Phng trnh Diophant

Trn Nam Dng, HKHTN Tp HCM

Phin bn 2.0
Vit xong thng 7/2004, b sung v chnh l, thng 9/2009
1. M u
Phng trnh nghim nguyn hay cn c gi l phng trnh Diophant l mt
trong nhng dng ton lu i nht ca Ton hc. T Euclid, Diophantus, qua
Fibonacci, ri n Fermat, Euler, Lebesgue v thi hin i l Gelfold,
Matiasevic, Shenzel, Serpinsky phng trnh Diophant tri qua mt lch s
pht trin lu di.
Thng qua vic gii cc phng trnh Diophant, cc nh ton hc tm ra c
nhng tnh cht su sc ca s nguyn, s hu t, s i s. Gii phng trnh
Diophant a n s ra i ca Lin phn s, L thuyt ng cong elliptic, L
thuyt xp x Diophant, Thng d bnh phng, S hc modular
Trong cc k thi hc sinh gii quc gia v quc t, phng trnh Diophant vn
thng xuyn xut hin di cc hnh thc khc nhau v lun c nh gi l
kh do tnh khng mu mc ca n.
Bi ging ny c mc ch a ra mt s phng php c bn tn cng cc bi
ton v phng trnh Diophant. Tuy nhin, vi kh nng cn hn hp ca mnh,
chng ti hon ton khng c tham vng bao qut ht cc vn v phng trnh
Diophant. Chng ti ch yu ch gii hn trong cc phng trnh a thc, b qua
cc phng trnh Diophant bc nht v khng cp n cc phng trnh c
cha hm m.
y l mt tp ti liu m, mt s chng minh c b qua, mt s li gii ch
trnh by s lc hoc b qua. Chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca
qu thy c, qu anh ch v bn b ng nghip, cng nh ca cc em sinh vin,
hc sinh tp ti liu c hon thin hn.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n GS Nguyn Vn Mu v Trng i hc Khoa
hc T nhin HQG HN t chc kho bi dng ny v cho php chng ti
c bo co trc cc thy c, anh ch v cc bn.
Phin bn 2.0 ny ca bi vit c sa cha, chnh l v b sung thm mt s
vn sau:

1) C li gii v phn tch chi tit cho mt s v d v bi tp

2) B sung mt s kt qu quan trng lin quan n phng trnh Pell
3) B sung thm mt s bi tp mi
4) B sung thm phn c thm v ng cong hu t v ng cong
elliptic.
2. Phng php chn m-un
Mt s chnh phng khng th tn cng bng 2, 3, 7, 8. Mt s chnh
phng chia 3 d 0 hoc 1. Mt s chnh phng chia 8 d 0, 1 hoc 4. Nhng
tnh cht n gin nhiu khi li l cha kha gii nhiu phng trnh
Diophant. V chnh l tng chnh ca phng php chn m-un.
V d 2.1: (Vit Nam 2003, bng B) Hi c tn ti hay khng cc s nguyn x, y,
u, v, t tha mn iu kin sau
x2 + y2 = (x+1)2 + u2 = (x+2)2 + v2 = (x+3)2 + t2.
Li gii: Khng.
Cch 1: Tht vy, gi s h trn tn ti nghim. t N l gi tr chung ca c 4
biu thc.
Ta c x2 mod 8 {0, 1, 4}, suy ra x 2 + y2 {0, 1, 2, 4, 5}. Ngoi ra, nu x chy
qua mt h thng d y mod 4 th x 2 mod 8 s l (0, 1, 0, 4) hay mt han v
vng quanh ca b trn.
Nh th N mod 8 {0, 1, 4} {1, 2, 5} {0, 1, 4} {0, 4, 5} = . Mu thun.
Vy khng tn ti cc s nguyn x, y, u, v, t tha mn iu kin u bi.
Cch 2: T hai phng trnh u ta suy ra y2 + v2 2u2 = 2(x+1)2 x2 (x+2)2 = 2. Nh th, y2 + v2 = 2(u2-1), suy ra y, v cng tnh chn l. Nu y, v cng l th v
tri chia 8 d 2, suy ra u chn, nhng khi , v tri chia 8 d -2, mu thun.
V d 2.2. Chng minh rng phng trnh x2 3y2 = 1 khng c nghim nguyn
dng.
Li gii: x2+1 khng th chia ht cho 3!
V d 2.3. ( ngh IMO 1981) Cho phng trnh nghim nguyn z 2 = (x2-1)
(y2-1) + n. Hi phng trnh c nghim khng nu
(a) n = 1981
(b) n = 1985
(c) n = 1984?
Li gii:
(a) Ta c z2 (x2-1)(y2-1) + 5 mod 8. V z2 0, 1, 4 mod 8, x2 1 0, 3, 7
mod 8, (x2-1)(y2-1) 0, 1, 5 mod 8 v (x2-1)(y2-1) + 5 2, 5, 6 mod 8 nn
ta c
z2 (x2-1)(y2-1) + 5 mod 8
Mu thun.
(b) Tng t, xt mod 9.

(c) n = 1984. Rt gn phng trnh, ta c x 2 + y2 + z2 x2y2 = 1985 (1).

tng ca ta l i tm biu din x 2 + y2 = 1985. Khi z = xy cho ta nghim.
Bng cch xt ch s cui cng, ta nhanh chng i n nghim 7 2 + 442 v 312
+ 322 bng phng php v sai. T c cc nghim (x, y, z) = (7, 44, 7.44)
v (31, 32, 31.32).
Ghi ch: phng trnh (1) c v s nghim nguyn dng, hy th chng minh.
Bi tp
2.1. (Thy in 2003) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng x, y sao cho
x2 3xy = 2002.
2.2. Tm nghim nguyn ca cc phng trnh sau
1) x2 2y2 = 3
2) 2x2 5y2 = 7
3) 5x2 + 6x + 11 = y2 + 4y
2.3. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh x10 + y10 z10 = 1999.
2.4. Chng minh rng phng trnh x 2 2y2 + 8z = 3 khng c nghim nguyn x,
y, z.
2.5. Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn dng 1 < k < 10 sao cho h phng trnh x 2 +
ky2 = z2, kx2 + y2 = t2 c nghim nguyn dng.
2.6. Chng minh rng phng trnh x 2 + y2 + z2 + x + y + z = 1 khng c nghim
hu t.
3. Gii hn min nghim. Th v sai
Cho x l s nguyn. Nu |x| N vi s nguyn dng N cho trc th x ch
c th nhn hu hn gi tr. C th x {-N, -N+1, , 0, 1, , N}. iu n gin
l cha kha gii nhiu phng trnh Diophant bng cch gii hn min nghim,
sau dng php th.
V d 1: (Bi ton Arnold) Tm tt c cc b ba s nguyn dng sao cho tch ca
hai s bt k cng 1 chia ht cho s cn li.
Li gii: Gi a, b, c l 3 s nguyn dng cn tm. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta
c th gi s a b c. Theo bi, ta c
ab 1c, bc 1a, ca 1b

