Logic m

Logic m
Bi:
Wiki Pedia
Lgic m (ting Anh: Fuzzy logic) c pht trin t l thuyt tp m thc hin lp
lun mt cch xp x thay v lp lun chnh xc theo lgic v t c in. Lgic m c th
c coi l mt ng dng ca l thuyt tp m x l cc gi tr trong th gii thc
cho cc bi ton phc tp (Klir 1997).
Ngi ta hay nhm ln mc ng vi xc sut. Tuy nhin, hai khi nim ny khc
hn nhau; ng n ca lgic m biu din lin thuc vi cc tp c nh ngha
khng r rng, ch khng phi kh nng xy ra mt bin c hay iu kin no .
minh ha s khc bit, xt tnh hung sau: Bo ang ng trong mt ngi nh c hai
phng thng nhau: phng bp v phng n. Trong nhiu trng hp, trng thi ca Bo
trong tp hp gm nhng th " trong bp" hon ton n gin: hoc l anh ta "trong
bp" hoc "khng trong bp". Nhng nu Bo ng ti ca ni gia hai phng th
sao? Anh ta c th c coi l "c phn trong bp". Vic nh lng trng thi "mt
phn" ny cho ra mt quan h lin thuc i vi mt tp m. Chng hn, nu Bo ch
th mt ngn chn ci vo phng n, ta c th ni rng Bo "trong bp" n 99% v
trong phng n 1%. Mt khi anh ta cn ng ca th khng c mt bin c no (v d
mt ng xu c tung ln) quyt nh rng Bo hon ton " trong bp" hay hon ton
"khng trong bp". Cc tp m c t c s trn cc nh ngha m v cc tp hp
ch khng phi da trn s ngu nhin.
Lgic m cho php lin thuc c gi tr trong khong ng 0 v 1, v hnh thc
ngn t, cc khi nim khng chnh xc nh "hi hi", "gn nh", "kh l" v "rt". C
th, n cho php quan h thnh vin khng y gia thnh vin v tp hp. Tnh cht
ny c lin quan n tp m v l thuyt xc sut. Lgic m c a ra ln u vo
nm 1965 bi GS. Lotfi Zadeh ti i hc California, Berkeley.
Mc d c chp nhn rng ri v c nhiu ng dng thnh cng, lgic m vn b ph
phn ti mt s cng ng nghin cu. N b ph nhn bi mt s k s iu khin v
kh nng thm nh v mt s l do khc, v bi mt s nh thng k - nhng ngi
khng nh rng xc sut l m t ton hc cht ch duy nht v s khng chc chn
(uncertainty). Nhng ngi ph phn cn l lun rng lgic m khng th l mt siu
tp ca l thuyt tp hp thng thng v cc hm lin thuc ca n c nh ngha
theo cc tp hp truyn thng.

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Logic m

ng dng
Lgic m c th c s dng iu khin cc thit b gia dng nh my git (cm
nhn kch thc ti v mt bt git v iu chnh cc chu k git theo ) v t lnh.
Mt ng dng c bn c th c c im l cc khong con ca mt bin lin tc. V d,
mt o c nhit cho phanh (anti-lock brake) c th c mt vi hm lin thuc ring
bit xc nh cc khong nhit c th iu khin phanh mt cch ng n. Mi
hm nh x cng mt s o nhit ti mt chn gi tr trong khong t 0 n 1. Sau
cc chn gi tr ny c th c dng quyt nh cc phanh nn c iu khin
nh th no.

