CHNG 1:

- The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by
the parties creating and using the data
(- Cc d liu t cp n thng tin trnh by trong bt c hnh thc c s tho
thun ca cc bn to v s dng d liu. )
- Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
(- Truyn thng d liu l vic trao i d liu gia hai thit b thng qua mt s
hnh thc ca phng tin truyn dn nh cp dy.)
- Data flow: simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex
(- Lu lng d liu: simplex, half-duplex v full-duplex )

- A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by

communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
(- Mt mng l mt tp hp cc thit b (thng c gi l cc nt) ni vi nhau
bng lin kt truyn thng. Mt nt c th l mt my tnh, my in, hoc bt k
thit b no khc c kh nng gi v / hoc nhn d liu c to ra bi cc nt
khc trn mng. )
- Categories of topology: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring
(- Cc loi topo: Li, Star, Bus, Ring)
- LAN: Network in a single office, building, or campus.
(- LAN: mng trong mt n vn phng, ta nh, hoc trong khun vin trng.)
- WAN: Network providing long-distance communication over a country, a
continent, or the whole world.
(- WAN: Network cung cp thng tin lin lc ng di trn mt quc gia, mt lc
a, hoc c th gii. )

CHNG 2:
- Application Layer: Responsible for providing services to the user
(-Application Layer: Chu trch nhim cung cp cc dch v cho ngi s dng )

- Transport Layer: Responsible for delivery of a message from one process to

another
(-Transport Layer: Chu trch nhim giao hng ca mt thng ip t mt qu
trnh khc
- Network Layer: Responsible for the delivery of packets from the original source
to the destination
(Layer Network: Chu trch nhim phn phi cc gi t ngun gc n ch)
- Data Link Layer: Responsible for transmitting frames from one node to the next
(- Data Link Layer: Chu trch nhim truyn ti cc khung hnh t nt ny sang
nt tip theo )
- Physical Layer: Responsible for transmitting individual bits from one node to the
next
(- Physical Layer: : Chu trch nhim truyn ti cc bit ring l t mt nt tip theo
)

- Session Layer: Responsible for establishing, managing and terminating

connections between applications
(- Lp Session: Chu trch nhim cho vic thit lp, qun l v chm dt cc kt
ni gia cc ng dng )

- Presentation Layer: Responsible for handling differences in data representation

to applications
(- Presentation Layer: Chu trch nhim v s khc bit
trong vic x l d liu i din cho cc ng dng )

CHNG 3:
- To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.
(- c truyn i, d liu phi c chuyn thnh tn hiu in. )
- Analog signals: have an infinite number of values in a range
(- Tn hiu Analog: c mt s lng v hn cc gi tr trong mt phm vi )
- Digital signals: have a limited number of values
(- Cc tn hiu s: c mt s gii hn cc gi tr )

- Data can be analog or digital. Analog data are continuous and take continuous
values. Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values.
(- D liu c th c tng t hoc k thut s. d liu tng t c lin tc v
c gi tr lin tc. D liu s c trng thi ri rc v mt gi tr ri rc. )

- Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an infinite number of
values in a range; digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
(- Tn hiu c th tng t hoc k thut s. tn hiu analog c th c mt s lng
v hn cc gi tr trong mt phm vi; cc tn hiu k thut s c th ch c mt s
gii hn cc gi tr.)
- In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and
nonperiodic digital signals.
(- Trong giao tip d liu, chng ta thng s dng tn hiu analog nh k v cc
tn hiu k thut s nonperiodic.)

- Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite. A simple

periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A
composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.
(- Tn hiu analog nh k c th c phn loi l n gin hay phc hp. Mt tn
hiu analog k n gin, mt ln sng sin, khng th c phn tch thnh cc tn
hiu n gin. Mt tn hiu analog nh k tng hp bao gm nhiu sng sin. )
- Frequency and period are the inverse of each other.
(- Tn s v chu k l nghch o ca nhau.)

- Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time. Change in a short span of
time means high frequency. Change over a long span of time means low
frequency.
(- Tn s l tc thay i theo thi gian. Thay i trong mt khong thi gian
ngn c ngha l tn s cao. Thay i trong khong thi gian di ca thi gian
c ngha l tn s thp. )

- If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero. If a signal changes
instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.
(- Nu mt tn hiu khng thay i tt c, tn s ca n l s khng. Nu mt tn
hiu thay i ngay lp tc, tn s ca n l v hn. )

- Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.

(Pha m t v tr ca cc dng sng tng ng vi thi gian 0.)

- A complete sine wave in the time domain can be represented by one single
spike in the frequency domain.
(- Mt ln sng sin hon ton trong min thi gian c th c i din bi mt
spike duy nht trong min tn s.)

- A single-frequency sine wave is not useful in data communications; we need to

send a composite signal, a signal made of many simple sine waves.
(- Mt ln sng sin n tn s khng phi l hu ch trong vic truyn d liu;
chng ta cn phi gi mt tn hiu composite, mt tn hiu lm bng nhiu sng sin
n gin. )

- According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a combination of simple

sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.
(- Theo phn tch Fourier, bt k tn hiu hn hp l s kt hp ca sng sin n
gin vi tn s khc nhau, bin v giai on. )

- If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals

with discrete frequencies; if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies.
(- Nu tn hiu hn hp l tun hon, s phn hy cho mt lot cc tn hiu vi tn
s ri rc; nu tn hiu hn hp l khng tun hon , s phn hy cho mt s kt
hp ca sng sin vi tn s lin tc.)

- The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the highest

and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal.
(- Bng thng ca mt tn hiu hn hp l s khc bit gia mc cao nht v
tn s thp nht cha trong tn hiu .)
- Digital Signals: In addition to being represented by an analog signal, information
can also be represented by a digital signal. For example, a 1 can be encoded as a
positive voltage and a 0 as zero voltage. A digital signal can have more than two
levels. In this case, we can send more than 1 bit for each level.
(- Tn hiu Digital: Ngoi vic c i din bi mt tn hiu tng t, thng tin
cng c th c i din bi mt tn hiu k thut s. V d, mt 1 c th c m
ha nh l mt in p tch cc v 0 l in p bng khng. Mt tn hiu k thut s
c th c nhiu hn hai cp . Trong trng hp ny, chng ta c th gi nhiu hn
1 bit cho mi cp .)

- If the composite signal is periodic, the decomposition gives a series of signals

with discrete frequencies; if the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of sine waves with continuous frequencies.
(- Nu tn hiu hn hp l tun hon , s phn hy cho mt lot cc tn hiu vi tn
s ri rc; nu tn hiu hn hp l nonperiodic, s phn hy cho mt s kt hp
ca sng sin vi tn s lin tc. )

- We can transmit a digital signal by using one of two different approaches: Base
band transmission, Broad band transmission (using modulation).
(- Chng ta c th truyn tn hiu k thut s bng cch s dng mt trong hai
phng php tip cn khc nhau: truyn dn bang c s, truyn dn bng
rng (s dng iu ch).)

- Base band transmission means sending a digital signal over a channel without
changing the digital signal to an analog signal. Baseband transmission requires a
low-pass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that starts from zero.
(- Truyn dn bng c s c ngha l gi mt tn hiu k thut s trn mt knh
m khng cn thay i cc tn hiu k thut s cho tn hiu tng t. truyn
Baseband i hi mt knh thng thp, mt knh vi bng thng bt u t s
khng.

- A digital signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth.

(- Mt tn hiu k thut s l mt tn hiu analog composite vi mt bng thng
v hn.)

- Baseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital
signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel with an infinite or very wide
bandwidth.
(- Truyn Baseband ca mt tn hiu k thut s, bo tn cc hnh dng ca cc
tn hiu k thut s c th ch khi chng ta c mt knh thng thp vi bng thng

v hn hoc rt rng. )

- Approximating the digital signal with an analog signal.The level of

approximation depends on the bandwidth available.
(- Xp x tn hiu k thut s vi mt mc signal.level tng t ca xp x ph thuc
vo bng thng c sn.)