Suy ra

(ab 1)(bc 1)(ca 1)

l s nguyn. iu ny tng ng vi
abc
1 1 1
1

Z (1)
a b c abc

Nh vy

1 1 1
1

1 . S dng iu kin a b c ta suy ra
a b c abc

3 1

1
a a3

T d dng suy ra a 3.
Ta xt cc trng hp
1 1 1

Z . L lun tng t ta suy
b c bc

+ a = 1. Khi (1) tng ng vi

ra b 2. Nu b = 1, ta c ngay

2
Z suy ra c = 1, hoc c = 2. Ta c b
c

nghim (1 ; 1 ; 1), (1 ; 1 ; 2). Cc nghim ny tho mn iu kin (ch (1) ch l

iu kin cn!). Nu b = 2, ta c

1 1 1
1 1 1
5

k Z . Do c 2 nn

2 c 2c
2 c 2c 4

suy ra k = 1. T tnh c c = 3. Th li ta thy nghim (1; 2; 3) tho mn iu

kin.
+ a = 2. Khi (1) tng ng vi
nn

1 1 1
1

k Z . Do c b a = 2
2 b c 2bc

1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 13


nn suy ra k = 1. Ta c phng trnh
2 b c 2bc 2 2 2 8 8
1 1
1
1

2(b c ) 1 bc (b 2)(c 2) 5 1.5
b c 2bc 2

Suy ra b = 3, c = 7. Th li b (2; 3; 7) tho mn iu kin.

+ a = 3. Khi (1) tng ng vi

1 1 1
1

k Z . L lun tng
3 b c 3bc

t nh trn, ta c k = 1. Tc l
1 1
1
2

b c 3bc 3
1 1
1
1 1 1
2

. Nh vy ch cn kh nng b = 3.
Nu b > 3 th ta c
b c 3bc 4 4 48 3
10
Nhng khi tnh ra c c
khng nguyn, loi.
3

Vy bi ton c cc nghim l (1 ; 1 ; 1), (1 ; 1 ; 2), (1 ; 2 ; 3), (2 ; 3 ; 7) (v cc

hon v).
V d 2: (Olympic 30/4 nm 1999) Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho 3 ng
thng c h s gc ln lt l 1/m, 1/n, 1/p vi m, n, p l cc s nguyn dng.
Tm m, n, p sao cho 3 ng thng to vi trc honh 3 gc c tng s o l
450.
Li gii: Gi , , l cc gc to bi ba ng thng vi trc honh. Theo
bi ta c

tg

1
1
1
, tg , tg .
m
n
p

Ta cn tm m, n, p nguyn dng sao cho +

+ = 450. iu ny tng ng vi

tg ( ) 1
tg tg tg tgtg tg

1
1 tgtg tg tg tgtg
1 1 1
1
1
1
1

1 (1)
m n p mn np pm mnp

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s m n p. Khi

1 1 1
1
1
1
1
3 3

2
m n p mn np pm mnp n n

T phng trnh (1) ta suy ra

3
3
2 1
m m

T n 3. D thy n > 1 nn ta ch c 2 trng hp cn phi xt

+ m = 2. Thay vo (1) ta c
1 1 1
1
1
1
1

1
2 n p 2n np 2 p 2np
np 3(n p ) 1 (n 3)( p 3) 10 1.10 2.5

Suy ra (n ; p) = (4; 13) hoc (5, 8).

+ m = 3. Thay vo (1), ta c
1 1 1
1
1
1
1

1
3 n p 3n np 3 p 3np
np 2( n p ) 1 (n 2)( p 2) 5 1.5

Suy ra (n; p) = (3; 7).

Kt hp li ta c cc p s ca bi ton l (m; n; p) = (2; 4; 13), (2; 5; 8), (3; 3;
7) v cc hon v.
Bi tp
3.1. Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
1
1
1
1
2 2 2 4
2
x
y
z
t

3.2. Gii phng trnh trong tp hp cc s nguyn dng

1 1 1
1
x y z

3.3. Tm tt c cc b s nguyn dng (x, y) sao cho x 2 + 1 chia ht cho y, y3 + 1

chia ht cho x2.
3.4. (Bulgaria 2001) Tm tt c cc b s nguyn dng (a, b, c) sao cho a 3 + b3 +
c3 chia ht cho a2b, b2c, c2a.

3.5. (Ailen 2003) Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh (m 2+n)(n2+m) =

(m+n)3.
3.6. (Moldova 2003) Chng minh rng phng trnh 1/a + 1/b + 1/c + 1/abc = 12/
(a+b+c) c v s nghim nguyn dng.
3.7. (Rio Plate 2002) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng (a, b) sao cho
l mt s nguyn.

a 2b b
ab 2 9

3.8. (Litva 2003) Tm tt c nghim nguyn ca phng trnh 3xy - x - 2y = 8.

3.9. (IMO 2003) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng (a, b) sao cho s

l s nguyn.

a2
2ab 2 b 3 1

3.10. (Na Uy 2003) Tm tt c cc b s nguyn (x, y, z) sao cho x 3 + y3 + z3

3xyz = 2003.
3.11. (THTT 3/209) Tm tt c nghim nguyn (x, y) ca phng trnh
(x+y2)(y+x2) = (x-y)3
4. Phng php xung thang
Fermat dng phng php ny chng minh phng trnh x 4 + y4 = z4
khng c nghim nguyn dng. V cng t y, bng vi dng ngn ngi trn l
cun sch Diophantus, ng lm au u cc nh ton hc sut 300 nm qua
bng nh l ln ni ting mang tn ng.
C s ca phng php xung thang l tnh sp th t tt ca N (v Nk,
tch cc ca k phin bn N): Mt tp con khc rng bt k ca N u c phn
t nh nht.
chng minh mt phng trnh l v nghim, ta gi s ngc li rng tp
R cc nghim nguyn (t nhin, nguyn dng) ca phng trnh khc rng. Ta
a ra mt th t tt trn R v gi s 0 l nghim nh nht (theo th t nu trn).
Nu bng cch no ta xy dng c nghim 1 nh hn 0 th chng ta s i
n mu thun. Mu thun ny chng t iu gi s l sai v nh vy phng
trnh cho v nghim.
V d 1: Chng minh rng nghim nguyn duy nht ca phng trnh x 3 3y3
9z3 = 0 l (0, 0, 0).

