1

.


.
.
Network+ . CompTIA
.
Network+
.
.

azamanian8@yahoo.com .

:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
(--------------------------------------------------------------)Topology

6
6
7
8
01

Network Cabling :
----------------------------------------------------------------Network Cabling
------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------Coaxial
--------------------------------------------------Twisted pair
-------------------------------------------------------------Fiber Optic
---------------------------------------------------------------------Patch Panel
----------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------

07
08
08
01
32
32
36
38
21
20

:
-----------------------------------------------------------OSI Reference Model
(----------------------------------------)Data Encapsulation
------------------------------------------------------------------OSI
----------------------------------------------------------------------TCP/IP
--------------------------------------------------------------TCP/IP
-----------------------------------------------------------TCP/IP

22
22
23
21
21
23


---------------------------------------------------------------IP
-------------------------------------------------------------
IP -------------------------------------------------------------------------6
---------------------------------------------------------------Routing
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------NAT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ICMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ARP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------DHCP
---------------------------------------------------------Transport
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------

26
21
31
30
32
32
33
36
37
31
61
63

RAID: Wan Link

------------------------------------------------Performance & Fault Tolerance
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- RAID
RAID----------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------WAN Link
--------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------

68
68
61
73
76
81
80

Netware
.

()
( )

. .
)(PC .
) (Media
.
) (NIC .
) (Domain
.

.
.
:
. .
.
: viber
.
.


:
.
: . .


USB .
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

peer to peer
01
. 3
.
. Work Group .

server based
...
.
. .


/ client/server

.
. Domain .
Active Directory .

) Pan ( Personal Area Network

.... .


) LAN ( Local Area Network

.

) Man (Metropolitan Area Network

.
.


) Wan ( Wide Area Network
(
) .
.

)(Topology
.

)(BUS
)(STAR
)(RING
)(TREE
)(MESH
Wlan

11


)(BUS

.
.
.

. .

.
.

11


)(STAR
.
LAN .
.

LAN .
.
.

12


)(RING

.
.

( )Drop . MAU
.
MAU MAU
.

13


)(TREE

.
.
uplink .

14


)(MESH
.
.

.

)(WLAN
) (Wireless .
(ad-
hoc). Access Point
. Access Point LAN
WLAN .

( )

15

Network Cabling

16


Network Cabling

.
:(Simple Mode) -
.
. .
: (Half Duplex Mode)-
.
) :(Full Duplex Mode
.
)(Bandwidth
.

Noise
.

Noise

( )
( )

17



Coaxial

.

BNC .

18


BUS .

Coaxial
:Thin Net 1/33 083 .
:Thick Net 1/3 311 .
Coaxial PVC :

:plenum grade pvc

Twisted pair
8
23 RJ .

Twisted pair UTP

( UTP )unshielded twisted pair :
STP . .
( STP(shielded twisted pair :
.

CAT6 0111 .

19


: 011
.

.
.
A B .
A B .

21


A B
Straight A B
Cross .

CrossStraight
Cross .
Cross .
Cross .
Straight .

.

21


UTP :

22


Fiber Optic

. SC ST .

031
.

Fiber Optic

.
) :SMF(single mode fiber
. ) ILD(inject laser diode .
) :MMF(multi mode fiber
( LED(light emiting diode .

23


Patch Panel
.
.

. Patch Panel ..

.
Face Plate .
. Patch Panel .
Patch Panel . .

24

Ethernet .

25

:

:

WiFi
Wimax
Bluetooth
Ad-hoc
Infrastructure .
:Ad-hoc Access Point .
.

26


:Infrastructure Access Point . AP
. Ad-hoc .

27



) :SSID(Service Set Identifier Access Point AP
.
.
: Chanel AP .
. AP .
AP AP . WiFi Analyzer

..

28



11 to 1USA : use channels
11 to 1Europe : use channels
11to 1Japan : use channels

:BSSID Access Point .

:Association Access Point .
:HotSpot .
:
.
. ) (Carrier
)(Modulation . DSSS OFDM CCK QPSK BPSK FHSS .
: sidebands .

29



Indoor Outdoor .
, , ,,
.
.
(/)
.
.
Omni Directional
Semi Directional
Highly Directional

31



: a 11.211 32 3 OFDM .
: b 11.211 00 3,2 DSSS .
: g 11.211 00 32 3,2
OFDM DSSS .
: n 11.211 611 3,2 3 OFDM .
: 11.218 .

31

32


OSI Reference Model
ISO
OSI .
OSI .

)OSI(open system interconnection

ISO 0182 .
.
.
.
:
. .
.

