PHNG PHP S M

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L THUYT V PHNG PHP S M

_Bi vit trch trong sch Cng ph ha_

Trong cc k thi ha cp ph thng, cc bn thng xuyn gp mt s bi ha hu c c cch gii rt

c bit i hi cc bn phi nm vng c cng thc cu to ca cc cht hu c cng nh nm vng
c tnh cht ca cc cht hu c mi c th gii ra c p n. Tuy nhin, cc bn cng s thy cc bi
ton trn c th c gii theo cch hon ton mi sau y.
*****
V d 1: [Cu 49 - nm 2015 ca B Gio Dc v o To]
Hn hp X gm 2 ancol CH3 OH, C2 H5 OH c cng s mol v 2 axit C2 H5 COOH v HOOC [CH2 ]4 COOH.
t chy hon ton 1,86 gam X cn dng va 0,09 mol oxi thu c hn hp Y gm kh v hi. Dn Y
qua nc vi trong d thy khi lng dung dch gim m gam. Gi tr gn m nht l?
A. 2,75
B. 4,25
C. 2,25
D. 3,75
Bi lm
Ta quyt nh b i HOOC [CH2 ]4 COOH.
Khi X cn li 3 cht vi s mol ln lt l a, b, c mol.
a=b
nCH3 OH = nC2 H5 OH
mX = 32a + 46b + 74c = 1,86
Ta c: { mX = 1,86 gam {
4 1
6 1
6 2
nO2 = 0,09
nO2 = a (1 + ) + b (2 + ) + c (3 + ) = 0,09
4 2
4 2
4 2
a = 0,0025
nCO2 = a + 2b + 3c = 0,075
{b = 0,0025 {
nH2 O = 2a + 3b + 3c = 0,08
c = 0,0225
mdd thay i = mCO2 + mH2 O mCaCO3 = 0,075.44 + 0,08.18 0,075.100 = 2,76
Dung dch nc vi trong s gim 2,76 gam p n A.
Bi 1: [Cu 1 - i hc A 2011 - M 482]
t chy hon ton 3,42 gam hn hp gm axit acrylic, vinyl axetat, metyl acrylat v axit oleic, ri hp th
hon ton cc sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau phn ng thu c 18 gam kt ta v dung
dch X. Khi lng dung dch X so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u thay i nh th no.
Bi lm
Do Ca(OH)2 d nCO2 = nCaCO3 =

18
= 0,18 mol
100

Axit acrylic: CH2 = CH COOH

Vinyl axetat: CH3 COOC2 H3
Metyl acrylat: CH2 = CH COOCH3
Axit oleic: C17 H33 COOH
* Nhn xt: Ta b i hai cht l axit oleic v metyl acrylat Hn hp ch cn axit acrylic v vinyl axetat
t s mol ca axit acrylic v vinyl axetat ln lt l a v b mol
nCO2 = 3a + 4b = 0,18 mol (1)
mhn hp = maxit acrylic + mvinyl axetat = (27 + 45)a + (59 + 27)b = 72a + 86b = 3,42 gam (2)
a = 0,06 mol
T (1)v (2) ta c: {
b = 0,09 mol
nH2 O = 2nC2 H3 COOH + 3nCH3 COOC2 H3 = 2a + 3b = 2. (0,06) + 3.0,09 = 0,15 mol
mdd thay i = mCO2 + mH2 O mCaCO3 = 0,18.44 + 0,15.18 18 = 7,38 gam
Dung dch X gim i 7,38 gam

Bi 2: [Cu 35 - i hc B 2011 - M 153]

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Hn hp kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinyl axetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon ton 0,05
mol hn hp X ri hp th hon ton sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th thy khi
lng bnh tng thm m gam. Tm m.
Bi lm
MX = 17. MH2 = 17.2 = 34
Etilen: CH2 = CH2
Metan: CH4
Propin: CH C CH3
Vinyl axetilen: CH2 = CH C CH
* Nhn xt: Ta b i hai cht cui cng Hn hp X ch cn c etilen v metan
t s mol ca etilen v metan ln lt l a v b mol
(metilen + mmetan ) 28a + 16b
Ta c: MX =
=
= 34 (1)
nX
a+b
Ta c: a + b = nX = 0,05 mol (2)
a = 0,075 mol
T (1) v (2) {
b = 0,025 mol
nCO2 = 2a + b = 2. (0,075) + 1. (0,025) = 0,125 mol
nH2 O = 2a + 2b = 2. (0,075) + 2. (0,025) = 0,1 mol
mbnh thay i = mCO2 + mH2 O = 0,125.44 + 0,1.18 = 7,3 gam
Bi 3: [Cu 14 - i hc A 2012 - M 296]
Hn hp X gm axit fomic, axit acrylic, axit oxalic v axit axetic. Cho m gam X phn ng ht vi dung dch
NaHCO3 thu c 1,344 lt kh CO2 (ktc). t chy hon ton m gam X cn 2,016 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c
4,84 gam CO2 v a gam nc. Gi tr ca a l:
Bi lm
1,344
= 0,06 mol
22,4
2,016
nO2 =
= 0,09 mol
22,4
4,84
nCO2(2) =
= 0,11 mol
44
Axit fomic: HCOOH
Axit acrylic: CH2 = CH COOH
Axit oxalic: HOOC COOH
Axit axetic: CH3 COOH
* Nhn xt: Ta b i axit acrylic Hn hp X ch cn axit fomic, axit oxalic v axit axetic
t s mol ca axit fomic, axit oxalic v axit axetic ln lt l a, b, c mol
Ta c: nCO2(1) = nCOOH = a + 2b + c = 0,06 mol (1)
nCO2(1) =

2 2
2 4
4 2
) a + (2 + ) b + (2 + ) c = 0,5a + 0,5b + 2c = 0,09 mol (2)
4 2
4 2
4 2
(3)
= a + 2b + 2c = 0,11 mol

Ta c: nO2 = (1 +
Ta c: nCO2(2)

a = 0,05 mol
T (1), (2), (3). Ta c: {b = 0,03 mol
c = 0,05 mol
nH2 O = a + b + 2c = 0,05 + 0,03 + 2.0,05 = 0,08 mol a = mH2 O = 0,08.18 = 1,44 gam
Bi 4: [Cu 15 - i hc B 2012 - M 359]
Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic, etilen glicol v glixerol. t chy hon ton m gam X ta thu c 6,72 lt
kh CO2 (ktc). Cng m gam X ni trn tc dng vi Na thu c ti a V lt kh hidro (ktc). Tm V
Bi lm

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6,72
= 0,3 mol
22,4
* Nhn xt: Ta b i 2 cht cui hn hp X ch c ancol metylic
1
1
Ta c: nCH3 OH = nCO2 = 0,3 mol nH2 = nCH3 OH = . 0,3 = 0,15 mol V = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt
2
2
Bi 5: Hn hp X gm hidro, propen, axit acrylic, ancol anlylic. t chy hon ton 0,75 mol X, thu c
30,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). un nng X vi bt Ni mt thi gian, thu c hn hp Y. T khi hi ca Y so vi
X bng 1,25. Cho 0,1 mol Y tc dng va vi V lt dung dch brom 0,1 M. Tm V.
Bi lm
nCO2 =

30,24
= 1,35 mol
22,4
Propen: CH3 CH = CH2
Axit acrylic: CH2 = CH COOH
Ancol anlylic: CH2 = CH CH2 OH
mY
MY ( nY ) nX 0,75
0,75
mY = mX
= m =
=
= 1,25 nY =
= 0,6 mol
X
MX
ny
nY
1,25
nX
* Nhn xt: Ta b i 2 cht cui hn hp X ch cn 2 cht l hidro v propen
t s mol ca hidro v propen ln lt l a v b mol
Ta c: nX = a + b = 0,75 mol (1)
nCO2 = 0. a + 3. b = 1,35 mol (2)
a = 0,3 mol
T (1) v (2) ta c: {
b = 0,45 mol
C3 H6 + H2 C3 H8
x mol x mol x mol
nY = 0,6 mol = (a x) + (b x) + x = a + b x = 0,75 x x = 0,15 mol
nBr2 = nC3 H6 d = b x = 0,45 0,15 = 0,3 mol
0,3
0,05
V 0,6 mol Y phn ng vi 0,3 mol Br2 0,1 mol Y phn ng vi
= 0,05 mol Br2 V =
= 0,5 lt
6
0,1
* C th cc bn cho rng:
nCO2 =

(1) Cch lm trn ch l may mn, v chng c mt cht c s no ht, hon ton l ngu hng
(2) Bn c th lm d dng cc bi ton trn bng phng php khc, chun xc hn v c nh hng
hn nhiu.
C th l bn ng, nhng trc khi nhn xt nh trn, xin mi cc bn gii quyt bi ton sau y
theo cch khc, chun xc hn v c nh hng hn ca cc bn.
Bi 6: t chy hon ton 122,6 gam hn hp X gm anehit acrylic, C5 H6 O, C6 H8 O2 v axit axetic thu c
5,9 mol CO2 v y mol nc. Tm y
Bi lm
Anehit acrylic: CH2 = CH CH = O
Axit axetic: CH3 COOH
Hn hp X gm: C3 H4 O, C5 H6 O, C6 H8 O2 v C2 H4 O2
* Nhn xt: Bi ton trn c l s gy kh khn i vi bn, v bn kh c th tm ra c mi lin h gia

cc cht c th gii c bi ton. Nhng bn ngh sao vi cch gii sau: Ta s b i 2 cht gia hn
hp X ch c 3 4 2 4 2 .
t s mol ca anehit acrylic v axit axetic ln lt l a v b mol
Ta c: mX = mC3 H4 O + mC2 H4 O2 = 56a + 60b = 122,6 gam (1)
Ta c: nCO2 = 3a + 2b = 5,9 mol (2)
a = 1,6 mol
T (1) v (2) ta c: {
nH2 O = 2a + 2b = 2.1,6 + 2.0,55 = 4,3 mol y = 4,3 mol
b = 0,55 mol
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* Nh vy, phng php trn l kh hiu qu, n gin, d thc hin, nhng liu rng phng php trn c
phi do n may hay khng? Phng php trn dng c khi no? Khng dng c khi no? Liu rng
phng php trn c hon ton chnh xc hay khng?
khng phi l nhng cu hi d tr li. gii p nhng vng mc trn v tm hiu t m phng
php "s m" mt phng php ng vai tr nh kim ch nam ca cc phng php khc. Xin mi cc bn
c tip phn bnh lun v suy din sau y.
A. C s ca phng php s m