Li gii. Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim nguyn khc (0, 0, 0). Trong s
cc nghim , gi (x0, y0, z0) l nghim nguyn c |x0| + |y0| + |z0| = d nh nht.
R rng d > 0.
T ng thc x03 = 3(y03+3z03) suy ra x0 chia ht cho 3. t x0 = 3x1, ta c
27x13 = 3(y03+3z03) => y03 = 3(3x13-z03)
T y ta li suy ra y0 chia ht cho 3. t y0 = 3y1, ta c
27y03 = 3(3x03-z03) => z03 = 3(x13 3y13)
T ng thc cui cng ny ta suy ra z0 chia ht cho 3. t z 0 = 3z1 thay vo th ta
c
x13 3y13 9z13 = 0
tc l x1, y1, z1 cng l mt nghim ca phng trnh bi.
Nhng |x1| + |y1| + |z1| = (|x0| + |y0| + |z0|)/3 = d/3 . V 0 < d/3 < d nn u ny mu
thun vi cch chn (x0, y0, z0).
Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim nguyn khc (0, 0, 0).
V d 2: Chng minh rng phng trnh x 4 + y4 = z2 khng c nghim nguyn
dng.
Li gii: Gi s rng phng trnh cho c nghim nguyn dng. Gi s (x, y)
= d, tc l x = da, y = db, trong (a, b) = 1. Khi a 4 + b4 = (z/d2)2. Gi s z =
d2c, trong c Q, khi
a4 + b4 = c2
(1)
V c Q, c2 N nn theo nh l 6.1, c N+. Trong tt c cc nghim ca
phng trnh (1), chn nghim c c nh nht. Ta c (a 2)2 + (b2)2 = c2 trong (a,
b) = 1, suy ra (a2, b2) = 1, tc l (a2, b2, c) l b ba Pythagore nguyn thy. Theo
nh l 6.5, tn ti cc s nguyn dng m, n sao cho a 2 = m2 - n2, b2 = 2mn, c =
m2 + n2 trong m, n khc tnh chn l, m > n v (m, n) = 1, ngha l a 2 = m2 - n2
l. Gi s m chn, n l. Khi n 2, a2 chia 4 d 1, ngha l m 2 = n2 + a2 chia 4 d 2
mu thun. Vy m l, n chn, Ngoi ra (a, n, m) lp thnh b Pythagore nguyn
thy, do tn ti p, q N+ sao cho a = p2 - q2, n = 2pq, m = p2 + q2, trong p, q
khc tnh chn l, p > q v (p, q) = 1, Ngoi ra b 2 = 2mn, ngha l b2 = 4pq(p2+q2),
suy ra b = 2h, h N+, khi
h2 = pq(p2+q2)
(2)
Gi s rng tn ti s nguyn t r chia ht pq, p 2+q2. V r chia ht pq nn khng
mt tng qut, c th gi s r chia ht p, khi r chia ht (p 2 + q2) - p2 = q2, suy ra
r chia ht q, mu thun v (p, q) = 1. Vy (pq, p 2+q2) = 1, nh th, t (2), theo nh
l 6.1, ta c pq = s2, p2 + q2 = t2 vi s, t N+. V pq = s2, (p, q) = 1 nn p = u2, q =
v2 vi u, v N+, ngha l (u2)2 + (v2)2 = t2 hay u4 + v4 = t2, trong c = m 2 + n2 >
m = p2 + q2 = t2 > t, mu thun vi cch chn c.
Nh vy iu gi s ban u l sai v ta c pcm.

Bi tp
4.1. Chng minh rng phng trnh x2 + y2 + z2 = 2xyz khng c nghim nguyn
khc (0, 0, 0)
4.2. Chng minh rng h phng trnh

x2 y2 z2 t 2

xy zt

khng c nghim nguyn dng.

4.3. (Hungary 2001) Tm tt c cc s nguyn x, y, z sao cho 5x2 14y2 = 11z2.
4.4. Chng minh rng h phng trnh x 2 + 2y2 = z2, 2x2 + y2 = t2 khng c
nghim nguyn dng.
4.5. Chng minh rng phng trnh x4 y4 = z2 khng c nghim nguyn dng.
5. Xy dng nghim
C nhiu bi ton khng yu cu tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh,
m ch yu cu chng minh phng trnh c v s nghim. Trong trng hp nh
th, ta ch cn xy dng mt h nghim cha tham s l . Vic xy dng nh th
c th c thc hin bng cc gi nh, gii hn min nghim. Cc siu phng l
nhng min gii hn thng dng.
V d 5.1. (Italy 1996) Chng minh rng phng trnh a 2 + b2 = c2 + 3 c v s
nghim nguyn (a, b, c).
Li gii: Chn c = b+1 th ta c phng trnh a 2 = 2b + 4 (*). By gi ch cn
chn a = 2k, b = 2(k2-1) l ta c nghim ca (*) v nh vy phng trnh ban
u c h nghim a = 2k, b = 2(k2-1), c = 2k2 - 1.
V d 5.2. (Canada 1991) Chng minh rng phng trnh x2 + y3 = z5 c v s
nghim nguyn dng.
Li gii: Ch rng 2m + 2m = 2m+1. t x = 2m/2, y = 2m/3, z = 2(m+1)/5, khi x2 + y3
= z5. Ta ch cn tm m sao cho m/2, m/3 v (m+1)/5 nguyn l xong. y l mt
bi ton bc nht n gin v ta c th tm c m = 6(5k+4).
V d 5.3. Chng minh rng vi mi n 2, phng trnh x2 + y2 = zn lun lun c
v s nghim nguyn dng.

Li gii: Xt s phc = a + bi. Gi s n = x + yi th ta c

x 2 y 2 | n || | n

T x2 + y2 = (a2 + b2)n.

a2 b2

V d 5.4. Chng minh rng x3 + y3 + z3 = 2 c v s nghim nguyn.

Li gii. t x = 1 a, y = 1 + a thay vo phng trnh, ta c
6a2 + z3 = 0
T y, nu chn a sao cho -6a 2 l mt lp phng ng th ta s c (1-a; 1+a,
(1 a;1 a; 3 6a 2 ) l mt nghim nguyn ca phng trnh. R rng c th chn
a = -6k3.
Vy (1-6k3, 1+6k3, -6k2) vi k nguyn l mt h nghim ca phng trnh x 3 + y3
+ z3 = 2. Do , phng trnh cho c v s nghim nguyn.
V d 5.5. Chng minh rng phng trnh x4 + y4 + z4 = 2 c v s nghim hu t.
Li gii. Ta tm cc nghim (x, y, z) trong mt phng z = x + y. Khi
x4 + y4 + z4 = x4 + y4 + (x+y)4 = 2(x2+y2+xy)2
T , nu ta chng minh c phng trnh x2 + xy + y2 = 1 c v s nghim hu
t th bi ton c gii quyt. V cch gii bi ton ny, xem phng php ct
tuyn trong phn 7.
Bi tp
5.1. Da vo hng ng thc [2(3x+2y+1)+1] 2 2(4x+3y+2)2 = (2x+1)2 2y2
chng minh rng phng trnh x2 + (x+1)2 = y2 c v s nghim nguyn dng.
5.2. Da vo hng ng thc [2(7y+12x+6)] 2 3[2(4y+7x+3)+1]2 = (2y)2
3(2x+1)2 chng minh rng phng trnh (x+1)3 x3 = y2 c v s nghim nguyn
dng.
5.3. Chng minh rng tn ti v s cc cp s hu t dng (x, y) sao cho x 3 + y3
= 9.
5.4. (Bulgaria 1999) Chng minh rng phng trnh x3 + y3 + z3 + t3 = 1999 c v
s nghim nguyn.
5.5. Chng minh rng vi mi n 2, lun tn ti n s nguyn dng c tng bng
tch.
5.6. (IMO 82) Chng minh rng nu n l s nguyn dng sao cho phng trnh
x3 3xy2 + y3 = n c nghim nguyn (x, y), th phng trnh ny c t nht 3