33


)(Data Encapsulation
OSI )(Header
) (Footer
.
.

.

.

.

34


Physical layer:
OSI .
.
.
( )... .
:
( )....

)(bit rate
()

Data link layer:

OSI
.



( )... .
LLC MAC .

LLC


Acknowledge
Acknowledge

35


MAC
:
Token Pasing
)CSMA/CD(carrier sense multiple access / collision detection

Token Pasing
collision
)(Token
Token
Token
Token

Acknowledge
Token

CSMA/CD

.

Network layer:
OSI .
OSI .
.
IP .

36


Transport layer:
OSI .
session
.

Session layer:
OSI
) (Authentication , Authorization , login
.

Presentation layer:
OSI .

.

.

37


Application layer:
OSI .
OSI . .
.... .

38


TCP/IP
TCP/IP OSI OSI TCP/IP .
.
Link
IpInternet
Transport
Application
TCP/IP TCP/IP . TCP/IP
.
TCP/IP TCP/IP Protocol Stack
.

39


Link
.
.
Data Link Physical OSI .

IP
.
.
Network OSI .
:
IP
ICMP
IGMP
ARP
RARP

Transport
OSI.
TCP UDP .
.

: connection oriented )(TCP
: connection less )(UDP

41


Application

...
:
HTTP
FTP
2POP
TELNET
DNS
DHCP

41


TCP/IP
TCP/IP .
.

IP IP
.

IPInternet Protocol
:
:
: IP
:

42


:
OSI .
IP .

: Version IP 2 IP
. 6
2 .
.
IHL : IP Header Length 2 .
: Type of Service 8 ( ) IP
. Total Length: 06
IP . IP 63323 .
: Identification
. 06
. IP
.

43


: Fragment Offset :
) DF : Dont Fragment IP
.
.
) MF : More Fragment IP
. MF .
) : Fragment Offset 02
. 02 8013 .
8 .
8.
3111
0311 . 0331 8
0381 . 0381 0061
. 3233 .
2 .

: Time To Live 8 .
IP . 333
. IP
.
IP .
.

44


: Protocol IP
IP . TCP
UDP .
. .
: Header Checksum 06 IP
. .
.
. Checksum
IP TTL .
: Source Address 23 ( 23
2 IP 6 038 ) . IP
.
: Destination Address IP
.
: Options 21
*.
: Payload .

TCP/IP
.
DoS
TTL .

itpro.ir .

45


IP
IP ( ) IP
IP .
23IP 2 8 ( 8 Octet
)
: 2 IPv 038 6 IPv .
IP 2 2 333 .
1,1,1,1 333,333,333,333
013,068,0,01
IP ( )Network ID ( )Host ID
IP .

46


IP
. 01,1,1,0 IP .
IP:11110101,11111111,11111111,11111110
Subnet:00000000,11111111,11111111,11111111
: .
038,62,23,06,8,2,3,0


013 038+62 013 .
00111111= 013
: IP
038 = 01111111
013 =00111111
332 =00011111
321 =00001111
328 =00000111
333 =00000011
332 =00000001

IP
)Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA IP
IP .
IANA IP .
2IPv 3 A,B,C,D,E .

47


IP .

Public & private IP

Public IP IP .
Private IP IP .

48



Unicast
Multicast Broadcast .
Unicast .

Multicast .
send to all Broadcast.
.

49

IP 8
. *
332 .
6 IPv 2 IPv . 6 IPv 038 *
3 038( 21)
.
6 06 * *
( ): .
IP 6 038 . Octet 8 06 6.IPv
Prefix.
IP 6 . : . IP 6
Prefix Subnet mask .
A3C38:1FF:FE11AA:8:1111:1111:13FB3110:1
IP 6 : .
2 .
.

51


A3C38:1AA:FF:FE8:1:1:3:FB3110
IP . .
A3C38:1AA:FF:FE3::8:FB3110
: IP 6
IP .
Global
Public 2 . IP 110 .
Link-Local
apipa 2 . IP 8 fe .
Site-local
Private 2 . IP 1 fec .
Special
Loop Back 2 . 0:: .

Routing
. OSI
Network .
Network
CCNA CCNP . Routing Router
RAS RRAS .
IP
Broadcast Domain .
.
.
.
.

51


!!!!!
Subnet
. IP Subnet
. .

.
)(Interface .
IP
Default Gateway .
.
. Static Dynamic
.
( CCNA ) .
.
.
Dynamic
. :
) RIP (Router Information Protocol
52


) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First
) EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
) BGP (Boarder Gateway Protocol
Packet Tracer
.
Packet Tracer
.