1) u tin chng ta hy gii quyt bi ton s 6 theo cch hon ton chnh xc v vi cch ny, bn s
khng th ph nhn hay nghi ng.
Bi 6: t chy hon ton 122,6 gam hn hp X gm anehit acrylic, C5 H6 O, C6 H8 O2 , v axit axetic thu c
5,9 mol CO2 v y mol nc. Tm y?
Bi lm
Hn hp X gm cc cht: C3 H4 O, C5 H6 O, C6 H8 O2 v C2 H4 O2 .
t s mol ca 4 cht trn ln lt l a, b, c, d mol
Ta c: mX = 56a + 82b + 112c + 60d = 122,6 gam (1)
Ta c: nCO2 = 3a + 5b + 6c + 2d = 5,9 mol (2)
Ta cn tm: nH2 O = 2a + 3b + 4c + 2d ()
Nh vy ta ch c PT (1) v (2), nhim v ca ta l tm kt qu ca ()
Ta c: nH2 O = 2a + 3b + 4c + 2d = m. (56a + 82b + 112c + 60d) + n. (3a + 5b + 6c + 2d)
nH2 O = 2a + 3b + 4c + 2d = (56m + 3n)a + (82m + 5n)b + (112m + 6n)c + (60m + 2n)
2 = 56m + 3n
3 = 82m + 5n
Ta c: {
4 = 112m + 6n
2 = 60m + 2n
Chn 2 trong s 4 phng trnh trn, v d chn 2 phng trnh u tin:
1
m=
mol
2 = 56m + 3n
34
{
{
2
3 = 82m + 5n
n=
mol
17
1
2
D thy m =
v n =
tha mn c 4 phng trnh trn
34
17
1
2
1
2
nH2 O =
. (56a + 82b + 112c + 60d) + . (3a + 5b + 6c + 2d) =
. 122,6 + . 5,9 = 4,3 mol
34
17
34
17
y = 4,3 mol
* Nh vy, nhim v ca ta l t phng trnh (1) v (2) rt ra s mol nc. V cng vic ny qu thc
rt d dng nu ta dng phng php t n s m v n nh trn
Cch lm trn l cch hon ton chnh xc v kh n gin, tuy rng hi di. Cch lm trn hon ton c th
c dng khi i thi t lun v cch lm ny hon ton chnh xc v mt tnh ton cng nh bn cht ha
hc. Bn c th dng cch lm ny gii quyt cc bi tp t Bi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v s cho cng kt qu vi
phng php "s m"

2) Vy phng php s m l g?
Theo ng nguyn tc ca ton hc: nu ch c 2 phng trnh ton hc, ta ch c th gii ra c 2 n s x
v y. Nh vy c ngha, nu bi ton cho ta 2 d kin th ta ch c th tm c 2 n s m thi.
Quay li bi ton s 6 trn, bi ch cho ta 2 d kin:
+ D kin 1: Khi lng hn hp X Vit c 1 phng trnh
+ D kin 2: S mol CO2 Vit c 1 phng trnh
Trong khi , bi li cho 4 cht, tng ng vi 4 n a, b, c, d chnh l 4 s mol ca 4 cht trn. Theo ng
nguyn tc ton hc, ta khng th tm c c th 4 n s a, b, c, d nu nh chng ta ch c 2 phng trnh
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(1) v (2), v thc t cho thy: "ng l ta khng th gii c th ra tm c chnh xc a, b, c, d bng
bao nhiu". Tuy nhin: "T (1) v (2) ta vn c th tm ra c p s. V s mol nc m ta cn tm l mt
biu thc ca a, b, c, d Ta khng cn thit phi tm chnh xc a, b, c, d m vn c th tm c s mol nc"
* C th bn s d hiu hn nu nh bn hiu c cch thc m ti to nn bi ton trn.
Ti xut pht t 2 cht gi tng l CH v CH2 O, sau ti bt u sng ch ra cc cht mi bng cch t
hp 2 biu thc ha hc ny:
2(CH) + CH2 O = C2 H2 + CH2 O = C3 H4 O
4(CH) + CH2 O = C4 H4 + CH2 O = C5 H6 O
4(CH) + 2(CH2 O) = C4 H4 + C2 H4 O2 = C6 H8 O2
0(CH) + 2(CH2 O) = C2 H4 O2
Nh vy vic t chy hn hp X cng tng ng nh vic t chy hn hp gm CH v CH2 O
Bi 6 tng ng vi bi ton sau:
t chy hon ton 122,6 gam hn hp X gm CH v CH2 O bng oxi d, thu c 5,9 mol CO2 v y mol
nc. Tm y.
Bi gii
t s mol ca CH v CH2 O ln lt l a v b mol
Ta c: mX = mCH + mCH2 O = 13a + 30b = 122,6 (1)
Ta c: nCO2 = a + b = 5,9 mol (2)
a
3,2
a = 3,2 mol
T (1) v (2) {
y = n H2 O = + b =
+ 2,7 = 4,3 mol
b = 2,7 mol
2
2
* ng nhin, nu khi i thi, bn c th pht hin ra c 4 cht cho u c th coi l hn hp ca 2
cht trn th tht l qu kh khn. V 2 cht c th l bt c cht no. V vy ti sao bn li phi tm chnh
xc 2 cht m ngi ra da vo trong khi bn khng cn bit ti chng, bn vn c th lm d dng?
Hy ch mt cht, l do m bn b i 2 cht C5 H6 O v C6 H8 O2 v gi li C3 H4 O v C2 H4 O2 m p s ca
bn vn hon ton ng l v:
1
2(C3 H4 O) + ( ) (C2 H4 O2 ) = C6 H8 O2 + C1 H2 O1 = C5 H6 O
2
2(C3 H4 O) + 0. (C2 H4 O2 ) = C6 H8 O2
Nh vy: Hn hp X c th coi l hn hp ca CH v CH2 O nhng cng c th coi l hn hp ca C3 H4 O v
C2 H4 O2 . Hoc nu bn khng thch, bn c th coi hn hp X gm 2 trong s 4 cht m bi cho, t 2
n l a v b, sau tm y, cc bn s thy cc cch lm u cho cng mt kt qu ging nhau.
* Tht l kh c th din t c ht nhng iu th v t nhng pht hin trn. Nhng bn c th tin vo
nhn nh sau:

Nu bi cho x d kin, lp c x phng trnh ton hc, th bn hy b i "ty " mt s cht m

bi cho, hn hp ch cn li x cht.
V d:
Bi 1: t chy hon ton 3,42 gam hn hp gm axit acrylic, vinyl axetat, metyl acrylat v axit oleic, ri
hp th hon ton cc sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau phn ng thu c 18 gam kt ta v
dung dch X. Khi lng dung dch X so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u thay i nh th no.
+ Nhn xt: Bi ton cho ta 2 d kin:
mhn hp = 3,42 gam 1 d kin Lp c 1 phng trnh
nCO2 = 0,18 mol 1 d kin Lp c 1 phng trnh
Ta c 2 phng trnh Ch tm c chnh xc 2 n l s mol ca 2 cht, tuy nhin bi li cho ti 4 cht
ty b i 2 cht bt k trong s 4 cht trn thu c hn hp ch cn 2 cht, t n s mol l a v b
sau gii quyt tip (cc cch chn 2 cht bt k u cho ra cng mt p s).
Bi 2: Hn hp kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinyl axetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon
ton 0,05 mol hn hp X ri hp th hon ton sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th
thy khi lng bnh tng thm m gam. Tm m?
+ Nhn xt: Bi ton cho ta 2 d kin
MX = 34 1 d kin 1 phng trnh
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nX = 0,05 mol 1 d kin 1 phng trnh

Nh vy, ta c 2 phng trnh ch gii c 2 n s trong khi bi cho ta n 4 n s tng ng vi s
mol ca 4 cht ta ty b i 2 cht bt k cho hn hp X ch cn li 2 cht, tng ng vi s mol l a
v b mol Gii ra p s. Tt c cc cch chn 2 cht bt k u s cho ra cng mt p s.
* Tuy nhin, bi ton trn khc vi bi ton s 6 m ta xt. L do l bi 2 c cho s mol ca hn hp X.
Gi s bn bit rng:
2(CH2 ) = C2 H4
2a
a
2(CH2 ) 1C = C2 H4 + C1 = CH4
2b
(b)
b
2(CH2 ) + 1C = C2 H4 + C = C3 H4
2c
c
c
2(CH2 ) + 2C = C2 H4 + C2 = C4 H4
2d
2d
d
V bn coi hn hp X l hn hp gm c 2 cht l: CH2 v C
Sau bn t s mol 2 cht ln lt l a v b mol. Bn s c:
14a + 12b
nCO2 = a + b = 0,05 mol
a = 0,55mol
M = 34 =
{ X
a + b {b = 0,5 mol { n
H2 O = a = 0,55 mol
nX = a + b = 0,05
mbnh thay i = mCO2 + mH2 O = 0,05.44 + 0,55.18 = 12,1 gam 7,3 gam (7,3 gam l p n chnh xc)
L do m cch lm trn sai v: Nu t s mol ca C2 H4 , CH4 , C3 H4 v C4 H6 ln lt l a, b, c, d mol
nX = a + b + c + d = 0,05 mol
nCH2 = 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
Nu bn qui hn hp 4 cht trn thnh 2 cht CH2 v C {
nC = 0a b + c + 2d
n(CH2 v C) = 2a + b + 3c + 4d > a + b + c + d = nX = 0,05 mol lm thay i bn cht bi ton
p s sai
* Tuy nhin, vic qui i thnh 2 cht bt k trong s 4 cht bi cho li lun cho p s ng v vic qui
i ny hon ton bo ton s mol X. R rng vic a ra mt bi ton nh th ny qu tht tiu tn khng
t s suy ngh ca ngi ra .
Tuy nhin, vi nhim v l ngi gii ha th bn c th gii bi ton bng cch lm nhanh chng hn nhiu
l: "khng cn bit ngi ra ngh ra sao, vic ca bn ch l lm ra p s".
* Tuy nhin, bn cng s thy vic s dng phng php s m khng ch n gin v d dng nh vy
bng cch gii quyt bi ton sau:
Bi 7: [Cu 23 - i hc A 2014 - M 259]
t chy hon ton 13,36 gam hn hp X gm axit metacrylic, axit aipic, axit axetic v glixerol (trong
s mol ca axit metacrylic bng s mol ca axit axetic) bng oxi d, thu c hn hp kh Y gm kh v hi.
Dn Y vo dung dch cha 0,38 mol Ba(OH)2 , thu c 49,25 gam kt ta v dung dch Z. un nng Z li
tip tc thy kt ta. Cho 13,36 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 140 ml dung dch KOH 1M, sau khi cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton, c cn dung dch thu c cht rn khan c khi lng l bao nhiu.
Bi lm
49,25
nBaCO3 =
= 0,25 mol
197
Hn hp kh Y s gm c CO2 v hi nc
un nng dd Z thy c thm kt ta Dung dch Z c Ba(HCO3 )2
Bo ton CO2 nCO2 = nBaCO3 + 2nBa(HCO3 )2 ()
Bo ton Ba nBaCO3 + nBa(HCO3 )2 = nBa(OH)2 nBa(HCO3 )2 = 0,38 0,25 = 0,13 mol
T () nCO2 = 0,25 + 2.0,13 = 0,51 mol
Axit metacrylic: CH2 = C(CH3 ) COOH (C4 H6 O2 )
Axit aipic: HOOC [CH2 ]4 COOH (C6 H10 O4 )
Axit axetic: CH3 COOH (C2 H4 O2 )
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Glixerol: CH2 OH CHOH CH2 OH (C3 H8 O3 )

