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    106 views17 pages

    The Use of Force and The International Legal Order

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    Ana Beatrice Ferreira
    The Use of Force and the International Legal Order

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    19 THE USE OF FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER Christine Gray SUMMARY ‘hits ae afte met anova ae of eras! ne: State a6 te treatin of he rani aes nwa frente UN hare The ‘apeenet af wet he allow hue of fr or rasta ert ‘The appaton ot Arte 28) toc are aepatemti The aici othe ron onthe ue offre st Hh to sll under Arie 1 is cote ‘eer forenoon of ata abroad on repre toe, The UN charter a abi calc say sem here he Sect Coe imyrecanobveats oe pce and aif ages. Ts capt ties hese ‘evo ston a be tation of UN peeing a wal a he pe of ‘eon orgnzatns to ast peneeeing an enorceent ton, 1. INTRODUCTION ‘Theta om the offre ofthe oe controversial aes finan ow nd one where the we ay sem ieee The UN Chir probit the se of foe by Sts in Artic 20 bu ths ba not prevetd th crrtence of oer 10) ‘major confit since 143 and the dats of oer twenty milion pope Diilt ‘uestions ae ao how fr internasonl ein ucts Ste beau. Practice States re ey ansious to evo candemnaton fr terse offre and they generally ae the lenguge of international lao expan and jy thet ehivoar, nt asthe sole aston bat sone of «varity of agents, Ths [NATO bse i te ofc inhuman intervention over Kotowo ob & mitre of pola nora and le argument i terping 10 dni ea argent Jtcation of th eof foc by Sates, epi pomesfl Sue, teely se need manipulation ofthe rls, bat inthe abence of ear empieal erence shout the ntare of decison making within St the fem an anunpton Ima underestimate the geninedifereces of viewpoint betwee opponng Ses andthe commitent of he vast mor of Seep sal weak Ste 0 he PPohiion on he as of foe ‘The UN char ethe starting pint for any discussion of international wo he we of fore (Sm, 202). twas ended ser and ia sponse tthe experiences ‘ofthe Second Wed War, in the sme way a the Lage of Naons Covent wat 2 reponse tothe Fist Wood War There i dangrerent 8 o whether the prolton ofthe we of rein the UN Chater was a eolsonry new provision or whether ‘somaya a ale deveoped log the ie of Ate 2) the ie oe {ceton ofthe United Nations (Bole, 1943, p68)-The Charter ams at ony to ‘rohit uerl use of free by Stes by Arie 24), but lo to centrale {latra ofr the ue foe inthe Sect Coun, acing ander Chap I ‘The Preamble ofthe Charter begins We the peoples ofthe United Nations dtr ‘neo sve sucading generation fom the surge of wa’ and the fist popu ofthe UN set out in Article is "To maitainiterstonl peace and secu, nd to tht eno tke efleivecolecve meaner the pretenon and remaval of ‘hats othe pence and forthe suppresion of ats af agpesion ov eer bese ofthe psc. The origi chee ma tt the Seat Counc should respond ‘hess to he pace, rach ofthe peace, nd acts of aggresion neces Hough {6 own sanding UN army. However this plan focndeed daring the Cold Wat breathe vet poses by the ve permanent members ofthe Secusty Coun the USA, the USSR (now succeded by Russi) China, France, andthe UR sce fev deison-matiog by the Security Cound (Pat 1992) “he original Charter scheme ha aot been implements he ston taken by the Secu Coupel under Chapter IL has ben iret om that original planned ‘Conitions of he wing’ have elaced the gan fo standing UN ary member State bave ben suthornd to se force in or enforcement operations which ae teed tobe eyo the reoure ofthe UN Alo the ttuton of exer hich grew up as paral substi for ecwty Coun enforcement ton dung, ‘he Cold War dn wethoat expe provision in the Chae. “hee is oad agement betwen Sate onthe core ofthe eon the wae of fs, set outa te Charter an ao in ginal and cole sl- defence eats othe ‘we af fre. Honeer early division between devioped and devping Sates ‘merged onthe interpretation ofthe bref proviso the hare The UN General ‘Auembly adopted rotons on the us offre to eborte onthe Chat, ad ‘it USE OF FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL RGA ORDER 591 re tbs were adopted by consenmsthey ae general spade statements of aoa international ora aorta nterpretaions ofthe UN Clare. otf thew ralations are delerstely ambiguous. The conse i aoa i the Defiion of Aggesion (GA Reston 314), the Decaton on rnd [Raton (GA Relation 2825) andthe 187 Dedaration othe Non Use of Force (Ga Reston 42/2) msi the disionsbeween Sates on questions such she spe ofthe it ofl dlece These diveion ware pptet inthe deter lening tpt the reoltons, The cena concerns of developing States hae ben wih ‘armament dear weapon and conomi soeron peer they have ured ‘vier imerpretaton of he prohibition of te we offre than developed Sates. ‘A iniportan in the ntepettion adaption of the UN Charter rls 98 the use of face ne the rsoltons of the Genta Assy and of the Seat Counc pasted in rection pei natn of te eo res by Sates OF ee thot ae polit bodes but ei general cepted that a condition of suse fore wtong evens of tile in cotrart faureto condemn my note oackaive evidence thatthe ation in quion wat Bf gien the ariey of totes inncng Stes, The International Coat of Faiz ssa played scat prt in the entiation and deveopment ofthe ales om the we ore the Nap ese! and he Lely of the Tra or Ue of Nala Meson Ay Opinion’ II, THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF FORCE IN ARTICLE 2(4) UN CHARTER Artie 24th bas roibion on the ee offs by Sates. pros that‘ ‘Meribel fin inc internation elation foe the teat or we of ce ist the etoile pli independence of any Seo in ay aber, ‘tanner inconsitet withthe Purposes fhe United Nations Clea his deed elt Sate use offre, thong ait as taned ot civ cons av een tore common than trainin State confi sae the Secand Wald Wa, Under Ace 26) thee ia duty on th UN to esa that even Ses which ae bot UN members act in accordance with these principles ra may be ees forthe maintenance of nternaonal pac and scary Thi robin of te te of force i Arle 24) accepted as representing customary iteration to even aut cogent at was ceded bythe IC) the Morgen ce? Ba ts ea hana ego pe te are a apo ry pin gp 8 926 2 ily trary on pit ca ne Ut ae of Ah et hon ete a epee BO lnuerrettion has given sb to much debit. Gener Astembly selon pve ‘ome ited dance bat gos oe the more fundamental seperens. ‘Art 24) pois the we of foc in ‘neat elation certin Ste ve *heefoe tito ape tht hey were atid in he se offre to reve hat hy ‘chimed o beth own terior. Thus Asentin ade the ale lads set oder tose them ack om the UK whoa tile to the erry je lrg ivaded Kian 1990 onthe ita tha pe-lonl ie ad tee ‘wa noting Arle 2(0) beet the terory belonged 0° Thee icvasons ‘neestrorgly condemn by the nterestinal communi he scion of Arpentinn fn rg were inconinent withthe day under Arie 2(3) ofthe UN charter to vee dapat ncn eto and boundary dates pect Thi ty ‘as farther elaborated in he Definition of ggresion ad he elation on Fredy Felton Neverthe, China doe ot ecade the right owe force to ecne te “and of Tan onthe bas tht thi ip of China whe ter Stes have led fora pene clement he contover ‘Another problem withthe interprettion of internation elton ha tsen oer the ctgoration of conics she tution an ter State conte which Arie 214) apple or Stan iteral conic nen by feet rele? This ie of ‘ategnation was racial nthe Veta and Korern Wars ding the Cold Wr ‘Wetrn Snes arged tha thee were intr Sate war inated when a0 ages Commas Se evaded it eighhour and tha he nteroaonal commana Able to spond i cole sldetenceorclecve acon under Chapter Vt of ‘he UN Charter The pci bloc postion was thst Vitam and Koes wee bh umtay Sates engage In stags apt alan intervention Disagreements 6 whether the conf! wats cil war an inter Sate confi lo oe wih oe {0 ebeak up ofthe former Tagan! DDewloped and deopng State re dvd on the meaning of re the fomer ‘mune at hs mens only armed force, whereas developing Slates ci tht ores ao economic eoecion. However this divin is pethas more of symbaic {hin of pracical importance; economic coin i noe expel probed (General Asem satin sch athe Desraton on rd Blatos. 