d j 3 rod Dollars anc Hraly-Fisp Conk | 1944 FIRST ANNUAL EDITION The GON POUCA ZA Pe COMPLETE GUIDE TO AMERICAN RIFLES, SHOTGUNS, HANDGUNS AND ACCESSORIES The Cncyclofredia fer FheoetersHE GUN DIGEST is dedicated to the millions of American sportsmen who Tove guns. It is our sincere hope and belief that this book will bring to its readers a greater enjoyment of hunting and shooting—and a deeper appre jon of fine ‘guns and gun lore. We wish to extend our thanks to the manufacturers of arms and accessories for their splendid cooperation; in par- ticular to R. H. Patterson of Remington Arms Co. for the use of many illustrations (pages 26, 62, 66, 68 and 104), and to CS. Hutt of Winchester Repeating Arms Co., Roy D. Hoppie of Browning Arms Co. and Henry H. Lyman of The Lyman Gun Sight Corp. for their permission to reprint cer- tain-of their jublishral material. Last, but far from least, is our expression of ‘gratitude to the sports magazines and their editors for their able guidance and assistance. The 1944 First Annual Edition of The Gun Digest, originally printed in limited quantity ‘quickly sold out and has since become a much sought-after and valuable collectors’ iter. ‘First Edition copies demand high prices from readers who wish to complete their cal. lections of annual Gun Digest editions. ‘To satisfy the great demand jor the 1944 First Annual edition, and to make it available tall gun lovers the publishers have reprinted i ints eniey.again ima very liited edition, This edition is identical to the original in every respect, except for these words, and the inclusion of the original 1944 retail gun prices in the book in place of a separate price sheet inserted in the original edition. Profusely illustrated, and with features that are still timely, the 1944 First Annual Gun Digest alone foresaw the great postwar upsurge of interest that was to develop in guns and ‘shooting az a pastime, sport and hobby. The 1944 First Annual Cun Digest reprint makes enlightening and entertaining reading..as well as being an opportunity Jor the collector to bring his Gun Digest library up-to-date. (We expect to reprint the 1943 Second Edition next year, and succeeding editions thereafter) John T. AmberTHE GUN DIGEST 1944 FIRST ANNUAL EDITION REPRINT OF 1944—FIRST EDITION FOLLETT PUBLISHING COMPANY 1010 W. WASHINGTON BLVD. CHICAGO 7, ILLINOIS ‘The Gun Dicesr is published annually by The Gun Digest Con, 4340 W. Madison St Chicago 24, Til, Coppright ® 1944, 1963. Ail revered. Reproduction o use of editorial orp tent in any manner, with rohibited. Pfstings, dese in ure nov advertting, nod elther the pebllonion hor the publisher recommends purchase of any jewlat tem of merchandines ‘views and opinions of the authors expressed of the editor oF ty for such views Maniscripts, “contributions and inquiries, in. cluding fist class return postage, should be’ seat nix for editing and revisions. Author payment covers all rights and title to the accepted material, eISBN-13: 978-0-89689-920-9 OUR SMALL ARMS AND THEIR MAKERS CHOOSING THE BIG GAME RIFLE HIGH POWER RIFLES FIELD REPAIRS FOR ‘THE BIC GAME HUNTER SMALL GAME AND VARMINT HUNTING 22 CALIBER RIFLES... SELECTING AND SHOOTING A TARGET RIFLE MILITARY SMALL ARMS OF WORLD WAR I MILITARY CARTRIDGE DEVELOPMENT UPLAND CUNS AND LOADS .. HOW TO CALL AND HUNT QUAIL WITHOUT A DOG ‘THE FOWLING PIECE TIPS ON DECOYING FLYWAYS OF NORTH AMERICA SHOTGUNS FOR FIELD AND WATERFOWL SHOOTING TRAP AND SKEET SHOOTING SHOTCUNS—TRAP AND SKEET GUNS WILL LAST A LIFETIME DRESSING AND PREPARING GAME FOR THE TABLE CHOOSING A HANDGUN AND LEARNING TO SHOOT IT PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS BALLISTIC TABLES FOR RIFLE AND REVOLVER AMMUNITION RIFLE SIGHTING TABLES SIGHTS, SCOPES, MOUNTS, BINOCULARS, SPECIAL CHOKES GUN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS .. 4 15 19 23 a 2 o 98 . ot 106 109 . us 128 = 135 138 - 186(Tarren of tay Ameroan small ame for both the soldier and the sportsman begins in the obscure gun shops in Pennsylvania, where early in the 18th Century the “Kentucky” rifle began to evolve, and ends in the great arms factories of today which are turning out the finest fighting weapons in the World for the soldier, and will again make excellent and accurate sporting rifles, shotguns and handguns within the price range of every sportsman and target shooter during peace times. To bridge the gap from the primitive log eabin beside the trail to the huge plants of today with their acres of whirling machinery, many men have contributed inventive ability, mechanical skill, “sweat, blood and tears”, and untold millions of invested capital. ‘The Téih Century established America as the manufacturer of the most accurate weapon in the World, the Kentucky rifle. This rifle was largely a hand-made weapon in the small shops of the middle colonies. Its characteristics were long barrel, relatively small bore for its period, gracefully curved stock, very high velocity and extreme accuracy in spite of its simple open sights. ‘The Kentucky rifle drove its “squirrel-ball” of .30 to .45 caliber at nearly twice the velocity of the clumsy musket of the period and would hit a 3 inch circle at 100 yards, or a man consistently up to 300, at a time when the standard military musket could not be relied upon to hit a mansized mark five shots in ten at 100 yards, and battles were commonly fought at 30 to 75. With the dawn of the 19th Century the great machine age was beginning to stir in its sleep. All along our Eastern coast, and especially in New England, small factories located near the abundant water power available throughout the section were turning out various metal products more and more with the use of primitive machinery. Eli Whitney, best known as the inventor of the cotton gin, was raking standard muskets for the U.S. government, Simon North, first official U. S. pistol maker, was producing. pistols by the thousands, and both of these makers were writing into their contracts that all like parts of all weapons should interchange, the basis of our modern machine production principles, Remington Arms Company, Inc. The oldest of our present arms establishments grew out of @ natural urge of every small boy in the world. A boy wanted a ‘gun, as many boys before and since have wanted guns, but this oy went out of his way to do something about it; he made one, ‘And he made it well enough that his neighbors wanted one like it, 50 he went to work making more guns. This boy was Eliphalet Remington, who lived even then near Ithaca, N. Y., and the year ‘was 1816. ‘Thus Remington is the oldest company in the country which has. been continually engaged in the manufacture of firearms. ‘The present plant was established in 1828 near the Erie Canal when it outgrew Eliphalet Remington's father’s small shop where CHARLES T. HAVEN he of the county's leasing, gun oho ean sine for The Gun Dig Our Small Arms and Their Makers he had made his first rifle. Since that day, Remington has sup- plied arms of all types to our sportsmen and our soldiers. In the early days, the barrels of the finest target rifles made were supplied in the rough to the target rifle makers by Reming ton Co., in addition to their manufacture of finished arms, Rifles and muskets, first on the flint lock (Fig. 1) and later on the per cussion principle were made a the Remingon plant during thee early decades of their history. ‘The period of expansion before tho Civil War saw the plant turing out cap and ball revolvers in a as its other weapons, and nearly.200,000 Remington arms of all types were furnished to the Union forces during the great struggle. Remington was one of the first to produce a breech-loader when the war was over. The single-shot rolling block Reming ton military musket, developed about 18656, was used all over the world from the end of the Civil War to as late as 1911, to the number of literally millions of weapons in all calibers from .58 musket cartridge down to the modern small ealibers such as the 7 mm. Spanish. Remington also made a “Frontier” revolver that was popular throughout the old West. Tn the era of peace, Remington sporting weapons became famous the country over. ‘The rolling block (Fig. 2) and the Hepburn falling block rifles were used for long range target shooting and buffalo hunting on the Western Plains and during "80's and °90's by target shooters, frontiersmen and rs, Remington shotguns were fine examples of this type of arms. ‘With the tum of the 20th Century and the popularity of the repeating rifle as a sporting weapon, Remington brought out a number of slide-action models and before 1910 put out an example of the newest thing in firearms, the automatic hunting rifle, This was a locked-breeeh, long recoil action invented by John M. Browning and chambered for the medium power game cartridges commonly used in this country. ‘The Remington automatic shotgun, also n Browning design, soon followed the automatic rifle and brought to the shotgun field the benefits of automatic action, With the advent of the First World War, Remington turned the energies of its plant again to weapons of war. Early contracts with the Russians for an American made version of the Mozin- Nagant rifle, which has been popularly called the Res Russian since, and with the British for a modernized version of the Enfield rifle known as the Pattem ’M4, using the Mauser type bolt and magazine, were entered into and great quantities of these arms were delivered to both nations. With our entry into the war, the Model of 1917 rifle, w was a conversion of the British Pattern 4 to U. S. ammunition, was made to the number of over one-half mi Peace again established, the sportsman received the benefit of Remington’s work on military weapons in the form of the Rem aber of sizes, as wellington Model 30, a holt-action rifle based on the 1917 arm. ‘The other Remington models continued to be manufactured down to and including various bolt action .22 ealiber rifles for target and small game shooting. ‘The .22 caliber target rifle was greatly improved during the period after the First World War and Remington has brought cout some of the best of these heavy target weapons. During the present war, Remington is tuming out large quantities of am- munition and weapons, including the “streamlined” Springfield, listed as the 1903-A3. A trademark of the company reads, “Remington UMC". Be- hind the letters UMC is another story of progress that goes with our country. The story begins before our Civil War and in a restaurant in New York in the year 1854, when J. R. Schuyler, Marcellus Hartley and Malcolm Graham met over the luncheon table to found a sporting goods and firearms business, which opened in 18 Maiden Lane on Merch 18, 1854, It was at first a general sporting goods and firearms business on a jobbing and retail basis. During the Civil War the firm aided in the import of arms for the Union, Mr. Hartley operated in Europe, with a rank equivalent to Brigadier-General, as a purchaser of foreign arms for the government, where he frequently outwitted similar agents from the South. After the war, this firm founded the Union Motallic Cartridge Company at Bridgeport, Connecticut in 1867, taking over some of the early cartridge making companies, among, them Crittenden & Tibbals, and C. D. Leet. Rimfire and center-fire cartridges were made in the early days and the patents of Hobbs, Berdan and other famous inventors were incorporated in their manufacture. Keoping pace with the times, all the more modern types of black powder cartridges and the new smokeless cartridges of the "90's and carly 1900's were manufactured by the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. During this period, many interesting incidents ccurred, including one in which an agent of the company with payments in gold from the French Government during the Franco- Prussian War, escaped from besieged Paris in a balloon, reached the French Coast successfully, and returned his collections in bullion to the company. The original firm had also acquired connecting interests with the Remington Co. and in 1912 the two firms were merged under the name of the Remington Arms Union ‘Metallic Cartridge Co., and so remained until purchased by Dupont in 1934, when the Parker Shotgun and the Peters Cartridge Co. were also added. ‘The latter company, founded in 1887 in Kings Mill, Ohio, produced the first machine-loaded shotgun cartridges in this country. Colt Potent Firearms Manufacturing Company Next to the rifle, and perhaps even more than the rifle, the greatest American contribution to the firearms field is the re- volver. This, strangely enough, was the dream of another 16 year old boy. When Sam Colt sailed from Boston on the good ship Corlo, bound for India in 1829, he illy watched the ship's wheel turn. ing and bringing its spokes, one after the other, in line with the Jock that held the wheel in position, when the ship was on a steady course, At first hazily, and then with startling clearness, the conception of a weapon whose chambers would turn as the spokes of the wheel turned, would index to fire through a single barrel, began to form in his mind. He spent the rest of his life making that picture in his mind's eye a reality in wood and metal. Youth and lack of money held him back at the beginnings he traveled the country over, giving lectures on the then new nitrous oxide, or “laughing gas”, under the name of Dr. Coult, late of London, Cateutta and New York, to raise money enough to have crude models made by such gunsmiths as he could hire to work for him. All this time the dream was in front of him and its size was comparable with the final fulfillment of it, for he traveled to London and lived on twenty-five cents a day to take ‘out European patents so that his “improvement on firearms” would be covered all over the world hefore he tried to market it near his home in Connecticut. The first company producing Colt revolvers must have been a constant trial and disappointment to Colt, This was the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Paterson, New Jersey—Colt's Patent—established in March, 1836, soon after the granting of his basie U. S. Patent, February 25, 1836. He visualized machine production and cheap weapons. ‘The directors of the company thought him an impracticable inventor and they made high- priced revolvers, revolving rifles and shotguns by hand, which could not be sold as the market would not absorb them. If he traveled to sell the weapons, production bogged down at the factory; if he stayed at home to keep them going, no one sold them; he was in the galling position of a boy of 21 or 22 who was tolerated as holding a job somewhere between an expediter and a traveling salesman, when he knew more about ‘what should have been done than the president and the board of directors. Yet, his guns would work (Fig. 3), and those who used them in combat soon found it out. The only extensive use of Colt revolvers during the life of the Paterson factory was by the Texas Rangers. The fire-power which we hear so much about today was born on the battlefields of Texas. Not only fire-power, but a disparity in firepower such as will never exist again. ‘The feats of the Texas Rangers in the cold print of the official re- Fig. 1. (Top Hlustration) The Frontiersman, an early fAlintlock rifle, fired by fint striking against steel, was tused by settlers of the South and West,ports of the U. S. Senate read like a combination of the movie exploits of the late Tom Mix and the comic strip performances of Buck Rogers and Supen Reins flying loose, a Colt repeater in either hand, small bodies of the Texas Rangers tore into the Mexican Cavalry who out- numbered them 10 to 1, smashed eneray columns to pieces and left two to three times their number dead on the field, by the sheer impact of 5 or 10 shots to the enemy's one, Jarueta and his six hundred crack lancers shot into a bloody tangle by 80 rangers, only half with Colt repeaters; Captain May of the Second Dragoons testifying he would go anywhere on the North American Continent with fifteen men armed with Colt repeaters; Walker and Hays with fifteen rangers driving eighty Comanche Indians from the field and killing forty-two of them— these are but few of many examples of the effects of