Qhttnew

Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
CHNG I: BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

1 MT S VI DU DN N BAI TOAN QUY HOACH
TUYN TINH
I. Bai toan l p k hoach san xut trong iu ki n tai nguyn han ch:
Vi du:
Nhn dip tt trung thu, 1 xi nghi p mun san xut 3 loai banh: u xanh,
th p cm, banh deo nhn u xanh. san xut 3 loai banh nay, xi nghi p
phai co ng, u, b t, trng, mt, lap xngGia s s ng co th
chun bi c la 500kg, u la 300kg, cac nguyn li u khac mun co bao
nhiu cung c. Lng ng, u va s tin lai khi ban 1 chic banh mi
loai cho trong bang:
Banh
Banh u xanh
Banh th p cm
Banh deo
Nguyn li u
ng: 500kg
0.06kg
0.04kg
0.07kg
u: 300kg
0.08kg
0
0.04kg
Lai:
2 ngan
1.7 ngan
1.8 ngan
Cn l p k hoach san xut mi loai banh bao nhiu cai khng bi ng v
ng, u va tng s lai thu c la ln nht( nu san sut ra bao nhiu
cung ban ht)
GIAI:
Phn tich:
Goi x1; x2 ; x3 ln lt la s lng banh u xanh, th p cm, banh deo cn
san xut
1. iu ki n cua n: xi 0, i 1,3 .
2. Tng s ng: 0.06 x1 0.04 x2 0.07 x3
Tng s u: 0.08 x1 0.x2 0.04 x3
Tng tin lai: 2 x1 1.7 x2 1.8 x3
Ta co m hinh toan hoc cua bai toan:
f x 2 x1 1.7 x2 1.8 x3 max
0.06 x1 0.04 x2 0.07 x3 500
0.08 x1 0.x2 0.04 x3 300
x j 0, j 1.3
M hinh toan hoc di dang ma tr n

:
Ma tr n rang bu c :
0.06
0.08
0.04
0
0.07
0.04
-1-
Toan chuyn nganh
500
B
300
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
vec t s hang t do.
x x1; x2 ; x3 la vec t n s.
M t vec t x x1; x2 ; x3 thoa (2) va(3) goi la 1 phng an cua bai toan.
M t phng an x x1; x2 ; x3 thoa (1) goi la 1 phng an ti u cua bai toan.
II. Bai toan u t vn nho nht:

Vi du:
Co 3 xi nghi p may cung co th san xut ao vet va qun. Do trinh cng
nhn, tai t chc, mc trang bi ky thu tkhac nhau, nn hi u qua cua ng
vn cac xi nghi p cung khac nhau. Gia s u t 1000$ vao mi xi
nghi p thi cui ky ta co kt qua
Xi nghi p 1: 35 ao 45 qun.
Lng vai va s gi cng cn thit san xut 1 ao ho c 1 qun ( goi la sut
tiu hao nguyn li u va lao ng) c cho bang sau:
XN
1
2
3
San phm
Ao vet
3.5m
20h 4m
16h 3.8m
18h
Qun
2.8m
10h 2.6m
12h 2.5m
15h
Tng s vai va gi cng lao ng co th huy ng c cho ca 3 xi nghi p
la 10.000m va 52.000 gi cng.
Theo hp ng kinh doanh thi cui ky phai co ti thiu 1500 b qun ao. Do
c im hang hoa, nu le b chi co qun la d ban.
Hay l p k hoach u t vao mi xi nghi p bao nhiu vn :
- Hoan thanh k hoach san phm.
- Khng kho khn v tiu thu.
- Khng bi ng v vai va tiu thu.
- Tng s vn u t nho nht la iu ni b t cn quan tm.
Phn tich:
1)Goi x1; x2 ; x3 ln lt la s n vi vn u t ( 1000$) vao mi xi nghi p.
Ta co: x j 0, j 1,3
2)Tng s ao cua 3 XN: 35 x1 40 x2 43x3 ,
3)Tng s qun cua 3 XN: 45 x1 42 x2 30 x3 ,
khng kho khn v tiu thu thi:
45 x1 42 x2 30 x3 35 x1 40 x2 43 x3 10 x1 2 x2 13 x3 0
4)Tng s b qun ao= Tng s ao cua 3 XN: 35 x1 40 x2 43x3 ,
-2-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
5) Tng s met vai cua 3 xi nghi p ( dung may ao va qun ):

3.5 35 x1 4 40 x2 3.8 43 x3
2.8 45 x1 2.6 42 x2 2.5 30 x3

248.5 x1
269.2 x2 238.4 x3
6) Tng s gi cng cua 3 xi nghi p:

20 35 x1 16 40 x2 18 43 x3
10 45 x1 12 42 x2 15 30 x3
1150 x1
1144 x2 1224 x3
7) Tng s vn u t( n vi: 1000$): x1 x2 x3

M hinh toan hoc
1 f x x1 x2 x3 min
10 x1 2 x2 13 x3 0
35 x1 40 x2 43 x3 1500
248.5 x1 269.2 x2 238.4 x3 10000
1150 x1 1144 x2 1224 x3 52000
3 x j 0, j 1,3
M hinh toan hoc di dang ma tr n:
10
35
248.5
1150
2
40
269.2
1144
13
43
,
238.4
1224
0
1500
B
10000
52000
III. Bai toan v n tai