1 ce Se a ITE Ap Ch, Pt Da Din oh et so ie is ay pd Sea a (Of grater practi importance with ead to the interpretation of orc he Ioterstinal Cort of Jie in the Nearapua case wa led t ctegorie the various action ofthe USA simed at the overthrow of the ginenment of ‘ewagon 1 bel tat not ony the lying of mines in iragn waters Ihecis on Nieaguin ports and ol intaltions by US force but ao support {arcmin engept in fore gle again the gorerament could conse the oof ce The aming and taining ofthe cota noe he we of ace ina Niarages, but the mere supp of ind id notin ul aout eo face? “The proibion ofthe test of for” ar opposed othe acl ‘ue of fre hat ot proved of gra importance in practice The IC in the Niaragua case nin the Adszory Opinion on the Lap of Narr Wespone wat fc th (quent ao the meshing of ten of loc’ buted ite byway of dance, Tinting il othe nor ery suprising conlson that = het of fore ir nse re the acl wie ofthe fore tresened would self be una the Court, ‘aod 1 find that he mere poseion of clear mespons wa an url heat offre OTHER MANNER INCONSISTENT WITH THE PURPOSES OF THE “The mos fundamental debate on the ieterpteaton of Arie 24) i water eis sn abolte prion onthe ate offre or whether i shold be interpre teal the te of force or sme which ae conient withthe popones of the UN an tore tes we of force which does ot harm tetra tee pita Independence of «Sate? There have been debts a to wheter the ue of farce fo reste nto o promote democray nd 6 fre sl determination cold be ernpbl wit Are 24 Mast recy States he ithe sto whet fore ‘mantra trenton in Kosovo was probed by Arle 2). ‘Daring the Cold War some, mos US, welts red tat Ac 28 eps ‘on ied probit: they maid that shoal be erp in heen text ofthe whole Charter and that ha the prion of ace depends on the functioning of the Charter scheme for clive sciy under Chapter VIL Tn he Cole War the Security Gnu cull ot use x powers een and therelore Ale 1) should be terete to alow the use of foc o fre the panes tnd przoss af the UN (Resa, 1983). Others rejected this approach, eet that Arte 24) shold he sly constrcds the non-Ractoning ofthe UN ‘gsr rede i all the more moran hat Stats should not we fre excep in > te eRe a id Sf et lpn os po sa-defnce (Schacter, 196). Te dest ato wheter Artie 24) es wide or « aro proiion onthe se of forested th Cold Wa in practice fo States open rele on «nao interpretation of Arise 24 0 until we offre daring the Cal Wae Te pret adoption othe eine {gurent 0 Article 28) bythe UK in he Cor Chara ease was xenon he ‘UK argued that is fore ierveton in Albanian terri water ocean idence (as 1 which Sut was responsible orang naval minesthat ade he ‘esvton of two rish warship) dd ot vite Article 26 bcs tation did ‘ot threaten the testo igri or pla independence of Abana The Coe ‘ejeced ths clam but here ws Se hate so whether this was er ited ‘jin of he UC chim on the parla fat ttl join ofthe nacow Interpretation of Artie 216 The IC} inthe Micra cane sears a hae taken he Iau ew ofthe rling” In te niente USA and esl expe ok + nao view of rile 2() a not prohibiting the rescue atonal This was argued Uplate rece of rationale on aja plane fom Entebbe in Upana (0976) an by the USA in its more exes operon in Gena (98) bat hit ‘asaot these ification forthe x of force and wa not aken pb ther Ses, Tn thee css ther ustfentons were also ofeed by the USA and Ia! othe ae lfc they id nat sly onthe conver row interpretation of Ati 214) So expres relance on the agumen tht Article 24) sald be epee low the ue offre if his was consistent wh the aime of he UN remain 1, oven pursuit of -dtceminntion Daving the ea of eaoizaton Stes were divide ao wha forc coud be ‘ed by peoples i parm of the right of s-determinton (Won, 158) thie {tein ino longer of great practi iiance Former olen and