this early application of fire-power. But still military authorities could not see the value of the weapon and the Paterson company failed after six years of operation from lack of business, closing in 1842. When the Mexican War began in 1846, all Colt revolvers avai able were pressed into service by army officers who had seen them and knew what they would do. Further weapons were re- quested, and Captain Walker of the Texas Rangers was sent back after the first campaign against Monterey to obtain them. He found Colt completely out of the revolver business but willing to produce his revolvers if it was humanly possible. By sub- contracting to the Whitney Plant the government order for 1000 repeating pistols, they were produced in time to participate in the last part of the Mexican War and to call forth further gov- ‘ernment orders on which Colt established his own plant near its present site in Hartford, Connecticut. These first thousand have since been known as “Walker Colts”. (Fig. 4.) From there on the tide turned for Samuel Colt. When Walker came to him he had no model of his own weapon and so little resources that he had to assign the government order, including the collection of all moneys fom it, 10 Whitney to get the guns made. With further government orders his plant expanded, expanded, and expanded again until in 1852 he purchased the tract on which the present plant is built and started the erection of a plant in the shape of an H, with wings 500 ft. long, 150 ft. apart, 60 ft. wide and three stories high, casually diking out the Hartford River, by a dike a mile and a quarter in length and 32 ft. high, to protect his property. Here Colt revolvers in many models and calibers of .265, .31, .36 and M4 were turned out to go all over the world, and here, during the Civil War, were made a quarter of a million revolvers and one hundred and fifteen thousand muskets for the Union forces. (Fig. 5.) For fourteen years Colt had heen driving with every ounce of his personal energy. He died of overwork in 1862, shortly after the war began, but his plant went on and continued to deliver the arms that the North needed so much. With the conversion to metallic cartridge arms of all types after the war, the Colt Company developed the Model of 1873 anny revolver, better known as th “Frontier Model” or “Peace-Maker” ‘The Peace-Maker, or Frontier Colt, is to every gun lover the undying symbol of the old West. In the heyday of the great cattle ranches it was the constant companion of the men who ied “Judge Colt and six provisions of his statutes” as the only law they knew. The cowpuncher with the herd or in the cow town, the miner in the lonely gulch, the frontier marshal ‘who presided over the voleanie society of which he was the final arbiter, the cavalryman on the trail of the treacherous and hostile Indian, lived by the Colt and many of them died by it. Our generation knows it on the silver sereen in the hands of our western movie stars. ‘The generation in the past knew it in deadly reality in the hands of “blue-eyed, quiet men” who wrote the progress of the West from frontier. conditions of murder and sudden death to the law and order we know today, with the pencil of its lame and the voice of its thunder This model, up to the present war, was still being manutac- tured at the Colt plant and is the oldest model of any weapon of current manufacture in the U. S. Double-action weapons were introduced in the 1870's and 80's and the present swing-out frame cflinder revolver had its incep- tion in the Model of 1889 Navy, which was adopted by the Navy in that year. John M. Browning, that indefatigable inventor of all types of weapons, brought to the Colt plant in the early 70's the first ‘automatic or machine gun made in this country. It was put out in 1895 as the Colt-Browning Machine Gun with that mddel year. It. was used in the Spanish-American War and in the First World War. A gas-operated, belt-fed weapon which, though now semi obsolete, was a very excellent arm in its day. Browning also brought to the Colt Company the first auto- ‘matic pistol made in this eountry which was put out in 1900 for the .38 automatic pistol cartridge. The line of automatics, by World War 1, had expanded to three .38 caliber models, a 32 and .380 pocket, a .25 caliber pocket and the famous 1911 .45, official arm of the U. S. Gove emment. ‘The double-action line included models on three differ- ‘ent size frames varying in caliber from .32 pocket to the «45 New Service, which was the basis of the Model of 1917 revolver, chambered for the 45 automatic cartridge. These were continued after the war and the particular developments of the period between wars have been improvement in 38 and larger target weapons and the adaptation of the 2 caliber long rifle cartridge to the heavy frame target revolvers and automatic pistols. ‘The great improvement in .22 caliber ammunition occasioned all arms ikers to chamber better and more accurate weapons for it, and the Colt Officers Model Target, Colt Woodsman, the Colt Match Woodsman, the Colt Service Ace and other models are Colts ansyeer to this trend. AAs in the First World War, all Colt’s facilities are now turned to Army or Defense work with weapons ranging from pistols to aulomatie cannon, ngle Action Army revolver, Fig. 4. ‘The Secon (44 cal), successor “Walker” Model and the first guns produced a Colt Hartford’ plant,5. Colt Army revolver, ealiber 44, used in the Civil War. One of the first models of solid frame construction, Winchester Repeating Arms Co. In 1849, one of the “improvements in firearms” which was patented consisted of a curious repeating mechanism. Curious, in that it was designed to fire as a cartridge repeater does today, but there were no cartridges for it to use Hollow-based bullets containing powder as well as lead, with cork wad in the base, were fed from a tubular magazine into the chamber and fired by percussion pellets in another magazine on the top of the frame. ‘These ideas were the combination of a Mr. Hunt and a Mr. Jennings and a few arms made under them were manufactured by the Robbins & Lawrence Arms Co. of Windsor, Vermont, and offered to the public as “Jenning’s Repeating Rifles". The shop superintendent of this company, a Mr. B, Tyler Henry, took an interest in the mechanism and though it was in a crude form and relatively few of the arms were made, saw something of its possi- bilities. It was not popular and passed into the possession of two young men who sinee have become famous in the arms field for other weapons. They were Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson, New features were added in the early 1850's and in its form as it left them, the action included a percussion primer at the hase of the bullet as well as a powder charge within it, Bullets were carried in the magazine under the barrel, and raised to the chamber by a link carrier action developed by Smith & Wesson. Smith, however, traveled abroad during the middle 50’s and there had picked up’sn idea that seemed to show greater prospects ‘The repeating aetion was sold to the Volcanic Arms Co., which later became the New Haven Arms Co. between 1855 and 1858. ‘These companies manufactured the weapon substantially as it had left the hands of Smith and Wesson (Fig. 6), but it was not popular and the companies faced the necessity of reorgani- zation, ‘A capitalist and business man of New Haven, a Mr. Oliver Winchester, had heen putting more and more time and money into the companies during this period and Mr. Henry, who had stayed with the action through its various changes, had been giving some thought to the new metallic rimfire cartridges which ‘were beginning to appear from across the water. In 1860, the New Haven Arms Co. began the manufacture of the Henry rifle (Fig. 6), carrying various improvements de- signed by Mr. Henry to adapt the original mechanism to the use of 14 caliber rim-fire metallic cartridges. Mr. Oliver W chester was president of the company. ‘Then eame the Civil War, and while the U. S. Government never purchased any for Federal troops, many of the State cavalry troops were armed with Henry Repeating Rifles. These were 44 caliber, 15-shot repeating rifles using the 44 Henry flatmosed, rim-fire cartridge, also. manu factured by the company, and giving a fire-power of somewhere in the neighborhood of 8 to 1 over the muzzle loading Spring- field, standard for the U. S. Infantry Such instances as in the guerilla warfare in Kentucky, where ‘one captain of cavalry killed seven guerillas, who were firing oon him in his home, with eight shots from a Henry rifle in about as many seconds, were commonplace during the war. Alter the war, another improvement in the form of a loading gate at the side of the frame was added to the weapon and it came out as the Model of 1866 Winchester Rifle (Fig. 7), put out by the Winchester Repeating Arms Co., the first use of a name which has since become world famous. This rifle was chambered for the original .44 rimfire cartridge, but in 1873 the action was again improved and strengthened to the Model of 1873 (Fig. 7), chambered for the new type eenter-fre, bottle. necked ammunition in a cartridge known as the 44-40 or 44 Winchester. This cartridge became tremendously popular; as an example, in the back waters of South America, for many years, A140 Winchester rifle cartridges took the place of money as a common medium of exchange against all other commoditi ‘This was the weapon which shared with the Frontier Colt the major job in the winning of the West. As the Colt hung on the belt of the average Westerner, the Winchester, frequently cham- bered for a cartridge interchangeable between the revolver and the rifle, was thrust into his saddle sheath, and with its rapid accurate fire gave the answer of civilization to the Indian, the bandit and the outlaw. ‘A heavier version of the °73 Winchester was developed in the °76, or Centennial Model, which was first shown at the Cen- tennial Exposition in Philadelphia in that year, as was the first Dolt-action rifle put out by the company under Hotchkiss’ patents ‘These heavier rifles were chambered for the then popular military cartridge of the day, the 45-70, and other heavy loads. Tn the 1880's John Mose Browning entered the Winchester picture, first with a single-shot Winchester rifle, which for many years was one of the best singleshot actions available for hunt- ing and target shooting. Fig. 6. ‘The original Voleanie Rifle (top) and the famous Henry Rifle (bottom). Winchester repeating rifles from the 1886 model, including the '86 rifle the lever-action shotgun, the Model 90 .22 caliber rifle, Model’ °92 rifle, the Model °93 shotgun, the °94, "95 rifles and the ’97 shotgun, were products of John Browning's fertile brain and the manufacturing abilities and facilities of Winchester. During the short Spanish War, many of our Naval units were armed with the Lee straightpull rifle as made by Winchester. ‘This was the only straight-pull rifle ever used in the U. S. servioes and the smallest ealiber (6 mm.) rifle ever adopted by any gor ernment for military or naval us. With the turn of the century and the popularity of small cali- ber .22s, Winchester produced a number of these in single-shot, boltaction types and the earliest automatic .22 put out in this country, the Model of 1903, Heavier automatics for hunting purposes were brought out in 1905, 1907 and since, in typical deer hunting cartridges. Auto- matic and repeating shotguns were also brought out before the First World War.carry the Modet 1873 is shown below. With the First World War, Winchester military contracts ab- sorbed all its productive facilities. The British Pattern "Lt rifle was turned out in great quantities for England and with our ‘entry into the war, the Model 1917 conversion of ‘the British rifle, the Model 1917 trench shotgun and the Browning machi rifle were turned out ‘The war over, Winchester’s answer to the rapid improvement in the .22 caliber cartridge, an improvement participated in very extensively by Winchester in their cartridge division, was first the original Model 52 Winchester, brought out shortly after 1920. ‘This was one of the first and best of the heavy holt-action target rifles on military lines designed to handle the .22 caliber long rille cartridge with super accuracy. Since then and until the advent of the present war, this cartridge and rifle have been im- proved and improved again, until at 100 yards groups are shot with them that are well under the minute of angle which used to be considered beyond perfection. Bolt-action hunting rifles developed as a result of the military trend of the First World War in popular military calibers and in such cartridges as the .270 and .22/4000 in which again Win- chester has had a large part in the development, have been a able for the hunter to give Tong range accuracy and striking power well outside the imagination surprisingly few years ago. In 1931, the Western Cartridge Co. of East Alton, Ill, took over financial control of Winchester. Well before our entry into World War II, the government of the U.S. had tumed to Winchester as the manufacturer best suited to produce the Garand rifle in a supplementary program to that of Springhield Armory, and today Winchester is turning out Garand rifles for our fighting forces as well as the ML earh 1 enormous quant Springfield Armory Arms making in our national armories and the weapons of our armed forces have, throughout our history, contributed in no all part to the design of our hunting rifles and the weapons available to sportsmen from. private concen The first and greatest of these, the Springfield Armory, was established as an arsenal for the colonial forces as early as 1777. After the Revolutionary War, by a resolution of Congress, it was selected as a public magazine for the stores of arms and am- munition that had been in use by our forces. An Act of Congress, approved April 2, 1794, directed the establishment of three oF Fig. & Standard Us Springfield. si four arsenals for safekeeping of military stores and a national ‘armory for the fabrication of small arms in conneetion with these arsenals. President Washington selected Springfield as one of these for the Northern area of the thirteen states and Harper's Ferry in Virginia as the other, to serve the Southern areas. Harper's Ferry had a relatively brief eareer from its actual or. ganization, approximately 1800, to its destruction as a result of the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. It was never re-built, and so plays no part in our present picture, Springfield Armory has been in two sections, the Hill shops and the Water shops, for many years. In 1795 some forty em- ployees manufactured 245 muskets at Springfield. ‘These were the first arms manufactured by our national armory. They were of course, fiatlock, smooth bore muskets. Our military arms up to 1842 were flintlocks and included pistols and muskets to carry a one ounce ball and a rifle to carry a half ounce ball. After 18:12, the arms were percussion cap weapons and many of the earlier arms were converted to percussion cap. The Armory increased regularly in size and did a great deal of development work as well as manufacture, resulting in the adop- tion, in 1855, of a 58 caliber rifled musket for a conical bullet, that’ was one of the best arms of its period. ‘This is the arm that was made in enormous quantities during the Civil War by Springfield and many other makers. ‘Alter the War a great deal of work was done on conversion to cartridge weapons and the final result of this was the 1873 ringlield single-shot 45-70 rifle, our standard arm for the next twenty years. (Fig. 8.) When the first of the bolt-action rifles was adopted in this country, the Krag-Jorgensen .30 caliber, these arms were all made in the Springfield Armory and were in use during the Spanish-American War. Following the war, further exper iments went on, culminating in the Model of 1903 Springfield rifle, caliber .30, and the eartridge which was eventually cha to the Model of 1906 cartridge. This combination is deseribed under the section on Military Small Arms and, as stated there, has been the most accurate military rif_le and cartridge in the world for many years. During