: ,
nC4 H6 O2 = nC2 H4 O2 t s mol ca 4 cht trn ln lt l a, b, a, c mol
mhn hp X = 86a + 146b + 60a + 92c = 13,36 gam 146(a + b) + 92c = 13,36 gam (1 )
Ta c: nCO2 = 4a + 6b + 2a + 3c = 0,51 mol 6(a + b) + 3c = 0,51 mol (2 )
a + b = 0,06 mol
T (1 )v (2 ) {
c = 0,05 mol
Do bi ton cho hn hp X tc dng vi 0,14 mol KOH Ta tm nCOOH
RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H2 O
nCOOH = a + 2b + a = 2(a + b) = 2.0,06 = 0,12 mol < 0,14 mol = nKOH
nKOH d = 0,14 0,12 = 0,02 mol
mrn = maxit + mKOH mH2 O trong nH2 O = 0,12 mol
mrn = (86a + 146b + 60a) + 0,14.56 18.0,12 = 146.0,06 + 0,14.56 18.0,12 = 14,44 gam
:
Nhn xt: Bi ton trn cho chng ta 3 phng trnh
mhn hp X = 13,36 gam 1 d kin phng trnh (1)
nCO2 1 d kin phng trnh (2)
nC4 H6 O2 = nC2 H4 O2 1 d kin phng trnh (3)
Nh vy: Chng ta c 3 phng trnh trong khi bi cho ti 4 cht c quyn b i mt cht bt k.
+ TH1: Ta b i axit metacrylic Phng trnh (3) b mt i loi
+ TH2: Ta b i axit axetic Phng trnh (3) b mt i loi
+ TH3: Ta b i glixerol
t s mol ca C4 H6 O2 , C6 H10 O4 v C2 H4 O2 ln lt l a, b, c mol
mhn hp X = 86a + 146b + 60c = 13,36 gam (I)
nCO2 = 4a + 6b + 2c = 0,51 mol (II)
nC4 H6 O2 = nC2 H4 O2 a = c (III)
T (I), (II), (III) H phng trnh v nghim
* L do: Bi ton cho hn hp X tc dng vi dd KOH nhn mnh n kh nng phn ng vi KOH ca
axit, trong khi glixerol khng phn ng vi KOH. Nu chng ta b i glixerol chng ta coi nh 100%
hn hp X c phn ng vi KOH (v sau khi b glixerol th hn hp X ch c axit) mt i bn cht bi ton
cch b trn l khng chp nhn c.
+ TH4: Ta b i axit aipic Ta thy y l cch chn ph hp nht v n gi nguyn c 3 phng trnh (
TH1 v TH2 lm mt i 1 trong 3 phng trnh), cng nh gi nguyn bn cht bi ton (TH3 lm mt i
bn cht bi ton).
t s mol ca C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 v C3 H8 O2 ln lt l a, b, c mol
mhn hp X = 86a + 60b + 92c = 13,36 gam (I)
nCO2 = 4a + 2b + 3c = 0,51 mol (II)
nC4 H6 O2 = nC2 H4 O2 a = b (III)
a = 0,06 mol
T (I), (II), (III) {b = 0,06 mol
c = 0,05 mol
Khi cho hn hp X gm 3 cht trn tc dng vi KOH ch c C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 l c phn ng
nCOOH = a + b = 0,12 mol < nKOH = 0,14 mol nH2 O = nKOH Phn ng = 0,12 mol
mrn = maxit + mKOH mH2 O = 86a + 60b + 56.0,14 0,12.18 = 14,44 gam (p n chnh xc)
Ch : T bi ton trn ta rt ra cc lu cho phng php s m. Khi b cht m bi cho,

ta cn phi:
1. Gi nguyn s phng trnh m bi ton cho
Thc ra, vic ny kh n gin, v nu vic chn cht ca chng ta lm mt i mt phng trnh no (v
d nh TH1, TH2), th ta d dng pht hin ra. V vy iu kin ny l rt d dng c m bo

2. Gi nguyn bn cht ca bi ton

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Vic ny ch cn ta quan st k bi la chn ra cch chn m bo bn cht bi ton nht. Tuy nhin
nu bn cm thy vic ny tht kh khn, th bn cng c th khng cn m bo iu kin ny. V nu bn
chn sai, lm mt bn cht bi ton (v d: TH3), th h ca bn ng nhin s b v nghim. Khi bn s
t chuyn sang cch chn khc. Nh vy iu kin ny cng hon ton d dng c m bo. (v nu bn
chn sai th h phng trnh ca bn s t ng v nghim)
Nh vy, 2 iu kin cn v dng phng php "s m" l hon ton n gin, bn ch cn nh c
tng ca cc iu kin trn l c th dng phng php s m hon ton d dng v chnh xc. Cn nu
bn thy khng t tin lm, th vic t s mol ca tt c cc cht m bi cho, sau tm mi lin h gia
chng cng l mt cch lm kh an ton v lun lun chnh xc, hn na li c th dng trong thi t lun.
Ni chung, vic chn cch gii truyn thng: Chnh xc nhng hi di hoc vic la chn phng php s
m: Nhanh nhng hi phc tp l ty vo quan im ca bn.
* Tm li, bn cn nh v phng php s m:
- Du hiu nhn bit: Nu bi cho hn hp X cha nhiu cht, tt c cc cht u bit ht CTPT th ta c
th vn dng c PHNG PHP S M
- Phng php: bi cho n phng trnh nhng c m cht (m > n) hy b i (m n) cht m bi
cho hn hp cn li n cht ng vi n phng trnh t n n v gii tip
- Tiu chun b cht: vic b cht s hp l nu:
+ Gi nguyn s phng trnh bi cho (k ny d dng m bo)
- Gii h phng trnh sau khi b cht:
TH1: H c nghim (nghim m, nghim l u c)
Tnh ton bnh thng ra kt qu cui cng
TH2: H v nghim
Ta b i (m-n) cht khc, lp h phng trnh mi v gii ra nghim
* lm quen phng php, mnh s gii li cc bi ton 1,2,3,4,5 theo phng php chun v phn tch
cch p dng phng php s m
Bi 1: t chy hon ton 3,42 gam hn hp gm axit acrylic, vinyl axetat, metyl acrylat v axit oleic, ri
hp th hon ton cc sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau phn ng thu c 18 gam kt ta v
dung dch X. Khi lng dung dch X so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 ban u thay i nh th no.
Bi lm
nCO2 = 0,18 mol
Hn hp gm: C3 H4 O2 , C4 H6 O2 , C4 H6 O2 , C18 H34 O2
+ Cch 1:
V bi ton cho l phn ng t chy ta nn vit li cc cht thnh CTPT d tm hiu c im chung
gia chng v phn ng t chy khng h lin quan n tnh cht ha hc ca cc cht, nn vic vit CTCT
ca cc cht l khng cn thit v gy ri, khin ta khng th pht hin ra qui lut chung ca cc cht, t
nh hng li gii.
* Quan st, ta thy, cc cht trn c 2 nguyn t nguyn t O, v c 2 lin kt i trong phn t CTPT
chung cho c 4 cht l Cn H2n2 O2
Cn H2n2 O2 nCO2 + (n 1)H2 O
mX
3,42
nCO2 = n. nX = n.
= n.
= 0,18 mol n = 6 X l C6 H10 O2
MX
14n 2 + 32
3,42
nX =
= 0,03 mol nH2 O = 5. nX = 5.0,03 = 0,15 mol
12.6 + 10 + 32
mdd thay i = mCO2 + mH2 O mkt ta = 44.0,18 + 18.0,15 18 = 7,38 gam
dung dch gim 7,38 gam
Ch : Cch t hn hp X thnh cht trung bnh s bo ton c s mol ca cc cht, c ngha

tng s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp X s bng s mol ca cht trung bnh.

+ Cch 2: phng php s m
nCO2 = 0,18 mol
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hn hp gm: C3 H4 O2 , C4 H6 O2 , C4 H6 O2 , C18 H34 O2

Nhn xt: Bi ton cho chng ta 2 d kin:
mhn hp X = 3,42 gam 1 phng trnh
nCO2 = 0,18 mol 1 phng trnh
Nh vy, ta c 2 phng trnh, trong khi bi cho ti 4 cht Ta s b i 2 cht. Do cht th 2 v cht
th 3 l ng phn ca nhau, v vy ta c th coi chng l mt cht duy nht c CTPT l C4 H6 O2 Hn hp
X c: C3 H4 O2 , C4 H6 O2 v C18 H34 O2 Ta s b i thm mt cht bt k. Nu bn khng bit axit oleic c cng
thc nh th no, th phng php "s m" s l mt phng php tuyt vi v bn c th b i cht m
bn khng bit CTPT. Nu bn b i axit oleic, hn hp X lc ny s cn li: C3 H4 O2 v C4 H6 O2 tng ng
vi s mol ln lt l a v b mol. ng nhin, nu bn b i C3 H4 O2 , hoc b i C4 H6 O2 th cng u cho
p n ng, nhng tnh ton s di dng hn mt cht m thi.
Bi 2: Hn hp kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinyl axetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon
ton 0,05 mol hn hp X ri hp th hon ton sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th
thy khi lng bnh tng thm m gam. Tm m.
Bi lm
MX = 34 gam
nX = 0,05 mol
hn hp X gm C2 H4 , CH4 , C3 H4 , C4 H4
+ Cch 1:
Nhn xt: Nh ch , bi ton cho phn ng t chy Khng cn quan tm n CTCT, ta vit lun CTPT
d dng tm ra mi lin h gia cc cht
Ta thy cc cht trn c mt im chung l c 4 nguyn t H CT trung bnh ca hn hp X l Cn H4
30
MX = 12n + 4 = 34 n =
= 2,5 X l C2,5 H4
12
nCO2 = 2,5. nX = 2,5.0,05 = 0,125 mol
nH2 O = 2. nX = 2.0,05 = 0,1 mol
mbnh thay i = mCO2 + mH2 O = 0,125.44 + 0,1.18 = 7,3 gam
+ Cch 2:
* Nhn xt: Bi ton cho chng ta 2 d kin
nX = 0,05 mol 1 phng trnh
MX = 34 1 phng trnh
Nh vy ta c 2 PT, trong khi bi cho ti 4 cht Ta s b i hai cht bt k trong s 4 cht trn, cc p
s s lun ging nhau
Bi 3: Hn hp X gm axit fomic, axit acrylic, axit oxalic v axit axetic. Cho m gam X phn ng ht vi dd
NaHCO3 thu c 1,344 lt kh CO2 (ktc). t chy hon ton m gam X cn 2,016 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c
4,84 gam CO2 v a gam nc. Gi tr ca a l:
Bi lm
1,344
nCO2(1) =
= 0,06 mol
22,4
2,016
nO2 =
= 0,09 mol
22,4
4,84
nCO2 (2) =
= 0,11 mol
44
Hn hp X gm HCOOH, C2 H3 COOH, HOOC COOH, CH3 COOH hay: CH2 O2 , C3 H4 O2 , C2 H2 O4 , C2 H4 O2
+ Cch 1: Bo ton nguyn t
Chng ta s p dng nh lut bo ton oxi
nCO2 (1) = nCOOH = 0,06 mol nO trong X = 2nCOOH = 0,12 mol
X + O2 CO2 + H2 O
Bo ton O: nO trong X + nO trong oxi = nO trong CO2 + nO trong H2 O
0,12 + 0,09.2 = 0,11.2 + nH2 O nH2 O = 0,08 mol a = mH2 O = 0,08.18 = 1,44 gam
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+ Cch 2: phng php s m