eweoping Stee minuined that Arle (4) aid not probit chao force; Western and former coli powers didnot scp ta an yoted aunt the General Aseriy rection which expel affirmed right to ow free Tove reoltons mich Were adopted by conseanis suchas the Dafion of Agron andthe Friendly Réatons Reoluon, were deliberately ambiguos. They spoke of the right of ‘people with the right to sedetermintion t "rggle for that nds by thie eveoping Sates understood armed staple and the developed Sats peace ‘urugle There was agreement, weer, that fre should nt beard agua 1 people with te gh f self determition. There i ite sigh that this debe has reat praca signcance tsa excep in he coset ofthe srgge ofthe Plein far determination oe he legal osapation by al fhe Wee kan Gua Sip. 1 acer gn 1 ge tp * iran msi An oer Seapets ain an Be {HE USE OF FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER 585 2 Foren pursuit of democracy “The dim tht po-dermocalfrce—the oe of force to rere erat gv ‘ents not probit by Aric 2() has bees pa forward by weiter sah 8 ‘Amato (1980), but at by Slates Is notable that when the USA nade Paar in 1969 special danomed any eal doce of po-demncae aion, oe Fring to relisted on sl defence. When the ome redent Noi ee stn down afer dfs nthe elton the USA tervene ching ws ing inae-dcene of natonl in Param disinguhe betwen plea iter (tin the prtesion of democracy and tI juifeaton for latrenon © ‘Ahoup the UN aay hae power to autoviae fore ortre democrat gore {nent in eceptonl cars cha tht of ait afer st democrat {vernmest was oethvowa in coup in 1981, eit pose epi form {hia ight furl terenton by Stes ‘The meant NATO acon oer Koxevo in 1999 led to an extend date om the ‘se to whether Arie 28) allowed the ue offre for humanitarian iter ‘enon and produced fandamantalptbtween NATO Stateson the one hand ‘Chins, si and the Non-Aligned Movement on he oh Acting in pons 0 ‘Ygolve'srepeon and pacer of etn Abaca in Roe NATO co ced seventy eight dys campaign starting e March 1988 Ahough NATO di ot oe ily elaborated Ie segues fs ar campaign memed pat forward in justfaton a mitre of imped sutra by the Security Carl fd buena aguante: Meer Sater et ut thee lea rpuente i the Security Counc Ste apd inti pleading inthe Leplty of Us of Face ae ‘ought Yoon before the Iatrotional Court of Mie ist NATO Sten” "The UK more than anyother Ste developed dotine of buantaisn intervention as an atontnos ntiton, Kas agued tha the interpretation of ‘Artie 21) ha change over in tht tert nin hi fds developed ‘et non tutions This sparen ew dctne wis pat orard with etd to USand UK action over ay Aer Inq rade Kost 1990 and was deen oot ‘ycosn oes in Operation Desert Som the UN See Counc etd Sing cease which wa acted by Ta. However, the cease regime i Reston 67 faded to make provon for the potato of aman right ea, rg turned onthe Kurds f the nach and th hits and Marsh Aras the Sout Inrespone the Secrty Coun pared Rsoluin 688 (0-2) aking Ig 0 ed ‘repent acto humanaran genie. This eanuton was nota ee ep rie hr 96 caste one ‘ndig reolton paned under Chapter Vs expe res to Atle 27) [UN Gharer which provides tht nothing in the Charter attorizes UN oxgae to ‘nuerene in ater wich ae eatentialy witha the domes oacton of Stes Si nocouhorie foc. The USA, the UK ad, to ner een, France artes lnurvened ing to protect the endangered vas and subaguenly Primed oy zones over arch ed south ag The egal bas fr his was not mse at fs Bat te UK abeguenti developed the crn of hamaniarianstrentin “To jy thease of force to protect the no-y ses oer north ad 0th a he Uri that "We belive that humanitarian intervention witout the ition of the country once canbe juste in cer af exzeme humanitarian eo contrat the USA and France i ot ofr bustin trenton a thease ton forte se foc neg Sate ave ral planed verte operations Jn the no sone which ave continued one the la ten yu, Fane has wie ea inital support China and Rasa donot aexep he eal ofthe oy ones The contowery over the ey ofthe US and UK