the First World War, Springfield again operated to capacity, turning out over a quarter of a million Springfield rifles. After the war, experiments began on the automatic rifle, originally developed by John C. Garand, and these exper culminated in 1936 in the adoption of the United States caliber 30 ML, popularly known as the Garand Rifle 1936 Springfield Armory has been manufacturing Gar in enormous quantities for the armed services. Smith & Wesson Horace Smith and D. B. Wesson met in the 1850s while work- in the plant of an arms maker who has long since faded in oblivion. ‘They saw the possibility of the repeating action of the ings rile, took it over, improved it, and adapted st to a pistol-size weapon. At a time when they might have proceeded with this action, Smith returned from a trip abroad full of enthusiasm for the new rim-fire metallic cartridges containing their own primer and powder charge as well as bullet. Since id rifles Jeshot military rifle. caliber 45-70, ie in 1873, ‘arin for 20 years, star1854S, & W, Volcanic Pistol With these cartridges in mind, the two men were receptive when a Rollin White brought to them his patent for a revolver with chambers bored all the way through the eylinder, and which loaded from the rear with a paper cartridge with a felt wad at its rear, pierced for the fire from a separate percussion cap on a nipple on top of the frame. Smith and Wesson could see that this was a highly impractical arrangement, but they could also see that the patent covered boring the cylinder of a revolver through and loading it from the rear with any type of cartridge. ‘They purchased the patent, improved the cartridge to what we now know as the .22 short rim-fire, developed a satisfactory revolver to handle it and Smith & Wesson was born. This was in the late 1850's; the first model was soon followed by a .32 caliber rimfire of a similar type. ‘The plant was in Springfield, Mass., near its present site. So popular were these small caliber weapons, even for pur- poses of general defense and combat, that during the Civil War the new company of Smith & Wesson had orders for factory production to the utmost of their capacity for two years in ad- vance. After the war, new types of weapons were developed and the original revolver with its tip-up barrel and removable cyl inder was changed to the 44 American with a barrel hinged downward, producing automatic extraction of the fired cases from a cylinder fixed in its attachment to the barrel. Improvements adapted to government service included the 45 Army, chambered for a 43 caliber cartridge with a 250 grain bullet and a 28 grain powder charge, the 5 Schofield, an im- provement in the barrel latch over the original model, and the M4 Russian, the result of observation of the Grand Duke Alexis ‘of Russia of Smith & Wesson arms on the Wester Plains during, his trip there in the Iate 1860's, and consequently a large order from the Russian Government. These were all single-action arms and were famous the world over, both among the military and among the new cult of re- volver target shooters which were springing up under the infu. ence of such men as Chevalier Ira Paine and the Bennett brothers. ‘These men were proving to a startled world that revolver target, shooting, on a par with rifle target shooting, could be reduced to a science with the revolvers and cartridges which were becom- ing available in the late "70's, ’80's and early “00's. Smith & Wesson kept pace with the period turning out double- action models, culminating in. the Model of 1902, 1905 military and police revolvers which are the basis of the present Smith & Wesson line of double-action revolvers. 1877—First 8, & W, .38 Double Action 1856—S. & W. Rim Fire Model No, 1 1888S, & W. .38 Safety Hammerless 1869S, & W, 44 American A development of the "90's and early 1900's was the single- shot Olympic Model .22 caliber target pistol. This was a uni- versal favorite of target shooters, including Olympic Match shooters, for slow target shooting under the severest match ditions, Many world records were held and broken by it. Jn the larger calibers, the 44 Smith & Wesson Special was the standard issue of the period, as Smith & Wesson has always chosen to chamber revolvers for cartridges adapted primarily to revolver use in the assurance that the combination would produce the best results in their arms, During the First World War, the Model 1917 revolver was manufactured by adaptation of the 44 military model to the AS automatic pistol cartridge with the three eartridge half-moon clips that were used to adapt the automatic pistol cartridge to revolver use. Smith & Wesson made more than 150,000 of the Model 1917 revolvers during the First World War as a part of their all-out war effort. After the war, the trend toward improved .22 caliber cartridges, and heavy revolvers to use them, found in Smith & Wesson the answers of the .22-732 and the K22, adaptations of the 82 and 38 caliber frames. Police revolvers in heavy and light frames and a very heavy ‘384 model chambered for a .38 cartridge of super speed on the .44 frame were also produced. ‘The middle 1930's saw the development by Smith & Wessson of the most powerful revolver cartridge that has ever been made. This was the 357 Magnum. This is actually a “.38 caliber” cartridge, but with a case 49 of an inch longer than the normal cease. It develops the phenomenal velocity of 1510 fi. per sec. with a striking force of 800 foot pounds. ‘The revolver designed to use it is an adaptation of the original .38-"A4, strengthened and more heavily built to handle the high chamber pressure devel- ney this catia ‘gun gives the hunter a weapon which can kill moose with a orale shot and gives the police officer an arm capable of penetration of the average car, smashing the motor block or driving through body and upholstery to disable the occupants. During the present war, Smith & Wesson are again turning out military weapons. Porticularly at the present time “the victory model” Smith & Wesson revolver is being made—a “streamlined for production” version of the standard .38 military and police revolver whi ing issued to security units, plant guards and ‘other members of our armed forces. It is interesting to note in ‘connection with this old company that a number of members of Daniel Wesson’s family are still holding key positions in the firm. ERR: See | 1891S, & W, .22 Single ShotRifles of The '70's and '80's During the development period of modern rifles, there were some famou! fare no loriger represented in modern manufacture. Perhaps the best known of these is the Sharps Rifle, invented by Christian Sharps in 1648, and manufactured prior to and during the Civil War by the Sharps Rifle Company in Bridgeport and Hartford, Connecticut, as a military rifle and carbine on one of the early breech-loading systems. It was in part with these weapons that Berdan’s sharpshooters were armed in the Battle of Gettysburg, and the rapid fire from their Sharps’ breech-loaders and Colt revolving rifles held an advance of many times their number of Confederates to a stand- still at a very critical point until supports could be brought up. ‘Afier the War, the Sharps hecame one of the greatest of the single-shot breech-loaders, and enjoyed the distinction of using, the most powerful black powder cartridges that were ever made in this country. Buffalo hunters, scouts and frontiersmen on the Western plains used it to exterminate the buffalo and the marauding redskin at ranges up to and including 1000 yards. Straightcased and boitlenecked cartridges, among them the 40.90, 44-100, .45-120 and .50+160, threw up to 550 grains of lead with terrific force and accuracy. ‘The Sharps Rifle Company went out of existence in the early 1880's as it could no longer ‘compete against the excellent repeating rifles that were taking the place of all single-shot arms. Much the same experience was that of the Maynard rifle as manufactured by the Massachusetts Arms Company. This was a development in the early 1850's of a Baltimore dentist, Mr. Maynard—one of the first of the metallic cartridge carbines. Tt and its eartridges were used during the C in great quantities and it emerged a8 a supremely accurate, mid- range target rifle in the popular target period, from the late 60's to the carly 90's, but again gave way to more modern de- vyelopments about 1891. Sharing with the Henry the distinction of being among the earliest of the repeating rifles was the Spencer repeating carbine of .56 caliber, brought out (about 1860) by the Spencer Arms Company of Boston and used extensively by the Northern cav- alry during the Civil War. This was an eight-shot, lever-action repeater, using a short rim-fire cartridge in .56 caliber. Some of its patents were later absorbed by the Winchester Company after the Civil War. There were a host of breech-loading ear- ines during the Civil War and most of them are names or specimens on a collector’s wall today. ‘Among the early repeaters may be mentioned the Kennedy, made by the Whitney Arms Company, the Bullard, by the Bullard Repeating Arms Company, and other curious weapons. ‘They exist today only in collections of antique arms, but many of them did their bit toward the evolution of the rifle, John M. Browning ‘The outstanding figure in the development of firearms in this country over the past 60 or 70 years is Joha M. Browning. Few people handling a shotgun, rifle or pistol today realize how much they owe to John M. Browning for its satisfactory performance. Born in 1855, the son of a frontier gunsmith who was the inventor of several repeating weapons in his own right, John Browning has probably contributed more to firearms develop- iment in this country than any other one man. From the day about 1880, when a representative of the Winchester Co. pur- chased the patent and action for a single-shot rifle from John Browning, his actions and weapons have furnished the firearms makers of this country with designs for arms of all types. From the small store and workshop in Ogden, Utah, which 10 grew to a great business, came the °86 Winchester repeating rifle, the Model "90 .22 caliber, the Model 1900 .22 caliber, the "92 repeater and carbine, the lever action repeating shotgun, the “OH repeater and the "95 repeater, the "97 “trombone” action shotgun and the Browning automatic rifle. To the Remington Co,, automatic rifles in .22 caliber and in more powerful deer hunting models. Also the Browning automatic shotgun after its original manufacture in Belgium. To Colt the original Colt Browning machine gun Model of 1895, the whole Colt line of automatic pistols from the original Model of 1900 to the .22 Woodsman, the Browning automatic rifle, and Browning .30 caliber water-cooled machine gun of the First World Wat, its successor the .50 caliber machine gun of later date and the .37 mm, automatic cannon, all of which are now being manufactured in enormous quantities. The first production of the Browning automatie pistol was by the Fabrique National de Arms de Guerve in Belgium in 1898, Since then, parallel models of most American Browning weapons, particularly of the automatic type, have been made by the Belg factory. The Browning automatic shotgun found its first favor able reception in this The quantity of weapons manufac tured under Browning's patents by the various companies would stagger the imagination. By 1912, the millionth automatic pocket pistol had been put out by the Fabrique National in Belgium, and 30's the one millionth Winchester Model 1894 rifle had been put out by the Winchester Co. ‘Thus, of two single models over two million Browning weapons had heen produced many years ago. How many millions of these arms are fighting the Axis we can only guess. One thing is certain: many more will be used by hunters and sportsmen before the arms of this man, who built so well, hecome obsolete. After World War I, a former sales company was revived under the name of Browning Arms Company, St. Louis, Mo. This company has continued, after the death of John M. Brown ing in 1926, to sell existing Browning sporting arms of both Belgian and American manufacture (Fig. 9, Page 14). J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co. Joshua Stevens, after working in the different gun shops, in- cluding those of Allen & Samuel Colt, branched out in 1864 with the invention of a small pistol which he began to manufacture under his own name in Chicopee Falls, Mass. ‘The line spread from this modest beginning to include rifles and _pistols of all sizes, shotguns and, since the turn of the 20th Century, repeating rifles and shotguns and automaties. During the 1880's and 1890's Stevens target pistols and target rifles were in the hhands of the finest shots of that period. Around 1900, an association with Harry Pope, the gr barrel maker this country has ever known, za barrels added accuracy for fine target shooting. The company has always specialized in weapons of simple design which can be manufactred and sold at popular prices but which will est to Stevens er the finest accuracy and are of sturdy construction, The company now makes the regular Stevens line as well as the “Springfield” line of lower priced arms. Shortly after the First World War, ownership was transferred to the Savage Arms Co, of Utica, N.Y. where it now rests, Stevens is now, of course, engaged in the colossal job of arming our soldiers. The Marlin Firearms Co. Another of the early arms makers, John Marlin, set up for himself in the early 1870°s, producing small pistols and revolvers and, in the late °70's, a leveraction, tubular magazine, repeating rifle of excellent design, adapted for the heavier repeating rifle cartridges of the black powder period.HE PRODUCTS OF JOHN M. BROWNING’S GENIUSLever-action rifles, and later double barrel shotguns, form the bulk of the Marlin business, augmented in the early period by the manufacture of fine target and hunting single-shot rifles under the Ballard patents which were first_manufactured as metallic cartridge carbines in the Civil War, and in recent years by various types of 22's, During the First World War, the company was reorganized as the Marlin-Rockwell Co, and manufactured great quantities of Colt Browning type aircraft machine guns, Browning automatic rifles and other World War weapons. Again reorganized after the war, sporting arms claimed the attention of the Marlin Arms Co. up to the present war, when weapons of war once more are pouring from its plants, Iver Johnson's Arms and Cycle Works Another boy, this one Norwegian, who loved to “play with fire” was Iver Johnson who, at an early age, was apprenticed to a noted gunsmith, Shortly after arriving in this country, he embarked upon a small manufacturing business in Woreester, Mass. ‘The year was 1871. ‘The first model built was breech loading pistol of the old Derringer types it was the first to use the .22 and 32 rim fire cartridges. Around 1874, Iver Johnson designed a fluted eylinder With automatic stop, a radical departure from the then accepted plain, round style. In 1879, he put out his first shotgun. In 1891, the plant was moved to Fitchburg, Mass., where it is still located. ‘The Iver Johnson company has always specialized in popular priced revolvers, rifles and shotguns of sturdy and simple manu- facture. ‘Today it is turning out many war products, including ‘machine gun parts, guard revolvers, ete. Savage Arms Corporation ‘The Savage Arms Corporation of Utiea, N. Y. was founded ‘on a modern type arm. In 1894, Arthur W. Savage started the company around his patents for a new type lever-aetion, repeat- ifle designed for smokeless powder, high velocity cartridges, the first of which was the .303 Savage. This was a bottle-necked, metal-jacketed bullet cartridge of modem type. The action was perfected in the famous model "09 Savage and consists of a hammerless, rotary magazine type, lever= action rifle, which is still made in modern form, Savage cartridges were designed during the early 1900's by the late Charles Newton, one of the foremost designers of modern high power cartridges. Among them are the 22 high power and the 250-3000, Daring the First World War, the Savage Arms Co. was bought out by the Driggs Seabury Ordnance Co. and tumed its efforts primarily to the production of the Lewis machine gun. After the war was over the Savage Arms Co. resumed manufacture of its high power rifles, including bolt-action arms in the li and in 1920 merged with the Stevens Arms Co. Both comp: have been under a single control ever since Models of Savage weapons developed after the war include bolt-action and lever action, repeating rifles, combination rifles and shot guns and similar weapons of good quality. the advent of the present war, Savage is again engaged in the manu: facture of military arms, particularly quantities of the ‘Thompson sub-machine gun and modified British rifles of the No, 4 Mark I type. Herrington & Richardson Arms Co. Another of the older companies is Harrington & Richardson, established in Worcester, Mass. in the early 1870. H & R has for many years specialized in popular priced pistols, revolvers, and shotguns. 