)NAT (Network Address Translate

Route . Route
NAT
. NAT IP
Public IP Private . IP
IP .
NAT .
IP .
IP IP
. IP .
NAT IP . IP
IP .
. NAT .

. .
IP
NAT Remote Desktop
.

53


NAT .

NAT
.

)ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol

IP
. ICMP
ICMP IP IP
ICMP .
ICMP
. PING IP CMD
2 .
Ping 01,1,1,0
. CMD
.
Reply from 306,321,23,31: bytes=23 time=011 ms TTL=21
306,321,23,31 .
23 . 011 . TTL Time To
54


Live IP . 21 .
62 . 038
336 .

.
ICMP .

)ARP (Address Resolution Protocol

ARP IP MAC Broadcast MAC
.
ARP . MAC ARP Broadcast
.
ARP IP MAC .
ARP Request ARP Reply ARP ARP Cache
. LAN ARP
ARP .
.
.

ARP a IP

55


ARP
ARP n IP

ARP s IP MAC

ARP d IP

)DHCP(dynamic host configuration protocol

IP .
DHCP IP
Broadcast DHCP Discover .
DHCP . DHCP
Unicast DHCP Offer .
DHCP . Broadcast DHCP
Request IP . DHCP
DHCP Request Unicast DHCP Ack
IP .

56


Transport
:
)TCP(Transmission Control Protocol
) (Connection Oriented
) (Header .
TCP ) (three way handshake .
UDP .
Three-Way Handshake
TCP
Three-Way Handshake . .
: flag SYN
(. )
: flag SYN ACK
(. )
: ACK flag
(. )
TCP .

flagTCP
TCP Flag . Flag .
.
Flag SYN . Flag
.
) :SYN(Synchronize flag .
) :ACK(Acknowledgment flag .
) :PSH(Push flag .

57


) :RST(Reset flag .
) :FIN(Finish flag .
) :URG(Urgent flag .

)UDP(User Datagram Protocol

) (connection less
.

TCP .

58

.
. .
VGA Serial 3PS USB .
.
63323
. TCP UDP . .
1-11.1 .
11.9-15191
. 81 .
1519.-89919 .

.
.

59



)HTTP(hyper text transfer protocol

.
. 81.
HTTPS
S SSL
. 222.
)FTP(file transfer protocol
TCP/IP . 30
TFTP
FTP . TCP UDP
. 61
)SMTP(simple mail trasport protocol
. 33.
(post office protocol)1POP
.
001.
)NTP(network time protocol

. 032.
)DNS(domain name system
TCP/IP IP .
32.
)DHCP(dynamic host configuration protocol
IP . 68 67.

61


)SNMP(simple network management protocol

060.
TELNET
.
32.
:
.

61




. .
.

.
:
)( Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
Wireless

:

.
. ... .

( Band Width ) :

( . ) HZ2111HZ - 211 /
( bps )
( . 03 bps 3611 ). . .
. .
.
:
-0 )(BaseBand
-3 ) (Band Broad

62


Base Band .

. ) (Pachet .

.
( . Base Band )( ) UTP
( ) .
.
.
WAN (. - ).
: (
)011mbps
.
.
: . .
.

:
. 0171
.
:
11 BASE .
11 BASE 9
11 BASE T
11 BASE FL
111 BASE X
1111 BASE X
1111 BASE T
63


: . BASE BASE BAND
F : Fiber optic) . ( T : Twisted Pair

11 BASE .
3 BASE 01 THINNET
. BNC TERMINATOR
. . 3 BASE 01 . 3 BASE 01
.

. BASE 11 . :
1/3 .
T_CONNECTOR .
083 . .
) ) REPEATER 133
.
REPEATER 21 .
TERMINATOR . TERMINATOR 3BASE01 31
.

11 BASE 9
3BASE 01 THICKNET .
AUI DIX TRANSCEIVER
TERMINATOR . 3BASE01
. 3 BASE 01 . :
3/3 .
311 .
TERMINATOR. .
TRANSCEIVER . 31 .

64


11 BASE T
BASE T 01 ( Twisted Pair )
MBPS 01 .
. 23 RJ- .SEGMENTE
.
. .
.

BASE T 11 :
0132 . .
2 CAT 2 CAT 3 CAT ( .
UTP STP )
011 .
( 3/3 ) . .

11 BASE FL
BASE FL 01 .
MBPS 01 . BASE FL . 01 .
3 . .
. .
Base FB 01 Base FP 01 Base FB 01 .
.
Base FP 01 Backbone
. Base FP 01 .