Vi du:
Ta cn v n tai v t li u t 2 kho: K
1 va K2 , n 3 cng trng xy dng: C1,
C2, C3 . Tng s v t li u co mi kho, tng s v t li u yu cu cua mi
cng trng, khoang cach t mi kho n mi cng trng c cho bang
sau:
-3-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Hay l p k hoach v n chuyn th nao :

- Cac kho giai phong ht v t li u.
- Cac cng trng nh n u v t li u cn thit.
- Tng s T km phai thc hi n la it nht.
GIAI
Phn tich:
1. Goi xij i 1,2; j 1,2,3 ln lt la s tn v t li u v n chuyn t kho
Ki C j
xij 0
2. S tn v t li u t kho K1 n 3 cng trng:

x11 x12 x13
3. S tn v t li u t kho K2 n 3 cng trng:

x21 x22 x23
4. S tn v t li u cng trng C1 nh n c t 3 kho:

x11 x21

x12 x22

x13 x23
7. Tng s T km :
5 x11 7 x12 2 x13 4 x21 3x22 6 x23
M hinh toan hoc:
-4-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 5x11 7 x12 2 x13 4 x21 3x22 6 x23 min

x11 x12 x13 20
x x x 40
21
22
23
x11 x21 15
x12 x22 20
x13 x23 25
3 xij 0 i 1,2; j 1,2,3
-5-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
2 CAC DANG BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

I. Dang tng quat:
n
1 f x c j x j min max
j 1
aij x j bi
j 1
- Vector
2 aij x j bi
j 1
n
aij x j bi
j 1
3 x j 0 j J1 ; x j 0 j J 2 ; x j tu y y j J 3 ; J1 J 2 J 3 1;2; ; n
x x1; x2 ;; xn thoa (2);(3) goi la 1 phng an cua bai toan.
- Nu phng an thoa (1) tc la ham muc tiu at cc ai( hay cc tiu)
thi goi la phng an ti u.
- Giai 1 bai toan QHTT la i tim phng an ti u ho c chi ra bai toan
khng co phng an ti u.
Vi du:
Bai toan sau y co dang tng quat:
1 f x 3x1 x2 2 x3 x4 5 x5 max
2 x1 x2 x3 2 x4 x5 17
4 x1 2 x2 x3 20
2
x1 x2 2 x3 x5 18
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 100
3 x1; x4 0; x2 ; x5 0; x3 tu y
II. Dang chinh tc:

n
1 f x c j x j
j 1
2 aij x j
j 1
bi
min max
i 1, m
3 x j 0 j 1, n
-6-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Vi du:
Bai toan sau y co dang chinh tc:
1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min

2 x1 x2 x3 3 x4 0
2 x2 x3 x4 x5 18
x3 2 x4 x5 17
3 x j 0; j 1,5
III. Dang chun:

n
j 1
a1 m 1 xm 1 a1n xn b1
a2 m 1 xm 1 a2n xn b2
........................................
am m 1 xm 1 amn xn bm
x1
x2
xm
3 x j 0 j 1, n ; bi 0i 1, m
x1
x2
xm
1 0 ...... 0
0 1 ...... 0
A

0 0 ...... 1
xm 1
a1 m 1
a2 m 1
am m 1
xn
...
...
...
a1n
a2n

amn
Nh n xet:
Ta thy bai toan dang chun la bai toan dang chinh tc thm 2 iu ki n:
Cac s hang t do khng m: bi 0 i 1, m .
Ma tr n cac h s rang bu c A cha 1 ma tr n n vi cp m.
inh nghia:
1) n c ban: Cac n ng vi vec t c t n vi trong ma tr n A goi la n c
ban, trn ma tr n A ta co x1; x2 ; ; xm la cac n c ban.
- n c ban ng vi vec t c t n vi th i goi la n c ban th i. Cac n con
lai la khng c ban.
2) Phng an c ban: 1 phng an ma cac n khng c ban u bng 0 goi
la phng an c ban.
Nh n xet:
Vi bai toan dang chun ta lun co phng an c ban ban u :
x1; x2 ;; xm ; xm 1; ; xn b1; b2 ; ; bm ;0; ;0
Vi du: Bai toan sau co dang chun
-7-
bi 0, i 1, m
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min
2 x1 2 x4 x5 20
3 x1 4 x2 4 x4 x6 0
x1 2 x2 x3 3 x4 28
3 x j 0; j 1,6
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
2 0 0 2 1 0
A 3 4 0 4 0 1
1 2 1 3 0 0
Ta co x5 la n c ban th nht, x6 la n c ban th hai, x3 la n c ban th ba

Phng an c ban ban u: x1, x2 , x3, x4 , x5 , x6, 0,0,28,0,20,0
-8-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
3 BIN I DANG CUA BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN

TINH
I. a dang tng quat v dang chinh tc:
n
1) Nu g p rang bu c dang: aij x j

j 1
bi
ta c ng thm vao v trai 1 n phu
( Slack variable) khng m xi 1 0 bin v dang phng trinh:

n
aij x j
j 1
xn 1 bi
n
2) Nu g p rang bu c dang: aij x j

j 1
bi
ta c ng thm vao v trai 1 n phu
( Slack variable) khng m xi 1 0 , vi h s -1 bin v dang phng

trinh:
n
aij x j
j 1
xn 1 bi
Chu y: Cac n phu chi la nhng s giup ta bin bt phng trinh thanh
phng trinh, ch khng ong vai tro gi v kinh t, nn no khng anh hng
n ham muc tiu. Vi v y h s cua no trong ham muc bng 0.
3) Nu g p n x j 0 ta thay x j t j , t j 0
4) Nu g p n x j tu y y ta thay x j xj xj , xj , xj 0
Vi du:
a bai toan sau v dang chinh tc:
1 f x 2 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 2 x5 min
x1 2 x2 x3 2 x4 x5 7 x1 2 x2 x3 2 x4 x5 7 a
x2 2 x3 x4 1
x2 2 x3 x4 1 b
2 x3 x4 3 x5 10
2 x3 x4 3 x5 10 c
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 20
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 20 d
3 x1; x5 0; x4 0; x2 ; x3 tu y
GIAI
C ng vao (a) n phu x6 0 .
C ng vao (b) n phu x7 0 .
C ng vao (c) n phu x8 0 .vi h s -1
Thay x4 t 4 ; t 4 0
Thay x2 x2 x2 ; x2 0 x2 0
Thay x3 x3 x3 ; x3 0 x3 0
Bai toan a v dang chinh tc nh sau:
-9-
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x2 2 x3 x3 t4 2 x5 0.x6 0 x7 0 x8 min
x1 2 x2 x2 x3 x3 2t 4 x5 x6 7 a
x2 x2 2 x3 x3 t 4 x7 1 b
2
chu y:
2 x3 x3 t 4 3x5 x8 10 c
x1 x2 x2 2 x3 x3 t 4 20 d
3 x1; x5 0;t4 0; x2 ; x2 ; x3 ; x3 ; x6 ; x7 ; x8 0
Nu
x10,x20,x20,x30,x30,t40,x50,x60,x70,x80
la phng an ti u cua bai toan mi thi
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 la phng an ti u cua bai

x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 with x2 x2 x2 , x3 x3 x3 , x4 t4
toan gc.
II. a dang chinh tc v dang chun:
1) M ta phng phap:
Gia s bai toan a co dang chinh tc: (Gia s
bi 0, i 1, m )
j 1
a11 x1 a1n x n b1
a x a x b
11 1
2
2 11 1
a11 x1 a11 x1 bm
3 x j 0 j 1, n
Ta thm vao mi phng trinh m t n gia kh ng m xn i 0 vi
h s 1
Trong ham muc tiu f x min , n gia co h s M( M>0, M ln
hn s nao n so sanh)
Trong ham muc tiu f x max , n gia co h s M
Ta co bai toan mi goi la bai toan m r ng cua bai toan xut phat.
- 10 -
Toan chuyn nganh
j 1
i 1
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x c j x j M xn i min max
a11 x1
a x
21 1
a1n x n xn 1
a2n xn
xn 2
am1 x1 amn xn
3 x j 0 j 1, n m
a11 x1
a x
A 21 1

am1 x1
b1
b2
xn m bm
a1n xn 1 0 0
a2n xn 0 1 0
amn xn 0 0 1
Ta thy bai toan a co dang chun vi n c ban th i la

n gia.
Vi du:
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 max
xn i i 1, m
la cac
x1 5 x2 5 x4 25
2 4 x2 x3 6 x4 18
3 x2 8 x4 28
3 x j 0; j 1,4
0 5
1 5
A 0 4 1 6
0 3
0 8
Ta thy con thiu vector c t n vi th 2 va th 3 nn phai thm n gia vao

phng trinh th 2 va th 3. Bai toan a v dang chun.
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 Mx5 Mx6 max
x1 5 x2 5 x4 25
4 x2 x3 6 x4 x5 18
3x2 8 x4 x6 28
3 x j 0; j 1,6
0 5 0 0
1 5
A 0 4 1 6 1 0
0 8 0 1
0 3
2) Quan h gia bai toan xut phat va bai toan m r ng