2 During the late °20°s and early 1930's, they put on the market fa very excellent line of single-shot target pistols and target revolvers, which, with their many new features and added con- venience and accuracy, became immediately popular among target shooters. ‘These were still lower priced arms, but good enough to compete with the best on equal terms of accuracy. Shortly before the present World War, Harrington & Richard son began to manufacture the Reising sub-machine gun and now a largo part of thelr efforts are tured toward producing this ‘weapon in several models, plus -guardype models of their revolvers. ‘The Reising sub-machine gun is in use in all branches of our service and internal security forces. It is probable that the company will turn their automatic arms experience towards sporting weapons when the war is over. Even now they are producing a .22 caliber Reising, automatic rifle which, however, is unobtainable by the sportsman at present, High Standard Mfg. Corp. One of the most recent entrants into the arms manufacturing. field in this country is the High Standard Mfg. Corp. of New Haven, Connecticut, which started in the 1920'S to manufacture 1 popular priced .22 automatic target pistols this weapon since hhas been put out in a number of improved models until it is one of the finest of the heavy .22 target pistols. ‘The war has turned their efforts to the manufacture of military arms, prin cipally heavy caliber machine guns. 0. F. Mossberg & Sons, Inc. This progressive company also was organized in the carly 1920's, first making a small, very inexpensive 4-shot .22 ealiber pistol, known as the Browny, and expanding from this to a line of popular priced .22 caliber rifles which have been gradually improved to become excellent target weapons, Mossberg, of course, is now engaged in the manufacture of military arms Shotguns In a country as abundantly supplied with wild fowl and game birds as the United States, and one where leisure time and adequate firearms have been available to everyone for many years, it is but natural that the shotgun has received the attention fof most of our arms makers, and has been produced here in ‘teat quantities for many years. While the shotgun has not brought into being features which have been carried from it to other types of weapons, as it is primarily a sporting weapon and not a military one, the tradi tional shoigun has a form that is distinct to it. This is the well-balanced, smoothly proportioned, double- barreled weapon that every sportsman is familiar with. ‘This form, perhaps, owes more to the geeat English gunmaker Jor Manton than to any other one man, Its clean, well-balanced lines, handiness and comfortable proportions come to us with but little change from this great genius of the Inte 18th and early 19th Centuries. Ilustrated below is an original double. barrel Manton. (Courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society.) Joe Manton was of course, a maker of “best guns” for the English “gentry and nobility”. Up to the 1850's, most of ourshotgun designs came from England as it was there that shotguns ‘were: more commonly used by the people who could pay for the latest and the best. Thus, the early breech-loading shotguns, such as the Lancaster and the Needham, were European developments and ante-dated rilitary breech-loading rifles for the reason that the European sportsman was willing to pay for conveniences that might not be too reliable for military use, but did add to the pleasure and comfort of hunting. So it was that the best of the early flintlock, percussion-cap and breech-loading weapons were imported from Europe. However, with the increase of American machine-made arms at the middle of the 19th Century and the increase of leisure ‘time among Americans, as a result of the beginnings of the machine age as we know it now, American breech-loading shot- guns began to appear. Among them were the Allen, a double barreled, side-by-side gun with a trap door action, more or less Jike a double-barreled Snider, open across the entire breech from one side to the other, the Boyd & Tyler, whose barrels turned on an axis parallel to the bore to bring the breeches down beside the gun for clearance in loading, and other curious ‘weapons, Most of thése early shotguns were of relatively large bore. Four and eight gauge guns were common, ten gauge guns were considered fairly light and the twelve about the lightest. Our present trend toward the lighter guns, the 16, 20 and 410, did not develop until the latter part of the 19th and the early 20th Centuries. ‘There are two or three shotgun features which are now not common to any other weapon, One of these is the choke bore Tris probable that its history is one of the more controversial features of firearms, Almost every writer sets out first to dis- prove what everyone else has written about the invention of choke hore, But it seems to he eventually resolved to. practical, rather than an actual invention, proposition. Certainly early shotguns exist with the bore in mumerous variations of the true cylinder. Muzzle-loading guns were constricted in about the middle of the bore and relieved ogain near the muzzle, This was “best gun” practice in the early 19th Century. There are also in existence various guns and various records of guns of the late 17th and all through the 18th Centuries that were actually constricted at the muzzle by various means, including brazing-in additional small tubes at the muzzle, But, like the discovery of America by Leif Ericson, the point to all these procedures is that they didn’t prove anything, because they were neither widely enough known nor showed sufficient real improvement of pattern to be of any general benefit to the sportsman, Unlike many of the developments of the shotgun, practical choke boring apparently originated in this country, and it 3s very probable that Fred Kimble, a Middle-western’ sportsman ‘eho was not himself a gunsmith, made the first practical choke bore gun, more or less by accident. He started out with the idea of making the muzzle of the gun similar to a hose nozzle, but hhe put in far too much choke, so the gun shot worse than it had when it was a cylinder. In disgust, he proceeded to do what he thought was to remove the entire amount of choke and then loaded the gun, which incidentally was a muzzleloader, and fired it again. He got a 30 inch pattern at 40 yards and’ continued to get this pattern. ‘Then he checked the gun and found that he hed not taken out the entire choke, but he had what approximates a present day full-choke gun, “That is, one in which the constriction is only applied to the last two or threo inches of the barrel, and runs up to 30 odd thousandths of an inch. The development spread from here to England and it is probable that Greener was the first English maker of choke bore ms on Kimble’s principle. This was about 1872 or °73— from there on choke boring became more and more popular all over the world Kimble's own account of his development appears in the American Rifleman for the months of November and December 1986. He admits frankly that it was sheer luck and accident, rather than invention, Another feature of the modem double-barreled shotgun, the single trigger, is a development of considerable antiquity which ‘came to this country from England. Double-barreled weapons, doth over and under and side by side, with single triggers are in existence from the days of the ancient wheel-lock. Several single trigger arms were made in this country in pistol size in the 1810's and 50's, but the single trigger as applied to the shotgun was far more common in England than it was in this country for many years. It was a development which reached some popularity there by the early to middle 1880's and was not at all common in this country until close to the turn of the 20th Century. One of the first single triggers used in this country was the Laird single trigger as applied to the L. C. Smith double-barreled shotgun. ‘This was a trigger similar in general design to the English triggers. Single triggers are now made and applied even to the lower priced shotguns. There are two general types: selective, that is so either barrel can be fired first, or fixed, firing one barrel first and then the other in rotation with no choice. An interesting variation is the Browning, over-and-under gun with two triggers, each of which functions as a single trigger. Two pulls on the same trigger fires the two barrels in suecession, depending on ‘The automatic ejector is another feature common only 10 shotguns in this country, although European double rifles are equipped with it, ‘The automatic ejector throws out the dis- charged cartridge, leaving undischarged cartridges in the barrel, and operates by merely opening the breech, This allows for quicker reloading of empty chambers, particularly in the double- barreled gun. This is another English development of the 1880's and is now applied even to relatively low-priced, mass-production American weapons. Parker Gun Co. There have been, since the period shortly after the Civil Wary a number of makers who have produced no other firearms except shotguns. Among these may be mentioned the Parker Gun Co, originally of Meriden, Conn. The original Parker Co. was a firm more or less in the general hardware business which started in to manufacture hand coffee grinders just before the Civil War. During the Civil War, this firm took a contract for breech This loading carbines for delivery to the U. S. Government. opened the eyes of the owners of the company to the po: of the gun business, and shortly after the Civil War the firm turned its entire efforts to the manufacture of the then new breech-loading shotgun. ‘The first Parker guns were hammer guns and were always weapons of good quality. OF course at this period, Twist and Damascus barrels were the “best grade” types. The hammerless Bthis gun was introduced when it became relatively commer country during the period of the 1880's, ‘The Parker gun has always been primarily a double-barreled shotgun, and has had applied to it the various improvements ‘of double-barreled weapons, including choke boring, single triggers, automatic ejeetors and modern type steel barrels. It is and always has been one of our most popular shotguns. ‘The company was taken over by the Remington Co. at the time of its consolidation with Dupont in 1931, ‘The Parker gun is still made in its original high quality and under the Parker name by Remington at its lion plant. Hunter Arms Co., ‘The L. C. Smith is another shotgun made only in the tradi- tional double or single barrel types. ‘The L. C. Smith gun has heen manufactured since 1880 when it was brought out as a hammer gun in a small plant ‘The present factory at Fulton, N.Y. was opened in 1888 when the Hunter Arms Co. bought out the L. C. Smith Co. of Syracuse. At this time the early hammerless guns were being brought out and gradually superceding the hammer guns, and the products of the company at that a far ery from the first Baker Patent three-barreled combination rifle and shotgun which was made by the L. C. Smith Co. in 1880, Since then the various improvements of shotguns have been applied to the L. C. Smith. Ithas the distinction of being one of the first guns in this country to use a single trigger. This was, as previously mentioned, a Laird single trigger as applied to the Smith double-barreled gun. L. C. Smith particularly advertise their breech locking device which they always guarantee never to shoot loose. ‘They state that an L. C, Smith shotgun built in the year 1900 has been shot over 200,000 times and was as tight at the end of this test as when it began, Hunter Arms has kept abreast of the times and has added to the L. C. Smith line all the modern improvements of shotgun design, including beavertail forestock, matted ventilated rib and the other luxuries of the present day Ithaca Gun Co. This old many now manu and the Lefever shotguns. ‘They make pump aetion repeating, shotguns as wel as the standard double and single barrel models. The oldest of the two guns is the Lefever. According to the story of the company, “Uncle Dan Lefever” was a gunsmith in Rochester, N. Y. well before the Civil War. He made, among other things, sniping rifles for the sharpshooters and snipers in the Union Army. After the war, he gradually worked into a general business of shotguns, which included 1 first hammerless or “semi-hammerless” double-barreled shotgun made in this country. It was cocked with a side outside lever although the hammer was actually inside the gun. This was in 1872. Lefever’s interest in the company bearing his name was eventually sold out to the Ithaca Gun Co. of Ithaca, N. Y. about 1920 and Lefever guns were added to the Ithaca line, The Ithaca gun itself goes back to 1880 when a few guns were made in a small plant which is still standing on the present factory site. ‘These were hammer guns and were in the usual double barrel type. Associated with the company were Mr. L. H. Smith and Mr. George Livermore, his brother-in-law. It is interesting to note that these two families are still represented in the management of the Ithaca Gun Co, Ithaca now makes a complete e of shotguns in grades from i“ Fig. 9. ‘The Grede 1 Belgian mado Browning Automatic Shotgun (top illustration) took more of the geeat inventor's time and patience to perfect than any other single one of hi The Belgium in World War II. inexpensive models up to as expensive weapons as ean be bought in this country Fox ‘The Fox gun was another of the early shotguns in this country, having its beginnings in the 1880's, first near Boston, then in Philadelphia and, since 1919, owned and produced by the Savage Arms Go. at Utica, N.Y. Fox guns are made only in the traditional double and single- hareeled types. The Fox gun, like the others previously, men: tioned, was first a hammer and now for many years a hammer- less gun made in excellent qualities of the most modern types of steel for general game, trap and skeet shooting with the present high-power amrout In addition to these comp: d names wh sented shotguns only, and in most eases the typical double-barrel shotgun, most of the other arms companies in this country at one time or another included in their lines shotguns, either of the double-barreled type or with one of the standard repe features applied to them. Browning has produced automaties and overaand-under dou- bles, Winchester has produced lever-action and slide-action re peaters, automatics, singles and doubles, Remi produced automatics, repeaters and doubles, and so on throu the list of arms makers, even including the Colt Co. who, although far better known for their pistols and revolvers, for a period of twenty odd yeats made double-barreled shotguns in hammer and hharmerless types of fine quality. ies a Ih have xepre- "These are the firearms which are and have been available to all Americans as is the opportunity to use them for hunting and target shoo ‘The use of firearms as a common and popular sport all over these United States has contributed immeasurably to making our citizens the first elass soldiers they have been in the past, and are at the present time, when occasion has made it necessary for then to fight the battles of democracy at home or abroad Through the skill and ingenuity of our arms makers, sporting