- Rough Approximation of a digital signal using the first Harmonic for worst case
(- Xp x th ca mt tn hiu k thut s s dng cc giai iu u tin cho trng
hp xu nht)

- Better Approximation: add more harmonics of the frequencies increase the

bandwidth
(- Xp x tt hn b sung nhiu hn hi ca tn s tng bng thng)

- In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is proportional to the bit rate;

In baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is proportional to the bit rate; if
we need to send bits faster, we need more bandwidth. if we need to send bits
faster, we need more bandwidth.
(- Trong truyn baseband, bng thng yu cu t l vi tc bit; Trong truyn
baseband, bng thng yu cu t l vi tc bit; nu chng ta cn phi gi cc bit
nhanh hn, chng ta cn nhiu bng thng. nu chng ta cn phi gi cc bit nhanh
hn, chng ta cn nhiu bng thng. )
- If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the digital signal
directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal
before transmission.
(- Nu cc knh c sn l mt knh bandpass, chng ti khng th gi cc tn hiu
k thut s trc tip vo knh; chng ta cn phi chuyn i cc tn hiu k thut

s cho tn hiu tng t trc khi truyn.)

- An example of broadband transmission using modulation is the sending of

computer data through a telephone subscriber line, the line connecting a resident to
the central telephone office. These lines are designed to carry voice with a limited
bandwidth. The channel is considered a bandpass channel. We convert the digital
signal from the computer to an analog signal, and send the analog signal. We can
install two converters to change the digital signal to analog and vice versa at the
receiving end. The converter, in this case, is called a modem.
(- Mt v d v truyn bng thng rng s dng iu ch l vic gi d liu my tnh
thng qua mt ng dy thu bao in thoi, ng ni lin mt c dn n vn
phng in thoi trung tm. Nhng dng ny c thit k truyn m thanh vi
bng thng hn ch. Cc knh c coi l mt knh bandpass. Chng ti chuyn i
tn hiu k thut s t my tnh ti mt tn hiu tng t, v gi cc tn hiu analog.
Chng ti c th ci t hai b chuyn i thay i cc tn hiu k thut s
Analog v ngc li vo cui thu. B chuyn i, trong trng hp ny, c gi l
mt modem.)

- Transmission impairment: Signals travel through transmission media, which are

not perfect. The imperfection causes signal impairment. This means that the signal
at the beginning of the medium is not the same as the signal at the end of the
medium. What is sent is not what is received. Three causes of impairment are
attenuation, distortion, and noise.
(Transmission impairment: Tn hiu i qua cc phng tin truyn dn, m
khng phi l hon ho. Cc khuyt im gy ra suy gim tn hiu. iu ny c
ngha rng cc tn hiu u ca mi trng l khng ging nh cc tn hiu vo
cui ca mi trng. Nhng g c sai i khng phi l nhng g nhn c. Ba
nguyn nhn ca s suy gim l s suy gim, bin dng, v ting n. )

- One reason that engineers use the decibel to measure the changes in the
strength of a signal is that decibel numbers can be added (or subtracted) when we
are measuring several points (cascading) instead of just two.
(- Mt l do m cc k s s dng decibel o nhng thay i trong sc mnh
ca mt tn hiu l s decibel c th c thm vo (hoc tr) khi chng ta o mt

s im (cascading) thay v ch hai.)

- Distortion means that the signal changes its form or shape. Distortion can occur
in a composite signal made of different frequencies
(- Distortion c ngha l cc tn hiu thay i loi hnh hoc hnh dng ca n.
Distortion c th xy ra trong mt tn hiu composite lm bng tn s khc nhau)

- Thermal noise is the random motion of electrons in a wire which creates an extra
signal not originally sent by the transmitter.
(- Ting n nhit l chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc electron trong mt dy m
to ra mt tn hiu ph khng c gi ban u ca my pht. )

- Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and appliances. These devices
act as a sending antenna, and the transmission medium acts as the receiving
antenna.
(- Ting n cm ng n t cc ngun nh ng c v cc thit b. Cc thit b
ny hot ng nh mt ng-ten gi, v cc hnh vi phng tin truyn dn nh cc
ng-ten nhn.)

- Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on the other. One wire acts as a sending
antenna and the other as the receiving antenna.
(- Crosstalk l tc dng ca mt dy bn kia. Mt dy hot ng nh mt ng-ten
gi v khc nh ng ten tip nhn.)

- Impulse noise is a spike ( a signal with high energy in a very short time) that
comes from powerlines, lightning

(- Ting n Impulse l mt cnh (mt tn hiu vi nng lng cao trong mt thi
gian rt ngn) xut pht t ng dy in, chng st )

- A very important consideration in data communications is how fast we can send

data, in bits per second, over a channel. Data rate depends on three factors: The
bandwidth available, The level of the signals we use, The quality of the
channel (the level of noise).
(- Mt xem xt rt quan trng trong vic truyn d liu l cch nhanh chng, chng
ti c th gi d liu, bit mi giy, trn mt knh. Tc d liu ph thuc vo ba
yu t: bng thng c sn, Cc mc tn hiu chng ti s dng, cht lng
ca cc knh (mc ting n).

- Increasing the levels of a signal may reduce the reliability of the system.
(- Tng mc ca mt tn hiu c th lm gim tin cy ca h thng.)

- The Shannon capacity gives us the upper limit; the Nyquist formula tells us
how many signal levels we need.
(- Nng lc Shannon cho chng ta gii hn trn; cng thc Nyquist cho chng ta
bit bao nhiu mc tn hiu chng ti cn.)

- One important issue in networking is the performance of the networkhow good

is it? We discuss quality of service, an overall measurement of network
performance, in greater detail later.
(- Mt vn quan trng trong vic kt ni mng l hiu sut ca mng nh th
no tt l n? Chng ti tho lun v cht lng ca dch v, o lng tng th ca
mng li, chi tit hn sau ny. )

- In networking, we use the term bandwidth in two contexts.

(- Trong mng, chng ti s dng bng thng hn trong hai bi cnh.)

+ The first, bandwidth in hertz, refers to the range of frequencies in a composite

signal or the range of frequencies that a channel can pass.
(+ Vic u tin, bng thng trong hertz, cp n phm vi tn s ti mt tn
hiu composite hoc phm vi tn s m mt knh c th vt qua. )

+ The second, bandwidth in bits per second, refers to the speed of bit
transmission in a channel or link.
(+ Th hai, bng thng trong bit mi giy, cp n tc truyn bit trong
mt knh hoc lin kt.)

- Latency: Time it takes for an entire message to completely arrive at the

destination
(- tr: Thi gian cn cho ton b mt thng ip hon ton n ch)

CHNG 4:

- Digital-to-Digital conversion: The conversion involves three techniques: line

coding, block coding, and scrambling. Line coding is always needed; block
coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.
(- Digital-to-Digital conversion : Vic chuyn i bao gm ba k thut: m ha
ng, khi m ha, v xo trn. Dng m ha l lun lun cn thit; chn m

ha v xo trn thng hoc c th khng cn thit.)

- A data element is the smallest entity that represents a piece of information.
(- Yu t d liu A l n v nh nht m i din cho mt on thng tin.)

- A signal element is the shortest unit of a digital signal.

(- Mt yu t tn hiu l n v ngn nht ca mt tn hiu k thut s.)

The signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in 1s

(- T l tn hiu l s phn t tn hiu c gi trong 1s)

- In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the

middle of the bit is used for synchronization.
(- Trong Manchester v differential Manchester m ha, qu trnh chuyn i g
gia cc bit c s dng ng b ha.)

- The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential Manchester is 2 times

that of NRZ.
(- Bng thng ti thiu ca Manchester v differential Manchester l 2 ln so vi
NRZ.)

- In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative.

(- Trong m ha lng cc, chng ti s dng ba cp : tch cc, bng khng, v
tiu cc.)

- In mBnL schemes, a pattern of m data elements is encoded as a pattern of n

signal elements in which 2m Ln.
(- Trong mBnL schemes , mt m hnh ca cc yu t d liu m c m ho l
mt m hnh ca cc yu t tn hiu n trong 2m Ln.