NHN XET
a) Nu x x1, x2 , , xn la phng an cua bai toan xut phat thi
x x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,0,...,0 la phng an cua bai toan m r ng.
- 11 -
Toan chuyn nganh
b) Nu
x 0 x10 , x20 , , xn0
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
la phng an ti u cua bai toan xut phat thi
0
0
x 0 x10 , x2
, , x n
,0...,0
la phng an ti u cua bai toan m r ng.
T o nu bai m r ng khng co phng an ti u thi bai toan xut phat

cung khng co phng an ti u.
c) Nu x 0 x10 , x20 , , xn0 ,0...,0 la phng an ti u cua bai toan m r ng
thi x 0 x10 , x20 , , xn0 la phng an ti u cua bai toan xut phat.
d) Nu bai toan m r ng co phng an ti u trong o co 1 n gia nh n
gia tri dng thi bai toan xut phat khng co phng an.
BAI TP CHNG I
L p m hinh toan hoc
1) Cng ty bao bi dc cn san xut 3 loai h p giy ng thuc B1, Cao sao
vang va ng Quy sm ai b hoan.
san xut ra cac h p nay cng ty dung cac tm bia co kich thc
ging nhau. Mi tm bia co 5 cach ct khac nhau
Cach
H p B1
H p cao sao
H p quy sm
vang
1
2
0
2
2
0
7
4
3
8
0
3
4
1
6
2
5
9
2
0
Theo k hoach s h p B1 phai co la 1500, s h p quy sm la 2000, s
h p cao sao vang ti thiu la 1000. Cn phng an ct sao cho tng s
tm bia phai dung la it nht. Hay l p m hinh bai toan.
2)
Xi nghi p c khi An Phu cn ct 1000 oan thep dai 0.55m; 800 oan dai
0.8m va 1120 oan dai 0.45m lam chung ga. co cac oan thep nay, xi
nghi p phai dung 3 loai thanh thep: loai 1 dai 1.2m; loai 2 dai 1.5m va loai 3
dai 1.8m. Cac cach ct c cho trong bang di
Loai thep
Cach ct
0.55m
0.8m
0.45m
Tha
I: 1.2m
1
1
0
1
0.2
2
2
0
0
0.1
3
0
0
2
0.3
II: 1.5m
1
1
1
0
0.15
2
1
0
2
0.05
3
0
1
1
0.25
4
0
0
3
0.15
- 12 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
III: 1.8m
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
1
2
0.1
3
0
2
0
0.2
4
0
0
4
0
Cn tim phng an ct sao cho tng s mu thep tha la it nht. L p m
hinh bai toan.
Nh n dang va i dang
Trong cac bai toan t 1 n 5 di y:
1)
1 f x min
2 x1 x2 3 x3 4 x5 17
4 x1 2 x3 x4 5 x5 20
3 x j 0 j 1,5
2)
1 f x max
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 x5 32
2
x2 x3 2 x4 16
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 32
3 x1, x3 0; x2 0; x4 , x5 tu y
3)
1 f x min
2 x1 x2 3x3 4 x5 17
2 4 x1 2 x3 x4 5 x5 20
2 x1 4 x5 x6 6
j 1,6
3 x j 0
4)
1 f x max
x1 x2 2 x3 5
2 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 15
2 x x 3x 8
1
2
3
3 x j 0 j 1,4
5)
- 13 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x min
x1 2 x2 2 x3 7
2 x2 2 x3 x4 15
2 x 3x x 8
1
3
4
3 x j 0
j 1,4
a) Nhng bai toan nao a co dang chinh tc.

b) Nhng bai toan nao a co dang chun? n c ban la nhng n nao?
Th t cua no th nao?Hay tim phng an c ban ban u cua no.
c) Nhng bai toan nao cha co dang chun hay a v dang chun sau
o cho bit n nao la n c ban, n c ban y la n gi?( n chinh , n
phu, n gia) th t cua no th nao? Phng an c ban ban u cua bai
toan dang chun nay th nao.
- 14 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
CHNG II: PHNG PHAP N HINH

1 THUT TOAN N HINH
I. Trng hp f x min ( gm 5 bc)

Bc 1: L p bang ban u
c2
cr
cm cm 1 cv cn
n
Phng c1
H c
an
x1
x2
xr
xm xm 1 xv xn
s ban
c1
c2
x1
x2
b1
b2
1
0
0 0 0
1 0 0
a1 m 1
a2 m 1
a1v
a 2v
cr
xr
br
0 1 0
a3 m 1
cm
xm
bm
f x
0 0 1 am m 1 amv amn
f0
f0
Trong o
i 1
i 1
ci bi & j ci aij
arv
a1n
a2 n
arn
m 1 v n
cj
Bc 2: Kim tra tinh ti u

a) Nu j 0 j thi phng an ang xet la ti u va gia tri ham muc
tiu tng ng la f x f 0
b) Nu j 0 ma aij 0 i 1, m thi bai toan khng co phng an ti
u
Nu ca 2 trng hp trn khng xay ra thi chuyn sang bc 3
Bc 3: Tim n a vao:
j thi xv
Nu v max
c chon a vao.
j
Bc 4: Tim n a ra:
b
i i with aiv 0
aiv
If r min i then xr out
i
Bc 5:Bin i bang(dung phng phap kh Gauss-Jordan)

1. Thay xr bng xv . Cac n c ban khac va cac h s tng ng gi
nguyn.
- 15 -
1
2
r
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
2. hang chun=hang a ra( xr )/ arv .
aiv hang chun+ hang i(cu).

hang cui (mi)= v hang chun+ hang cui(cu).
3. hang i(mi)=
4.
II. Trng hp f x max
t g x f x min . V y ta a chuyn v bai toan Ham muc tiu cc tiu
va do o ta hoan toan co th ap dung kt qua cua bai toan min.
Vi du:
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 5x2 4 x3 x4 x5 min
x1 6 x2 2 x4 9 x5 32
2 2 x2 x3 1 x4 3 x5 30
2
2
3
x
36
2
5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form