* Nhn xt: bi cho ta 3 d kin nhng li c ti 4 cht Ta c th b i 1 cht bt k trong 4 cht trn,
v p s s u ging nhau
Bi 4: Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic, etilen glicol v glixerol. t chy hon ton m gam X ta thu c
6,72 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Cng m gam X ni trn tc dng vi Na thu c ti a V lt kh hidro (ktc). Tm V.
Bi lm
6,72
nCO2 =
= 0,3 mol
22,4
Hn hp X gm CH4 O, C2 H6 O2 , C3 H8 O3
+ Cch 1:
Nhn thy 3 ancol trn u no, c s nguyn t C bng s nhm chc ancol
nC trong X = nO trong X nCO2 = nOH trong X nOH trong X = 0,3 mol
1
0,3
nH2 = nOH =
= 0,15 mol
2
2
V = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt
+ Cch 2:
Bi ton cho ta 1 phng trnh l nCO2 = 0,3 mol m li c ti 3 cht Ta c th b i 2 cht bt k
Bi 5: Hn hp X gm hidro, propen, axit acrylic, ancol anlylic. t chy hon ton 0,75 mol X, thu c
30,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc). un nng X vi bt Ni mt thi gian, thu c hn hp Y. T khi hi ca Y so vi
X bng 1,25. Cho 0,1 mol Y tc dng va vi V lt dd brom 0,1 M. Tm V.
Bi lm
nX = 0,75 mol
nX
nY =
= 0,6 mol
1,25
nCO2 = 1,35 mol
Hn hp X gm H2 , C3 H6 , C3 H4 O2 , C3 H6 O
+ Cch 1: Phng php trung bnh
Ta quan st thy 3 cht cui c cng s nguyn t C l 3, c s lin kt i bin i
Ta coi hn hp X gm H2 v C3 Hm On
t s mol ca 2 cht trn ln lt l x v y mol
nX = 0,75 mol = x + y (I)
1,35
nCO2 = 1,35 mol = 0. x + 3. y = 3y y =
= 0,45 mol x = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol
3
C3 Hm On + H2 hn hp Y
nY = nX nH2 Phn ng 0,6 = 0,75 nH2 Phn ng
nH2 Phn ng =0,15 mol c 0,15 mol lin kt i trong hn hp X b mt i
nBr2 do Y Phn ng = nBr2 do X Phn ng 0,15 (mol) ()
Ta thy c ba cht cui tuy c s lin kt i khc nhau, nhng u phn ng vi Br2 theo t l 1:1
nBr2 do X Phn ng = nC3 Hm On = y = 0,45 mol ()
Thay () vo () ta thy nBr2 do Y Phn ng = 0,45 0,15 = 0,3 mol
0,6 mol Y tc dng vi 0,3 mol Br2
0,3
0,05
0,1 mol Y s tc dng vi
= 0,05 mol V =
= 0,5 lt
6
0,1
+ Cch 2: Phng php s m
bi cho ta 3 d kin:
nX = 0,75 mol 1 D kin
nX
nY =
= 0,6 mol 1 D kin
1,25
nCO2 = 1,35 mol 1 D kin

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D nhn thy c 2 d kin l d kin s 1 v d kin s 3 l gn vi hn hp X. D kin s 2 gn vi hn

hp Y. V vy ta ch dng c 2 d kin l (1) v (3).
Nh vy hn hp X c 4 cht (H2 , C3 H6 , C3 H4 O2 , C3 H6 O) ng vi 4 n s l s mol ca 4 cht. Trong khi
ta ch c 2 d kin lp c 2 phng trnh ton hc gn vi 4 n s ny. V vy theo S m ta c quyn
b i (4 2) = 2 cht bt k. D thy bi c xy ra phn ng hidro ho X nhit cao, v vy ta khng
c b i hidro v s lm mt i bn cht bi ton. Nh vy ta c th b i 2 trong s 3 cht sau:
C3 H6 , C3 H4 O2 , C3 H6 O. Gi s ta b i C3 H4 O2 , C3 H6 O (Bn c th b i 2 cht khc). Khi hn hp X ch
cn li 2 cht l H2 v C3 H6 ng vi s mol ln lt l a v b mol. (Cc bn c th theo di thm video
hiu r hn vic la chn ny)
* Tip sau y, xin mi cc bn s dng phng php s m gii quyt cc bi ton sau. Tuy nhin, cc
bn nn tm thm mt cch gii khc luyn tp thm.
Bi 8: Cho 32,42 gam hn hp X gm 3 axit v 3 anehit (tt c u mch h) ln lt nh sau:
C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 , C6 H8 O2 , CH2 O, C3 H4 O, C5 H6 O. Nu t chy hon ton hn hp X ta thu c 1,67 mol
CO2 . Bit hn hp X c s mol lin kt l 0,9 mol. Cho hn hp X trn tc dng ti a vi x mol NaOH. Tm
x.
Bi lm
* Nhn xt: Bi ton trn cho ta 3 d kin tng ng vi 3 phng trnh
+ mhn hp X =32,42 1 PT
+ nCO2 = 1,67 mol 1 PT
+ n = 0,9 mol 1 PT
Tuy nhin, bi li cho ta ti 6 cht, trong 3 cht u tin l axit, 3 cht sau l anehit. V vy ta c
quyn b i ba cht bt k. V y c xt ti phn ng ca axit vi NaOH, trong khi anehit khng c phn
ng ny, v vy m bo bn cht bi ton, ta s b i 3 cht sau: C6 H8 O2 , C3 H4 O v C5 H6 O (hoc cc bn
c th b ba cht khc, min sao 3 cht cn li c c anehit v axit l c, cc p s s hon ton ging
nhau)
* t s mol ca C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 v CH2 O ln lt l a, b, c mol
Ta c: mhn hp X = 86a + 60b + 30c = 32,42 gam (1)
Ta c: nCO2 = 4a + 2b + c = 1,67 mol (2)
Ta c: n = 2a + b + c = 0,9 (3)
a = 0,52 mol
(1),
(2),
(3)
T
ta c: { b = 0,27 mol
c = 0,13 mol
naxit = a + b = 0,52 0,27 = 0,25 mol nNaOH = naxit = 0,25 mol x = 0,25 mol
* Nu ta chn 3 cht l C6 H8 O2 , CH2 O v C3 H4 O vi s mol ln lt l a, b, c mol
Ta c: a = 0,25 mol; b = 0,11 mol; c = 0,02 mol nNaOH = naxit = a = 0,25 mol (cng p n)
Bi 9. t chy hon ton 40,4 gam hn hp X gm axit metacrylic, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat, axit axetic,
metyl fomat, anehit acrylic, anehit fomic thu c 3,2 mol hn hp kh v hi. Hy xc nh s mol Oxi
tham gia phn ng t chy trn.
Bi lm
* Nhn xt: Bi ton trn cung cp cho ta 2 phng trnh
+ mhn hp X = 40,4 gam 1 PT
+nCO2 +H2 O = 3,2 mol 1 PT.
Hn hp X gm: C4 H6 O2 , C4 H6 O2 , C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 , C2 H4 O2 , C3 H4 O, CH2 O
Do y l phn ng t chy coi nh hn hp X c C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 , C3 H4 O v CH2 O
Bi ton cho ta 2 PT, trong khi hn hp X li c ti 4 cht Ta c quyn b i 2 cht bt k. Tuy nhin ch
l C2 H4 O2 v HCHO c cng cng thc n gin nht l CH2 O nu ta b c C4 H6 O2 v C3 H4 O th h PT
ca ta s v nghim.
Ta khng th b ng thi C4 H6 O2 v C3 H4 O (bn c th th).
V vy, ta s chn cch b C2 H4 O2 v C4 H6 O2
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Hn hp X ch cn li CH2 O v C3 H4 O vi s mol tng ng l a v b mol

Ta c: mX = mCH2 O + mC3 H4 O = 30a + 56b = 40,4 gam (1)
2
4
Ta c: nCO2 +H2 O = a. (1 + ) + b. (3 + ) = 2a + 5b = 3,2 mol (2)
2
2
a = 0,6 mol
T (1) v (2) ta c: {
b = 0,4 mol
2 1
4 1
nO2 phn ng = a. (1 + ) + b. (3 + ) = a + 3,5b = 0,6 + 3,5.0,4 = 2 mol
4 2
4 2
Bi 10: Cho 32,42 gam hn hp X gm cc axit v anehit sau: C4 H6 O2 , C2 H4 O2 , C6 H8 O2 , CH2 O, C3 H4 O,
C5 H6 O. Nu t chy hon ton hn hp X ta thu c 1,67 mol CO2 . Bit hn hp X c s mol lin kt l
0,9 mol. Nu cho hn hp X tc dng hon ton vi kh hidro d, nhit cao, ly hn hp sn phm cho
tc dng vi Na d, thy c x mol kh hidro thot ra. Tm x bit hn hp X cha 3 axit v 3 anehit (tt c
u mch h).
Bi lm
Lm tng t bi s 8, nhng ln ny ta s chn 3 cht khc l C6 H8 O2 , CH2 O v C3 H4 O (cc bn hon ton
c th chn ging nh bi s 8)
t s mol 3 cht trn ln lt l a, b, c mol
Ta c: mX = 112a + 30b + 56c = 32,42 gam (1)
Ta c: n = 3a + b + 2c = 0,9 mol (2)
Ta c: nCO2 = 6a + b + 3c = 1,67 mol (3)
a = 0,25 mol
T (1), (2), (3) ta c: {b = 0,11 mol
c = 0,02 mol

RCOOH + H2 R COOH
RCHO + H2 R CH2 OH
1
V OH + Na ONa + H2
2
1
1
nH2 = nOH = (naxit + nancol )
2
2
Ta c: naxit = a = 0,25 mol v nancol = nanehit = b + c = 0,13 mol
1
nH2 = (0,25 + 0,13) = 0,19 mol x = 0,19 mol
2
Bi 11: t chy hon ton 14,38 gam hn hp X gm 6 cht sau: anehit fomic, ancol metylic, etilen glicol,
glixerol, HOOC CH2 CH2 COOH, CH2 OH CH2 COOH thu c 0,47 mol CO2 . Xc nh s mol nc
c to thnh.
Bi lm