- Block coding is normally referred to as mB/nB coding; it replaces each m-bit

group with an n-bit group.
(- Khi m ha thng c gi tt l MB / nB m ha; n thay th mi nhm m-bit
vi mt nhm n-bit. )

- B8ZS substitutes eight consecutive zeros with 000VB0VB.

(- B8ZS thay tm s khng lin tip vi 000VB0VB.)

- HDB3 substitutes four consecutive zeros with 000V or B00V depending on the
number of nonzero pulses after the last substitution.
(- HDB3 thay bn s khng lin tip vi 000V hoc B00V ty thuc vo s lng cc
xung khc khng sau khi thay th cui cng)

- According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least 2 times the
highest frequency contained in the signal.
(- Theo nh l Nyquist, t l ly mu phi c t nht 2 ln tn s cao nht cha
trong tn hiu. )

- In synchronous transmission, we send bits one after another without start or

stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.

(- Trong truyn ng b, chng ti gi cc bit ci khc m khng bt u hoc

ngng bit hoc nhng khong trng. l trch nhim ca ngi nhn nhm cc
bit. )

- The isochronous mode provides synchronized for the entire stream of bits. In
other words, it guarantees that the data arrive at a fixed rate.
(Cc ch ng thi cung cp ng b cho ton b dng bit. Ni cch khc, n
m bo rng d liu n mt t l c nh.)

CHNG 5:

- Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the

characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.
( Digital-to-analog conversion l qu trnh thay i mt trong nhng c im
ca mt tn hiu tng t da trn cc thng tin trong d liu k thut s.)

- Bit rate is the number of bits per second.

(- Tc bit l s bit mi giy.)

- Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.

(- Tc Baud l s phn t tn hiu mi giy.)

- In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than or equal to
the bit rate.
(- Trong truyn dn tng t ca d liu k thut s, tc truyn l nh hn
hoc bng vi tc bit.

- A carrier signal is a transmitted electromagnetic pulse or wave on which

information can be imposed by varying the base frequency, phase, or amplitude.
This modification is called modulation.
(- Mt tn hiu sng mang l mt xung in t truyn qua hoc sng m trn
thng tin c th c p dng bng cch thay i tn s c bn, giai on, hoc
bin . sa i ny c gi l iu ch.

- Phase-shift keying (PSK): the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey

information. There are several methods that can be used to accomplish PSK.
(- Phase-shift keying (PSK): giai on ca mt tn hiu truyn l khc nhau
truyn t thng tin. C mt s phng php c th c s dng thc hin
PSK.)

- The simplest PSK technique is called 2-PSK or BPSK. It uses two opposite signal
phases (0 and 180
degree).
(- K thut PSK n gin c gi l 2-PSK hoc BPSK. N s dng hai giai on
tn hiu ngc li (0 v 180 ).

- Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK.

(- iu ch Quadrature bin l mt s kt hp ca ASK v PSK. )

- Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog information by an

analog signal. One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is already
analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a
bandpass channel is available to us.
(- Analog-to-analog conversion : l i din ca cc thng tin tng t bng mt
tn hiu tng t. Ngi ta c th hi ti sao chng ta cn phi iu chnh mt tn
hiu tng t; n c tng t. iu ch l cn thit nu cc phng tin l
bandpass trong t nhin hoc nu ch c mt knh bandpass c sn cho chng ti)

- The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the
audio signal: BAM = 2B.
(- Tng bng thng cn thit cho AM c th c xc nh t bng thng ca tn
hiu m thanh: BAM = 2B.)

- The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the
audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B.
(- Tng bng thng cn thit cho FM c th c xc nh t bng thng ca tn
hiu m thanh: BFM = 2 (1 + ) B.)

- The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined from the bandwidth and
maximum amplitude of the modulating signal: BPM = 2(1 + )B.
(- Tng bng thng cn thit cho PM c th c xc nh t cc bng thng v
bin ti a ca tn hiu iu ch: BPM = 2 (1 + ) B.)

CHNG 6:

- Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific

goals.
- S dng bng thng l vic s dng khn ngoan ca bng thng sn c t
c cc mc tiu c th.

- Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; privacy and anti-jamming can be

achieved by spreading.
- Hiu qu c th t c bng cch ghp; ring t v chng gy nhiu c th t
c bng cch truyn b.)

- Multiplexing: Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is

greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared.
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use
increases, so does traffic.
(- Multiplexing: Bt c khi no cc bng thng ca mt phng tin kt ni hai
thit b ln hn nhu cu bng thng ca cc thit b, cc lin kt c th c chia
s. Multiplexing l tp hp cc k thut cho php vic truyn ti ng thi nhiu tn
hiu qua mt lin kt d liu duy nht. Khi d liu v vin thng s dng tng ln,
do , hin giao thng.)

- Link refers to the physical path.

(- Lin kt cp n ng dn vt l.)

- Channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission between a given
pair of lines
(- Knh cp n phn ca mt lin kt m mang mt truyn gia mt cp nht
nh ca dng )

- Multiplexing gm 3 khi: Frequency-division multiplexing, Wavelengthdivision multiplexing, Time-division multiplexing.

(ghp knh tn s-chia, ghp knh bc sng-chia, Time-division
multiplexing.)

- FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals.

(- FDM l mt k thut ghp knh analog kt hp cc tn hiu analog.)

- WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.

(- WDM l mt k thut ghp knh analog kt hp cc tn hiu quang hc. )

- TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate channels

into one high-rate one.
(- TDM l mt k thut ghp knh k thut s kt hp nhiu knh tc thp
vo mt t l cao nht)

- In synchronous TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit
duration is n times shorter.
(- Trong TDM ng b, tc d liu ca lin kt l n ln nhanh hn, v thi gian
n v l ngn hn n ln.)

- In spread spectrum (SS), we combine signals from different sources to fit into a
larger bandwidth, but our goals are to prevent eavesdropping and jamming. To
achieve these goals, spread spectrum techniques add redundancy.
(- Trong tri ph (SS), chng ti kt hp cc tn hiu t cc ngun khc nhau
ph hp vi mt bng thng ln hn, nhng mc tiu ca chng ti l ngn chn
vic nghe trm v gy nhiu. t c nhng mc tiu ny, cc k thut tri ph
thm d phng. )

- A pseudorandom code generator, called pseudorandom noise (PN), creates a

k-bit pattern for every hopping period Th
- Mt my pht in m gi ngu nhin, c gi l ting n gi ngu nhin
(PN), to ra mt m hnh k-bit cho mi nhy k T h )
(

- The frequency table uses the pattern to find the frequency to be used for this
hopping period and passes it to the frequency synthesizer.
(- Bng tn s s dng cc m hnh tm tn s c s dng trong giai on
nhy ny v vt qua n tng hp tn s. )

- The frequency synthesizer creates a carrier signal of that frequency, and the
source signal modulates the carrier signal.
(- Cc b tng hp tn s to ra mt tn hiu sng mang m tn s, v cc ngun
tn hiu iu bin tn hiu sng mang.)

CHNG 7:

- Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to
another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.
(- Phng tin truyn thng hng dn, l nhng ngi cung cp mt ng
dn t mt thit b khc, bao gm cp xon i, cp ng trc v cp quang.)

- Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical

conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.
(- Vn ti phng tin truyn thng khng iu khin sng in t m khng
s dng mt dy dn vt l. y l loi thng thng c gi l truyn thng
khng dy. )

- Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.
(- Sng v tuyn c s dng cho truyn thng multicast, chng hn nh h
thng phn trang i pht thanh v truyn hnh, v.)

- Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,

satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
(- Microwaves c s dng cho truyn unicast nh in thoi di ng, mng v
tinh, v cc mng LAN khng dy)

- Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area

using line-of-sight propagation.
(- Tn hiu hng ngoi c th c s dng giao tip tm ngn trong mt khu
vc khp kn, line-of-sight tuyn truyn.)