1 f x 2 x1 5x2 4 x3 x4 x5 0.x6 min
x1 6 x2 2 x4 9 x5 32
2 2 x2 x3 1 x4 3 x5 30
2
2
3
x
x
36
2
5
6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 6 0 2 9 0
1
3
A 0 2 1
0
2
2
0 3 0 0
1
1
- 16 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
-5
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
32
1
-6
0
-2
-9
30
0
2
1
3/2
36
0
3
0
0
1
f x
184
0
-9
0
-3
-7
j 0, j phng an ti u la x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 32,0,30,0,0
Vi du:
1 f x 6 x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 7 x6 7 min
0
0
1
0
2
4
0
x1
x3
x6
x1 x2 x4 x6 15
2 2 x1 x3 2 x6 9
4 x 2 x x 3x 2
4
5
6
1
3 x j 0; j 1,6
s tan dard form

1 f x 6 x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 7 x6 7 min
x1 x2 x4 x6 15
2 2 x1 x3 2 x6 9
4 x 2 x x 3x 2
4
5
6
1
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 1 0 1 0 1
A 2 0 1 0 0 2
4 0 0 2 1 3
- 17 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
1
1
1
x2
x3
x5
f x
15
9
2
26+7
-7
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
-1
-2
4
1
0
0
0
1
0
-1
0
2
0
0
1
(1)
-2
-3
-5
0
0
-2
0
(3)
x6
-7
15
-1
1
0
-1
0
1
x3
1
39
-4
2
1
-2
0
0
x5
1
47
1
3
0
-1
1
0
f x
-19+7
-2
-3
0
(1)
0
0
phng an c ban ban u:
max j 6 3 x6 in
arv 1 x2 out
phng an th 2
max j 4 1but ai 4 0, 1,2,1 bai toan khng co phng an ti u.
- 18 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Vi du:
1 f x 2 x1 6 x2 4 x3 2 x4 3x5 max
x1 2 x2 x3 52
2 4 x2 2 x3 x4 60
3 x2 x5 36
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form

1 g ( x) f x 2 x1 6 x2 4 x3 2 x4 3x5 min
x1 2 x2 4 x3 52
2 4 x2 2 x3 x4 60
3 x2 x5 36
3 x j 0; j 1,5
1 2 4 0 0
A 0 4 2 1 0
0 3 0 0 1
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
2
2
-3
x1
x4
x5
g x
x3
x4
x5
g x
x3
x2
x5
g x
-6
-4
-3
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
1
0
0
2
4
3
(4)
2
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
1
(16)
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
-1/6
1/3
-1
-1/3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
52
60
36
116
13
34
36
-92
22/3
34/3
2
-310/3
0
1/4
-1/2
0
-4
1/3
-1/6
1/2
-23/6
9
1/2
(3)
3
(1)
0
1
0
0
- 19 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
max j 3 16 x3 in
52
min i 1
13
4
a rv 4 x1 out
phng an th 2
max j 2 1 x2 in
34
3
arv 3 x4 out
min i 2
Phng an cui cung:
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5
0,
j 0, j ta
co phng an ti u la:
34 22
, ,0,2
3 3
Gia tri cua phng an:
f0 g0
310
3
- 20 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
2 THUT TOAN N HINH M RNG

I. Chu y trong thu t toan n hinh m r ng
Nu g p bai toan dang chinh tc cha phai dang chun ta dung n gia
a bai toan v dang chun.
1. Nu bai toan m r ng khng co phng an ti u thi bai toan xut
phat cung khng co phng an ti u.
2. Nu bai toan m r ng co phng an ti u ma cac n gia u bng 0,
thi bo phn n gia i ta con phng an ti u cua bai toan xut phat.
3. Nu bai toan m r ng co phng an ti u ma trong o con it nht 1
n gia > 0, thi bai toan xut phat khng co phng an ti u.
Vi du:
1 f x x1 2 x2 x4 _ 5 x5 min
0 0 3 9 0
3 x3 9 x4 0
x2 7 x3 5 x4 2 x5 5
, A 0 1 7 5 2
1 2
4
1
1
2
4
1
2
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
1 3 3
3
5
3
3
3
5
3
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard
form
1 f x x1 2 x2 x4 _ 5 x5 Mx6 Mx7 min
3 x3 9 x4 x6 0
x2 7 x3 5 x4 2 x5 x7 5
1
2
4
1
2
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
3
3
3
3
3
3 x j 0; j 1,7
0 0 3 9 0
A 0 1 7 5 2
1 2
4
1
1 3 3
3
5
1 0
0 1
0 0
- 21 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
M
M
1
x6
x7
x1
0
5
2/3
f x
-5
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
0
0
1
0
(1)
-1/3
-3
-7
2/3
-9
-5
4/3
0
-2
1/3
(-7/3+M)
0
1
0
0
2/3-10M
-3
-7
-5/3
-47/3-3M
1/3-14M
-9
-5
-1/3
-34/3-9M
16/3-2M
0
-2
-1/3
2/3
5M+2/3
0
x6
0
0
x2
5
0
x1
7/3
1
f x
37/3
0
7
max j 2 M x2 in
5
min i 2
1
arv 1 x7 out
phng an th 2
max j 5
2
0 but
3
ai5 0,2, 0 bai