operations a enforce be oy sone mena that ti nt surpiing tha oter Str Gil ot ey 0 hi precedent forthe NATO action in Kon (Ge, 2002). Those who suppor a decrine of humanitarian ntereton often on esi, pretieg, pasion they invoke st precedente ind inereton toed seein {nd sopra deterination in Bonglades (1971) Tai’ intervention whic ‘rete the reine of Ain in Ugands (1979), and Vea se aoc which ded the murderous ral of Pl Pot a Carbo (1978). Buti thse pines the ‘Stes sng Fors did not actly invoke + dotine of humanitarian nerve they peed oy on the bet estblsed eight a el dence See Sater it ‘hat Yolons of Duman sights could not uty thet offre Now hte ea tempt to rewrteitory inorder oy ost the action in Kora Ti esis ‘hate gore wt the Sates a question casi and therefore sems inane {ent withthe approach of the (C) inthe Nea ce. The Cort in coating ‘whther a ew doctrine offre intersenton to help appstion fro ove throw the goverment hd emerge rough Sate practice pa ret tear on heft Unt neither the USA all no other Sexes a med st ight” "AS reas Kosovo tere waste expen support fran astonomous doctrine of humsnisian iereon, eter thn fom the UK. However, Beg in tx ‘egumenst the Cl det oh doctrine ou theinerpretaton of Ate 214 ‘that the NATO cmpign wat an action to recut x poputin in ange and ws ‘ot deed ans the tetova inert ox pital independence 0 apse ‘There was ap obligation to nterene 9 preset the Ramniara caso sehich wa cern and which hd ben ete by the Scusity Counc in ts ‘eatin in oreo protect those een human gh which bd ached the Sts of a eens: Other Sat suchas Germany and Face reed the unig ® aha Aine elf nr Me ‘nang ‘i {HE USE OF FORGE AND THE INTHNDATIONAL LEGAL ORDER 597 wre of he NATO operon an de char ht hy it mt ep t+ it ur brant reson Mom Sater in eS) Sead tote fr ad oy ov antran nerentonAlne = a oreo rt freer eel ty ana cobiaono [ota nd imp thorny Sct Coun The Needs veer reed ha action lowe! Brecon Sey Cone Reon Ravine porte dessbedar ental “fue npins the NATO brag gcd ht Arle 24 shou be otic sc hsb poo oh faa foe Ss etter Caper Vt sure the eof fe enteral by NATO CoMitp goa atlas ara at eo ght fran Tan etn! iw The pice of Stes after te ceaton oe UN di SB carmen ac bd bor changein tment AH 20 Go Reena cltens hae Dfton Agen nd econ STPrdy a xin nero heres Howe he tego SLT ew Cound slain condemning the NATO aon wt SSEMLe Granite ome fr NATO tence 0 vit i pl oc of hana nerve coal be it toe ene fom he ATO acton i sa To scp rss ca (Che 22S Sota nen an unoonow itor oer pend ‘TT dcrmmton ye sory Coal uncer hee Ve Mos ay Echo scan and fo how ay Ser shud te ime? Can big ae Sto mantarn oon apn sed hat wen Sof tamaiacaninereon te ode sen wee incite th ees mes hoe embig cpp nd he ie ange 8 “own tthe ppltn oe wale Ypsn ot tk The OE hy ten SEN Scayecenrl purine te deme of be doce nd ig Che amen of pines when fd wan cvening ban See Sern a prermmen bs show kong or mbit pret xi SEGy pomsing tbe epatonl common sho irene. Invention il aan ete ae and here tbe coming ei of {ero human dom» ares rogaing gente ast Be ‘Shot carte eo pac tera the sof ee Ie Sr Tce ald be poprton rng the ura pepe en outa scene ity ematon! he ata actin mb sehen any te offre mabe coe ™ roy sn many itr rs within a oie th ae he NATO can des pn of onening fe NAT scan Kav ep The Newel ovement eed earn teens ving lel inte Chee Te dct eee eis ono 8 ccanisemie ceae III. INTERVENTION, CIVIL WARS, AND INVITATION ‘The probbion ofthe ase offre in the UN Charteris ected a inter Site coat bat pur fom te nany minor border incenssnce the Second Woe Wt the mor common ae of force ha been wa sometimes prey nel nd ‘omnes feed by outside ivr. The ues pst orale inerentin in {Se cofit hae been developed by General Aembly esctions wh erie ‘on the Charter provloce on the ie of force and complement the prokiktins ff interetion in te onsatons of ronal orgniations Thus the Friend, dations Deaton (1970) rakes eat that every State ha the ay w real from organising instiing siting o patipating