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bin i, khai trin v c lc tm gii hn dy tng

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Trong cc k thi Oluympic , HSG ta thng thy c nhiu bi ton tm gii hn dy tng.
i lc, gii c dng ny ta phi bin i t iu kin gi thit cho ca dy, t khai trin v
c lc a v dy tng cn tm n gin hn , ta c th tnh c gii hn ca n .
Di y l cc bi ton ca tc gi v su tm ly t tp ch Ton Hc v Tui Tr minh ha cho
chuyn ny.

1
Bi 1:Xt dy s (xn ) (n=1,2,3.....) c xc nh bi :x1 = 2 v xn+1 = (x2n + 1) vi
2
mi n =1,2,3...
1
1
1
t Sn =
+
+ .... +
.
1 + x1 1 + x2
1 + xn
Tnh phn nguyn ca S2009 v tnh gii hn ca Sn khi n tng ln v hn.
HD:Ta c th tng
qut bi ton nh sau:
u1 = a
Cho dy un tha mn
u2 (b + c)un + c2
un+1 = n
bc
n
P
1
1
1
Tnh chng minh Sn =
=

.
u1 + c un+1 + c
i=1 ui + b
u2 (b + c)un + c2
Tht vy, ta bin i un+1 = n
bc
(un + b)(un + c)
u2n (b + c)un + bc
=
un+1 + c =
bc
bc
1
1
1
1
1
1
=

un+1 + c
un + c un + b
un + b
un + c un+1 + c
Khai trin v c lc dy:
1
1
1
=

u1 + b
u1 + c u2 + c
1
1
1
=

u +b
u2 + c u3 + c
.2
.
.
1
1
1
=

un + b
un + c un+1 + c
1
1
Do Sn =

u1 + c un+1 + c
Vn dng:Ta c th gii bi ton trn bng php bin i ny (b=1,c=-1)
1
1
1
Khi Sn =

=1
u1 1 un 1
un 1
1
2
M un+1 un = (un 1) > 0 , n N un l dy tng 2 = u1 u2 u3 ....
2
Gi s limun = a(a > 2) 2a = a2 + 1 a = 1 (v l)
1
Vy limun = lim
=0
un 1

1
Do phn nguyn S2009 = 0 v 0 <
< 1 v limSn = 1
u2009 1

n 1
P
u1 = 2009
.
Bi 2: Cho dy un tha mn:
.
Tnh
lim
un+1 = u2n un + 1
i=1 un
HD: Ta c un+1 un = (un 1)2 > 0 , n N un l dy tng
Gi s (un ) c gii hn. t limun = L(L > 2009)
Ta c L = L2 L + 1 L = 1 (v l)
1
limun = lim = 0
un
2
Ta cn c un+1 = un un + 1 un+1 1 = un (un 1)
1
1
1
1
=
=

un+1 1
un (un 1)
un 1 un
1
1
1
Vy
=

un
un 1 un+1 1
Khai trin v c lc ta c :
1
1
1

=
u1
u1 1 u2 1
1
1
1

=
u
u2 1 u3 1
.2
.
.
n 1
P
1
1
1
1
1
Sn =

limSn = lim(

)=
=
u1 1 un+1 1
2009 1 un+1 1
2008
i=1 ui
Bi 3: Cho dy s
x
,
n
=
1,
2,
3...
c
xc
nh
nh
sau:
p n
x1 = 1 v xn+1 = xn (xn + 1)(xn + 2)(xn + 3) + 1 vi n = 1, 2, ...
n
P
1
, (n = 1, 2, ....) .Tnh gii hn ca yn khi n dn n v tn.
t yn =
i=1 xi + 2
HD:p
Ta c:
p
p
xn+1 = (x2n + 3xn )(x2 + 3xn + 2) + 1 = t(t + 2) + 1 = (t + 1)2 = x2n + 3xn + 1
trong 0 < t = x2n + 3xn .
Xt xn+1 xn = (xn + 1)2 > 0, n N (xn ) l dy tng
Gi s :limxn = a(a > 1) a = a2 + 3a + 1 , v nghim(v a>1) limxn =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= 2
=

xn+1 + 1
xn + 3xn + 2
xn + 1 xn + 2
xn + 2
xn + 1 xn+1 + 1
Khai trin v c lc ta c:
1
1
1
=