3
- 22 -
toan khng co phng an ti
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Vi du:
1 f x 16 x1 7 x2 9 x3 min
2
1
1
2
x1 x2 x3
3
3
3
3
5
5 x1 5 x2 7
1
3
5
1
0
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard
form
1 f x 16 x1 7 x2 9 x3 Mx4 min
2
1
1
x1 x2 x3
3
3
3
5 x1 5 x2 x4 7
3 x j 0; j 1,4
2
3
5
1
3
5
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
-16
x1
x2
x3
x3
x4
-2/3
-5
-1/3
(5)
1
0
10-5M
-1
-1
(-10+5M)
0
1
0
1
0
9
M
f x
x3
x2
1/3
7
7M+3
12/15
7/5
f x
17
0
max j 2 10 5M x2 in
7
5
arv 5 x4 out
min i 2
Phng an cui cung:
j 0, j ta
co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3
7 12
0, ,
5 15
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 17

Vi du:
- 23 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 2 x3 min
x1 2 x2 x3 27
2 2 x1 x2 2 x3 50
x x x 18
1
2
3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard
form
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 2 x3 0.x4 min
x1 2 x2 x3 27
2 2 x1 x2 2 x3 50
x x x x 18
2
3
4
1
3 x j 0; j 1,4
1 2 1 0
A 2 1
2 0
1 1 1 1
s tan dard form
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 2 x3 0.x4 Mx5 Mx6 min

x1 2 x2 x3 x5 27
2 2 x1 x2 2 x3 x6 50
x x x x 18
1
2
3
4
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 2 1 0
A 2 1
2 0
1 1 1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0
- 24 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
M
M
0
x5
x6
x4
27
50
18
f x
x1
x2
x3
x4
1
2
1
-2
1
-1
1
(2)
-1
3
0
0
1
-4-M
-5/2
1/2
-1/2
-5-5M/2
(2+3M)
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
77M
-2+3M
x5
2
0
x3
25
1
x4
43
2
f x
-50+2M
-4
max j 3 2 3M x3 in
min i 2 25
arv 2 x6 out
phng an th 2
j 0 but
x5 2 0 bai
toan xut phat khng co phng an ti u.
- 25 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
BAI TP
Bai 1
1 f x 2 x1 x2 2 x3 min
x1 4 x3 7
1 0 4
A
0 1 1
x2 x3 10
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard
form
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
2
-1
x1
x2
f x
x3
x2
7
10
4
7/4
33/4
f x
-19/4
Phng an cui cung: j
x1, x2 , x3
0,
-1
x1
x2
x3
1
0
0
1
(4)
1
0
1/4
-1/4
0
0
1
(5)
1
0
-5/4
0
0
0, j ta co phng an ti u la:
33 7
,
4 4
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0
19
4
- 26 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 2
1 f x 4 x1 x2 2 x3 max
x2 x3 8
0 1 1
A
1 1 0
x1 x2 5
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form

1 g x f x 4 x1 x2 2 x3 min
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng
ban
an
2
-4
x3
x1
g x
x2
x1
g x
8
5
-4
8
13
-60
Phng an cui cung: j
x1, x2 , x3 13,8,0
-4
-1
x1
x2
x3
0
1
(1)
-1
1
0
0
0
1
(7)
1
0
0
1
1
0, j ta
0
-7
co phng an ti u la:
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g 0 60
Bai 3
- 27 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 min
x1 2 x2 x3 12
2 x1 x2 x3 10
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard
form
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 min
x1 2 x2 x3 x4 12
2 x1 x2 x3 x5 10
3 x j 0; j 1,5
1 2 1 1 0
2 1 1 0 1
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
0
0
x4
x5
f x
x2
x5
12
10
0
6
4
f x
-12
Phng an cui cung:
x1, x2 , x3 0,6,0
-2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
1
2
2
1
1
-1
1
0
0
1
-1
1/2
3/2
2
1
0
-1
1/2
-3/2
0
1/2
-1/2
0
0
1
-2
0
-2
-1
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 12
- 28 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 4
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 max
x1 2 x2 3x3 10
x1 3x2 x3 5
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form

1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 min
x 2 x2 3x3 x4 10
2 1
x1 3x2 x3 x5 5
3 x j 0; j 1,5,
1 2 3 1 0
1 3 1 0 1
s tan dard form