111Base X
BASE X 011 BASE T 01 ( . MBPS 011 ) 011
BAE X . :

*BASE TX : 011 3 CATEGORY UTP STP

65


* BASE FX : 011 .
* : 2 BASE T011 2 3 2 . CATEGORY 2 .
* BASE X : 011 Fast Ethernet .

1111 BASE X

. :
0111 BASE SX
0111 BASE LX/LH
0111 BASE ZX
.

1111 BASE T
.
3 CAT 23 RJ- .
.

TOKEN RING
TOKEN RING TOKEN PASSING .
TOKEN .
. TOKEN .
TOKEN .
. ACKNOWLEDGE
. TOKEN TOKEN TOKEN
. .
TOKEN RING MAU .
MBPS 06 MBPS 2 . MBPS 06 MBPS 2 .
TOKEN RING . UTP .
23 2 STP
. 010 06 .
66


FDDI
FDDI 011 .

. FDDI BACKBONE .
. FDDI 311 011 .
. 011
3 .
.
.

BROAD BAND
. WAN .
.
PAN .
PAN PAN
.
33
.
.

67


Performance & Fault Tolerance

.
RAID Backup .
RAID .

MBR GPT
.
23
23FAT NTFS .
3112 . 3112 Windows Server
TB 3 . NTFS .
MBR
GPT .
TB 3 ( 336) .
MBR GPT DISKMGMT.MSC
CONVERT TO GPT DISK
.
Basic Dynamic . Basic
. Dynamic RAID .
. Basic Dynamic
.
Dynamic
.

RAID
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent
)Disks .

68


RAID .
RAID Slot .

RAID .
. :
.
.
.
. RAID
.
RAID
.
RAID . RAID
IDE/ATA ( SCSI )
RAID . .
RAID . RAID
. .

RAID
RAID RAIDRAID RAID
.
RAID

69


RAID .
.
.
. .
.

.
. .
.
.
RAID RAID .
. .
. 1 RAID .

.
. .
. 06 .
.
. 28 .
06 06 06 .
RAID
mirroring
. 0 RAID .
.
.
(Round-robin ) .
.
mirroring .
. .
.
3RAID . .

71




.
RAID
3 RAID 0 RAID . 3 RAID .
0 RAID . .
3 RAID 61 0 RAID .
. 3RAID
.0 RAID .
2RAID .
.
.
. *
.
3 RAID
. .
. 3 RAID
.

RAID www.ict.gov.ir .

71




Network Interface Card
.
MAC .
.

Repeater

. .

OSI .

72


Hub
.
OSI .
.
. () .
.

Bridge
() OSI .


.
:
: .
:
. .
:
.

73


Switch

.
( ) .

.
* .
OSI .

.

Router

. OSI .
. .
*
.

74


Access point

.
access point .
access point , Infrastructure
access point adhoc peer to peer
.

75


WAN Link
WAN Link .

WAN Link
FRAME RELAY
ATM
ISDN
PSTN
Leased Line
SoNet/oc-x
DSL
ADSL
SDSL

FRAME RELAY
. FRAME RELAY
. FRAME RELAY .
.
. .

76


)ATM(asynchrounous transfer mode
ATM * * *
* . *
* *.
* ( * )
* Connection Oriented*.
mb/s 633
.

) Intergeated Service Digital Network (ISDN

.
.
. .


ISDN ( ) .
ISDN : N-ISDNB-ISDN
B-ISDN: Broadband ISDN
.
N-ISDN: Narrowband ISDN
.

77


)PSTN(public switched telephone network
wan .
kb/s* 22,6 .

Leased line
.
.
0T mb/s 0,322 . 32
..
2T mb/s 22,726 673 .
0E mb/s 3,28 .
2E mb/s 22,268 . 303 .

SoNet/oc-x
data center
.

Oc-0 = 30,82 mb/s
Oc-2 =033,33 mb/s
Oc-03 =633,18 mb/s
Oc-32 =0,322 Gb/s
Oc-28 =3,288 Gb/s
Oc-336 =02,370 Gb/s
Oc-768 =21 Gb/s

78


)DSL(digital subscriber line
DSL
DSL ADSL .
.
mb/s 1 mb/s 0 .
.
ADSL .
DSL SDSL mb/s 3,2
)mb/s 02,33(.

79



.

ping
.
CMD ping . 2
2 .
ipconfig
.
nslookup
DNS .
tracert
.
netstat
.
.

ping ping
.
ifconfig
ipconfig .
iwconfig .
dighost
DNS .

81


traceroute
tracert .

.

Network has to work .
ms 01
.

. .
.
Good, Fast Cheap !
.

Resource RAM Storage CPU
. Bandwidth Memory
/


. .

.

81