nghim nh vy. Chng minh rng phng trnh cho khng c nghim khi n =
2891.
5.7. Chng minh rng phng trnh (x2+x+1)(y2+y+1) = z2 + z + 1 c v s
nghim nguyn.
5.8. (THTT 4/187, d tuyn IMO 92) Chng minh rng, vi s nguyn dng m
bt k s tn ti v s cc cp s nguyn (x, y) sao cho:
1) x v y nguyn t cng nhau
2) y chia ht x2 + m;
3) x chia ht y2 + m.
5.9. (Saint Peterburg 2003) Chng rng tn ti cc s nguyn dng a > 1, b > 1, c
> 1 sao cho a2 1 chia ht cho b, b 2 1 chia ht cho c v c 2 1 chia ht cho a v
a + b + c > 2003.
5.10. Chng minh rng phng trnh x 2 + y2 + z2 = xyz c v s nghim nguyn
dng.
6. Phng php s hc
Cc tnh cht ca s nguyn lin quan n s nguyn t, c s chung, bi
s chung nh nh l c bn ca s hc, cc nh l Fermat, Euler, Wilson
ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic tm kim li gii ca phng trnh
Diophant. Chng ti nhc li mt s nh l (khng chng minh) v a ra mt s
v d p dng.
nh l 6.1. (B ) 1) Cho n > 1 l mt s nguyn dng. Nu a, b, c l cc s
nguyn tha mn iu kin a.b = c n v (a, b) = 1 th a = (a) n, b = (b)n vi cc
s nguyn a, b no .
2) Nu a hu t, an nguyn vi n nguyn dng no th a nguyn.
3) Nu a nguyn n a hu t th n a nguyn.
nh l 6.2. (nh l nh Fermat) Nu p l s nguyn t v a l mt s nguyn ty
th ap a chia ht cho p. Nu (a, p) = 1 th ap-1 1 (mod p).
nh l 6.3. (nh l Euler). Nu m l s nguyn dng, (a, m) = 1 th a (m) 1
(mod m), trong l Phi-hm Euler s cc s nguyn dng nh hn m
nguyn t cng nhau vi m.
nh l 6.4. (nh l Wilson). p l s nguyn t khi v ch khi (p-1)! + 1 chia ht
cho p.

nh l 6.5. (nh l Fermat-Euler) Nu p = 4k+1 th tn ti cc s nguyn

dng a, b sao cho p = a2 + b2.
nh l 6.6. (Mt tnh cht quan trng) Cho p l s nguyn t dng 4k+3 v (a, b)
= 1. Khi a2+b2 khng chia ht cho p.
V d 6.1: (Phng trnh Pythagore) Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh x 2 +
y2 = z2 trong tp hp cc s nguyn dng.
Gii bi ton ny ta c kt qu sau m ta pht biu nh mt nh l:
nh l 6.7. Mi nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x 2 + y2 = z2 u c th
vit di dng x = (m 2-n2)k, y = 2mnk, z = (m2+n2)k hoc x = 2mnk, y = (m 2n2)k, z = (m2+n2)k, trong cc s nguyn m, n, k tha mn cc iu kin sau:
1) (m, n) = 1, (x, y) = k
2) cc s m, n khc tnh chn l
3) m > n > 0, k > 0.
Chng minh.
Gi s (x, y) = k, khi x = ka, y = kb trong (a, b) = 1. Ta c (ka)2 + (kb)2 = z2
a2 + b2 = (z/k)2. t z = kc, c Q, khi a2 + b2 = c2. Do c Q, c2 N nn
theo nh l 6.1, c N. V (a, b) = 1 nn t nht 1 trong hai s a, b phi l. Gi s
rng b l, khi a2, b2 khi chia 4 d 1, nh th c2 chia 4 d 2, iu ny khng th
v c2 chia ht cho 2 m khng chia ht cho 4. Vy b chn v nh th c 2 = a2 + b2
l. Ta c
b

b 2 (c a )(c a)

c a c 1
.
2
2

D dng kim tra rng (c-a)/2, (c+a)/2 l cc s nguyn nguyn t cng nhau. Nh
th, theo nh l 6.1, tn ti cc s nguyn dng m, n sao cho (c-a)/2 = n2, (c+a)/2
= m2, t c = m2 + n2, a = m2 n2 v b = 2mn, trong (m, n) = 1.
V d 2: (Lebesgue) Gii phng trnh x2 y3 = 7 trong tp hp cc s t nhin.
Li gii: Nu y l s chn, tc l y = 2k th x = 8k 3 + 7 chia 8 d 7 l iu khng
th. Vy y l. Ta c
x2 + 1 = y3 + 8 x2 + 1 = (y+2)(y2 2y + 4)
Nu y chia 4 d 1 th y+2 c dng 4k+3. Nu y chia 4 d 3 th y 2 2y + 4
c dng 4k+3. V vy, trong mi trng hp, v tri u c c dng 4k+3 v do
c c nguyn t dng 4k+3, iu ny mu thun vi nh l 6.6.
V d 3: (Euler) Chng minh rng phng trnh 4xy x y = z 2 khng c nghim
nguyn dng.
Hng dn: Vit phng trnh di dng (4x 1)(4y 1) = 4z 2 + 1 v s dng
nh l 6.6.

V d 4: a) Cho x, y, z l cc s nguyn tha mn iu kin x/y + y/z + z/x nguyn.

Chng minh rng xyz l lp phng ca mt s nguyn.
b) Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh x/y + y/z + z/x = 3.
Hng dn: Vit phng trnh di dng x2z + y2x + z2y = kxyz. Gi p l c
nguyn t ca (x, y). Hy chng minh rng xyz chia ht cho p3.
Bi tp
6.1. Gii phng trnh trong tp hp cc s nguyn dng
1 1
1

x y 2003

6.2. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh x3 5y2 = 13.

6.4. Chng minh rng phng trnh x3 + 3 = 4y(y+1) khng c nghim nguyn.
6.5*. Chng minh rng phng trnh x7 + y7 = 1998z khng c nghim nguyn
dng.
6.6*. Chng minh rng nu p l s nguyn t, n l s nguyn dng th phng
trnh
x(x+1) = p2ny(y+1)
khng c nghim nguyn dng.
6.7*. Tm tt c nghim ca phng trnh
y2 = x3 + (x+4)2
trong tp hp cc s nguyn.
6.8. Chng minh rng nu c l s nguyn dng l th phng trnh
x2 y3 = (2c)3 1
khng c nghim nguyn dng.
6.9. (Euler) Chng minh rng phng trnh
4xyz x y t2 = 0
khng c nghim nguyn dng.
6.10. (Nga 1997) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn t sao cho p3 q5 = (p+q)2.
6.11*. (Legendre) Chng minh rng phng trnh ax 2 + by2 = cz2 trong a, b, c
l cc tham s khng c c chnh phng, i mt nguyn t cng nhau c
nghim nguyn dng khi v ch khi h phng trnh ng d sau c nghim (,
, ):
bc 2 (mod a ), ca 2 (mod b), ab 2 (mod c ) .