in acs of vi sie in agate State andthe daty not 6 foment ict or teat seni, eri o armed sive ed ware vient overow fhe ie of another Sate, Tare iba gener conanes bowen Sates othe principe tobe sped 1 force intrenton in iv confi but hi apletion in pater cons based Fundamental dingrecmen (Ro, 99), “The Neopet he general doctne in he arn Niarags rg 1s ese gant he USA nt onl far unwise offre bt also fr vor Intervention agunt he government trough suppor for the mary nd pre rary operation ofthe conta force, he Court aftned thatthe principle of on intervention noe the right of eey State to cont as nto chose ie om form of goverment witout ousie Intern; k acknowetged Da etches of thi poi were common bt neverthle found tht the prince ‘we customary ineroatonal law ld tha the USA troogh crating ining, feoung. equipping Sancng, sipping and oherwine ncurses ting ad dtectingraltary sod praia actions ia and gaa Naa nd Tilted isteretonl lw. Tn his case the Court dinguied bermeen assitanceto the goverment of aS sd asitance oan appostion oly n overthrow the government. The farmers Howe the litre oben fore actane to he opposition were lowed ohig would rennin ofthe principe of on-ntervention. The Coarse Tt Stntcsin practice hd not claimed sach 3 ih help opposition Feces ait te overnmentoutide the octet of ratonlHteration movers ekg the ght ‘fec-determinson an tht a he Nioegu cae the USA He ad none ht ftervene but fad relied on cles self defence to ast st ef fre sins Naas uring the Cal War Sats which aise postion forces gerald 50 covet thy al tended to change the legitimacy of the gorecnments hey er tring o venom Ths when the USA sted the appoton fre Ie Ang, ° sang anvan Andean ange nana i ower gg aot an acs sw fa a ret nd eg ee ce asset aces Neb Seton ef er 27 sect Coc ws pb te Cl Se nd ae af nw pnt or be ser Couel odie oe coe mes ss Eigse ne ppt a i om croes nec fhe compa conic enn nt cp DR the Sty Ce igen pers etaly nthe DNC ate von 9 the gene 2 Soe Ctra he pve ey ah a cig an ‘eeThaa op, utug he Ca Wr wae onthe aes any footie nar we uD ct See pine eli pu fh ova eres May Se 2 Sa yw ie by gcnment the Ht 0 foe ep Sie ee eo re mantic oe enue fr td SPST ot ce ty bbw he tcl of dwar The Deft of ‘ape nhs Sn ee oe any io ry Th hey ela fer colin Ae, os itn ra Paty Gn cy eee In wa i ai ‘esa tt ely gsc the povrmes fs e 2a mms vier on ira me eel reset lay srt ateneein eben of UN or rep eto SEES ation ne fon temp so titre by cami ‘Siti in egos os pr fen meresion agai he goement. THe Teuecetcer nities i di Aan 979 SSRI Gata nora te cm there a ena tion Sr pe US lhl intl he gee! wae ttn deere ig eee Ste nero we canee byte Ge seo, IV, SELF-DEFENCE Arie 21) eight ‘The man xeon tthe prohibition on the se offre in Aric (0 asleence These ate esp divine between Stats and beeen wien 1 Thar hn eghtofsleferc na wie ora meow rp (Alesando, 1996) The ae Unie Natons Charter povson on detec i Arce I wbich provide: etn in he re Charest he ies gt fini eine fate Har ned sick ecu pt Memb ofthe Ute Non, tt {he Sey Counc a en tere necessary mln nero pe a secon Mass le by Members he ei of hg fe dal be Inmet eon tthe Scy Coun nds at yw afi oe say nd espns ofthe Scary Coun une the eet Cher tk toch acion ai dens cet node inti esto cnt pe ‘Asa mater of wety interpretation, the bate cetes on whabes Arise $i 8 exhaativesatement ofthe ight to aledeence or wheter thee ower soar ae right defence pong beyond the right to eepond to sn are ‘tad The sopprtng a wide rit of eldetence agus that the ere to inherent ght in Arte I peers csomary law ght of self an secon, tat sch coma lw tight wider than Artie 31 and alls se ence oe than agaist an armed aac (Bowe 1958 Are and Bec 1985, “hey argue for ight ofamciptrywlidetene and of potion of wane abroad, Those opist wide view of slidefene argue tht thi inten ‘apres Asie 1 ofony purpose Arie sl impos rescions ob the iit ef el ence in sponse to aed sac and 0 fe wou be ge the same inet rere wider ight of el- fence united by thee reson. ste