Hn hp X gm CH2 O, CH4 O, C2 H6 O2 , C3 H8 O3 , C4 H6 O4 , C3 H6 O3
Bi ton ny kh n gin, c 2 d kin v c 6 cht c quyn b i 4 cht bt k, nhng y s trnh
by mt cch gii khc.
Ta thy cc cht trong X c s nguyn t C bng s nguyn t O
nC trong X = nO trong X nO trong X = 0,47 mol
Bo ton khi lng mX = mC + mO + mH mH = 14,38 0,47.12 0,47.16 = 1,22 gam
1
1.22
nH = 1,22 mol nH2 O = nH =
= 0,61 mol
2
2
Bi 12: Cho hn hp X gm C5 H4 v H2 vi s mol bng nhau. un nng hn hp X mt thi gian vi xc tc
Ni, ta thu c hn hp kh Y gm C5 H4 , C5 H6 , C5 H8 , C5 H10 , C5 H12 v H2 d. Cho hn hp Y i qua bnh
brom d, thy khi lng bnh tng thm 3,742 gam v c 0,039 mol hn hp kh Z thot ra ngoi, bit

MZ

218
. Hy xc nh lng oxi cn thit t chy ht hn hp Y.
39
Bi lm

Bi ton trn cho ta 4 d kin:

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nC5 H4 = nH2 1 PT
mbnh tng = 3,742 gam 1 PT
nhn hp Z = 0,039 mol 1 PT
218
MZ =
1 PT
39
Trong khi , hn hp Y li c ti 6 cht Ta c quyn b i 2 cht.
TH1: Nu ta b i c 2 cht l C5 H12 v H2 s khng c kh Z mt i 2 phng trnh cui loi
TH2: Nu ta b i mt trong 2 cht: C5 H12 hoc H2 s mt i phng trnh cui cng Tm li ta phi
gi nguyn c 2 cht ny m bo gi c 2 phng trnh cui
Nh vy ta s b i bt k 2 trong s 4 cht u tin, n gin, ta s b i C5 H8 v C5 H10
t s mol ca C5 H4 , C5 H6 , C5 H12 v H2 ln lt l a, b, c, d mol
Ta c:
+ C5 H4 + H2 C5 H6
+ C5 H4 + 4H2 C5 H12
Nh vy: nC5 H4 ban u = nH2 ban u a + b + c = 0. a + b + 4c + d a 3c d = 0 (1)
Ch c C5 H4 , C5 H6 l c phn ng vi nc brom
mbnh tng = mC5 H4 + mC5 H6 = 64a + 66b = 3,742 gam (2)
nZ = nC5 H12 + nH2 = c + d = 0,039 mol (3)
mC5 H12 + mH2 72c + 2d 218
mZ
mZ
(4)
MZ =
=
=
=
=
nZ 0,039
0,039
0,039
39
c = 2.103 mol
T (3) v (4) {
. T (1) a = 3c + d = 0,043 mol. T (2) b =0,015 mol
d = 0,037 mol
a = 0,043 mol
4
6
12
2
b = 0,015 mol
Tm li: {
nO2 t chy Y = a. (5 + ) + b. (5 + ) + c. (5 + ) + d. = 0,39 mol
3
c = 2.10 mol
4
4
4
4
d = 0,037 mol
* Bnh lun: Bi ton trn c th c gii nhanh hn bng phng php bo ton khi lng
t s mol ca C5 H4 v H2 ln lt l a v a mol
t,Ni +Br2 d C5 H4 , C5 H6 , C5 H8 , C5 H10 b dung dch Br2 hp th
Ta c: X Y
{
Z: H2 v C5 H12
Bo ton khi lng: mX = mbnh Br2 tng + mZ
(12.5 + 4). a + 2. a = 3,742 + 0,039. MZ 66a = 3,96 a = 0,06 mol
Z: 0,06 mol C5 H4 v 0,06 mol H2
+ t chy Y cng cn lng oxi ging nh t chy X xt phn ng t chy X
4
C5 H4 + (5 + ) O2
4
2
H2 + O 2
4
4
2
1
Ta c: nO2 = (5 + ) nC5 H4 + nH2 = 6.0,06 + . 0,06 = 0,39 mol VO2 = 0,39.22,4 = 8,736 lt
4
4
2

* Tuy nhin: Nu bi thay i nh sau th phng php bo ton khi lng s gn nh khng cn hu
dng:
Bi 12*: Cho hn hp X gm 0,06 mol C5 H4 v 0,06 mol H2 . un nng hn hp X mt thi gian vi xc tc
Ni, ta thu c hn hp kh Y gm C5 H4 , C5 H6 , C5 H8 , C5 H10 , C5 H12 v H2 d. Cho hn hp Y i qua bnh
brom d, thy khi lng bnh tng thm 3,742 gam v c 0,039 mol hn hp kh Z thot ra ngoi. Hy xc
nh s mol brom tham gia phn ng.
Bi lm
Cch 1: Phng php s m
Ta nhn thy bi cho ta 4 d kin:
+ nC5 H4 = 0,06 mol 1 phng trnh
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+ nH2 = 0,06 mol 1 phng trnh

+ mbnh brom tng = 3,742 gam 1 phng trnh
+ nZ = 0,039 mol 1 phng trnh
Trong khi hn hp Y li c 6 cht, ta s b i 2 trong s 4 cht u tin n gin, ta s b i
C5 H4 v C5 H6
Hn hp Y ch cn li 4 cht C5 H8 , C5 H10 , C5 H12 , H2 vi s mol tng ng l a, b, c, d mol.
Ta s s dng 4 d kin lp 4 phng trnh, tm ra 4 n s: a, b, c, d
+ Bo ton C: nC5 H4 (X) = a + b + c a + b + c = 0,06 mol (1)
84
10 4
12 4
+ Bo ton H: nH2 (X) =
a+
b+
c + d = 2a + 3b + 4c + d
2
2
2
2a + 3b + 4c + d = 0,06 mol (2).
+ mbnh Br2 tng = mC5 H8 + mC5 H10 = 68a + 70b = 3,742 gam (3)
+ nZ = nC5 H12 + nH2 = c + d = 0,039 mol (4)
a + b + c = 0,06
2a + 3b + 4c + d = 0,06
Ta c: () {
68a + 70b = 3,742
c + d = 0,039
Thay d = (0,039 c) vo (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a + b + c = 0,06
a + b + c = 0,06
a = 0,159
{2a + 3b + 4c + (0,039 c) = 0,06 {2a + 3b + 3c = 0,021 { b = 0,101
68a + 70b = 3,742
c = 0,002
68a + 70b = 3,742
2.5 + 2 8
nBr2 =
nC5 H8 + nC5 H10 = 2a + b = 0,217 mol
2
Cch 2:
Bo ton khi lng: mX = mbnh Br2 tng + mZ mZ = (0,06.64 + 0,06.2) 3,742 = 0,218 gam
a mol C5 H12
m = 72a + 2b = 0,218
a = 0,002
Ta c: Z: {
{ Z
{
nZ = a + b = 0,039
b = 0,037
b mol H2
3,742 gam T: C5 H4 , C5 H6 , C5 H8 , C5 H10
0,06 mol C5 H4
X: {
Y: {
Z: 0,002 mol C5 H12 v 0,037 mol H2
0,06 mol H2
Bo ton C: nC5 H4 = nC5 H12 + nT nT = 0,06 0,002 = 0,058 mol
Ta
c:
nY = nT + nZ = 0,058 + 0,039 = 0,097 mol nH2 (p) = nX nY = (0,06 + 0,06) 0,097 =
0,023 mol
2.5 + 2 4
Ta c: n trong X nH2 (p) = n trong Y n trong Y =
. nC5 H4 0,023 = 0,217 mol
2
V nBr2 = n trong Y nBr2 = 0,217 mol
* Bnh lun:

+ Cch 1 tuy c di hn cht t nhng l cch khng phi suy ngh g nhiu, ch c m, b
cht, t n v gii (y l cch m mt hc sinh lp 8 cng c th lm c).
+ Cch 2 ngn hn nhiu nhng li kh phc tp, khng d g c th ngh ra c.
V vy, bn c th s dng cch 1 hoc cch 2. Tuy nhin, ti khuyn khch cc bn dng cch 1,
s dng phng php s m gii nu nh bn khng mun ngh g nhiu m li mun c p
n hon ton chnh xc.
Bi 13: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm saccaroz, mantoz, axit axetic, anehit fomic, xenluloz
monoaxetat thu c x mol CO2 v cn dng va 7,5 mol O2 . Hy xc nh x
Bi lm
: CTPT ca cc cht trn nh sau: C12 H22 O11 , C12 H22 O11 , C2 H4 O2 , CH2 O, (C6 H7 O2 (OH)2 (OOCCH3 ))n
Hay c th vit li: C12 (H2 O)11 , C12 (H2 O)11 , C2 (H2 O)2 , C(H2 O), [C8 (H2 O)6 ]n
hn hp X c th coi l hn hp ca C v H2 O
C + O2 CO2 nC = nCO2 = nO2 = 7,5 mol x = 7,5 mol

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Cch 2: bi cho chng ta ng 1 d kin duy nht, trong khi li cho ti 5 cht ha hc Ta c quyn b
i 4 cht bt k, n gin, ta ch gi li CH2 O
CH2 O + O2 CO2 + H2 O
nCO2 = nO2 = 7,5 mol x = 7,5 mol
Bi 14: t chy hon ton 34,5 gam hn hp X gm saccaroz, mantoz, glucoz, fructoz, axit axetic,
metyl fomat, anehit fomic thy cn dng 1,18 mol O2 . Hy xc nh s mol nc ti a m isaccarit c th
phn ng vi xc tc l dung dch axit v c long.
Bi lm
Cch 1:
Hn hp X gm C12 H22 O11 , C12 H22 O11 , C6 H12 O6 , C6 H12 O6 , C2 H4 O2 , C2 H4 O2 , CH2 O
Ta thy 7 cht trn u c CTPT l Cm (H2 O)n nCO2 = nO2 = 1,18 mol
Bo ton khi lng mC + mH2 O = mX mH2 O = 34,5 1,18.12 = 20,34 gam
20,34
nH2 O =
= 1,13 mol
18
+ Hai cht u tin c 2 lin kt trong phn t Nu t chy 2 cht u tin: nCO2 -nH2 O =n(2 cht u tin)
+ Nm cht cui cng ch c 1 lin kt trong phn t Nu t chy c 5 cht trn th nCO2 -nH2 O =0
Nu t chy X th: nCO2 nH2 O = n2 cht u tin 1,18 1,13 = nsac v man nsac v man = 0,05 mol
Khi thc hin phn ng thy phn hn hp X, th ch c saccarozo v mantoz l phn ng
Saccarozo + H2 O 1 fructoz + 1 glucoz
Mantoz+H2 O 2 glucoz
nH2 O Phn ng = nsac v man = 0,05 mol s mol nc ti a m hn hp X c th phn ng l 0,05 mol
Cch 2:
Bi ton trn cho chng ta 2 d kin trong khi li cho ti 7 cht. Do bi ton c lin quan n phn ng thy
phn isaccarit trong mi trng axit Ta khng th b ng thi saccaroz v mantoz c v trong
hn hp X ch c 2 cht ny tham gia phn ng thy phn cn 5 cht cn li th khng phn ng thy phn.
Ta c quyn b i 5 cht trong s 7 cht Ta s ch gi li saccaroz v anehit fomic vi s mol tng
ng l a v b mol (bn c th chn 1 trong 2 cht l saccaroz hoc mantoz, sau chn 1 cht trong s 5
cht cn li m bo bn cht ca bi ton, cc cch chn ny s cng cho ra mt kt qu).
Ta c: mX = msaccaroz + mHCHO = 342a + 30b = 34,5 gam (1)
nO2 = 12a + b = 1,18 mol (2)(bn t vit PT v cn bng)
a = 0,05 mol
T (1) v (2)ta c: {
nH2 O Phn ng = nsaccaroz = a = 0,05 mol
b = 0,58 mol
Bi 15: t chy hon ton 34,5 gam hn hp X gm saccarozo, glucoz, fructoz v 1 cht c CTPT l
C2 H4 O2 (cht ny chim 50% s mol ca X) thy cn dng 1,18 mol O2 . Cho hn hp X trn tc dng vi
lng d dd bc nitrat trong amoniac, sau khi cc phn ng kt thc, ta thu c 36,72 gam rn . Cht c
CTPT C2 H4 O2 trn c kh nng tc dng c vi my cht trong s cc cht sau y: Na, NaOH, nc brom,
dd bc nitrat trong amoniac (bit cht ny khng phi l este).
Bi lm
36,72
Cht rn thu c l bc nAg =
= 0,34 mol
108
Cch 1:
Hn hp X trn gm: C12 H22 O11 , C6 H12 O6 , C6 H12 O6 , C2 H4 O2 . Cc cht trn c CTPT chung l Cn (H2 O)m
nC = nCO2 = nO2 = 1,18 mol
Bo ton khi lng mX = mC + mH2 O trong X mH2 O trong X = 34,5 1,18.12 = 20,34 gam
20,34
nH2 O trong X =
= 1,13 mol
18
C12 H22 O11 12CO2 +11H2 O
C6 H12 O6 6 CO2 +6H2 O
C2 H4 O2 2CO2 +2H2 O
nCO2 nH2 O = (12 11). nsaccaroz + (6 6)nglucoz + (6 6)nfructoz + (2 2)nC2 H4 O2 = nsaccaroz
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nsaccaroz = 1,18 1,13 = 0,05 mol