1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 Mx6 min
x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 10
x1 3 x2 x3 x5 x6 5
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 2 3 1 0
1 3 1 0 1
0
1
- 29 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
0
M
-1
-2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
-1
1
2
(3)
3
1
1
0
0
-1
5M
20/3
5/3
M+1
-5/3
1/3
(3M+2)
0
1
M-1
7/3
1/3
0
1
0
-M
(2/3)
-1/3
x5
x2
-10/3
10
5
1/3
-5/2
-1/2
0
0
1
-5/3
7/2
3/2
0
3/2
1/2
(2/3)
1
0
g x
-10
-4
-1
x4
x6
g x
x4
x2
g x
10
5
Phng an cui cung: 1 2 0, but ai1 2 ; 2 0 Bai toan xut phat
khng co phng an ti u.
Bai 5
1 f x 3x1 x2 3x3 max
5
2
1
x1 2 x2 x3 2
1
2 10 x2 5 x3 5 A 0 10 5
3x 2 x 4
0 3 2
2
3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form

1 g x f x 3x1 x2 3x3 Mx4 Mx5 min
x1 2 x2 x3 2
10 x2 5 x3 x4 5
3x 2 x x 4
2
3
5
2
1
1
3 x j 0; j 1,5 A 0 10 5
0 3 2
0 0
1 0
0 1
Bang n hinh:
- 30 -
Toan chuyn nganh
H
s
-3
M
M
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
n c Phng
ban
an
x1
x4
x5
g x
2
5
4
-3
-1
x1
x2
x3
1
0
0
2
-10
-3
-1
(5)
2
9M-6
0
-13M-5
(7M)
x1
3
1
0
0
x3
1
0
-2
1
x5
2
0
(1)
0
g x
2M-6
0
(M-5)
0
x1
3
1
0
0
x3
5
0
0
1
x2
2
0
1
0
g x
4
0
0
0
0
,
Phng an cui cung: j

ta co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3 3,2,5 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g x 4
- 31 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 6
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 min
4
4 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 12
2 2 x1 2 x2 x3 x5 10 A 2
1
x1 2 x2 x3 23
1
2
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard
2
2
1
1
1 0
1 0
0 1
0
form
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 Mx6 Mx7 min
4 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 x6 12
2 2 x1 2 x2 x3 x5 10
1
x1 2 x2 x3 x7 23
2
4
3 x j 0; j 1,7 A
1
1
0
0
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
-4
-2
1
-1
2
-2
(2)
-1
-1/2
-1
0
0
1
0
0
M
0
M
x6
x5
x7
12
10
23
f x
35M
x3
x5
x7
-3M-2
-3M-1
6
-2
16
-4
26
0
f x
26M-6
0
Phng an cui cung: j 0, j but
phng an ti u.
Bai toan 7
(3M/2
-M
+1)
-1/2
1
-1/2
3/2
0
-1/2
-9/4
0
-1/4
(-9M/4-1/2)
0
-M/4+1/2
x7 26 0 Bai toan gc khng co
- 32 -
0
0
1
0
0
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x x4 x5 20 max
3
x2 2 x4 3 x5 7
0 1 0 2
2 x3 x4 3x5 2 A 0 0 1 1 3
x x x 2
1 0 0 1
1
1
4
5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form

1 g x f x x4 x5 20 min
x2 2 x4 3 x5 7
2 x3 x4 3x5 2
x x x 2
1
4
5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
0
0
0
x2
x3
x1
7
2
2
-1
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
-1
(1)
3
-3
1
0
0
(1)
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
j 0, j ta co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 0,3,4,2,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g 0 22
1
1
-2
1
0
g x
-20
x2
3
x3
4
x4
2
g x
-22
Phng an cui cung:
0
-2
1
1
-1
Bai 8
- 33 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 max
4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 6 4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 6
2 x1 x2 2 x3 6 x1 x2 2 x3 6
2x x 2x 4
2x x 2x 4
1
2
3
1
2
3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard
form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 min
4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 x4 6
4 4 2 1 0
2 x1 x2 2 x3 x5 6 A 1 1 2 0 1
2 1 2 0 0
2 x1 x2 2 x3 4
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 Mx6 Mx7 min