Trong hnh, cold (lnh), warm (m), v hot (nng) l cc hm nh x mt thang nhit
. Mt im trn thang nhit c 3 "chn gi tr" mi hm cho mt gi tr. i vi
nhit c th trong hnh, 3 chn gi tr ny c th c gii ngha l 3 miu t sau v
nhit ny: "tng i lnh", "hi hi m", v "khng nng".
V d v cc ng dng ca lgic m
Cc h thng con ca t v cc phng tin giao thng khc, chng hn cc
h thng con nh ABS v qun l hi (v d Tokyo monorail)
My iu ha nhit
Phn mm MASSIVE dng trong cc tp phim Cha nhn (Lord of the Rings),
phn mm gip trnh din nhng i qun ln, to cc chuyn ng mt
cch ngu nhin nhng vn c th t
Camera
X l nh s (Digital image processing), chng hn nh pht hin bin (edge
detection)
Ni cm in
My ra bt
Thang my
My git v cc thit b gia dng khc
Tr tu nhn to trong tr chi in t
Cc b lc ngn ng ti cc bng tin (message board) v phng chat lc b
cc on vn bn khim nh
Nhn dng mu trong Cm nhn t xa (Remote Sensing)
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Gambit System trong Final Fantasy XII

Lgic m cng c tch hp vo mt s b vi iu khin v vi x l, v d Freescale
68HC12.

Nhm ln v tranh ci
Lgic m chnh l "lgic khng chnh xc"
Lgic m chnh xc khng km dng lgic bt k no khc: y l mt phng php
ton hc c t chc lm vic vi cc khi nim 'c bn cht khng chnh xc. Khi
nim "lnh" khng th c biu din trong mt phng trnh, v mc d nhit l
mt i lng o c nhng "lnh" th li khng. Tuy nhin, ngi ta vn c khi nim
v "lnh", v ng vi nhau rng khng c ranh gii chnh xc gia "lnh" v "khng
lnh" chng hn nh mt th g nhit N c gi l lnh nhng khi nhit N
+ 1 th c xem l "khng lnh" mt khi nim m lgic c in khng th d dng
x l c.
Lgic m l mt cch mi biu din xc sut
Lgic m v xc sut ni n cc loi khng chc chn khc nhau. Lgic m c thit
k lm vic vi cc s kin khng chnh xc (cc mnh lgic m), trong khi xc
sut lm vic vi cc kh nng s kin xy ra (nhng vn coi kt qu l chnh xc).
Tuy nhin, y l mt im gy tranh ci. Nhiu nh thng k b thuyt phc bi
cng trnh nghin cu ca Bruno de Finetti rng ch cn n duy nht 1 loi khng chc
chn ton hc v do lgic m l khng cn thit. Mt khc, Bart Kosko l lun rng
xc sut l mt l thuyt con ca lgic m, do xc sut ch lm vic vi mt loi khng
chc chn. ng cn khng nh rng mnh chng minh mt dn xut nh l Bayes
t khi nim tp con m. Lotfi Zadeh, ngi to ra lgic m, l lun rng lgic m khc
xc sut v c tnh, v khng phi l mt s thay th cho xc sut. ng to mt loi
xc sut m khc, v gi l l thuyt kh nng (possibility theory). Cc cch tip cn
gy tranh ci khc ti s khng chc chn bao gm: l thuyt Dempster-Shafer v tp
th (rough set).
Kh trin khai lgic m cho cc bi ton ln
Nm 1993, trong mt bi bo c lan truyn rng v gy nhiu tranh ci, Charles Elkan
bnh lun rng "...c rt t, nu khng mun ni l khng h c, cc bo co cng b
v h chuyn gia c s dng thc t dng n lp lun v lgic m. C v nh
l cc hn ch ca lgic m khng gy hi trong cc ng dng iu khin l v cc
b iu khin m hin hnh n gin hn nhiu so vi cc h thng da tri thc khc.
Trong tng lai, cc hn ch k thut ca lgic m c th tr nn quan trng trong thc
tin, v cc cng trnh v cc b iu khin m s gp phi mt s vn v trin khai

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Logic m

c bit vi cc h thng da tri thc khc". Cc phn ng i vi bi bo ca Elkan

c nhiu v a dng, mt s cho rng n gin l ng nhm, mt s khc cng nhn
rng Elkan ch ra nhng hn ch quan trng ca lgic m m nhng ngi thit k h
thng cn phi quan tm. Trong thc t, vo thi im , lgic m cha c s dng
rng ri, cn ngy nay, n c dng gii nhng bi ton rt phc tp trong lnh
vc tr tu nhn to.

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