t nC6 H12 O6 v nC2 H4 O2 ln lt l a v b mol
nC2 H4 O2 = b = 50%nX = 50%(a + b + 0,05) 0,5a + 0,025 = 0,5b (1)
nCO2 = 12nsaccaroz + 6nC6 H12 O6 + 2nC2 H4 O2 = 12.0,05 + 6. a + 2b = 1,18 mol 6a + 2b = 0,58 mol (2)
a = 0,06 mol
T (1)v (2) {
b = 0,11 mol
Do saccaroz khng phn ng vi dd AgNO3 trong amoniac, glucoz v fructoz u phn ng vi dd AgNO3
trong amoniac: C6 H12 O6 2Ag nAg do C6 H12 O6 to ra = 2a = 0,12 mol < 0,34 mol = nAg
C2 H4 O2 cng to Ag v ta c 0,11 mol C2 H4 O2 to ra (0,34 0,12) = 0,22 mol Ag
C2 H4 O2 c 1 nhm chc CH = O trong phn t
Do C2 H4 O2 khng phi l este
C2 H4 O2 l CH2 OH CH = O
+ HO C CH = O c th tc dng vi Na (do c nhm OH), nc brom v dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac
(do c chc CH=O)
1
OHC C OH + Na OHC C ONa + H2
2
t

HO C CH = O + Br2 (vng nu) + H2 O HO C COOH(khng mu) + 2HBr(khng mu)

t

HO C CH = O + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2 O HO C COONH4 + 2NH4 NO3 + 2Ag

:
Bi ton cho ta 3 d kin, nhng c ti 4 cht tham gia b i 1 cht bt k (t d kin cui, ta khng lp
c phng trnh no ht Ta b qua d kin ny). V ta tm hiu v C2 H4 O2 Khng th b cht ny.
Do glucoz v fructoz l ng phn, li c tnh cht ha hc tng t nhau l tham gia phn ng vi dd
bc nitrat trong amoniac Ta s b mt trong 2 cht ny. Tm li ta coi hn hp ch c saccarozo, glucoz
v C2 H4 O2 (s mol l a, b, c mol)
c
= 50%
a = 0,05 mol
a+b+c
{n = 12a + 6b + 2c = 1,18 mol
{b = 0,06 mol
O2
c = 0,11 mol
mX = 342a + 180b + 60c = 34,5 gam
Saccaroz khng phn ng vi dung dch bc nitrat trong amoniac
Glucoz c phn ng. 0,06 mol glucoz to ra 0,12 mol Ag < 0,34 mol Ag
0,11 mol C2 H4 O2 to ra (0,34 0,12) = 0,22 mol Ag 1 mol C2 H4 O2 to ra 2 mol Ag
C2 H4 O2 l CH2 OH CH = O
C th cc bn s ngh rng: Phng php ny c v kh th v, nhng nu gi l kim ch nam, nh

hng cho vic gii ha th tht l kh c th tin c". Tuy nhin, cc bn hy xem li c s, nguyn
tc ca phng php "s m": Nu bi cho n phng trnh th ch c th gii c n n nu
bi cho n phng trnh m hn hp li c n cht th c ngha chng ta khng cn phi suy ngh
g thm m cng vic ca chng ta n gin ch l t n n s, da trn n phng trnh gii ra n
nghim. Ta c th xc nh ngay c cch lm ny v chng ta bit rng khng th b i bt k cht
no m bi cho. tng trn c v n gin, nhng hy tng tng bn ang i thi i hc,
bn gp nhiu bi c th loi c mt vi cht, nhng c nhng bi li khng th, nh vy nu c
mt cch no gip bn khng phi tiu tn thi gian suy ngh th qu l mt kin hay.
Sau y l mt s bi tp t luyn
Bi 1: Cho hn hp X gm axit axetic, CH2 OH CHO, metyl fomat. Hn hp X c kh nng phn ng vi Na
v gii phng ti a 1,68 lt kh hidro. Hn hp X c kh nng phn ng vi dd AgNO3 d trong amoniac v
to ra ti a l 21,6 gam bc v m gam mui. Hn hp X cng c kh nng tc dng vi lng d NaOH v
to ra ti a 11,6 gam mui. Hy xc nh m.
Bi lm

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Nhn xt: Ta thy ba cht trn u l ng phn ca nhau, tnh cht ha hc cng tng t nhau,

iu ny c th khin ta mt mt cht thi gian suy ngh rng:"liu iu ny c n g khng". Nu

ta bit rng: bi cho 3 phng trnh, hn hp c 3 cht Ta bit ngay rng ta phi t 3 n
s gii.
1,68
= 0,075 mol
22,4
21,6
nAg =
= 0,2 mol
108
Hn hp X gm CH3 COOH, CH2 OH CH = O, HCOOCH3 vi s mol tng ng l a, b, c mol
1) Hn hp X tc dng vi Na: v = l c phn ng
1
R OH + Na R ONa + H2
2
nCH3 COOH + nCH2 OHCHO = nROH = 2nH2 a + b = 2nH2 = 2.0,075 = 0,15 mol (1)
nH2 =

2) Hn hp X tc dng vi dd to ra phn t phi c chc =

Ta nhn thy CH2 OH CH = O c chc CH = O
Ta nhn thy HCOOCH3 c th vit thnh CH3 O CH = O cng c nhm CH = O
CH2 OH CH = O + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2 O CH2 OH COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4 NO3 (I)
b mol
b mol
2b mol 2b mol
CH3 O CH = O + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2 O CH3 O COONH4 + 2Ag + 2NH4 NO3 (II)
c mol
c mol
2c mol 2c mol
CH3 COOH + NH3 CH3 COONH4
a mol
a mol
Ta c: nAg = 2b + 2c = 0,2 mol (2)
3) Hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH un nng ch c , l c phn ng
CH3 COOH + NaOH CH3 COONa + H2 O
a mol
a mol
t

HCOOCH3 + NaOH HCOONa + CH3 OH

c mol
c mol
Ta c: mmui = mCH3 COONa + mHCOONa = 82a + 68c = 11,6 gam (3)
a = 0,1 mol
(1),
(2),
(3)
T
{b = 0,05 mol
c = 0,05 mol
CH3 COONH4 : 0,1 mol
CH OH COONH4 : 0,05 mol
T phn ng (I) v (II) Mui thu c gm: { 2
mmui = 33 gam
CH3 O COONH4 : 0,05 mol
NH4 NO3 : 0,2 mol

Bi 2: Cho hn hp X gm 4 cht sau:saccarozo, mantoz, glucoz v fructoz. Hn hp X c kh nng tham

gia phn ng thy phn trong mi trng nc, xc tc axit, c un nng, sau khi cc phn ng din ra
hon ton, c cn thu c cht rn c khi lng tng thm so vi hn hp X l 2,7 gam. Ha tan cht rn
va thu c vo nc c dd Y. Dung dch Y c kh nng phn ng vi dd AgNO3 trong amoniac d
to ra 0,8 mol Ag. Nu khng thy phn th hn hp X c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng gng v to
ra ti a 0,3 mol Ag. Tm % khi lng ca saccarozo trong hn hp X (bit glucoz chim 20% s mol ca
hn hp X).
Bi lm
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Nhn xt: bi cho 4 phng trnh Khng cn suy ngh nhiu, ta s t 4 n v gii 4 phng

trnh.
Ta t s mol ca 4 cht ln lt l a, b, c, d mol
* Xt hn hp X
+ Tham gia phn ng thy phn: ch c isaccarit l c phn ng
1 Saccarozo + 1 H2 O 1 Glucoz + 1 Fructoz
1 Mantoz + 1 H2 O 2 Glucoz
msau = mhn hp X + mH2 O msau mhn hp X = mH2 O
2,7
2,7 gam = mH2 O nH2 O =
= 0,15 mol
18
Ta li c: nsaccaroz + nmantoz = nH2 O a + b = nH2 O = 0,15 mol (1)
+ Tham gia phn ng trng bc: ch c mantoz, glucoz v fructoz l c phn ng v mantoz v glucoz
c nhm -CHO, cn fructoz chuyn thnh glucoz trong mi trng kim
NH3

1 Fructoz 1 Glucoz
d mol
d mol
1Glucoz
2 Ag
(c + d) mol 2(c + d)mol
1Mantoz 2 Ag
b mol
2 b mol
nAg = 2(c + d) + 2b = 2b + 2c + 2d = 0,3 mol (2)
* Xt dung dch Y
+ Tc dng vi dd AgNO3 d trong amoniac
1 Saccarozo 1 Glucoz + 1 Fructoz
a mol
a mol a mol
1 Mantoz 2 Glucoz
b mol
2b mol
NH3

1 Fructoz

1 Glucoz
(d + a) mol
(d + a) mol
1Glucoz

2 Ag
(a + 2b + c + d + a) 2(a + 2b + c + d + a)
nAg = 2(2a + 2b + c + d) =0,8 mol (3)
Ta c: nglucoz = 20%nX c = 0,2. (a + b + c + d)(4)
a + b = 0,15
2b + 2c + 2d = 0,3
T (1), (2), (3), (4) ta c: {
2(2a + 2b + c + d) = 0,8
0,8c = 0,2a + 0,2b + 0,2d
2b + 2c + 2d = 0,3
b = 0,05 mol
T (1) ta c a = 0,15 b (2), (3), (4) { c + d = 0,1
{ c = 0,05 mol
0,8c 0,2d = 0,03
d = 0,05 mol
a = 0,15 0,05 = 0,1 mol
msaccarozo
0,1.342
%msaccarozo =
100% =
100% = 49,35%
mX
0,15.342 + 0,1.180
* Bnh lun:
Vi bi ton trn: Bn s mt rt nhiu thi gian suy ngh xem 4 cht trn c mi quan h nh th no
vi nhau, liu rng c th tm c mi lin h c bit no hay khng. Chnh iu ny s tiu tn ca bn
rt nhiu thi gian, thm ch khin bn mt i phng hng, loay hoay tm kim cch gii trong v vng.
Phng php s m gip bn nh hng ra cch gii rt nhanh chng, gip bn khng mt thi gian
sa vo nhng cch lm phc tp, t gip bn tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian. Quan trng hn c,
phng php s m gip bn nhn ra cch gii nhanh nht v ch ng nht c th.