7. Phng php hnh hc

Hnh hc c nhng ng dng rt bt ng trong vic gii cc bi ton s hc.
Chng ta chc chn cn nh bi ton ca IMO 42 Cho cc s nguyn dng a, b,
c, d vi a > b > c > d > 0. Gi s ac + bd = (b+d+a-c)(b+d-a+c). Chng minh rng
ab + cd khng phi l s nguyn t c gii ht sc n tng bng nh
l hm s cos v nh l Ptolm. Di y, ta s xt hai v d ng dng ca hnh
hc trong s hc vi hai phng php tip cn khc nhau.
Phng php th nht c gi l phng php ct tuyn, s dng tng
ca hnh hc gii tch vo vic nghin cu cc im nguyn v im hu t trn
ng cong. Chnh hng i ny dn n khi nim ng cong elliptic, mt
trong nhng vin gch c bn t nn mng cho vic chng minh nh l ln
Fermat. y, chng ta ch gii hn mt v d nh.
V d 1: Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn khc (0, 0, 0) ca phng trnh
x2 + 2y2 = 3z2
(1)
Li gii: Chia hay v ca phng trnh cho z2, ta c phng trnh
(x/z)2 + 2(y/z)2 = 3
t u = x/z, v = y/z, ta c phng trnh
u2 + 2v2 = 3
(2)
trong u, v hu t. Bi ton quy v vic tm tt c cc nghim hu t ca (2)
Ta cn tm tt c cc im hu t nm trn ng cong (E): u 2 + 2v2 = 3. Ch
rng (1, 1) l mt im hu t ca (E). Nu (u 0, v0) l mt im hu t khc (1,
1) th ng thng qua (1, 1) v (u0, v0) s c h s gc hu t. Mt khc, nu y =
k(x-1) + 1 l ng thng qua (1, 1) vi h s gc k hu t th, p dng nh l
Viet cho phng trnh honh giao im, giao im th hai ca ng thng trn
vi (C) cng c ta hu t. Tnh ton trc tip ta c ta ca im ny l
u

2k 2 4 k 1
2k 2 2 k 1
,
v

2k 2 1
2k 2 1

T y ta cng tm c nghim tng qut ca (1). V d vi k=-1 ta c u =

5/3, v = 1/3 v ta c nghim (5, 1, 3) ca (1).
Phng php th hai l phng php im nguyn, li nguyn. Rt nhiu
nh l su sc ca s hc c chng minh bng cch tnh s im nguyn trong
mt min. Chng hn Lut thun nghch bnh phng cho k hiu Legendre
c chng minh nh vy. Di y, chng ta xt mt ng dng khc ca phng
php li nguyn.
V d 2: B Minkowsky v nh l Minkowsky
nh l Minkowsky l mt v d rt th v v ng dng ca hnh hc trong l
thuyt s. Chng ta bt u t mt kt qu rt n gin nhng hu ch
B 7.1. Trn mt phng cho hnh F c din tch ln hn 1. Khi tn ti
hai im A, B thuc F, sao cho vc t AB c ta nguyn.

Chng minh: Li nguyn ct hnh G thnh cc mu nh. Chng cc mu ny ln

nhau, do tng din tch ca cc mu ln hn 1, nn c t nht 2 mu c im chung.
Gi A, B l hai im nguyn thu ng vi im chung ny th A, B l hai im cn
tm.
B 7.2. (B Minkowsky) Trn mt phng cho hnh li F nhn gc ta
lm tm i xng v c din tch ln hn 4. Khi n cha mt im nguyn
khc gc ta .
Chng minh: Xt php v t tm O, t s 1/2 , bin F thnh G. Do G c din tch
ln hn 1 nn theo b 1, tn ti hai im A, B thuc G sao cho vc-t AB c to
nguyn. Gi A l im i xng vi A qua O. Do hnh G i xng qua gc to
nn A thuc G. Do G li nn trung im M ca AB thuc G. Gi N l im
i xng ca O qua M th N thuc F v ON = AB, suy ra N l im nguyn khc
O (pcm).
nh l 7.3. (nh l Minkowsky) Cho a, b, c l cc s nguyn, trong a
> 0 v ac - b2 = 1. Khi phng trnh ax2 + 2bxy + cy2 = 1 c nghim nguyn.
Bi tp
7.1. Tm tt c cc cp (x, y) cc s hu t dng sao cho x2 + 3y2 = 1.
7.2. Chng minh rng mt ng cong bc hai bt k hoc khng cha im hu
t no, hoc cha v s im hu t.
7.3. Hy tm v d mt ng cong bc hai khng cha im hu t no.
7.4*. Chng minh rng nu D l s nguyn khng chnh phng th phng trnh
x2 Dy2 = 1 lun c nghim nguyn dng.
7.5. Cho p, q l cc s nguyn dng nguyn t cng nhau. Bng cch m cc
im nguyn, hy chng minh cng thc
q
2q
( p 1) q
( p 1)(q 1)

.
p p ...

p
2

8. Phng php i s (Phng php gien)

Nu t mt nghim ca phng trnh cho ta c quy tc xy dng ra
mt nghim mi th quy tc chnh l gien. Phng php gien l phng php
da vo gien tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho t cc nghim c
s. tm cc nghim c s, ta p dng bc li, tc l quy tc ngc ca quy tc
tin ni trn. Minh ha tt nht cho tng ny l phng trnh Pell v phng
trnh Markov. Ta bt u bng phng trnh Pell.

Phng trnh Pell c in l phng trnh dng, x 2 Dy2 = 1 trong D l

s nguyn dng khng chnh phng. Nu D = k 2 th t phn tch (x ky)(x +
ky) = 1 ta suy ra phng trnh cho c cc nghim nguyn duy nht l (1, 0).
Trong trng hp D bt k th (1, 0) cng l nghim ca phng trnh Pell. Ta
gi nghim ny l nghim tm thng.
Vi s nguyn dng D khng chnh phng cho trc, t S = { (x, y)
+ 2
(N ) | x2 Dy2 = 1} l tp hp tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
Pell
x2 Dy2 = 1
(1).
Ta c nh l quan trng sau
nh l 8.1. Nu D l s nguyn dng khng chnh phng th S , tc l
phng trnh (1) c nghim khng tm thng.
Chng minh nh l ny kh phc tp, da vo l thuyt lin phn s hoc
phng php hnh hc. Tuy nhin, v mt ng dng (trong cc bi ton ph
thng), nh l ny l khng thc s cn thit v vi D cho trc, ta c th tm ra
mt nghim nguyn dng ca (1) bng phng php th v sai. Ta b qua nh l
ny v chuyn sang nh l m t tt c cc nghim ca (1) khi bit nghim c s.
Vi (x, y), (x, y) S ta c nu x > x th y > y. Do c th nh ngha
(x, y) > (x y) x > x. Vi th t ny, S l mt tp sp th t tt. Gi (a, b) l
phn t nh nht ca S theo th t trn. Ta gi (a, b) l nghim c s ca (1).
nh l 8.2. Nu (a, b) l nghim c s ca (1) v (x, y) l mt nghim nguyn
dng ty ca (1) th tn ti s nguyn dng n sao cho x + y D = (a + b D
)n v t mi nghim ca (1) u c th tm c bi cng thc
x

(a b D ) n (a b D ) n
(a b D ) n (a b D ) n
,y
2
2 D

( 2) .