x1 + 2
x1 + 1 x2 + 1
1
1
1
=

x +2
x2 + 1 x3 + 1
.2
.
.
1
1
1
limyn = lim(

)= .
x1 + 1 xn+1 + 1 2
a1 = 1; a2 = 3
Bi 4: Cho dy s an xc nh bi:
n=1,2,3...
an+2 = 2an+1 an + 1
1
1
1
+
+ ... + . Khi n dn n v tn.
Tnh gii hn tng Sn =
a1 a2
an
n(n + 1)
.
2
Tht vy: Theo phng php qui np. Ta nhn thy a1 , a2 ng
HD: Cch 1: Ta chng minh :an =

Gi s ak =

k(k + 1)
2

(k + 1)(k + 2)
.
2
Theo nguyn l qui np ta c iu chng minh.
1
1
n(n + 1)
1
Vy:an =

)
= 2(
2
an
n n+1
1
2n
) = lim
=2
limSn = lim2(1
n+1
n+1
Cch 2: T gi thit suy ra
an+2 an+1 = an+1 + 1
.
.
.
a3 a2 = a2 a1 + 1
cng li ta c:an = an1 + n = (an2 + n 1) + n.....
n(n + 1)
an = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
2
Cho
dy
s
(u
)
c
xc
nh nh sau:
Bi
5:
n

n 1
P
u1 = 1
n = 1, 2, 3....... Tnh lim
un+1 = 1 + u1 .u2....un
i=1 ui
Ta c ak+1 = 2ak ak1 + 1 =

HD: Ta c u1 = 1 u2 = 2, un+1 = 1 + u1.u2...un1.un = 1 + (un 1).un

un+1 = u2n un + 1
Chng minh c (un ) l dy tng v limun =
Ta cn c un+1 1 = un (un 1)n 2
1
1
1
1
=
=
n 2

un+1 1
un (un 1)
un 1 un
1
1
1

n 2
=
un
un 1 un+1 1
1
1
1
1
T Sn =
+
+
+ ... +
u1 u2 u3
un
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ ... +

Sn =
+
u1 u2 1 u3 1 u3 1 u4 1
un 1 un+1 1
1
1
1
1
Sn =

=2
+
u1 u2 1 un+1 1
un+1 1
1
=0
Do limSn = 2 v lim
un+1 1

Bi 6: Cho dy s un tha mn u1 = 2009; un+1 = un ( un + 1)2 ;vi n= 1, 2, 3....

n
P
1
Tnh lim

ui + 1
i=1

HD: Ta c un+1 = un ( un + 1)2 un+1 = un ( un + 1)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=

=
=

un+1
un ( un + 1)
un
un + 1
un + 1
un
un+1
Khai trin v c lc ta suy ra kt qu
2008
2008
,xn+1 =
(1 xn )(1 xn1 )...(1 x1);
Bi 7: Cho dy s (xn ) nh bi x1 =
2009
2009
n
P
n=1,2,3... Tnh lim x2i
i=1

2008
(1 xn )(1 xn1 )...(1 x1)
2009
2
= (1 xn ).xn xn = xn xn+1

HD: Ta c xn+1 =
xn+1

Khai trin v c lc ta c:
n
P
2008
Sn =
x2i = x1 xn+1 limSn =
2009
i=1
Bi 8: Cho dy s (un ) c un =
Tnh lim

n
P

1
vi n = 1, 2, 3....
n(n + 1)(n + 2)......(n + 2008)

ui

i=1

(n 1)!
n!
1
(n 1)! n + 2008 n
.
=[

].
(n + 2008)!
2008
(n + 2007)! (n + 2008)! 2008
1
n!
1
Cho n = 1, 2, 3, .....2008 , ri cng li ta c. Sn =
[

]
2008 2008! (n + 2008)!
1
n!
= lim
=0
M lim
(n + 2008)!
(n + 1)(n + 2).....(n + 2008)
n!
1
1 1
Sn = lim
[
]=
2008 k! (n + 2008)!
2008.2008!
k
P
i
, k=1, 2, 3....
Bi 9: Cho dy xk , vi xk =
i=1 (i + 1)!