ight ‘fel defence ian exepion othe probbion on thea of fot should be aro construed (Brownlie, 1968, p21). Tho aning for a narow igh fl ence also deny that eastomary lw in 1945 ined ide ight of wl defoce which was preserved by Arle 51 Gen ti fundamental diene the Proper interpretation of the UN Chater, Sate practice since 1945 uci a Undesandig ofthe scope of the ight felt dene Dest the fundamental disgrement om the scope ofthe ight fede, ll se tped tht ef deence mu be aeceay and proportion. This queen ‘of seesity aod popotionlty i at exp inthe UN Charter ba spt of stony intestinal lv eis generally taken a iting sl efecto ein ich necessary to scoer terry o repel an atk on State foes which | proportionate to tis end These casomary lw rgurements of rece ad proportionality were een reamed ie the Nepean inthe Naor ‘Weapons visor Opision Te aprementbetwen Stet all dfence soa be neesary nd proportionate ake pole for the et may cls self on hs mle ass witout ping into te mor conve actin faba sich a the exstence of ight fo antptny wl dlnce the ih rote nasal or defence at err, 5 Dt tf aa apn ay en KT Rap hw {TE USE OP FORCE AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER Got ‘The main contrveis oer the scope of sl defence ae sta 10 the sgt of “amiciptory’o ‘preemie’ sel-etencs thats does the re o 2 Sze el elec rise aly ater en armed tack ar ard under Arie isthe wide ‘ight wo antipt the atack thst ake preemptive mean Stes ch a {Be SA, the UK and Irae hve died a weight bt the dete so contro ‘ol tat ich clans ave Ben rate, Although te USA ha ometines adopted Tide Ful of Enageent which allow is own frces 10 we fice in ponte 10 “evoneeaton of hole intent by oppsing fre other than reqiing thm 10 set foran sta red tack thas tended to lay down any pares dement J opertins achat those by ite me convoys im the Gulf daring te 1980-88 rng Wt and howe by scat over the na-fy zes pode in rg 10 prot the cian poplation ae rq invaded Kain 890, Ths nthe eae Uke shooting down ofthe can tan Airbus by the USS Viena in 1988, fa iacident wich maybe taken to sow the bas of anita sted, the USA argued tht fd acted inthe context ofan ongoing tere attack on ‘val conway inte Gl to respond owt (mistaken) Delve ob imminent ‘ad by hose enn tary sical en wok the case wo te IC), but a ‘eed without he Bea for he Cat ome any stherae pronouncement om sniptor sl eee The expe invocation of stiptry arma atc by ral oust it tack on lal ear ecto a 198 therefore na rl argued tthe ea rescor under contraction was devgnd prolace nce weapons fore apie dl and therefore that was ented to tale preemie action. Ths wack sas conderne by both the Secarty Czunc and by the General Asem bt be eslutions do pot dey adv the fanéamenta doc se ee open to ution whether the condemnation shoul be lena tal ejection of tpn seledeenceo js ejection onthe pata fics" "Thue in vou of» igh to atcstory sell deence ane ta iti ot etc te eect Sesto val for an muck before responding those aps argue hat vcptry se defnce inves ik fection a tthe Sate may take the intentions ofthe eter o react dsroportoatey, Instr a wide conception ‘fered tack bed om the capabir of modem weapon i adap, th ap ‘ete thet postions mayank, "The conoresy ovr the aly of anticipatory or r-empves-dence was ‘ong tat no proviion on sei ene eld be acted inthe UN General ‘Asebly relations such ar the Denton of Agresion and the Deceaton om Fendy Relation The IC} lathe Masrgua case eleraely ef the mater sre” Sepa tines gt raga Me ben 1 pw a pe ‘Arle pecs that defence permis sponse toa ame tack The efnon of sed stack if to cntomay iteration aw The mow igh feevard typeof armed attack is that by regular amy of one Sate apis the tertoryo¢ apne the Ind soi foress fener But sed stack ends yond thea ao cave atacls by med bands reg, and even the Naru care the IC] wed the Dion of Agresinpargaph 31) 1 ay Inert te reaing of med atack in canoay terete held ha sn red atsck met be anderaod a nlaing he ening by oF os bebo State of armed