Chng minh: Nhn xt rng nu (x, y) l nghim ca (1) th

x = ax Dby
y = ay bx
cng l nghim ca (1) (c th khng nguyn dng)
Trc ht, do D v t nn nu x + y D = (a + b D )n th x - y D =
(a - b D )n v t x2 Dy2 = (a + b D )n(a - b D )n = (a2 Db2)n = 1, suy ra
(x, y) l nghim ca (1) v ta c cng thc nh trn.
Tip theo, gi s khng phi nghim no ca (1) cng c dng (2). Gi (x*,
y*) l nghim nh nht khng c dng (2) th r rng x* > a, y* > b.
Theo nhn xt: x = ax* - Dby*
y = ay* - bx*
(3)
l nghim ca (1)
D dng kim tra c rng 1) x* > x > 0 v 2) y* > y > 0. T , do tnh
nh nht ca (x*, y*), tn ti n nguyn dng sao cho x+ y D = (a+b D )n.
Gii h (3) vi n l (x*, y*), ta c (ch a 2 Db2 = 1) x* = ax + Dby, y* =
ay + bx. T

x* + y* D = ax + Dby + (ay+bx) D = (a+b D )(x+y

)n+1
mu thun!.
Vy iu gi s l sai v (2) l tt c cc nghim ca (1).

) = (a+b

Tip theo, ta xt phng trnh dng Pell, tc l phng trnh dng

x2 Dy2 = k
(4)
trong D khng chnh phng v k {0, 1}.
Ta c mt s nhn xt sau
+ Khng phi vi cp D, k no phng trnh (4) cng c nghim. V d:
phng trnh x2 3y2 = -1.
+ Nu phng trnh (4) c nghim nguyn dng th n c v s nghim
nguyn dng. L do: nu (x, y) l nghim ca (4) th
x = ax + Dby
y = ay + bx
cng l nghim ca (4), trong (a, b) l nghim c s ca phng trnh.
Nh thng l, ta t S = { (x, y) (N+)2| x2 Dy2 = k} v gi (a, b) l nghim c
s ca phng trnh Pell tng ng x2 Dy2 = 1. Nghim (x0, y0) thuc S c gi
l nghim c s ca (4) nu khng tn ti (x, y) S sao cho
x = ax + Dby
y = ay + bx
Gi S0 l tp hp tt c cc nghim c s. Ta c nh l quan trng sau:
nh l 8.3. Vi mi D, k ta c |S0| < .
Chng minh: Nu S0 = th |S0| = 0 < . Tip theo gi s S0 . Gi (x, y) l
mt nghim c s no ca (4). Xt h
ax + Dby = x
ay + bx = y
c nghim x = ax Dby, y = ay bx. D dng chng minh c (x) 2 D(y)2 =
1. V (x, y) S0 nn theo nh ngha (x, y) S. iu ny xy ra khi v ch khi
2
2
x' 0 ax Dby x kDb (5)
y' 0 ay bx 2 2

y kb (6)

Nu (5) xy ra th ta c nh gi y2 = (x2-k)/D -k(Db2+1)/D

Nu (6) xy ra th ta c x2 = Dy2 + k Dkb2 + D.
Trong c hai trng hp, ta c |S0| < .
Cui cng, ch rng t mt nghim (x, y) bt k ca (4) khng thuc S 0, bng
cch i ngc xung bng cng thc x = ax Dby, y = ay bx ta lun c th i

n mt nghim c s ca (4). Nh vy, vi nh l trn, phng trnh dng Pell

c gii quyt hon ton. Di y chng ta xem xt mt v d:
V d 8.1. Tm tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x 2 5y2 = 4
(1).
Li gii: Bng php th tun t, ta tm c nghim c s ca phng trnh x 2
5y2 = 1 l (9, 4). Theo php chng minh nh l 8.3, nghim c s ca (1) tha
mn
x2 4.5.42 , y2 (4.5.42 + 4)/5 => x < 17, y < 9
Dng php th tun t, ta tm c hai nghim c s l (1, 1) v (11, 5). T hai
nghim ny, bng cng thc
x = 9x + 20y, y = 4x + 9y
ta tm c tt c cc nghim ca (1).
Vi php gii phng trnh dng Pell, trn thc t ta c th gii tt c cc
phng trnh Diophant bc 2, tc l phng trnh dng
ax2 + bxy + cy2 + dx + ey + f = 0
Da vo l thuyt ng cong bc 2, ta c th a phng trnh trn v mt trong
cc dng chnh sau
+ Dng ellip: ax2 + by2 = c (a, b, c > 0) c hu hn nghim, gii bng
phng php th v sai
+ Dng parabol: ax2 + by + c - gii bng ng d bc 2
+ Dng hypebol: ax2 by2 = c - phng trnh dng Pell
Ngoi ra cn c cc dng suy bit nh hai ng thng ct nhau, hai ng thng
song song, ellip o Di y, ta xt mt v d p dng:
V d 8.2: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng (m, n) tha mn phng trnh
m(m+1) + n(n+1) = 3mn
Li gii: Xt phng trnh cho nh phng trnh bc 2 theo m
m2 (3n-1)m + n(n+1) = 0
Phng trnh ny c nghim nguyn dng khi v ch khi l s chnh phng,
tc l
(3n-1)2 4n(n+1) = y2 y2 5(n-1)2 = - 4
ta thu c phng trnh dng Pell m ta bit cch gii.
c bit vi k = -1, phng trnh x2 Dy2 = -1 c gi l phng trnh Pell loi
2. nh l di y cho chng ta iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh ny.
nh l 8.4. Cho d l mt s nguyn dng khng chnh phng. Xt phng trnh
x2 dy2 = -1
(1)
Gi (a, b) l nghim nh nht ca phng trnh Pell lin kt vi phng trnh (1),
tc l phng trnh x2 dy2 = 1 (1).