guns of typical American excellence will be waiting, for th again when they can return to our woods and fields.reely knows the mie abou We tat quail at & year of 39 ‘Aton of okt and’ many magesne ‘here nd Arvaston Editor of Outdoor Ut Choosing the Big Game Rifle Jr cars cemetery in Brie Columbia ie the remain of wet who took great pride in go bears with a .22 High Power Sa It was his boast that he had killed 11 of the grizzly ball tors with that little cartridge and that lig grizaly killed him. The .22 High Power rifle, but by no means should it he used on gi Canadian hunter paid the price for using the wrong big game rifle, but it was rather a high one. This last year, another Canadian tackled a grizaly with a .30/30—admittedly a good rifle for whitetail deer. He shot the grizaly six times but didn’t stop him, The grizaly mauled him and left him for dead. The sreat pred Dullet. The twelfth n't a bad woodehuck ilies. Our 15 last [ heard he was in a hospital with two broken arms, a broken Teg, and half his face gone. If those hunters had wisely chosen. their rifles, both would be up and about today. The whole subject of selecting a big game rifle is complicated by many factors—the skill of the hunter, the size and toughness of the game, the sort of country to be hunted. It is further complicated by the fact that every game animal on this cone tinent has been killed very dead by practically every caliber of rifle. A friend of mine once shot a 1200-pound Alaskan brownie with a .22 long rifle. Another shot a 600-pound grizzly with a 22 Varminter and a 4l-gr. bullet However, here's one rule the hunter should remember inchoosing. his big game rifle: it should be adequately powerful for the largest game he is apt to encounter under the most unfavorable conditions. ‘A rifle which will kill a deer standing broadside at 50 yards, may only wound one shot in the rear and on the run. Another rifle which is perfectly adequate at 100 yards for use on bighora sheep may make hitting at 300 impossible, Most American big game hunting is deer hunting, since it is that fine game animal, the whitetail deer, which has kept big game hunting alive in most states. Consequently, about 75% of all “big game” rifles bought are for use on whitetail deer in the woods of Michigan, Wisconsin, Maine, New York, Pennsylvs and other deer states. The whitetail deer is not a large animal. ‘The average buck the country over will weigh about 130 pounds dressed, Some will run much larger, others much smaller. Fur: ne, the whitetail is not particularly tenacious of life. Shots at whitetails are usually short, at from 25 to 100 yards, and usually in heavy brush and timber. Usually the deer is on the move and it is difficult to place shots exactly, and often the Dullet has to plow through brush and twigs before it connects. Let us take a look at what the good whitetail rifle should be like. First, it should be fairly light and should be stocked so that it comes up as fast as a good shotgun. It should be fast to operate and the sights should be quick and sure to use, since the first shot may be a miss and is in the nature of a snap shot. Tens of thousands of bucks have heen killed with rifles of the 30/30 elass—the .25/35, the .32 Special, the .30 and .32 Rem- ington rimless, the .33 Winchester and the .82/40 high speed, all with bullets weighing from 117 to 170 grains at velocities of around 2200 foot seconds. In the hands of cool, experienced hunters those rifles are perfectly adequate for whitetails, but T ‘am inclined to believe that they are not quite good enough in the hands of the average hunter who goes out about one week 8 year and who does but little shooting. ‘Mr. Average Hunter needs either a heavier bullet of larger diameter or a bullet of higher velocity, which in either case gives greater shock power to kill or disable whitetails with the typical poorly placed shots—in the hams, in the guts, and so on Certain rifles are stand-outs for whitetail, so good that it would be difficult to improve on them. One is the Savage Model 99 in 300 or .250/3000 caliber and in the excellently stocked EG, T, R, or RS models, Those rifles come up quickly, operate fast, and pack a greater killing punch than those of the .30/30 class. The light, handy 99T (discontinued) equipped with a good hunting scope of about 2%-power or with a good peep sight is just ebout ideal for hunting whitetails under typical Middle Western or Eastern conditions. Above all, the whitetail hunter should avoid open sights, because when they are used on the quick shots and in the poor light of the fall woods, they almost always cause him to shoot high. It is simply too difficult to draw the bead down fine in that dim notch, Open sights are responsible for that ancient adage: “Always hold low, deer hunter!” With the seope or the peep, this does not hold true Other rifles made to order for deer hunting are the Remington pumps and autoloaders for the 35 Remington cartridge, which drives a 200-gr. bullet at 2200 foot seconds. ‘That cartridge, with its big, round-nosed, heavy bullet will plow through a lot of brush and give a severe wound. The pump handles much like ‘any pump-aetion shotgun and the automatic has much the same feel and balance as an automatic shotgun. Consequently, these rifles are excellent for the man who is mosily a shotgun user and only casually a deer hunter ‘The .348 Winchester in the Model 71 is also a fine modern deer rifle with a most excellent modern stock. It packs lots of power, with « 150-gr, bullet at the high velocity of 2880 and 16 2 200gr. slug at 2520. Either bullet will kill deer almost in stantly with almost any solid body hit, and the man who likes the lever action and wants plenty of power surely won't go wrong in selecting the .348, Cartridges like the .35 Remington and the .348 for deer may sound a bit too powerful to some, but it is better to be over- gunned than undergunned. With reasonably well-placed shots, rifles of the 30/30 class do very well for deer; but placing shots under deer hunting conditions is very difficult and the man eiting a rifle will be wise to select one of those I have recom: mended. By no means should rifles of the .22 Hornet, .25/20, and .32/20 class be used. ‘They will kill deer; but they will wound more than they kill and their use is criminal in that it wastes the game! Conditions in the mountain and plains hunting of the West are very different from those of the East, Whereas a 100-yard shot in the East is a long one, it is an exceedingly short one under most Western hunting conditions. Mule deer, antelope, mountain sheep, Arizona and Mexican whitetail deer, and oft alk are hunted in open country, across wide canyons, and on prairies where a shot at from 200 to 300 yards is about average and where much game is killed up to 400 yards by good riflemen with the proper equipment. Such hunting calls for the utmost in accuracy and in long range killing power. Because of the superior ballistics of the cartridges made for them, good boltaction rifles are in order and telescope sights are most satisfactory. ‘The plains and mountain rifle will weigh somewhat more than the woods rifle and it will be slower to operate, It will be, however, more accurate; it will have a flatter trajectory, and it will carry more Killing power at the longer ranges, Savage Model 40 Bolt Aetion Super Shorter. 24" barrel. S-shot elip repeater. 80/06 ‘ant 300 caliber. "AL present di AA rifle for the mountains ought to have a veloc 2700 foot seconds and ideally it should have 3,000 foot seconds ‘oF more, since high velocity means flat trajectory and good is power at Tong range. ‘The famous .30/06 is the most widely used mountain rifle. ‘The factories all load a 150-grain bullet at a velocity of 2,960, a 18grain at 2,720, and a 220- grain at 2410. In addition Remington loads a 110-grain bullet at about 3350; but this last loses its velocity so fast that it is not to be chosen for anything except varmints like ywoodchucks and coyotes. For deer, sheep, and antelope, the 150g. bullet hhas always struck me as being the best. AM forms are good— the Western open point, the Winchester pointed expanding, the Remington bronze point. With the 150-gr, a .30/06 ean be sighted in for 250 yards with a trajectory that will give hits with aa dead-on hold anywhere up to around 300 yards For country where elk or big bear are apt to be encountered, the 180g bullet in its various forms should be chosen, as that bullet does well on anything from deer to moose. ‘The trajectory is not quite so flat as that of the 150-geain, and with it the rifle should be sighted in to strike the point of aim at 200 yards, or 3 inches high at 100. One of the finest of all mountain cartridges is the .270 W.C.E. which has made a great name for itself in the past 30 years and which has killed all North American game, even large ‘The load that made the reputation of the .270 is the 180-grain bullet at a velocity of 3.140, as loaded by all the major cartridge ‘companies, by Winchester in pointed expanding form, by Western liesin an open-point boattail, and by Remington in the Core-lokt. With either the 130-grain or the lighter, faster 100-grain bullet at the tremendous velocity of 3,540, a .270 can be sighted in to hit the point of aim at 300 yards and will give a practical point blank trajectory which will assure hits with a dead-on hold up to 350 yards, the flattest trajectory given by any commercial cartridge. ‘The 100-grain bullet will kill mule and whitetail deer, sheep and antelope as if struck by bombs with almost any 5 body hit; but the 130-grain kills just as well and should be used by preference, since its greater weight and sectional density gives better penetration on larger animals like moose, elk, and hear. Rifles in .30/06 and .270 caliber were available before the war from Winchester in the Model 70, from Remington in the Model 720, and from the firm of R. F. Sedgley of Phila- delphia on remodeled Springfield actions with commercial bar- rels. In addition, many hundreds of custom rifles were made up on Springfield, Mauser, or Model 1917 actions by various caistom makers. The .30/06 was available from Savage in the Model 40 (illustrated, page 16) and Model 45 (both discon- tinued) bolt action rifles, which are not of the Mauser type, and until a few years ago were made up in the lever-action Model 95 by Winchester. 300 H. and H. Magnum cartridge as adapted to the 10 Winchester is also a very fine mountain cartridge, particularly for the heavier game at the longer-ranges—moose, elk, and grizzly, which are often shot in big open basins near 0 Above is the author with a big Alberta grizzly bear whi with ‘a -80-06, 200 gr. bullet. The great grizzly is one of the world’s most dangerous game bullet is well placed. wala, hard to stop unless the a ‘ft, a good mountain ea rmbia. ‘The animal was ng range, from a scope sighted .270 rifle. berline. The 300 H. and H. really carries a lot 1c it uses a 180-grain bullet at 2930 foot seconds and a 220-grain at 2610. It is unnecessarily powerful for sheep and mule deer, but is an excellent killer on the larger game. For the man who does not mind the rather heavy recoil and wants more power than the .30/06 gives, here’s the cartridge. ‘Another very good mountain cartridge is the 7 mm. as loaded in this country. Rifles are furnished by Winchester and by Sedgley as well as by custom makers. ‘The 139.gr. bullet as loaded by Western to 2,900 gives a flat trajectory and good killing power, as does the 150-grain bullet loaded by Winchester to 2750, ‘The 175-grain bullet at 2,460 will do just about any- thing that the 220-grain in the .30/06 will do and has killed plenty of elk, moose, and grizzlies Still other good mountain cartridges which do not have quite the range and power of the ones already mentioned are the 257 Roberts with the 100-grain bullet at 2,900 foot seconds or the 117.grain at 2630; the .30/40 Krag with the 180-grain at 2480, the 250/3000 with the 100-grain bullet at 2,810; the 300 Savage with the 150-grain bullet at 2,660 or the 180-grain at 2,380. The .348 with either the 150 or 200 grain bullet also does very well, although neither of those bullets is well shaped to retain velocity at long range. By all means, the rifle for long range shooting should have 1a good hunting scope mounted as low as possible. ‘The Model 30 (dise.) and 720 Remingtons and the U. S. 1917's and theMod. 70 Winchester lend themselves admirably to scope mount- ing. Mausers and Springfields can be adapted to scope mount- ing by an alteration of the bolt handle and safety. Most modern hunting scopes with long eye-relief, like the 330 Weaver, the Lyman Alaskan, or the Noske 2¥4-x ean be mounted ahead of the safety of Springfields and Mausers so that only a bolt- alteration is necessary. For all around use in forests as well as in mountains, a scope of about 2% power is about right. For mountain use alone on a rifle with recoil no greater than that of a .30/06, a 4-x scope Tike the Weaver 440 or the German Zeiss Zeiliver is very satisfactory, since the greater magnification makes hits at long range somewhat easier. Good mounts are the Redfield, the Pachmayr, the Stith, or the Griffith and Howe, ‘The Model 99 Savages lend themselves to scope mounting because they have solid tops and eject to the side. Scopes are difficult to mount on top-ejecting Winchesters like the Mod. 71, but M. L. Stith makes an offset mount for the man who wents a Winchester lever action and also must have a scope. It ig not within the scope of this article to discuss varmint rifles for use on woodchucks, marmots, coyotes and such game (see “Small Game and Varmint Hunting” by C. S. Landis), but almost any of the rifles discussed here have the aceuracy and the flatness of trajectory for this interesting form of shooting. Indeed, the .270 with the 100-grain bullet is just about the finest longerange varmint rifle made and the good .257 is just about ‘on a par with it. ‘The .30/06 with the 150 and the 110 grain bullets is also close to the top and one of the most widely used varmint rifles made. ‘As a matter of fact, these rifles are really all-around rifles and will kill deer like lightning. The 300 H. and H. Magnum car- tridge was surely not designed with Pennsylvania whitetail deer in mind. The power is excessive for animals the size of deer and the recoil is rather severe, However, the man who hits a whitetail with a 300 Magnum slug is going to have himself a whitetail, whereas the man with the 30/30 may not. Anyone ‘who wants an all-around riffe, one that may be used on deer in Pennsylvania, Texas, or Michigan, on elk and antelope in Wyoming, and on sheep, moose, and grizalies in Canada should by all means select a rifle from the list above, preferably a Doltaction, scopesighted rifle with a good shooting gunsling in .270, 30/06, 7 mm., or .300 caliber. ‘The man planning to hunt in the Canadian Rockies should carry a powerful rifle. Caribou are large animals. Moose are even larger. Grizzly bears are not only large but dangerous. The 7 mm. is about the smallest rifle that should be taken into the Rockies, The .30/06 and the .300 are excellent and the .270 does very well with well-placed shots, For hunting large animals in thick timber, the most satis factory cartridges are those which drive heavy bullets with good sectional density at velocities between 2,000 and 2,500 feet. Over much of their range moose are shot in very thick timber and so are elk. Grizzlies are sometimes encountered in the woods while the hunter is after moose. The typical shot under these conditions is at the rear end of a rapidly vanishing animal weighing close to a half ton, sometimes more, and the bullet has to drive clear through heavy muscles into the vitals For such work, the .348 Winchester with the 250 grain Silvertip bullet is excellent; so is the .30/06 with the 220-grain, the 7 mm, with the 175-grain, the .270 with the 150-grain soft 18 point, the .35 Remington with the 200-grain. Rifles of the .30/30 ‘lass ‘are by no means heavy enough and their use is to be iscouraged since it results in many wounded animals escaping. Some of the older cartridges can hardly be improved upon. ‘The ‘old Model 95 Winchester chambered for either .35 W.CF. cartridge with its 250-grain