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Bi 3: Cho 136,8 gam hn hp X gm saccarozo, mantoz. Thy phn hn hp X, ta thu c cht rn Y, ha

tan cht rn vo nc, thu c dung dch Z. Dung dch Z c kh nng phn ng vi ti a 0,51 mol Br2
hoc tham gia phn ng trng gng v to ra 1,14 mol bc. Bit glucoz chim

3600
% s mol ca rn Y.
61

Tm % khi lng ca saccarozo trong X.

Bi lm
Nhn xt: C l bn s kh bi ri, v bi khng cho cc cht b phn ng hon ton hay cha.

Khin bn rt kh c nh hng gii tip. Bn bit bn c th t 4 n gii tng qut, nhng

bn thy n qu di, bn bn khon: "liu rng c cch khc ngn hn?" v iu ny s tiu tn
thi gian ca bn. Tuy nhin nu bn bit tng: "c n phng trnh, c n cht Ch c 1 cch
duy nht l t n n" bn s nhanh chng bt tay vo lm ngay
Do bi cho 4 phng trnh Tng ng vi 4 n s: 2 n l s mol ca saccarozo v 2 n l hiu sut
thy phn ca 2 cht. Ta t s mol ca saccarozo, mantoz ln lt l a v b mol. t hiu sut phn ng
thy phn ln lt l x v y.
Ta c: mX = msaccaroz + mmantoz = 342a + 342b = 136,8 gam (1)
1 Saccarozo 1 Glucoz + 1 Fructoz
ax mol
ax mol ax mol
1 Mantoz 2 Glucoz
by mol
2by mol
nglucoz = ax + 2by
nfructoz = ax
Sau thy phn, dung dch Y s c: {
nsaccarozo = a(1 x)
nmantoz = b(1 y)
+ Phn ng trng gng
NH3

1 Fructoz 1 Glucoz 2 Ag
ax mol
2ax mol
1 Glucoz
2 Ag
(ax + 2by) mol 2(ax + 2by) mol
1 Mantoz
2 Ag
(b by) mol 2(b by) mol
nAg = 4ax + 2by + 2b = 1,14 mol (2)
+ Phn ng vi Br2
1 Glucoz + 1 Br2
(ax + 2by) (ax + 2by)
1 Mantoz + 1 Br2
(b by) (b by)
nBr2 = ax + by + b = 0,51 mol (3)
3600
36
(ax + by + a + b)(4)
+ nglucoz =
%. nY ax + 2by =
61
61
a + b = 0,4 (1)
4ax + 2by + 2b = 1,14
T (1), (2), (3), (4) {
ax + by + b = 0,51
25ax + 86by = 36(a + b)(4)
Thay (1)vo (4) 25ax + 86by = 36.0,4 = 14,4 (5)
T (2), (3), (5) ax = 0,06; by = 0,15 v b = 0,3
a
0,1
b = 0,3 a = 0,4 0,3 = 0,1 %msaccarozo =
100% =
100% = 25%
a+b
0,4
Bi 4: [Cu 13 - i hc 2010 A - M 596]

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un nng hn hp X gm 0,02 mol axetilen v 0,03 mol hidro trong bnh kn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho
Y li t t qua bnh ng nc brom d, sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c
280 ml hn hp kh Z thot ra ngoi. T khi ca Z so vi H2 l 10,08. Tm m
Bnh lun: y c l l mt trong s t nhng bi m chng ta c th s dng phng php bo

ton khi lng gii nhanh ra kt qu.

Cch 1: s dng bo ton khi lng
X Y Z v hidrocacbon b hp th
mX = mbnh tng + mZ
m = mbnh tng = mhidrocacbon Phn ng = mX mZ = (0,02.26 + 0,03.2)

0,28
. 10,08.2 = 0,328 gam
22,4

Cch 2: Cch d nh hng hn, tng qut hn

Ta thy hn hp kh Y gm: C2 H2 , C2 H4 , C2 H6 v H2 c 4 cht
bi cho 4 phng trnh: nC2 H2 ; nH2 ; nZ ; MZ t 4 n gii
Ta t s mol ca 4 cht trn ln lt l a, b, c, d mol
+ Ta c: nC2 H2 = a + b + c = 0,02 mol (1)
+ Ta c: nH2 = b + 2c + d = 0,03 mol (2)
0,28
+ Ta c: nZ = nC2 H6 + nH2 = c + d =
= 0,0125 mol (3)
22,4
mZ 30c + 2d
+ Ta c: MZ =
=
= 10,08.2 30c + 2d = 0,252 (4)
nZ
0,0125
227
123
263
T (3) v (4) c =
;d =
. T (2) b =
. T (1) a = 2,5.103
28000
28000
28000
m = mbnh tng = mC2 H2 + mC2 H4 = 26a + 28b = 0,328 gam
Bnh lun: Ti sao c th ni tuy di nhng cch trn l hp l v tng qut hn? V u tin, nu

bi hi tnh % khi lng ca etilen trong hn hp Y hoc cho hn hp Y tc dng vi dd bc

nitrat trong amoniac v hi khi lng rn thu c th y l cch lm duy nht. Tuy nhin, l do
th 2 y l v cch lm ny tuy di nhng gip ta khng b bi ri khi gp nhng bi ton tng
t.
Bnh lun: Tnh ton c th c nhiu cch, nhng tng pht sinh t phng php s m c th
gip bn rt ngn thi gian suy ngh. C th hi di nhng n lun lun a bn n p n ng
nht. N c v ph hp vi k thi i hc, ni m khng phi lc no bn cng bnh tnh ngh
c p n nhanh v phng php lm nhanh nht. Tip sau y l mt s bi tp bn luyn
tp thm.
Bi 5: Hn hp X c khi lng 82,3 gam gm KClO3 , Ca(ClO3 )2 , CaCl2 , KCl. Nhit phn ha ton X thu c
0,6 mol O2 , cht rn Y gm CaCl2 v KCl. Ton b Y tc dng va vi 0,3 mol K 2 CO3 thu c dung dch
Z. Lng KCl trong dung dch Z gp 5 ln lng KCl trong X. Tm % khi lng ca KCl trong X.
Bi lm
Cch 1: Cc bn c th gii nhanh nh sau:
X O2 + Y Bo ton khi lng 1 PT gn vi hn hp Y
Y tc dng va vi 0,3 mol K 2 CO3 1 PT gn thm vi Y
c 2 PT gn vi Y, m Y li c 2 cht Tm c chnh xc s mol ca 2 cht ny
1
Tm ngay c nKCl trong Z t d kin cui nKCl trong X = nKCl trong Z
5
mKCl trong X
Tm c nKCl trong X ly
l ra p s
mX
Gii chi tit
t s mol ca CaCl2 v KCl trong Y l a v b mol
Bo ton khi lng: mX = mO2 + mY mY = 82,3 0,6.32 = 63,1 (40 + 71)a + (39 + 35,5)b = 63,1
111a + 74,5b = 63,1 (1)
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+ Cho hn hp Y tc dng vi K 2 CO3

CaCl2 + K 2 CO3 2KCl + CaCO3
a mol amol 2a mol
nK2 CO3 = a mol = 0,3 mol a = 0,3 mol t (1)ta c: b = 0,4 mol
Trong Z s c: nKCl = b + 2a = 0,4 + 2.0,3 = 1 mol nKCl trong X =

1
. 1 = 0,2 mol
5

39 + 35.5
100% = 18,10%
mX
Cch 2: Ta m thy bi cho 4 phng trnh t 4 n gii
t s mol 4 cht ln lt l a, b, c, d mol
Ta c: mX = 122,5a + 207b + 111c + 74,5d = 82,3 (1)
3
Ta c: nO2 = a + 3b = 0,6 (2)(bo ton O)
2
Sau nhit phn hn hp Y c (a + d) mol KCl v (b + c) mol CaCl2
nCaCl2 = b + c = nK2 CO3 = 0,3 mol (3)
nKCl trong Z = nKCl trong Y + 2nK2 CO3 = (a + d) + 2.0,3 = 5nKCl trong X = 5. d a 4d + 0,6 = 0 (4)
T (3) c = 0,3 b Thay vo (1), (2), (4) a = 0,2; b = 0,1 v d = 0,2
74,5
%mKCl trong X = d.
100% = 18,10%
82,3
Bnh lun: T bi 4 v bi s 5 Nu bi cho 4 cht v 4 n Cch n gin nht l t 4 n v
%mKCl trong X = 0,2.