Khi phng trnh (1) c nghim khi v ch khi h sau c nghim nguyn dng
a = x2 + dy2
(2)
b = 2xy.
Chng minh. Gi s (x0; y0) l nghim nguyn dng ca h phng trnh (2), v
(a ; b) l nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh Pell lin kt nn
a2 db2 = 1
Do vy, t (2) ta c (x0 + dy0)2 d(2x0y0)2 = 1 (x02 dy02)2 = 1 x02 dy02 = 1
hoc x02 dy02 = -1. Nu x02 dy02 = 1 th (x0, y0) l nghim nguyn dng ca
phng trnh Pell lin kt. Do (a, b) l nghim nh nht ca (1) nn x0 a, y0 b,
m a = x02 + dy02 => x0 x02 + dy02, v l!
Nu x02 dy02 = - 1 th (x0; y0) l nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh (1).
o li: Gi s phng trnh (1) c nghim nguyn dng. Khi gi (x 0; y0) l
nghim nguyn dng nh nht ca (1). Ta s chng minh (x 0; y0) chnh l nghim
nguyn dng ca h (2).
Tht vy, t u = x02 + dy02, v = 2u0v0 th u2 dv2 = (x02 + dy02)2 d(2x0y0)2 = (x02dy02)2 = 1 (v x02 dy02 = -1). Suy ra u, v l nghim ca phng trnh (1). Do (a;
b) l nghim nguyn dng nh nht ca (1) nn u a, v b.
Ta chng minh u = a, v = b.
Gi s tri li u > a, v > b (v u > a v > b).
Ta c 0 a b d (a b d )(a b d ) a 2 db 2 1
Do (a b d )( x0 y 0 d ) x0 y 0 d ax0 bdy 0 (ay 0 bx0 ) d x0 y 0 d
T u > a, v > b suy ra a b d u v d ( x0 y 0 d ) 2 .
Do vy
(ax 0 bdy 0 ) (ay 0 bx 0 ) d (a b d )( x0 y 0 d ) ( x0 y 0 d ) 2 ( x0 y 0 d )

Hay
(ax 0 bdy 0 ) (ay 0 bx 0 ) d (dy 02 x02 )( x 0 y 0 d ) x0 y 0 d .

t s = ax0 bdy0; t = ay0 bx0, ta c

s t d x0 y 0 d
s t d x0 y 0 d

(3)
(4)

Ta thy
s2 dt2 = (ax02 bdy0)2 d(ay0-bx0)2
= a2(x02-dy02) + b2d(dy02-x02)
= -a2 + db2
= -1.
2
2
Vy s dt = -1, suy ra s 0 (v nu s = 0 th dt2 = 1 suy ra d = 1, v l).
Ta chng minh t > 0.
Ta c t > 0 ay0 > bx0 a2y02 > b2x02 (1+db2)y02 > b2(dy02-1) y02 > -b2. Bt
ng thc cui cng ng do t > 0.
Do s 0 nn s > 0 hoc s > 0.

Nu s > 0 th (s; t) l nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh (1). M (x 0; y0) l

nghim nguyn dng b nht ca phng trnh ny nn s x0, t y0 suy ra
s t d x 0 y 0 d tri vi (3). Trng hp s > 0 th (-s; t) l nghim nguyn
dng ca phng trnh (1) v l lun tng t, ta i n mt bt ng thc mu
thun vi (4).
Vu (u; v) = (a; b).
Nhn xt. Thc t l ta chng minh kt qu sau : Nu (a ; b) l nghim nh nht
ca (1) v (m, n) l nghim nh nht ca (1) th a = m2 + dn2, b = 2mn.
Mt iu th v khc na l phng trnh dng Ax 2 By2 = 1 cng c mi lin
quan cht ch n phng trnh x2 Aby2 = 1. Ta c kt qu sau:
nh l 8.5. Cho phng trnh Ax2 By2 = 1
(1)
vi A v AB khng chnh phng. Gi (a, b) l nghim nh nht ca phng trnh
Pell kt hp x2 ABy2 = 1
(2)
Gi s phng trnh (1) c nghim v (x0; y0) l nghim nh nht ca n th (x0;
y0) l nghim duy nht ca h phng trnh
a = Ax2 + By2
b = 2xy
Chng minh. Gi s (x0; y0) l nghim nh nht ca (1). t u = Ax02 + By02, v =
2x0y0 th ta c
u2 ABv2 = (Ax02 + By02)2 AB(2x0y0)2 = (Ax02 - By02)2 = 1.
Chng t (u; v) l nghim ca phng trnh (2). M (a; b) l nghim nh nht ca
phng trnh ny nn u a, v b.
Ta chng minh u = a, v = b.
Tht vy, gi s tri li u > a ; v > b.
a b AB ( a b AB )(a b AB ) a 2 ABb 2 1
( a b AB )( A x 0

B y0 ) ( A x0

B y0 )

( ax 0 Bby 0 ) A (ay 0 Abx0 ) B ( A x 0

Li c
(a b AB ) (u v AB )

A x0

B y0

B y0 )

(ax 0 Bby 0 ) A (ay 0 Abx 0 ) B ( a b AB )( A x 0

( A x0

B y0 ) 2 ( A x0

B y0 ) ( A x0

B y0 )

B y0 )

t s = ax0 Bby0, t = ay0 Abx0 th cc bt ng thc trn c th vit li thnh

s A t B x0 A y 0 B

(3)

s A t B x0 A y 0 B

(4)

Tip theo, ta c (As Bt ) = A(ax0 Bby0)2 B(ay0 Abx0)2

= (a2 ABb2)(Ax02 By02) = 1.1 = 1.
Ta thy s > 0 v
s > 0 ax0 > Bby0 a2x02 > B2b2y02 a2x02 > Bb2(Ax02-1)

 (a2-ABb2)x02 > - Bb2 x02 > - Bb2.

Bt ng thc cui cng ng, do s > 0.
Ta thy t 0 v t = 0 ay0 = Abx0 a2y02 = A2b2x02 (ABb2+1)y02 = Ab2(By02+1)
y02 = Ab2. iu ny khng th xy ra do A khng chnh phng.
Nu t > 0 th (s; t) l nghim nguyn dng ca (1), m (x 0 ; y0) l nghim nh
nht ca (1) s x0 ; t y0, do vy
s A t B A x 0 B y 0 , iu ny mu thun vi (3).
Tng t, vi t < 0 th (s ; -t) l nghim nguyn dng ca (1) v ta cng dn n
mt bt ng thc mu thun vi (4).
Vy u = a, v = b hay (x0 ; y0) l nghim ca h trn.
V d 8.3. (Vietnam TST 2009) Cho a, b l cc s nguyn dng khng chnh
phng sao cho a.b cng khng chnh phng. Chng minh rng t nht mt trong
hai phng trnh
ax2 by2 = 1 v ax2 by2 = 1.
khng c nghim nguyn dng.
Li gii. Gi s c hai phng trnh
ax2 by2 = 1 (1)
v
bx2 ay2 = 1 (2)
c nghim
Gi (m ; n) l nghim nh nht ca phng trnh x2 aby2 = 1, (x1; y1) l nghim
nh nht ca phng trnh (1) v (x 2, y2) l nghim nh nht ca phng trnh (2).
p dng nh l 8.5, ta c
m = ax12 + by12
n = 2x1y1
v
m = bx22 + ay22
n = 2x2y2
2
Do ax1 = by12 + 1 v ay22 = bx22 1 nn t y ta suy ra
ax12 + by12 = bx22 + ay22
2by12 + 1 = 2bx22 1
b(x22-y12) = 1.
iu ny khng th xy ra do b > 1.
Phng trnh Markov c in l phng trnh dng
x12 + x22 + + xn2 = kx1x2xn
(1)
y n v k l cc tham s nguyn dng. Trng hp ring khi n = k = 3
phng trnh
x2 + y2 + z2 = 3xyz
(2)
c nghin cu chi tit trong bi bo ca A.A Markov v dng ton phng
dng ng Bo co VHL KH Lin X nm 1951; dng Markov, lin quan