bullet at 2,160 or the 405 with its 300-grain bullet at 2,220 is just about what the doctor ordered for game under these conditions. Some of the older black- powder cartridges like the 45/70 with its 405-grain bullet at 1,310 are also very satisfactory, if used at short range. So far I have not mentioned the real “power house” of Amer: can cartridges—the great 875 Magnum, for which the Model 70 Winchester rifle is chambered and for which eustom gun makers like Neidner and Griffin and Howe have built rifles. This big rifle is one of the most useful cartridges in the world It kicks like a mule but its accuracy is good and its power is surpassed only by the big British and European cartridges for heavy Magnum holtaction and double rifles. Actually, the 875 is a very good sheep rifle when it is used with the big 235-grain bullet at the high velocity of 2860 foot seconds, but with either the 270.grain bullet at 2720 or the 300-grain bullet at 2,540, the 375. is practically perfect life insurance against an indignant grizzly; it is also tops for one shot kills on moose, elk, or other large animals in timber. ‘The British have long considered it the very finest all-around caliber in existence and use it on everything from sheep on the moun tainous Indian frontier and large antelope in Africa to very dangerous African lions, buffalo and tigers. Where the .375 really shines in North America is on our largest and most dangerous game animal, the Alaskan brown bear, the largest predator on earth and one that will often weigh 1,500 pounds or more. Brownies are shot in thick willows, along streams, and generally at close range. ‘The man who hhunts them should have a powerful rifle that will knock the big beasts down and keep them down, and the .375 seems to he the business! Anything lighter than the .30/06 with the 220 or 225-grain bullets should not be used oa the big bears, and the 375 is undoubtedly better. The man with a rifle especially ‘selected for the game he is to hunt, under the conditions in which he is to hunt, has a definite advantage. To me it seems the height of foolishness for a man to spend several hundred dollars on a sheep hunt and carry an open sighted rifle with inadequate power and ‘curved trajectory. It is downright reckless to tackle dangerous game like brown bears and grizzles with « rifle that packs insufficient power. After all, the cost of a rifle over the years is but a very small part of the cost of the various hunting trips fon which it is to be taken, and the best rifle with the best ammunition is an investment in success. Let me say, too, that the best rifle in the world will not assure success unless it is properly sighted in for the correct ance and unless the owner has learned to shoot it. A .270 sighted in for 50 yards, or not sighted in at all, in the hands of a poor shot won't get any antelope, and a bullet from a .375 Magnum in the guts of an Alaskan brown hear won't stop him as well as one from a .257 in the lungs. ‘The proper rifle is important, surely, but the man behind the rifle is also important. Still, « good rifle, with the proper cartridge, with the proper sighting equipment and correctly sighted in, is a good part of the story, and if the man who owns it will only learn to shoot, he will usually come home with his game!WINCHESTER STANDARD GRADE MODEL 70. (Top Illustration) $78.45 Solid frame, bolt action repeating rifle with speed MODEL 70 lock. (Put on the market in 1936) Round tapered barrel HIGH POWER RIFLES ‘of Winchester proof Pistol grip N.R.A. type black walnut stock with semi-beavertail fore-end. Grip, fore-end and steel butt plate checkered. Dimensions: 13Y/y x 19 x 25". Bead front sight on ramp base with sight cover. Winchester 22G opening sporting rear sight, round top. Flat top rear sight substituted, if desired. Safety oper- ates in horizontal plane. 5 cartridge (4 in .300 and .375 H & H Magnum calibers) magazine with hinged floor plate. 1" swivel bows. Wt. about 81% Ibs. 24” barrel in following calibers: .22 Hornet, .250-3000 Savage, .270 Win., .30 Gov't '06, 7 M/M, .257 Roberts, .35 Rem., 375 H & H Megnum (has recoil ped). 20" ba calibers, excepting .375 H & H Magnum. 2 1 same barrel libers .220 Swift end .300 H & H Magnum. ‘The Standard Model 70 is also equipped with Lyman No. 48WJS receiver sight with blank piece in rear sight slot in place of standard sight. Or with Lyman No. 57W receiver sight. $92.65 MODEL 70 NATIONAL MATCH RIFLE. $120.80 Solid frame. 24° round Winchester Proof barrel, floating type. Marksman design stock with full pistol grip and full fluted comb. Length of pull, 13/4"; drop at comb, | 9/16"; drop at heel, 174" pitch down, 3". Lyman No. 77 front sight on forged ramp sight base. Lyman No. 48WH receiver sight. Telescope mount bases. 11" Army type leather shooting gun sling fon non-detechable bow type swivels. Approx. wh 2 Ibs, .30 Gov't '06 cal, only. MODEL 70 TARGET RIFLE. (2nd Ilustraton) $131.90 Medium weight barrel, solid frame. Same speci cations a¢ National Match, except without forged ramp; wh. about 10% Ibs. Same calibers as Standard Grado in 24 and 26" barrel lengths excepting .375 H & H Mag- MODEL 70 BULL GUN. (3rd $142.70 Made with heavy 28", floating type barrel. In .30 Gov't '06 and .300 H & H Magnum calibers only, Oth- erwise the same as the Target Model. Wt. about 1314 Ibs. SS SUPER GRADE MODEL 70. |Ilutreted Above] $107.85, ‘American welnut stock with cheek piece. Pistol grip and foro-ond fancy checkered. Ri field full gold bead front sight on ramp with sight cover. Winchester 22G open sporting rear sight, round or flat top. I'" Army type leather sling strap with quick detachable swivels. Other specifications same as Standard Grade. Same calibers end berrel lengths, too, except 375 H & H Magnum comes in 25" barrel with special flat top rear sight only. 19WINCHESTER LEVER ACTION, HIGH POWER REPEATERS WINCHESTER MODEL 71. [Estrome left) $74.65 Solid frame. Caliber 348 Win, 20° or 24° Winches Checkered sporting type pistol grip waltut stock and semicbeavertal foro: vith Checkered stool butt plate. Bead front sight on romp sight bate. Removable sight cover. Winchester rear peep sight No. 98A, 22K sporting (open) rear sight. 1” Army type leather sling strep with ‘uick dotachable swivel. Ws. about @ Ibs. 4uhot fubuler magazine. Thit of the famous Model 1986, which was discontinued ip 1937 in favor of the Model 7! WINCHESTER MODEL 68, {2nd frm loft) $61.55 Sclid frame, twothitds magotine. 24” or 20” round tapered barrel Shotgun butt, plstol grip stock. Bead front sight on ramp with sight cover. Winchester No. 22H opan sporting rear, round or lat top. S-shol magesine, Wr, about 7 bs Calibor: 25.35 Win, 20 (20:0) Winn, 32 Win. Spee 20" berral furiched with Lyman No. 58 receiver sight instead of ‘ear sight. This gun was inreduced in 1933 a1 an improvement on Medel 55, which, in turn, hed been fist menufactured in 1924 es o more modem vetsion af Model 94 MODEL 64 DEER RIFLE. (2rd from loft) $74.70 Same specifications but with checkered pistol grip stock with rubber cap, ond semicbeavertil, checkered forearm. I” Army type leather sling with ‘ick detachable swivel. Sights the samo. 24” of 20” barre. Caliber: 20 (3030) Win. and 22 Wi. Spec 20 219 WINCHESTER ZIPPER MODEL 64. Some a: the sondard model but with 26” bar sight mounted on roar of bol. Or wth 22H sperting rear ty elovao WINCHESTER MODEL 65. (2nd fom Right) Sclid frame. 22" round, tapered. barrel forearm. Bead front sight on ramp with sight cover ‘pen sporting reer. Magatine holde 7 cartridge 32 Win. Weight about b/s Ios stl grip walnut stock an Winchester No. 221 calibers 25.20 Win. « 218 BEE MODEL. 24° round, ta bs front sight on ramp with sight cove l. NARA. typo shotgun stock with pistl g ‘Winchester No. 98 pe 1 only, holds & 21 Bo Sight mounted dizecly on the breech bol Boe cartridges. WH. about 6% Ibs Half mas WINCHESTER MODEL 94 CARBINE, [E:trame right) sale Solid frame, 20° round bertel with bead front sight on integral detachable steel sight cover. Winchester No. 22K open spotting Straight grip, shotgun type walnut stock with checkered steel butt plat Carbine-type walnut forearm with barrel band. Ful megezine holds 6 sho making gun # Tahot ropester. Wh, about 64 Ibs, Chambered for 25 Wing 30 (3030) Wie. oF 32 Win, Special contor fre cartridge.REMINGTON “WOODSMASTER™ MODEL 81 Tho wecettr (in 1937] fo the Model 8 designed by John M. Browsing and one of the fist suecotsfl Autoloaders ‘on the marist [1908]. The orly high power eutoloading rifle locks the cartridge in the chomber anf alter the ballot has lof mmunle. No loss of power, Delivers full energy of the cartridge. Ta oeneHammerler. Solid bre ber" Conter fre. and rimless, 24° barrel. Slap’ adjustable rea sight. Vihite metal bead front sigh. Magazine holds five cartridges. Posve nd eafaty. Sporting syle tock of American walnut, Semi- ft Half pistol grip. Shotgun syle steel butt plato, checkered. Length overall, il"; taken down, 23". Weight, about fs REMINGTON “GAMEMASTER™ MODEL 141 nly high power rife, manufactured with slide ection, ‘Suitable for all North American big ‘game. Replaced the Remington Model 14 in 1927. Taker down, Hammerlee, Solid breech. 30, 32, 35. Rem. caliber. Center‘five and rimless, 24° barrel Step adjutable Feat sight. White Ipelal bead front sight mounted en nt-lare ramp. Magmine holds ve earitdgor with one m chambers Crow bolt safely. Sporting stock, feneil foreends” American walnut on standard grade ilo. grip. Shotgun style steel bul plat, chectored. Length over- Faken downy 291)". Weight, about 7% Ibs. Standard grade ine [10)y" bareal, “32 col only), ‘Other grades wrth Taney stocks and engraving REMINGTON MODEL 720 BOLT ACTION $78.45 Round, tapered barral of ordnance steel Tn 24°, 22" or 20" lengths. Sporting stock of Property. sha ing wide serow ayes for quick ral navoment of boll. Top of rocaiver matted. Shor, single tigger pull wecpiion of double miltary pull. Side-placod thumb operated. safaty. Magotine holds fe cartidges, Detachable mageti botlom.. Double Hocking luge at front end of bolt, special bolt stop. For 30 Spfid. ‘0, (270 Win or 257 Rem.—Roberts calibers, center fe, Solid frame, Ino Iroduced in 1941. WINCHESTER MODEL 07 REPEATER $65.15 er epecially adapted to law ° Tek Whinut stock of semtemiic tary syle, sec bull plot, pine tip. Usheped. walnut forest. 20" found barrel, Either Boad or blade front sightt with open sporting eons Farmer with Svertridge magazine Slade font Aig ie has Tosh again, Takedown only. Wi. apprer. Floss “Chambered only for 361 Win, Self-Lading contr fre cartidges. In 1907, this automatic fle was brought out ax « more poworul version tl the Model 1905, which in urn had been based on the Model 1903, ‘he fst realy succesful 22 automat, In 1935, the gun was adepted to as procont forme SAVAGE MODEL 23-D BOLT ACTION $42.50 25° areal, Gathols fir in clip mag ber. Receuied bolt hood. Convenient safety. Polished bolt. Weight about oy lbs. Recommended for those who wish tinct the fange at which they can eMeetivaly hunt small game. end verrin ‘The ful piel gp stact and forestock it of one-piece, genuine American Wrelnut with fine cut checkoring and. rubbed oll ink. Dimensions Typ" x Ten 235, Corrugated stool butt plate of shotgun design. Fived with Ty" sing loops. Calibers 22 Hornet. Fist mado in 1923. SAVAGE MODEL 23-C. Same at Model 23-D except § shot; four in rragesine ples one in chamber. Calibers 32/20, ‘$42.50MARLIN LEVER ACTION HIGH POWER RIFLES MODEL 36-A CARBINE. $37.95 (op lkstation) eons. Ba Sire = i ee ee Poe Sear ea, ea a ee ey tee MODEL 36 SPORTING $37.95 CARBINE. (nd Mesa eek MODEL 36-A RIFLE. $41.40 (Ord Hatration) ‘ecthinde magna, eameie Bine'= vie time 2% Ese $52.75 SAVAGE MODEL 99-EG SOLID FRAME, LEVER ACTION, HIGH POWER REPEATERS (Top teeeation) Introduced in 1899 in .303 Savage Cal. Action is the same today except for minor improvements. Has 24” tapered, medium weight round berrel. Proof tested. Matted trigger. Rotary box type mag) cator. Capacity 5 cartridges plus one in chamber. Light weight, capped, full pistol grip stock and tapered fore-ond of selected walnut. Rubbed oil finish, check- ered grip and fore-end. Corrugated steel butt plate of shotgun design. Stock dimensions 13% x 174"" x 256”. Butt plate 11" « 47h". Adjustable semi-buckhorn sporting rear sight and white metel bead front sight on raised ramp base. Case hardened lever. Polished breech bolt. Blued receiver. Re- ceiver tang tapped and drilled for all standard aperture sights. Weight ine with numeral indi- SAVAGE MODEL 99.8 $70.00 (Lover Ilastraton) Same at Made! $9-66 except larger sock Dimensions 13)" 1" «2%4", butt plate 134" 25/4". Alo special large fore-end. Weight about 7/4 Ibs. Calie about 7Y; Ib, Caliber: 200 Savage. bers: .250/3000 for deer, mountain SAVAGE MODEL 99-85. $83.95 shoep and goat, Seme specications ax Model 99-8 ith following vafinmens:Redld No. 70 windoge snd elevation adutnent rear peep sight and moose, elk, ate. Geld bead font sight; Te” lather sling rap Sih quick sclonse aves and. screw” ste $61.75 . —_Field Repairs for the CLYDE BAKER ‘courtesy of Sports Ald, tis Big Game Hunter N STARTING out, remember this: you're going where things cannot be bought. More, you're going where even personal service cannot be bought. If anything untoward happens to yo outfit, you'll fx it yourself, or end the trip then and there. So it behooves you to take along a little something to work with For the average trip into big game country T would suggest the following, which I realize is more, by far, than the average trip requires; but T've had to take into consideration the possi bility of boat repairs, boot repairs, AND gun repairs. 1 104inch half round bastard fle of best make. 4. 6Yainch die sinkers, needle files a6 follows: round, three-square, square, and equaling. See Figure 1. ‘good quality hatchst or hunter’ bele axe. 1 hammer small ball.pes nested screwdrivers from the "five and ten.” They're allright, and very useful. husky, “stubby” screwdriver—ith blade ground to exact si and thickness to ft tang and guard screws on your rifle. for more smaller screwdrivers—best quality—to fit other screws fon sill, (An assortment of small screwdriver blades, wit tangs filed 3-square for holding in chuck of pin-vise, will prove ‘extremely useful—but you'll have to make them yourself. File them from round drillrod, to shapes and sizes needed. to cherry red and quench in water to harden. Polish, then draw temper in gat flame to purple color, and quench in linseed oil. "Y'got something there!") assorted lot of drift punches, to St all pins in sights or other bun parts, Fig. 3. paralel-jaw hand-vie, and 1 pinvite (preferably the larger type shown in Fig. 4, with a few heavy darning needles, small dell fete, for use in pines.) 1. pair Ginch slip-joine pliers with wire cutting java, Fig. 5. 1 No. 29 Combination Pike India coarse-Gne oilstone. Fig. 6. 1 Yorinch copper rod, 6 inches long, ground to blunt point. Fig. 7- 1 Yepound spool acid.core wire solder 1 Ys-pound sell common iron stove-pipe wiee 1 Yepound roll No. 24 or No, 26 enameled copper radio coil wite, for fishing rod and other eepai 1 square foot heavy calfskin (dey, not cil tanned) for boot repai 1 4-oz. can cold patching rubber cement. 1 piece, Ys square foot semi-vulcanized tire patching cubber. 2 large tuber pyroxylin cement. 1 ounce can waterproof casein glue. 2 square feet heavy canvas, for canoe repairs. 1 amall can best marine canoe glue YA dozen best rawhide boot laces, longest a Several fo lable. , narrow strips thin vellum rawhide, obtainable at artfi- cil limb factor This all sounds like a lot of freight; actually, you can shove it all into a hunting coat pocket, or make it up into a compact bundle not more than a foot long by four or five inches in thickness. 