4 phng trnh. Tuy nhin ta c th vn dng sng to hn v bi s cho mt hn hp con c 2

n s v cng c lun 2 phng trnh tng ng chng ta c th tnh lun c 2 n s ny
vic cn lm ch l t nt 2 n v gii nt. Thc cht y cng l gii 4 phng trnh vi 4 n s
nhng c chia lm 2 giai on: giai on 1 tnh 2 n v giai on 2 tnh nt 2 n na, nn gim
bt khi lng tnh ton.
Bi 4: Hn hp Z c 2 cht C2 H6 v H2 , li c 2 PT gn vi Z l nZ v MZ
Ta t 2 n v gii lun ra s mol ca 2 cht ny. Sau t nt 2 n v gii tip.
Bi 5: Hn hp Y c 2 cht l CaCl2 v KCl, ta cng c lun 2 PT gn vi hn hp Y:mY =mX -mO2 v nK2 CO3
Ta t 2 n v tm ra s mol CaCl2 v KCl trc, sau s gii tip.
Lu : Nu cho 4 phng trnh v hn hp X c 4 n, th hy th quan st tm ra hn hp Y,

Z no c s n t hn v c th tnh c trc tip s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp Y v Z

S gim bt khi lng tnh ton.
Bi 6: Hn hp X gm Na, Ba, Na2 O, BaO. Ha tan hon ton 21,9 gam X vo nc, thu c 0,05 mol kh
hidro v dung dch Y, trong c 20,52 gam Ba(OH)2 . Hp th hon ton 0,3 mol CO2 vo Y, thu c m
gam kt ta, tm m.
Bi lm
Nhn xt: V trong d kin cui ta khng bit CO2 c phn ng hay khng b qua d kin ny
Bi ton cho ta 3 d kin: mX , nH2 v nBa(OH)2 trong Y . Trong khi trong hn hp X li c 4 cht ta s b i
mt cht no . Ta c th b i 1 cht bt k v s khng lm thay i s PT cng nh bn cht bi ton.
Gi s ta mun b Na i hn hp X c Ba, BaO v Na2 O vi s mol l a, b, c mol
nH2 = nBa a = nH2 = 0,05 mol
(y l l do ta b Na, v da vo nH2 , ta s xc nh c ngay nBa )
Hn hp X c 0,05 mol Ba, b mol BaO v c mol Na2 O
20,52
nBa(OH)2 =
= 0,12 mol = nBa + nBaO = 0,05 + b b = 0,07 mol
137 + 34
mX = 0,05.137 + 0,07. (137 + 16) + c. (23.2 + 16) = 21,9 c = 0,07 mol
(Cc bn hon ton c th gii 3 PT 3 n, nhng y trnh by cch ngn hn)
0,05 mol Ba
n = 0,12.2 + 0,14 = 0,38 mol
0,12 mol Ba(OH)2
Dung dch X c { 0,07 mol BaO dd Y {
dd Y { OH
nBa2+ = 0,12 mol
0,14 mol NaOH
0,07 mol Na2 O
+ Hp th 0,3 mol CO2 vo dd c 0,38 mol OH v 0,12 mol Ba2+
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2+
CO2 + OH HCO
3 (khng to kt ta vi Ba )
2
2+
CO2 + 2OH CO2
BaCO3 )
3 + H2 O (CO3 + Ba
nOH 0,38

Xt
=
= 1,267 m 1 < 1,267 < 2 to ra CO2
3 v HCO3 vi s mol l x v y mol
nCO2
0,3
x + y = nCO2 = 0,3 mol
x = 0,08 mol
{
{
y = 0,22 mol
2x + y = nOH = 0,38 mol
2+
+ 0,08 mol CO2
CO2
= 0,08 mol
3 tc dng vi 0,12 mol Ba
3 phn ng ht nBaCO3 = nCO2
3

mBaCO3 = 0,08.197 = 15,76 gam

Ch : Bi ton cho 2 tc dng vi hn hp gm 2+ l bi ton kh quan trng, cc

bn c th tham kho thm trong phn "bi ton s 2" c mt trong cun sch ny.
* Bnh lun: Chc chn cc em ang rt t m, t hi ti sao phng php S M li k l n vy? Ti sao
li c th gch i cc cht c trong bi? Ti sao nghim m vn ra c kt qu? V c l hai cu hi quan
trng nht l:
Cu hi 1: Nhng bi tp dng no c th vn dng phng php S M gii? Du hiu nhn bit mt

bi c th gii bng S M l g?
Cu hi 2: Liu rng c cch no chng minh phng php S M hay khng?
Hai cu hi trn s c chnh tc gi PHNG PHP S M, ng thi l tc gi cun sch CNG PH
HO HC gi ti cc em trong bi vit di y, bi vit mang tn: C S TON HC CA PHNG PHP
S M V DU HIU NHN BIT PHNG PHP S M.

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PH LC: C S TON HC V CCH NHN DIN PHNG PHP S M

Cch chng minh PHNG PHP S M
A. PHNG PHP S M
Cc bc vn dng:
Bc 1: m s cht c trong hn hp c m cht c m n s (l s mol ca m cht)
Bc 2: m s d kin C n d kin C n phng trnh ton hc c m n
Bc 3: B i (m-n) cht bt k Ta cn li n cht ng vi n n (l s mol n cht) v n phng trnh ton
hc. Ta c n phng trnh n n Ta d dng tm ra n n s
Bc 4: bi yu cu tm gi tr ca biu thc T (t hp ca m n s ban u). Ta tm T thng qua gi tr
ca n n s va tm c, ta c T = T
Nhim v ca chng ta l phi chng minh: T = T

Ly v d: Ta c hn hp X gm C2 H6 O, C3 H8 O, CH4 O. t chy hon ton 26,2 gam hn hp X thu c 1,1

mol CO2 . Tm s mol oxi cn dng t chy ht hn hp X.
* Cch gii bnh thng:
t s mol ca 3 cht trong X l a, b, c mol
mX = 46a + 60b + 32c = 26,2
Ta c: { n
Tm nO2 = 3a + 4,5b + 1,5c
CO2 = 2a + 3b + c = 1,1
Vy m=3 vi 3 n l a, b, c
Nhn xt :
Ta c n=2 ng vi 2 d kin mX = 26,2 v nCO2 = 1,1 mol. y l 2 d kin v t 2 d kin ny c th lp
mX = 46a + 60b + 32c = 26,2
c 2 phng trnh ton hc m n s (a, b, c): { n
CO2 = 2a + 3b + c = 1,1
bi yu cu tnh T=3a + 4,5b + 1,5c
* Vn dng s m:
Ta thy c 3 cht trong X C m = 3 n s
Ta thy c 2 d kin (lp c 2 phng trnh gn vi 2 n s) n = 2 d kin
V 2 phng trnh 3 n l khng th gii c, ta s b i (m-n)=(3-2)=1 n bt k Ta s b i 1 cht bt
k, v d b i cht cui cng X cn 2 cht l C2 H6 O v C3 H8 O vi s mol ln lt l a v b mol
mX = 46a + 60b = 26,2
Nh vy ta c: {
Ta tm ra a v b
nCO2 = 2a + 3b = 1,1
Ta tnh T = nO2 = 3a + 4,5b
Nu S M ng th T=T. Mun chng minh S M th ta phi chng minh T=T
(a v b c th khc a v b)
* Tm li, ta c dng ton tng qut sau: Gi s ta c 3 n l a, b, c v 2 phng trnh ca 3 n s trn. T 2
phng trnh trn ta c th tm c T=ma+nb+pc bng mt cch no .
Nu ta b i 1 n s bt k, gi s b i n s c th ch cn li 2 n l a v b. Ta dng 2 phng trnh tm
gi tr c th ca a v b. T ta tnh c T=ma+nb. Hy chng minh T=T
Nu chng minh c bi ton tng qut trn, ta c th chng minh c PHNG PHP S M cho dng
bi: Cho hn hp X cha 3 cht, c 2 d kin. Hy tm T
Cch lm: B i 1 cht bt k, gii ra 2 n v tm T, ta lun c T=T
* Chuyn ngn ng ho hc sang ngn ng ton hc
1) bi gc
(1)x1 a + x2 b + x3 c = A
Ta c 3 n l a, b, c v 2 phng trnh: {
(vi xi , yi , A, B l cc hng s cho trc)
(2)y1 a + y2 b + y3 c = B
Hy tm T = ma + nb + pc (vi m, n, p l cc hng s cho trc)
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2) Ta chuyn bi trn sang bi mi thng qua PHNG PHP S M.

Ta thy c 3 n l a, b, c (m=3). Ta c 2 d kin (Phng trnh (1) v (2)) n = 2. Ta b i (m-n)=(3-2)
cht bt k Gi s b i n c bi mi
(1)x1 a + x2 b = A
Ta c 2 n l a v b v 2 phng trnh: {
(vi xi , yi , A, B l cc hng s cho trc)
(2)y1 a + y2 b = B
Hy tm T=ma+nb.

Hy chng minh rng: Nu c th tm c T l mt s c th th T=T

* Chng minh
1) Ta xt bi gc
(1)x1 a + x2 b + x3 c = A
{
. Ta i tm T=ma+nb+pc
(2)y1 a + y2 b + y3 c = B
Do ch c 2 phng trnh 3 n nn ta khng th tm c c th 3 n s a, b v c, hay ni cch khc l ta c
v s nghim (a, b, c) tho mn 2 phng trnh trn.
Tuy nhin ta vn c th tnh c T nu ma + nb + pc = (x1 a + x2 b + x3 c) + (y1 a + y2 b + y3 c) (a, b, c)
(vi , l 2 hng s)
(x1 a + x2 b + x3 c) + (y1 a + y2 b + y3 c) = ma + nb + pc (a, b, c)
a(x1 + y1 ) + b(x2 + y2 ) + c(x3 + y3 ) = ma + nb + pc (a, b, c)
x1 + y1 = m
x + y1 = m
{ x2 + y2 = n gii h () { 1
tm c nghim (, )
x2 + y2 = n
x3 + y3 = p
T = A + B vi , l nghim ca phng trnh (*)
Nh vy ta tm c T
2) Xt bi ton c suy ra sau khi p dng S M
(1)x1 a + x2 b = A
x + y1 = m
{
. Ta tm T=ma+nb (bit { 1
vi (, ) l nghim ca h trn)
x2 + y2 = n
(2)y1 a + y2 b = B
T = ma + nb = (x1 + y1 )a + (x2 + y2 )b = (x1 a + x2 b ) + (y1 a + y2 b ) = A + B
Ta thy T=T vi A,B l 2 s cho trc v , l nghim ca (*)
(iu phi chng minh)
* Nhn xt: Ta c th chng minh bi ton tng qut vi m n v n phng trnh, cch chng minh hon

ton tng t.
* Mt s im ch :
+ Min bi ng th s m lun ng.
C ngha nu cho 1 hn hp X cha m cht, .Hy tnh T th S m lun gip chng ta tnh c gi
tr chnh xc ca T.
+ Cc gi tr a , b c th bng hoc c th khc gi tr ca a v b
+ V a, b, c l s mol ca 3 cht trong X nn a > 0, b > 0, c > 0. Tuy nhin, a v b c th <0, >0 hoc =0
B. MT S VN LIN QUAN N PHNG PHP S M
B1. Nu bi ng th s m lun ng
Mt s thy gio v hc sinh sau khi bit n phng php s m, c gng tm cch chng minh s
m sai. Mt thy gio gi ti mt bi ho c bi sau:

Cho m gam hn hp X cha 4 , 2 6 2 . t chy hon ton X thu c 1 mol 2 . Hy tm m?

* Bnh lun ca thy gio:
Ta thy X c 2 cht ng vi 2 n m = 2
Ta thy c 1 d kin duy nht l nCO2 = 1 mol n = 1
Ta b i (m-n)=1 cht bt k B i CH4 O X cn li 1 cht duy nht l C2 H6 O2 vi s mol l x mol
1
Ta c: nCO2 = 2nC2 H6 O2 = 2x mol = 1 mol x =
2
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1
. 46 = 23 gam
2
Nu b i C2 H6 O2 th X ch cn li CH4 O vi s mol l x mol nCO2 = nCH4 O = x mol = 1 mol x = 1
m = mX = mCH4 O = 1.32 = 32 gam 23 gam B cc cht khc nhau to ra cc p s khc nhau
S M SAI???????
m = mX = mC2 H6 O2 =

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