ands, groups, reps or merinriy, hih cryostat of armed fe gin another Sate of ich gary a fo amour osha arsed ack or st taal aement herein Ba the Cour di ot comer thatthe once of ermal tack Suetched as fa a asistace to rebel in the form of the ‘orton of weapons rloptal oc ater support Thisconcpton of wed tack [Scone the ac of aed hands cealyregues a sgucant depe of gover ‘Ren ilverent et the I! Sept 2001 teri stacks on the Weld Tale ‘Cencr and Peataon hav arguably frte expanded the notion of sed stack to er force by terre orgunation"” The Serty Counalppel shor of Sh exes poooancement ta he ero eta amounted oan armed tac’ ‘Pllerng to characterize i ta set tothe pence. But the wings of he Secaty Coan to afi the right of lence oe Reotion 1268 apd 1373 ‘oer the tack andthe locaton of colt se-defence by NATO ad the (ONS indicated an apparent lack of concen with ay ation of cepa to Aghnian forthe actos of A-Quda tro The UK ome dd ses the slo elionship beeen the abun rep in Agana an Al-Qaeda Another major contre ao the sop of el-efence concerns the ight of Stes {0 we fret prot ther natonal drad (Ronit 198) Ths eights bes asserted by develope Stes sucha the USA, UK, ad sa under Aree Sites tee eased in pracize by the USA inthe Dominican Rep (165), rena (G9) and anus (199), bythe UX Sue (1956) andy alin Ete (197), Devcon State ae more dabei abou te existence fis ight One ofthe me issued sed mot controversial example ofthe we of ceo poet sons abroad ws by the USA nthe sel Caribbean land of Grenada The USA ilo series of jstiatons for seoing Fores into Gread in spore a cop which tought a aca goverment 1 power On of i argent wa ht Ameria 2 ea dnl tin 9 tonal etude theta thatthe operon was designed o rene them Bat ‘Gh werconieabedobtasto the exisenro he danger. and the we ofc was ‘Sdcmoed by the UN General Ase Ia the Secuty Counc the USA vetoed ‘Se reon condemning is ttervenion, One of th rounds for dou sbost te Jepiy of the US eperation inert was based protectin of sonal, ‘athe the wef fre went bond what was necesnry and proportion. All be ‘hen the protection of ratiosl = mere preter o ak he rel inet of oer throwing the pavement th war the cae al the pode ite sve, with he ‘iceptin ofthe Eade ietervention- rea here a majority of Sates dno accept {fe lzlity ofthe nesenon though thee was sympathy ra postion “where th os Sate canst oe acgusces o where there iso eves met ther soot uly hose espose by ther Sates ihe fre ation ‘Pimted wo the evmtion of sion and bot 2 pete for more feeehig “The atc onthe World ‘ade Centr and the Petgon on 1) September 2001 ‘ogi eotonary challenge tthe doin of eldfnc nd a resent (rte ain ths ea Before 1 epee 2001 the seo ce a eons ‘Trot much oa non abrond hed bee contort ony ra andthe USA dems clined fo exece sch aight Income ne this was aunt» Ste ‘ened be dry responsible front tac on US of Ise ston. The Usk ek action gins Lys in 1986 esponse to Lban-spooired trois Ike on US atonal abou; bo mounted muse aah against agin 1993 ‘response fae ssintion nepali ex-Prsdeat Bus, I 998 te {Usa went fate ts atest on tern tining camps in Afghanis and an eel chemical weapons factory in Sean in sponse to terort tacks 08 US ‘Geis in Aon tn 185 Ll had then son aaa henge ofthe PLD {Suni eons toa ttack oa ra secret service agent in Crp his Mtr nmnimooy condemned ty the Secuy Cound and ot acted Tf Tl dence tects eons to he United lates actions was ambien Rusia ‘Dove fom sport to dou ro dewdoped Sates expres mth bu not ‘ear aceptnoe of ich aide lel doctrine of lee “Th seponeto the atch of 1 September 200 0 the Word Trade Cntr the ‘estug the USA gen Operation Enarng Fredo on 7 Octobe 201 withthe ‘Sova raping thease of Alana ater se It eed one Seence as the bas forse of foc against Ahsan nis report ote Securty Caan tinder Arle tthe USA med to be acing in el-efence. The UK. which was {ole nthe isd of mie stad on Ahsan also inva india and cog ‘cuntsenen nav collet sdfence, These

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