Tnh lim n xn1 + xn2 + .... + xn2009

HD: S hng un =

k+1
> 0. Do dy trn tng. Suy ra 0 < x1 < x2 < ..... < x2009
(k + 2)!
hay xn2009 < xn1 + xn2 + .... + xn2009 < 2009xn2009

1
suy ra x2009 < n xn1 + xn2 + ... + xn2009 < 2009 n x2009 (*)
k
1
1
Mt khc ta c:
=

(k + 1)!
k! (k + 1)!
1
1
T suy ra xk = 1
x2009 = 1
(k + 1)!
2010!
1
p
1
1
n
< xn1 + xn2 + ... + xn2009 < 2009 n (1
)
Thay kt qu ny vo (*) ta c: 1
2010!
2010!
1
1
1
1
) = lim 2009 n (1
)=1
.
Nhng v lim(1
2010!
2010!
2010!

1
.
Vy theo nh l kp ta c:lim n xn1 + xn2 + ... + xn2009 = 1
2010!
HD: V xk+1 xk =

Bi cp s cng.
Bi 10:
Cho x, y, z l ba gc tha mn iu kin 0 x y z 2

cos x + cos y + cos z = 0
sin x + sin y + sin z = 0
Chng minh rng ba s x, y, z lp thnh mt cp s cng .
HDT gi thit ca h suy ra

cos x + cos y = cos z

sin x + sin y = sin z

1
Bnh phng hai v tng ng , ri cng li ta c cos(x y) =
2
1
Hon ton tng t ta cng c cos(y z) = cos(z x) =
2
2 4
V 0 y x; z x; z y 2 y-x, z-y, z-x nhn mt trong hai gi tr
; .
3 3

nhng v z-x=(z-y)+(y-x) nn ch c th xy ra z x =

4
2
;z y = y x =
.
3
3

Suy ra iu phi CM.

B
C
A
Bi 11: Trong tam gic ABC c cot( ); cot( ); cot( ) lp thnh mt cp s cng.
2
2
2
Tm gc ln nht ca tam gic .
B
A
C
) = cot( ) + cot( ).
2
2
2
C
A
Bin i a v 3tan( ).tan( ) = 1
2
2
C
A
A
A
T cot( ).cot( ) = 3 cot( )[cot( + 2] = 3
2
2
2
2
A
Gii phng trnh ny ta c mt nghim thch hp cot( ) = 1.
2
Vy gc ln nht ca tam gic bng 900
1
1
1
+
Bi 12: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 6 +
6
cos a cos b cos6 c

Trong ba s a, b, c lp thnh mt cp s cng vi cng sai bng .

3

HD:Theo gi thit th a = b v c = b + .
3
3
t cos2 b = t, 0 < t 1 v cos3 b = m, 0 < m 1 th

cos3 a = cos3 ( b) = cos2 3b = m;

3

cos3 c = cos3 ( + b) = cos2 3b = m;

3
V (4cos3 b 3cosb)2 = cos2 b(4cos2 b 3)2 = m
Hay phng trnh 16t3 24t2 + 9t m = 0, 0 < m 1 c cc nghim

t1 = cos2 b, t2 = cos2 ( b), t3 = cos2 ( + b)

3
3
Suy ra phng trnh mu3 9u2 + 24u 16 = 0 c cc nghim
1
1
1
u1 =
, u3 =
.
, u2 =

2
cos b
cos2 ( b)
cos2 ( + b)
3
3
Khi P = u31 + u32 + u33 . S dng h thc Vi-et v ng thc
u31 + u32 + u33 = (u1 + u2 + u3)3 3(u1 + u2)(u2 + u3)(u4 + u4), ta thu c:
9
9
9
9
P = ( )3 3( u1 )( u2 )( u3 )
m
m
m
m
9
16
3
2
9, (do0 < m 1).
Hay P = P (x) = x 8x + x, x =
3
m
16
> 0,mi x 9 nn P(x) ng bin
Nhn xt rng hm s ny c P(x)== 3x2 16x +
3
trong [9; + ). Suy ra minP = P(9) = 129, t c khi m = 1

Hay cos2 3b = 1 sin3b = 0 b = k .

3

Do a = (k 1) , c = (k + 1) ,, k l s nguyn.
3
3
HD:Ta c 2cot(

ht