23 Srane Pants for your guns will be dictated by the armament you carry. A spare extractor, and spare firing pin or striker for ‘any type or make of arm, is always advisable; also spare screws for peep sights, as they do work out now and then. Tf your front sight is of the “quick change” variety, carry an extra one oF two, and perhaps a spare elevation slide, complete, for your Lyman 48 or other receiver sight—they do get wrecked now and then! Look this outfit over, study its possibilities, and take along, what your con while praying that you'll never need it! But, if accidents should happen, proceed as follows: Fronr Sictrt Bean Broken Ore. Hold your piece of copper rod (Fig. 7) in a split sapling, heat it plenty hot in campfires hold it against sight blade tll it will melt off a drop of the avid- core wire solder which will stick to end of blade. With pocket nife and file, shape up the new “silver” bead as desired, and rub your thumb over it occasionally to keep it bright. Froyr Sici'r Loosenine 1 Barnet Stor. Remove sight, and with small hammer tap edges of barrel slot to make it tight, Drive in sight with copper rod; set smallest drift punch near ‘each end and hit it a goodly wallop with hammer, to hold sight in place. Sight in by shooting at first opportunity. Receiver Sint Exevation Stipe Damacep, Replace with new ones if none available, curse, and take first train home. If attachment screws work loose, remove them one at a time, hold in pliers, heat nearly red hot, and replace quickly. If receiver sight is irreparably damaged, remove, and use folding leaf sight on barrel. Dawacen Score, or Loostxrn Scope Mount. Remove scope, and use receiver sight or folding leaf barrel sight. You can't hope to repair a scope or mount in the woods! HELL STUCK IN CHAMBER. Not likely to happen. If it should, pour in a bit of “Hope's” at broech. Let stand 10 minutes, then pour in some more from muzzle, and let stand 15 or 20 minutes. Insert one-piece steel cleaning rod from muzzle (you should never use any other kind, in the woods or anywhere else), and tap gently with hammer. If shell doesn't move, tap harder. If it still doesn’t move, try the axe. If no success, remove barrel from stock, heat chamber portion over fire, and try again. Fail: ing this, pack up, go home, and see your gunsmith, Rac Stuck w Barret, I was once called in to diagnos cease of constipation in a pair of barrels belonging to a Browning Over and Under. Tt took but a moment to identify a severe ease of acute ragitis, resulting from an over-zealous attempt to “pro- tect” the bores by stuffing them with several yards of bed-sheet anointed with “3-in-1” or some equally volatile oil. I soaked the works with some penetrating oil for a day; then did a “high forceps” delivery with an old-fashioned muzzledloading “worm” fon a rod, yanking out the worst of the mess. ‘The “oil” had evap- orated in a few weeks, permitting the sheeting to absorb atmos- pheric moisture and rust tightly to barrel walls—and you've no idea what a splendid adhesive a good coat of ferric oxide is, when properly placed! The bore was left so badly pitted that only a dictates‘Taese Fices wutpsove pmice- | FIG. 2. ‘avsrusay" screw TS OO oe aesuenn ne Se corns she 10 rae arate ote 8 SY Sa cumin lvoe Finer IAREL aways MEET ett uatty om PENSABLE 1K THE WOODS. PuNeHes, 70 fon vies ae wer For Fir ALL pins fowsine sacl bs Ano SEONG uawine netove mH Suoamrvedul rive. | Saacagenceeet FIG. 9. _ SI ECE oF co0mtn ponranes Exrren onSorT nocn fon inccrina GUT DMT. Pruurany WuNTIAS sorrzER sovaee ‘S0uer “Rte ext auiser “s.ues* THE SLOTTED ROD-TP 15 AM ABOMINATION DSKiner Jacket Unto THe tora-ano A'smon-oune raouste | | 4 BREEN ECR” \ acces weer PnoDUcER-n ANY MAKE THROW IT AWAY-AND Aas Suasnnciwe | SUA" GRaci WRAP OVER END, (Pre pesmommmcny Coney Kd vse woos senews | Fouent nce settnn Ler om Artes ceMENT Was || FoR 24 OURS 7 swore toon PrieD. ‘Fret two onsen EAST row wmones { ec. ° WRAP sor veny Tere iH Waa cemenreo sont | fo.o mun stRiP OF sort MEAL oR ceuuioie ae copheR Wine COAT ADIN Tennis wrwuicnt mon || TWanruy OVER FRACTURE, AND COMENT WITH RO oN MORE Co 8. Duco On PeLOK-eoces' oveRLAppNgee=~ WITH Rete cane wine coxting wie vn ongoetur win GEL | BIND sewporaniwy wir WIRE TILL CEMENT Meervon’ NH CE TS nonouanee DRIED. “THEN = BUCO ‘OR POLOX CEMENT. ROD. MAY BREAK AGAIN = "BUT NOT BETTER: C= oe sn 19 sence eae cence ne —* Stats ‘err now win Wer Follow oiRECTIONS Rawibe sms GLUED ‘OK WITH CAsCO CASEIN Slutrmex eros win THE MEVER Lock src Siena 80x HAIL, AND Sewine awLsINDISPEN™ BIND TILL ORY WITH ENT ‘SABLE ON ANY HUNTING. RAWHIDE BOOTLACES. SR EARDING TRiDecBe in pricrion vop can— SURE 7 ORDER ExTaA Nor TUBE win tte SEVERAL pains eEsr RAWnIOE, sore wees Mowigeswariranee — Scerzanastnrae SEurSeceaceas Steer Semvero-eot cuss, Bene Stvemac tos veu-on — CTE-USE wilt on wit ALANS Alun OF WA BREFERABLY WITH “Seusnine,reboring job eventually lett the barrels in a condition to be dis- posed of by the owner to an unsuspecting victim! No selé-especting rag is likely to get bore-stuck, afield, or clsewhere; and if it does, it will most ikely happen thisaway; A Tong, gangling cleaning patch, threaded through a slotted tip, Fig. 8, pushed part way through a barrel, and then, a futile attempt to draw it back, doubling up and wedging said patch tighter than a Scottish banker during election year. If not that, then one of those bloomin’, bloody English tips, where you wind the patch around ’em like a shroud, and hope for the best—but never get it. However it occurs, first unscrew the main portion of rod from tip, and remove it, if possible. ‘Then pour some Hoppe’s No. 9, some Schaeller Ris-Lon, some C & J Motor Conditioner, or other highly penetrating oil, into the barrel from both ends. Lot ’er soak, as long as you can stand the strain; then, insert your one- piece rod until it reaches obstruction; heat gently over fire, tapping rod at intervals, until everything starts moving along. When it does start, don't brag—just give thanks, and keep tapping. “Suveceo” Butuer Jacket IN Banret, Fig. 9. This will never happen unless, you're fool enough to file or drill the points of military spitzer bullets, trying to make “dum-dums” out of them; if it does happen in this way, you'll get hurt, and deserve it. Spitzer point bullets have the jacket covering the point, but not the base; soft-point, open-point, or hollow-point bullets have the jacket covering the base but not the point. File or drill the points of the former, and you make, in effect, an open-end cylinder of the jacket, through which the lead core can, and most likely will, blow at the first shot, leaving said jacket somewhere in the ar'l! Usual result—next shot—bullet hits jacket—pressures build up—bar'l sLows ur—and your bloomin’ head needs re- pairs .. . if you live through the ordeal. Generally, you don't. Remedy: NONE WHATEVER! Preventive: Keep your barrel always clean, bright, and free of rust and dirt, and never use le for a walking-stick. Use all the cheap military ammunition, with spitzer bullets, you wish, for practice only: but in the hunting field, use ONLY the best hunting ammunition, with factory-made hunting bullets recom- mended by the manufacturers for the type of game you are seck- ing. Use only a steel cleaning rod (preferably a one-piece one) with a jagged tip with patch-retaining-pin, and square or round patches of the correct size for your bore; and NEVER start out, even for a few minutes, without first carefully inspecting the ore, to make sue that all is clear, with no skeletons in the closet. Broken Ruris Stock. If the wood has been properly selected, and the work properly done, the grain will run as shown in “a”, Fig. 10, and your stock can’t be broken by anything, short of using it to drive fence posts with. But the exception proves the rule... and sometimes it will break—the long way of the grain— as in 10, but, far more often, as in “c”, Fig. 10. If either of these breaks should occur, proceed as follow First, remove barrel and receiver, magazine and guard—in short, strip the stock, Remove any loose splinters—but save them, for the moment. Coat both broken surfaces with Polox or Duco Cement, rub in with finger tip, and let dry 30 minutes. Recoat with cement, and bring the broken parts accurately together, with firm, but not heavy pressure—just about what you ean comfort- ably hold for 10 minutes or so with your fingers. Heavy clamp pressure is useless, and defeats the purpose, of the pyroxylin ‘cements. Hold the parts gently, but steadily, and the cement, when set, will be stronger than the original wood. Let dry at least 12 hours .. . and 24 hours is better, no matter how firm the joint appears, (A-Fig, 11.) 25 After 12 hours, however, you may, if you wish, add two or three long brads, or slender wood screws, strategically placed. A typewriter ribbon box of assorted brads and wood screws, though not included in the “essentials” will never come amiss on « hunting trip. Better wrap the entire broken portion with a light iron stove-pipe wire (B, Fig. 11) fastening both ends with a small screw carefully sunk into the wood. Better still, wrap the broken grip (after glue is thoroughly dried) with thin st rawhide, well soaked and stretched in winding (C, Fig. 11). Fasten end with several small brads or 34” cigar-box nails after aluing it for a distance of at least three inches—then wind the hole assembly temporarily with rawhide boot laces until wrap- pings are dry and thoroughly shrunk—then the laces may be removed and saved for other uses, of which you'll find many. Casco Waterproof Casein Glue is excellent for cementing. raw hide strips; and equally good for making the wood-joint if you don't want to pack two kinds of cement. ‘The Casco, however, may be given a bit more pressure, by winding the joint immedi ately with light wire or heavy twine. If you use a wire winding over the cemented repair, i's a good idea to coat the wire thor- oughly, two or three times, with the pyroxylin cement, forming the whole into a compact unit. ‘Though looking like something the cat dragged in, il stay with you to the end of the trip—and then some! If you use rawhide strips for wrapping, you can’t go wrong by coating the whole business with Caseo, or other good glue or cement, as you wrap it on. But at all events, be sure to glue oF ‘cement the last few inches of the wrapping, and fasten the end as before explained. There are many more artistic ways of re- pairing broken stocks, if a shop were available—but remember, we're now in the tall uncut, and must act accordingly! D, Fig. 11, shows @ method once used for permanently repair- ing a very bad break in a double sidelock shotgun stock, using a Jong brass screw set in through the action mortice, as shown, after cementing, the break. A. simi would, of course, De applicable to any double rifle, pa if afterward wound with wire or rawhide as previously described. ‘This same idea of screw location might, in some instances, be applied to a bolt action rifle stock, by introducing the screw through the magazine mortice. Boat Repairs usually result from “snagging”, and need only a neat patch with heavy canvas and marine canoe glue, used according to instructions on the ean. A broken or smashed rib needing replacement can usually he fixed up from materials at hand, with Casco Waterproof Casein Glue as first choice for the woodwork. When a canoe is an essential part of the equipment, a goodly handful of copper canoe nails would seem an essential part of we repair kit. Bors, Sors, Sunes, Gun Cases, and other articles of leather and rubber, arc best handled by means of patches at- tached by rubber cement, But remember, this will not hold well on the oilsoaked leather of hunting boots. Use the cement for temporary holding, but stitch it along the edges, either with an inexpensive sewing awl and a “wax-end” (which any shoe repair shop will prepare for you) or with a “lock-stitch sewing awl” which you may purchase complete from the mail order houses for less than a dollar. The laiter is excellent for holding down a ripped sole, also. Incidentally, the brass repair plugs, made for bicycle tires, with a thin brass outer nut screwing down tightly on the outside, are hard to beat on all rubber boots and waders, and just about the only thing that will get the job done on oiled leather boots. ‘Two or three of these in the kit wouldn’t take up any room, to speak of, and might save a lot of grief.Small Game and 26 ©. Ss LANDIS iho authored ced the Editor of ita Ex ‘store tne or anather, Varmint Hunting MALL game and varmint shooting, in ordinary times, is great Sport Todey san een moe eet frm of hte, Ddecause it seldom necessitates a long trip with consequent loss of work hours, yet provides hours of necessary relaxation and fun, It is surprising how much good shooting most of us can ‘obtain really close to home, in areas not more than 10 to 20 miles distant. Depending upon the time of year, and the local game seasons, it will include fox, gray, black and pine squirrel shooting; woodchucks, gophers, crows and hawks (which locally are most harmful) ; it can often include water snakes in goodly ‘quantity, snappers or mud turtles, when they hecome annoyingly numerous in fishing waters, and similar animals, birds or reptiles, which in addition to game in season, provide some- thing animate to shoot at. It is obvious that to obtain good shooting, you must find 1 good place to hunt. Suppose, for instance, we think for a few moments about woodchuck or groundhog hunting, where to look for it, what rifles to use, the best sights, and what are the safest combinations to fire in settled areas. ‘The woodchuck, or groundhog, is a good sanitary engineer. He has the good sense to keep his den above high water mark, he seems to know that water will lie indefinitely in clay soil, that clay will not drain properly, that clay and sand are difficult, and slate practically impossible, for him to dig into; conse quently, it is a waste of time to hunt woodchuck dens in clay, shale, or very sandy country. Try loamy land and hilly country where there is soft earth around rock piles and ledges. ‘Woodchucks feed upon garden truck, clover, anything green and readily edible on a farm, and they feed upon the bests thus, the easy way to find good woodchuck shooting is to consult the farmers, rural mail carriers, game wardens, fire wardens and rural school teachers—people who get out into the country and see chucks. ‘Most chuck holes are usually out in hay fields, grass fields, and along fence rows in open fields, although a few will be found in woods, along blackberry patches and along narrows: or cliffs; this means you will need an accurate, reasonably flat shooting, small caliber rifle using a bullet which kills quickly, as woodchucks are tenacious of life and will go in if not hit right. ‘The .22 caliber long rifle, high speed cartridge, preferably with hollow point bullet, is the least powerful small cartridge sufficient for woodchuck shooting and then only at moderate ranges; it will do best in the hands of a man or boy who aims carefully at the butt of the ear, brain, neck or high on the shoulder of the woodchuck. Excellent cartridges for wood: chucks, among the cheaper ones, are the .22 WRF. and .25 Stevens rim fire. ‘Then there's the .22 Hornet, the best all-round woodchuck cartridge of factory loading for use in settled and semi-settled communities and farms. The .25-20 HS. is good and the .250-3,000 and .257 Roberts much more powerful.There are certain first class .22 repeaters which are clearly outstanding. Among them is the Winchester Model 61 Tong rifle, Thave used one of them for many years, fitted with bead sight, peep on the tang and a Model 330 W.R. Weaver telescope on top of the solid top and side ejection style receiver. It is abso- lutely the most accurate and the safest small caliber, slide action rifle T have ever used. T have fired a whole box of cartridges with the hunting, metallic sight into less than a 2” group at 52 yards, and with a scope it would do better still than with the hunting sights, The action is quite reliable, is not inclined to jam, docs not batter the bullets noticeably; the only drawback is that the very neat receiver is not wide enough inside to get two fingers in at once for convenience in taking it apart or putting it together. The magazine holds 14 long rifles at a time which is usually enough for a day's hunting. ‘The Model 62 Winchester is of the same general style except that it is the older hammer model, is top instead of side ejecting and is therefore not nearly so well adapted to mounting a telescope sight on top of the rifle ‘The finest .22 Winchester is the 52 Sporter. It is an extremely handsome rifle, carries nicely, but the barrel is too