m’/see Ht-Total head in m. f) Electrical input power Let time required for 5 revolution be te LP. 5*3600 1.7240 Where energy meter constant 240 rev/kW/h taking motor efficiency as 80% We have input shaft power for the pump which is equal to o/p of the lect 1.P.x80 mney of the reciprocation pump= O.P/L.S.P X 100% motor. Input shaft power L5Al PARATUS USED:- Reciprocating pump 1.6 PRECAUTIONS: 1. Operate all the controls gently 2 low to rise the discharge pressure above dky/em’ 2. Never 3. Always use clean water for experiment 4, Befor starting the pump ensures that discharge valve is opened fully. 7.7 PRE -REQUISITE:- 1. What is priming? 2. The reciprocating pump is bas sed on which prineiple 7.8 POST -REQUISITE:- . What is pump? | | , St ein piniple of Resnrocstng pam? 3, How many types of pump? EXP No (7) (ETME-356) Page 3 of 3| oRTUERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT NO: -8 GEAR OIL PUMP. g.lObjective 8.2 Theory 8.3 Procedure 8.4 Observation Table 8.5Apparatus required 8.6 Precautions 8.7 Pre-Requisite 8.8 Post-Requisite —_—_—_——— | 8.1 OBJECTIVE: - To study the constructional details of gear pump and draw its characteristic curve. 8.2 THEORY: ‘The gear pump is a rotary pump in which two gear mesh to provide the pumping action, This type of pump is mostly used for cooling water and pressure oil to be supplied for lubrication to turbine, machine tool etc. Although the gear pump is rotating machinery yet it aetion on liquid to be pumped is not dynamic it nearly displaces. The liquid from one side to other. The flow of liquid to be supplied is continues and uniform. Constructional details:- A gear pump has following parts:- (1) Casing (2) Gear wheel 3) Suction and delivery pipe Casing: - The function of casing in this type of pump is onl transferred in contact with gear wheel. The width of gear wheel body. “Gear wheel: - In gear wheel pump there are two identical intermeshing gear working in & fine rere Gre of the gear is keyed to shaft know as driving shaft, The other gear revolves due to ted with a definite clearance. The space between gear driving shaft. These two gears are construct teeth and casing is filled with oil. The oil is earried between the gears from suction pipe to delivery pipe. Suction pipe: - ly to make the liquid which is to be casing also contains bearing in its “These pipe are in circular shape connect the gear to suction and delivery. 8.3 PROCEDURE: Start the pump and run it at a particular he ure gauge rea from the reading taken from the measuring tank. The input At the normal working speed the ead on it. This can be adjusted with the help of the delivery valve provided. The presst dling has to be noted to find out the total head the calculated ff the energy meter supplied. imum of Ske/sq em. The discharge will be pump. The discharge can be the help of power is measured total head on the pump may be varied up l slightly decreased as the working pressure increase the rotor, The required number of readings ean Be taken within the head range. 8.4 OBSERVATION TABLE AND CALCULATION:- Efficiency of the motor=0.8 (0 a max on the pump as a result of the leakage pastes EXP No (8) (ETME-356) Page | of 3 vueuvewvoeve VER VV UY UY & HF 6 UU CU OHO US'S S'S 'OTS'S'Se” oe_—_—_—_—"— 7 sett INDIA ENGINEFKING COL EGE, NEW DELHI DHPARIMIS OF HN AL aLtena ru ean Vacuum | Differe | Total | Time | Dischar | Time | Input Output | Overall | Remark gauge | gauge | neein | Head }insee} gein | fors | powe | power | kiicieney tkwem2) J mmot | gauge | HY] for ] (m3/s) | rev. of Frakwy | hwy hy) | levels raise energy 03m of meter water dise lavel (see) Oo) em _|_ PaManr aie ats CAMPANION vevsevuevvvvvvuvvvwve ORMING merits oLan vat Fig (8) Gear Oil Pump Page 2 of 3 EXP No (8) (ETME-356)Le NORTHERN INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELHI DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Important Formulas: 1) Efficiency (n)}= Output power/ Input power 2) Output=9.81xHQ kW=. 3) Pressure gauge reading in m + Vacuum gauge reading in m + datum head (0.3) = Px 10#V/1000(13.6-1) 40.3 Where V = Vacuum pressure gauge P= Pressure gauge 4) Discharge Q=Axh/T Where A = Area of the measuring tank in meters h= Rise of water level (say 10 em) in m, T= time in seconds for rise of water level (say 10 em) 5) Input=X/t x 3600x 1/C x 0.8 kW=, Where X= ‘0. of revolutions of energy meter dise (say 3 rev) T= time for energy meter revolution dise (say 3 rev) C= Energy meter constant 0.8-Efficiency of the motor 8.5 APPARATUS USED:- Gear oil pump 8.6 PRECAUTIONS:- 1) Never run the pump without liquid in it, as this would cause damage to stuffing box. Bush bearing etc, 2)Never try to throttle the suction side of the pump to control discharge as it would seriously affect to the performance of the pump. 8.7 PRE-REQUISIT 1. Define working of rotary pump? 2. Which type of pump is mostly used in cooling water? “REQUISITE: ; ch types of gears are used in gear oil pump? 2. What are the applications of gear oil pump? EXP No (8) (ETME-356) Page 3 of 3ju ENGINEEING COLLEGE, NEW DEL ait ‘AL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT NO: - 9 HYDRAULIC RAM gobjective 9.2 Theory 9.3 Procedure 9.4 Observation Table 9.5Apparatus required 9.6 Precautions 9.1 Pre-Requisite 9.8 Post- Requisite 9.1 OBJECTIVE: - To study the constructional details and working of Hydraulic Ram. 9.2 THEORY: Hydrauli is an arrangement to transmit forces and energy through anit it They are of two type ay though an incompressible uid 1. Hydrostatic System: - In this system transmission is due to hydraulic pressure. The main celements are: - (a), Pumping Unit: - That acts