cht ch n phng trnh dng (2) c s dng trong l thuyt xp x cc s v

t bng cc s hu t.
u tin, ta ch n mt tnh cht th v ca phng trnh Markov. Nu phng
trnh (1) c mt nghim th n s c rt nhiu nghim v c th to ra cc nghim
bng cch sau y. Ta s coi mt bin, chng hn x n, l n s, cn tt c cc
bin khc nh cc tham s. Khi , v phng trnh
x2 kx1xn-1x + x12++ xn-12 = 0
l phng trnh bc 2 theo x v c nghim x = x n, nn n c nghim nguyn th
hai xn = u; theo nh l Viet ta c
u = kx1xn-1 xn = (x12++ xn-12)/xn
(3)
Ch rng u < xn khi v ch khi
x12++ xn-12 < xn2 2xn > kx1xn-1
(4)
Qu trnh ny c th thc hin vi mi bin s x j trong vai tr ca xn. Nhng ch
i vi mt bin - bin ln nht l c th xy ra (4) v ta thu c nghim mi (x 1,
x2, , xn) nh hn nghim c (th t theo tng cc bin); nh vy, theo a s l
cc nghim tng ln v ta c cy nghim.
Tip theo, tr nhng trng hp c bit, ta s gi s rng x 1 x2 xn. Ta s
ni nghim (x1, x2, , xn) l nghim gc (nghim c s), nu
x12++ xn-12 xn2 2xn kx1xn-1
(5)
(t nghim ny, tt c cc nhnh cy i n cc nghim bn cnh, u tng)
B 8.4. Nu phng trnh (1) c nghim nguyn dng th n c nghim gc.
B 8.5. Nu n > 2, (x1, x2, , xn) l nghim gc, ngoi ra, x1 x2 xn. Khi

x1xn-2 2(n-1)/k.
Chng minh:
kx1xn-2xn-12 kx1xn-2xn-1xn = x12++ xn-12+ xn2 2(x12++ xn-12) 2(n-1)xn-12
B 8.6. Nu x1 x2 xn l cc s nguyn dng bt k tho mn iu kin
1 < xn2
x12++ xn-12, th t s R = (x12++ xn2)/x1x2xn khng vt qu (n+3)/2.
nh l 8.7. Nu phng trnh (1) c nghim v n k, th n 2k 3 khi n 5 v n
> 4k 6 khi n = 3, n = 4.
T cc nh l v b trn, vi n cho trc, vic tm tt c cc gi tr k sao cho
(1) c nghim thc hin c d dng. Hn na, phng php gien c s dng
trn c th p dng cho cc phng trnh dng tng t, v d phng trnh
(x+y+z)2 = kxyz.

Cui cng l mt v d khc v ng dng ca gien

V d 8.3: (Iran 2001) Gi s x, y, z l cc s nguyn dng tha mn iu kin
xy = z2 + 1. Chng minh rng tn ti cc s a, b, c v d sao cho x = a 2 + b2, y = c2
+ d2 v z = ac+ bd.
Bi tp
8.1 (Ailen 1995) Tm tt c cc s nguyn a sao cho phng trnh x 2 + axy + y2 =
1 c v s nghim nguyn phn bit x, y.
8.2. (i Loan 1998) Tn ti hay khng nghim ca phng trnh
x2 + y2 + z2 + u2 + v2 = xyzuv 65
trong tp hp cc s nguyn ln hn 1998?
8.3. (Vit Nam 1999) Cho hai dy s (x n), (n=0, 1, 2, ) v (yn), (n=0, 1, 2, )
c xc nh
8.4. (Vit Nam 2002) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho phng trnh
x y z t n xyzt c nghim nguyn dng.
8.5. (Ba Lan 2002) Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng x, y tha mn phng
trnh (x+y)2 2(xy)2 = 1.
8.6. (M 2002) Tm tt c cc cp sp th t cc s nguyn dng (m, n) sao cho
mn 1 chia ht m2 + n2.
8.7. (Vit Nam 2002, vng 2) Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn m 2002 v m
s nguyn dng phn bit a1, a2, , am sao cho
m

i 1

i 1

ai2 4 ai2
l s chnh phng.
8.8. (Vit Nam 2002, vng 2) Tm tt c cc a thc p(x) vi h s nguyn sao cho
a thc
q(x) = (x2+6x+10)(p(x))2 1
l bnh phng ca mt a thc vi h s nguyn.
8.9. (THTT 6/181) Vi gi tr nguyn dng no ca p th phng trnh x 2 + y2 + 1
= pxy c nghim nguyn dng?

8.10. (THTT 4/202) Cho ba s nguyn a, b, c; a > 0, ac b 2 = p1p2pm trong

p1, p2, , pm l cc s nguyn t khc nhau. Gi M(n) l s cc cp s nguyn (x,
y) tha mn
ax2 + 2bxy + cy2 = n.
8.11. ( ngh IMO 95) Tm s nguyn dng n nh nht sao cho 19n+1 v
95n+1 u l cc s chnh phng.
8.12. Tam gic vi cnh 3, 4, 5 v tam gic vi cnh 13, 14, 15 c cc cnh l cc
s nguyn lin tip v c din tch nguyn. Hy tm tt c cc tam gic c tnh cht
nh vy.
8.13. Chng minh rng nu c 3n+1 v 4n+1 u l cc s chnh phng th n
chia ht cho 56.
8.14*. Trong cc hng ca tam gic Pascal, hy tm hng c cha ba s hng lin
tip lp thnh mt cp s cng.
8.15. (M 1986) Tm s nguyn dng n > 1 nh nht sao cho trung bnh bnh
phng ca n s nguyn dng u tin l mt s nguyn.
8.16. (IMO 88) Nu a, b, q = (a 2+b2)/(ab+1) l cc s nguyn dng th q l s
chnh phng.
8.17. (MOCP 03) Tm tt c gi tr n sao cho phng trnh (x+y+z) 2 = nxyz c
nghim nguyn dng.
8.18. (PTNK 03). Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng k sao cho phng trnh x 2 (k2-4)y2 = - 24 c nghim nguyn dng.
8.19. Chng minh rng phng trnh (k2-4)x2 - y2 = 1 khng c nghim nguyn
vi mi k>3.
8.20. (Mathlinks) Cho A l tp hp hu hn cc s nguyn dng. Chng minh
rng tn ti tp hp hu hn cc s nguyn dng B sao cho A B v xB x =
2
xB x .
8.21. (AMM 1995) Cho x, y l cc s nguyn dng sao cho xy + x v xy + y l
cc s chnh phng. Chng minh rng c ng mt trong hai s x, y l s chnh
phng.
Ti liu tham kho

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19. . . 250 , 1968. C

bn dch bi ting Vit do S GD Tp HCM in nm 1982.
20. . , 1956.
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