light and too sharply tapered to get the finest accuracy which one would demand in an expensive rifle. I would suggest, instead, buying a regular target Model 52 rifle, with standard weight 28” barrel and plain sights, and having it remodeled, when possible, by a really first class gunsmith or the Custom Gun Department of Winchester. The result will be a rifle weighing a pound or so more than the 744 Ibs. of the Sporter, but it will have a longer and heavier barrel, and the resulting accuracy in the field will be more in keeping with that of such an expensive arm. For a very inexpensive Winchester .22 rim fire, consider the finely stocked little 69 bolt action repeater with box magazine. ‘The Model 75 Sporter is a very neat little bolt action, box magazine hunting rifle in the medium price class. It may be obtained with open or peep sight, and can be fitted with scope if desired. Whether to choose this or the Model 61 Winchester is purely a matter of personal taste and preference as to action. The Remington rifles have been considerably improved in appearance and fit during the last 5 or 6 years and today are among, the very best selections on the market. ‘They have two outstanding .22 rim fire sporting rifles, the Model 121 slide action, solid top, side ejection, tubular magazine repeater, and the Model 513 S—their Sporter, bolt action, box magazine, hunt- ing rifle. ‘The Model 121 is the modern version of their older Model 12, which the author used for many years quite successfully and happily, when fitted with King rear and Sheard gold bead front sights. ‘This rifle, like the Model 61 Winchester, can also be obtained for the 22 W.R.F. cartridge only, upon special order when such rifles are available, but is not such a good selection today, as the ammunition costs more and is generally much more difficult to ol ‘The Model 513 bolt action Sporter is of comparatively new, modern design; it has a 27” tapered barrel, which is a most excellent length for offhand shooting as it holds well. The Model 37 Remington match rifle is too heavy for a sporting rifle and this 513 Sporter is the better Remington bolt action to buy, even for the crank shooter. ‘The Marlin 39 model, in the 39A and other letters, as out, is a modernized Model 97 Marlin, the best lever action 22 fever to come upon the market. Today this rifle has a more hand-filling forearm, a pistol grip stock, and a different ejector and ejector spring, but otherwise is much like the famous old 97, the most accurate .22 rim fie, of light weight and repeating style, 00 the market when the author was a young man, Model 7 39 fs a fine hunting rifle, a scope sight fits on that flat, solid top and side ejection receiver just perfectly; this is the rifle which made solid top and side ejection popular all over North America. Marlin also makes a line of .22 bolt action rim fire rifles, but if you want a Marlin, try to get the 30A—it is well worth the difference. The best of the Savage .22 rim fires are the Model 29, a fancy, tubular magazine, slide action rifle and the Model 5 bolt action repeater. Both will take scopes. Squirrel Shooting with .22 Rifles First, find your squirrels! Fox squirrels are more inclined to come out on telegraph poles and single trees, or be along the edge of woods, on individual trees and the like, than are either gray or black squirrels, They are more like red or pine squirrels in that respect. Old chestnut tree snags make the best gray squirrel dens, Look for large, rounded, leaf-nests in the branches of trees of any sort in a woods, or even sometimes near a rail fence or in fan orchard, or around a rural home. Squirrels feed as follows: Red squirrels prefer pine cones and buds, chestnuts, beechnuts, hickory nuts and shellbarks. ‘They often stay in white or yellow pine trees a good deal, and may be hunted and shot there, but they are the only variety cof squirrel in the East which does persistently take to pine trees, In August, September and early October, gray squirrels, black squirrels, ete. will be found principally in beech tree areas feeding on beechnuts. Beechnut trees have light colored, smooth bark, and are usually in rather open bits of woods, on little knolls. You can find a squirrel easier on a beechnut tree than on others, and for that reason they are more likely to hide in ‘a nearby hickory, oak, maple or gum. Just as soon as the hickory nuts and shellbarks begin to ripen so that they are edible at all, Took for gray squirrelsand black squirrels on hickory nut and shellbark trees. Look for “cuttings” on stumps, on logs, on the ground beneath the hhickorynut trees from mid-September on. Find yourself a good hickorynut tree, sit down about 30 yards off, 40 if neces sary, to get cover, keep absolutely quict, don’t smoke, don’t stamp around, and don't talk or move your head too much. You may see a squirrel in about five minutes, and if not ther, jin about twenty minutes; if they fail to come out within 45 utes, if between the hours of 7:30 and 9:30 A.M. or between and 5:30 P.M., better try another location a bit farther on. Another good location is to post yourself motionless 25 ot 35 yards from a rail fence, along the edge of a woods, or, if possible where two fences intersect. Tf they are along a com field, and the corn is on the stalk or in shock, or partly in shock, you will find squirrels running out 25 to 100 yards into the field, where they will climb up on the stalks or upon the shocks and eat the com on the ears. The writer has hunted in a field where between three hundred dollars worth fof corn was destroyed within a distance of some 250 yards, Tt was the best place he has found within the last ten years to Kill gray squirrels in goodly numbers. Expert o If you should be able to locate such a field with feeding squirrels, you have a good location for all of your squirrel shooting for the next year to come. You will find them harder to get aim upon, and hit, while on the ground than while still fon the trees, so sit quietly and try to get them coming to the field, rather than at work in it, ‘The background likely will be better and safer to shoot into, as well, Gophers are ground-denning rodents. ‘They will require practically the same equipment as fox and black or gray squit- rels, excepting that the cartridge may be more powerful and have a flatter trajectory to advantage, due to the greater length of the average shot. You may prefer to advance to the .22 W.RE., the .25 rim fire, or the .22 Hornet. In shooting gophers, rive them time to come clear out on top of the mound, of to feed a few feet from the mouth of the den, and then aim s0 as to strike the Tittle animals well forward of the middle. Coyotes, crows, hawks, wolves, red and gray foxes are hunted and shot most successfully with the same sort of rifles and an nas for woodchucks. It always pays to look over your hunting grounds in advance and to obtain permission of the owner for you to shoot thereon, 28 Center Fire Small Caliber Hunting Rifles ‘The 22 Hornet is the most accurate, on the average, and the most useful and efficient center fire rifle cartridge ever placed on the American market for small game and varmint shooting, up to and ineluding foxes, coyotes and woodchucks. It is almost a perfect cartridge for hawks and crows, up to 175 yards—occasionally beyond 200 yards. ‘The best rifle made for the .22 Hornet is the Model 70 bolt action Winchester, ‘The Model 54 ( ued) was almost a8 good; the author's 54 is the most effective rifle, on the first shot, of any rifle he has ever owned for field shi Insi ‘of 150 yards it is just plain foolish to miss iat rifles tis fied with a 3% power Malcolm telescope sight, in Mann type Malcolm heavy mounts; the sighting of this rifle has never been changed but once in more than 10 years of use. And didn't need to bo—that time it had been struck accidentally. ‘The Model 70 Winchester is also made in .250-3000 Savage and in .257 Roberts calibers, both being very fine woodchuck and coyote rifles, and fine hawk and crow rifles for ranges eyond 150 yards. At closer ranges, one does not need the faster cartridges, This rifle is also made in .220 Swift caliber, which has a flatter trajectory over 300 yards than the two .25 calibers mentioned, but is mot quite as accurate on the average, and when it is not shooting so well, is much worse, is harder to reload uniformly, and has a much shorter accuracy life. Of the two 25's, the .250-3000 is better for the light weight bullets and the .257 for the heavier bullets, the cartridges being 0 tapered that ballistically they work out this way. Actually there is not much difference in the killing power and trajectory of the two 25's in this model. Take your choice, The .250 is the sharper bottle neck type. Both are decr rifles, as well es varmint guns. Both reload very easily and uniformly, will use a wide range of loads, including the inexpensive 86-grain 25-20 bullets in short range loads. The .250 should be used with 87 and 100 grain bullets and the .257 docs hest with the 100 or 117grain loads, ‘These are also good for turkey, with fm.c. bullets and are effective on medium game uniformly up to 350 yards, You cannot go wrong on either caliber, unless it happens to be too powerful for your local shooting. ‘In that case, you can reload with reduced charges if you can locate components. Buy the Model 70 with 24” barrel. ‘This rifle can be success- fully mounted with Lyman Targetspot, Alaskan, Targetspot Is, Weaver, Zeiss, Hensoldt, Fecker, and other rifle telescopes. You can, if needed, have the .22 Hornet rechambered for the Lyle Kilbourne .22 cartridge, giving 200 to 400 is. higher velocity and the 22 Hornet factory cartridges may sill be fired in it. Remington rather recently introduced a very good bolt action center fire rifle in their Model 720 bolt action with 24 inch barrel. This is a handsomely stocked rifle which is hetter suited for mounting a telescope sight well down on the top of the receiver than any other center fire bolt action. But it has a modified 1917 Enficld action, which never was handsome, and while it is strong, handles reloaded ammunition splendidly, it is not as handsome as the Model 70 or the Springfield’ or Mauser actions. It is made in .257 Roberts caliber and is not at this writing listed as having been made in 22 Hornet, .250-3,000 or .220 Swift calibers. It is to be hoped this rifle will be put out also in the R-2 Johnson-Lovell eartridge which is nearly midway between the .22 Homet and the .250-3000 and 257 Remington-Roberts ealibers. Savage has the most rifle for the money on the market in the 23-D bolt action Sporter, 22 Hornet caliber. If you cannot 0 over fifty dollars, here is your rifle, It will outshoot any lever action for accuracy and carries just as well in the field.Tere are two woowdchuck and varmint rifles owned by the author. The top one is a .22 Hornet, Winchester Model 54, fitted alcolm telescope, Lyman 48 receiver sight and sheard front "he bottom rifle is also .22 Hornet caliber but a high side, single: hot Winchester fitted with a re-chambered Model 52 barrel and nounted with a Lyman 5 A scope, plus Marble tang peep and sights. This is a special stocking job by ial finger lover and the scope fitted on a Tor covotes and wolves, bolt aetion rifles in T mm, and .270 Wine hhester calibers do very well. Special Varmint Rifles Many special .22 and .25 caliber woodchuck, hawk, crow ind coyote rifles have heen made up for special wildcat car- ridges, all hand-oading propositions, but many of these are inexcelled as special accurate, flat shooting, long range chuck ‘ifles. Among the very best calibers have been the .22 Lovell, he R-2 Lovell, with ‘sharply boitlenecked case, and the .22 famminter. Other good ones have been made from the Krag. 303 British, and .22 H.P. Savage cases necked down to .22 aliber, and a raft of good ones have come out also in .25 aliber, from the .25-35 specials to the .25-303's, and larger. Shotguns for Squirrels and Rabbits These are of two types. The shotgun for squirrels is not sarticularly a sporting proposition, but a duck gun is better han a field gun. Better to select a 12 gauge double with 30” varrels, strong modified and full choke bore, or a 12. gauge jump gun with strong modified or full choke 30” barrel. Use 1Y4 eb, for the fist shot, and 6's up to 4’s for the shots from hhen on. You need range, penetration and close pattern except ‘or squirrels feeding on the ground very close to you. In that stance, aim an inch or two in front of the nose to keep from nnangling. For rabbits, one could use two widely different types of shotguns. If hunting alone without a dog, or with a slow beagle, ‘ou would best have a short barreled field gun, throwing a vide, not too close pattern, to kill without mangling, Most of he shots will be in choppings, briars, high grass, from clumps of grass out in fields, and from ravines. For all such shooti 2, 16 or 20 gauge guns are good, all bored more or less like: improved cylinder or modified choke patterns. For gang hunting, in company with three or more people ind a lot of dogs, where the range may be a few feet to any listance imaginable, one barrel should scatter the shot, the uther throw a close, long range pattern. ‘The first barrel should ve loaded with a moderate charge with 72 ch the latter tuck load of 6's or even 4's, if the dogs are very fast and the ountry open, In a full choke pump gun, one of the Scatter Load shells can be used for the first shot, and the regular shells after that one. For rabbits, more than 11 ounces of chilled shot is not suggested. Too heavy a load always leads to mangled game, and mangled rabbits are an unsavory and unsatisfactory amess to handle. The 20 gauge is quite effective in the fields the author uses one almost always for field shooting. The 16 is probably the best all-around field shotgun, if it fits the gunner. But any gauge smaller than 12 should fit exceptionally well, as the pattern will be just a little smaller, even with the dlaimed boring, ‘The edge of the small bore pattern is not so well filled with shot pellets. As to stock measurements, any double gum with drop at comb of 114” to 154” and at heel, of 244” to 214”, and with a length. of pull, from front trigger to butt, of 14” to 1444”, with a down pitch of 214” is going to fit a lot of men very well indeed, and most persons will find such a gun effective. A 12 gauge gun, having a light, easy and even trigger pull, these stock dimen- sions, 26” or 28” barrels, and not over 55%, patterns in either tube, can be shot by almost anyone reasonably well on rabbits, quail, grouse and pheasants at moderate ranges, and even on squirrels at not over 35 yards. As a final comment, do not shoot too heavy a load. A field load for field shooting, the old 3 dram, 114 ounce 74% in 12 gauge, can’t be beaten for average shooting, day after day, when you walk up your own game, plus stx to ten shells loaded with 6's for the long range opportunities, Remember this about hunting, the finest sport ever devised: go out properly equipped and you'll come home better satisfied. A typieal day's bag, a bit late in the season, in any of the Eastern states: a large cock ringnecked p il. Shot by the author with his 20 gauge game to best advantage, read the article “Dressing and Preparing Game for the Table.”Not tobe confused with the sriginal Model 52, frst manufactured in (One of the very Finest smal-bore rifles (ilstated above} 1919 and discontinued in 1937 when the new model wer brought fut, for it was entirely redesigned. Serial numbers of the improved rodel cay 4B" after them Acton is secured ab the broech of the stock which, with the djustble bartel band, permits free, proper alignment without strain Improved fring and tigger mechanism: tigger pull ediutted to 3p lbs. is retracted, ty Tock secures the bolt at the same time the fring pin 20" standard weight, round tapered barrel of Winchester Pre Pistol grip si Hock of walaut with « metal forearm ad on the justment bate ands compasition hand capper, lo undenide of the forward portion of the forearm. The adjustment it 5. MM Mauser Vergneiro—Portugel ____ 65MM KreguJorgenton—Norway = 65MM. Aviale—Japen TMM. Mawser—Spain Masizo, Chile, Honduras, 782 MM Schmid-Rubin—Switerland 742 MM Mosin-Nagant—Russia