as a power source to develop the hydraulic pressure from mechanical work- Usually it is a rotary or a reciprocating pump. (b). Transmission line or passage: - Through which power and energy are to be transmitted from the place of production to the place of its necessity. (©). Hydraulic motor: - To reconvert the hydraulic pressure into mechanical work. Again this can be of rotary or reciprocating type in the form of eylinder & piston, Piston inthe eylinder is moved by the fluid pressure providing useful work. e.g. Hydraulic press, crane, lift ete 2. Hydro Kinematies System: - In this transmission is due to change in the velocity and the direction of fluid flow. With a negligible change in the pressure of the fluid. It has two main elements: - (@), Pump- impeller driven by the driving shaft (centrifugal pump). (6). Turbine Runner to run the driven shaft: - There i circulation of oil from the pump impeller to the runner that transmits power. Fore. Hydraulic Ram: = It isa pump which raises aria quantity of water to a greater height, if large at. of water isavaable ata Tower height ‘without using any external power. Construetional details; - its main parts are: eae oe Sunply Tine, Supply tank, Waste valve, Delivery valve, Valve, chamber, Deliven’ Pips eee tan Ait vessel, Non-retum valve, Drain cock, Pressure Bau. ple of water hammer effectors inertia force of ineiple: ~ It works on the prin Working principle: «It works oid is brought to rest suddenly ase of pressure occ water in a pipe line, When a flowing fluid is Which can be utilized to raise a portion 0! ‘external power for its operation. ; . ~ & adelivery valve, both being none return valves. The detivery valve opens intoan Air wee lary yale BMG SS uns he a ve gaye Ne water to a higher level. It does not require any Page 1 of 4 EXP No (9) (ETMannonraonnn n CUCLC CLL gx NDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DEL DUPAICIM NE OF MECHAM overt RN mw IMME OF MICA A AUITOMASION ENGINEERING Ata particular moment assume that the delivery valve is closed and the ‘tows down the supply’ pipe in to the valve chamber and then th water tunnel, As the velocity of water in the pipe inerenses, the dynamic prssue ony nde cle of the waste valve becomes high, ‘This closes the waste valve which was open due tani an weight. With the sudden closure of the waste valve, the velocity reduces ta revo and the presence in the valve chamber, The high pressure of water forcibly opens the delivery,’ PRssure Waste valve is open, Water ugh the waste valves into waste 1. D* Aubuisson’s Efficiency ahallatQ) hy 2. Rankine’s Efficiency axha/QXhs Where q= Discharge of water lifted up Q= Discharge of waste water Hg=Delivery Head of Ram H= Head of water supply to Ram The Hydraulic Rams are most widely used in hilly regions where natural water streams are available. Itrequires no external energy and the running and maintenance expenditure is practically nil 9.3 PROCEDURE:- 1, Clean the apparatus and make all tanks free from dust. 2. Close all the drain valves provided. 3. Filll sump tank % with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there. 4. Close all control valves provided. Ensure that all ON/OFF swite 's given on the panel are at OFF position. 6. Now switch on the main power supply (220V AC, 50 Hz) . Switch ON the pump. 8. Fill overhead tank with water. 9. Adjust the RAM stroke at minimum, 10. When overhead tank overflows open control valve of RAM. 11, Now Ram is in operation. 12. Adjust stroke of am to vary the head developed by the Ram 13. Open slightly the control valve provided at useful water discharge line of air vessel 14, Record Pressure gauge reading in air vessel 15. Measure flow rate of useful water and waste water discharged by the ram using stop watch and measuring tank. fow rated of useful water discharged by the ram by : ferent fl 16, Repeat experiment ded a wef water scare ine of aves regulating the control valve provides Page 2 of 4 EXP No (9) (ETME-356)sonra NDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE. NEW DEL DEPARTMENT os MECHANICAL aLOMArONENGNEERMG 9.4 OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:- Hy-Delivery head of RAM=........sssesssssseesseed He= Supply head=....ssssccsecceeestseeeeeesssseedll A=Area of measuring tank for useful water Diameter = m ReRise in water level in measuring tank of waste water= h-hy ToTime take sess QERAAME sooo sseeereeee eee [800 SNo. | Useful Water tank Waste Water tank Pressure Initial [Final] Time T [Rise in [Initial | Final] Pommter] Gauge Level |Level | sec waterR [Level [Level | Gauge em em em em He hy-hy 1. D’Aubuisson Efficiency qehllqt vhs 2. Rankine’s Efficiency q*hy/Qxhy Page 3 of 4 EXP Na (9) (Mb 350)ues INDIA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NEW DELI DEPARTMED TMENT OF MECILANICAL & AUTOMATION ENGINEERING Storage tk The Modem Design Waste valve Valve box Fig (9) Hydraulic RAM 9.5 APPARATUS USED:- Hydraulic Ram 9.6 PRECAUTIONS:- 1. Do not run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than 180 volts. 2. Never fully close the delivery line and by pass line valves simultaneously. Always keep apparatus free from dust. ‘To prevent clogging of moving part run pump at least once in a fortnight. 5. Frequently grease/oil the rotating parts once in three months. 6. Always use clean water. 9.7 PRE-REQUISIT! 1. Define working of rotary pump? 2. Which type of pump is mostly used in cooling water? 9.8 POST REQUISITE:- 1. What is working principle of hydraulic ram? 2. What is purpose of air vessel in hydraulic ram? 3. What is difference between hydraulic ram & centrifugal pump? Page 4 of 4 EXP No (9) (ETME-356)