CHNG 8:

- A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical

links. A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more
links. However, each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link. Each
link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or TDM.
(- Mt mng chuyn mch bao gm mt b thit b chuyn mch ni vi nhau
bng lin kt vt l. Mt kt ni gia hai trm l mt con ng chuyn dng lm
bng mt hoc nhiu lin kt. Tuy nhin, mi kt ni ch s dng mt knh ring
trn mi lin kt. Mi lin kt thng c chia thnh cc knh n bng cch s dng
FDM hoc TDM. )

- In circuit switching, the resources need to be reserved during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the
teardown phase.
(- Trong chuyn mch, cc ngun lc cn phi c gi trong giai on thit lp;
cc ngun ti nguyn vn cn dnh ring cho ton b thi gian ca chuyn giao d
liu cho n giai on teardown. )

- In circuit-switching, a connection could be blocked if there lacks free resources.

On a packet-switching network, even with heavy traffic, packets are still accepted,
by delivery delay increases.
(- Trong chuyn mch, mt kt ni c th b chn nu c thiu ti nguyn min
ph. Trn mt mng gi-chuyn mch, thm ch c lu lng ln, cc gi tin vn
chp nhn, bi chm tr giao hng tng.

- Packet Switching: A station breaks long message into packets. Packets are sent
out to the network sequentially, one at a time
(- Packet Switching: Trm ph v tin nhn di thnh cc gi. Cc gi tin c gi
n cho tun t mng, cng mt lc )

- Datagram networks: In data communications, we need to send messages from

one end system to another. If the message is going to pass through a packetswitched network, it needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable size. The
size of the packet is determined by the network and the governing protocol.
(- Mng Datagram: Trong giao tip d liu, chng ta cn gi tin nhn t mt h
thng u cui khc. Nu thng bo l s i qua mt mng chuyn mch gi, n
cn phi c chia thnh cc gi kch thc c nh hoc bin. Kch thc ca cc
gi d liu c xc nh bi cc mng v cc giao thc qun. )

- In a packet-switched network, there is no resource reservation; resources are

allocated on demand.
(- Trong mt mng chuyn mch gi, khng c d phng ti nguyn; cc ngun
lc c phn b theo nhu cu. )

- A router in a datagram network uses a routing table that is based on the

destination address.

(- Mt b nh tuyn trong mng gi s dng mt bng nh tuyn da trn a

ch ch.)

- The destination address in the header of a packet in a datagram network remains

the same during the entire journey of the packet.
(- Cc a ch ch trong header ca gi tin trong mng gi tin vn gi nguyn trong
sut cuc hnh trnh ca cc gi d liu. )

- A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a

datagram network. It has some characteristics of both.
(- Mt mng o mch l mt cho gia mt mng chuyn mch knh v mng
gi. N c mt s c im ca c hai.)

- In virtual circuit, a preplanned route is established before any packets are sent,
then all packets follow the same route. Each packet contains a virtual circuit
identifier instead of destination address, and each node on the preestablished route
knows where to forward such packets.
(- Trong mch o, mt tuyn ng preplanned c thnh lp trc khi bt k gi
d liu c gi i, sau tt c cc gi tin theo cng mt tuyn ng. Mi gi c
cha mt dng mch o thay v a ch ch, v mi nt trn tuyn preestablished
bit ni chuyn tip cc gi tin .)

- In virtual-circuit switching, all packets belonging to the same source and

destination travel the same path; but the packets may arrive at the destination
with different delays if resource allocation is on demand.

(- Trong chuyn mch o-mch, tt c cc gi tin thuc cng mt ngun v ch

i du lch cng mt con ng; nhng cc gi tin c th n cc im n vi s
chm tr khc nhau, nu phn b ngun lc l theo yu cu. )

- Structure of a switch: We use switches in circuit-switched and packet-switched

networks. In this section, we discuss the structures of the switches used in each
type of network.
(- Cu trc ca mt chuyn i: Chng ti s dng chuyn mch trong mng
chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Trong phn ny, chng ti tho lun v cu
trc ca thit b chuyn mch c s dng trong mi loi mng.)

- In a three-stage switch, the total number of crosspoints is 2kN + k(N/n)2 which

is much smaller than the number of crosspoints in a single-stage switch (N2).
(- Trong mt cng tc ba giai on, tng s crosspoints l 2kN + k (N / n) 2 l
nh hn nhiu so vi s lng crosspoints trong mt chuyn i n tng (N2).)