4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 x4 6
4 4 2 1 0
2 x1 x2 2 x3 x5 x6 6 A 1 1 2 0 1
2x x 2x x 4
2 1 2 0 0
1
2
3
7
3 x j 0; j 1,7
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
0
M
M
x4
x6
x7
6
6
4
g x
10M
10
2
2
2M+2
15
1
5/2
1/2
x4
x6
x3
g x
x4
x2
x3
g x
0 0
1 0
0 1
-1
-2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
-4
1
2
-4
1
-1
-2
2
(2)
3
1
0
0
0
-1
0
3M+1
-2
-1
1
-M+2
-9/2
-1/2
3/4
11/4
-2
-5
(2)
-1/2
(2M+3/2)
0
1
0
0
(4M-1)
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
-M
0
-1
0
-M
-5/2
-1/2
-1/4
3/4
3
4
Phng an cui cung: 5 0, but ai5 0 Bai toan xut phat khngco
phng an ti u.
Bai 9
- 34 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 max
x1 2 x2 3x3 15 x1 2 x2 3x3 15
1 2 3 0
2 2 x1 x2 5 x3 20 2 x1 x2 5 x3 20 2 1 5 0
x 2 x x x 10 x 2 x x x 10 1 2 1 1
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
1
3 x j 0; j 1,4
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 Mx5 Mx6 min
x1 2 x2 3x3 x5 15
1 2 3 0
2 2 x1 x2 5 x3 x6 20 A 2 1 5 0
x 2 x x x 10
2
3
4
1
1 2 1 1
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
M
M
-1
x5
x6
x4
g x
15
20
10
1 0
0 1
0 0
-1
-2
-3
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
1
2
1
-2
1
2
3
(5)
1
0
0
1
35M-10
3M
-M
(8M+2)
0
x5
3
-1/5
-13/5
0
0
x3
4
2/5
1/5
1
0
x4
6
3/5
9/5
0
1
g x
3M-18
-M/5-4/5 -13M/5-2/5
0
0
Phng an cui cung: j 0, j but x5 3 0 Bai toan gc khng co
phng an ti u.
- 35 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 10
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x4 min
x1 x2 x3 15
2 x1 x2 x3 x4 27
2 x x x 18
1
2
3
3 x j 0; j 1,4
s tan dard
form
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x4 0 x5 0 x6 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 15
1 1 1 0 1 0
2 x1 x2 x3 x4 27 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 x x x x 18 2 1 1 0 0 1
1
2
3
6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
0
1
0
x5
x4
x6
f x
15
27
18
27
x5
6
x4
18
x1
9
f x
0
x5
12
x3
12
x1
15
f x
-30
Phng an cui cung:
-2
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
1
1
(2)
1
1
-1
-1
1
-1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
(3)
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3/2
-1/2
3/2
(3/2)
-1/2
-1/2
3/2
(5/2)
2
0
1
1
0
0
-1
0
j 0, j ta co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 15,0,12,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 30
Bai 11
- 36 -
0
0
1
0
0
1/3
2/3
1/3
-5/3
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
-1/2
-1/2
1/2
-3/2
-2/3
-1/3
1/3
-2/3
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x4 max
x1 3 x2 x4 1
2 5 x2 2 x4 3
2 x 8x 2 x 6
2
3
4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
s tan dard form

1 g x f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x4 0 x5 0 x6 0 x7 min
x1 3 x2 x4 x5 1
1 3 0 1 1 0 0
5 x2 2 x4 x6 3 0 5 0 2 0 1 0
2 x2 8 x3 2 x4 x7 6 0 2 8 2 0 0 1
3 x j 0; j 1,7
Bang n hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
-2
0
0
x1
x6
x7
1
3
6
g x
-2
x1
1
x6
3
x3
3/4
g x
-11/4
Phng an cui cung:
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4
3
1,0, ,0
4
-2
-4
-1
-1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
1
0
0
3
-5
2
0
0
(8)
1
-2
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
-2
(1)
-1
3
0
1
-5
0
-2
1/4
1
1/4
-9/4
0
-5/4
, Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g 0
- 37 -
11
4
-2
1
0
0
-2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1/8
-1/8
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 12
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 2 x4 2 x5 4 x6 5 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
2 2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 3
4 x 6 x 6 x 3 x 4 x 18
1
3
4
5
6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
s tan dard
form
1 1 1 0 1 2
2 0 1 1 2 1
4 0 6 6 3 4
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 2 x4 2 x5 4 x6 Mx7 Mx8 5 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
1 1 1 0 1 2
2 2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 x7 3 2 0 1 1 2 1
4 x 6 x 6 x 3 x 4 x x 18 4 0 6 6 3 4
1
3
4
5
6
8
3 x j 0; j 1,8
hinh:
H
n c Phng
s
ban
an
-3
M
M
x2
x7
x8
g x
2
3
18
Bang n
0 0
1 0
0 1
-10
-3
-2
-4
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
1
2
4
1
0
0
-1
(1)
6
0
-1
-6
1
2
3
2
1
4
21M-1 6M+7
0
(7M+1)
-7M-2 5M-1
x2
5
3
1
0
-1
3
x3
3
2
0
1
-1
2
x8
0
-8
0
0
0
-9
g x
-4
-8M+5
0
0
-1
-9M-3
0
,
Phng an cui cung: j

ta co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 0,5,3,0,0,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 4
- 38 -
5M-2
3
1
-2
-2M-3
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 13
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 x4 2 x5 4 x6 2 max
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 3
4 x 6 x 6 x 3 x 4 x 18
3
4
5
6
1
3 x j 0; j 1,6
Bai 14
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 min
x1 x2 x3 2 x4 2
2 x2 3x3 7 x4 2
2 x3 3x4 5
3 x j 0; j 1,4
S : x x1, x2 , x3 , x4 0,2,0,0
Bai 15
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 3x2 4 x3 x4 min
3 x1 x2 2 x3 4 x4 2
2 2 x1 x3 3x4 1
x1 4 x3 2 x4 4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
2 1
S : x x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0, ,0,
3 3
Bai 16
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 3x1 2 x2 x3 min
x1 x2 2 x3 6
2 x1 2 x2 x3 5
3 x x 2 x 14
3
1 2
3 x j 0; j 1,3
S : x x1 , x2 , x3 2,0,4
- 39 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai 17
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 4 x1 3x2 2 x3 x4 min
6 x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 57
2 x1 3x2 2 x3 16
2 x1 x2 4 x3 12
3 x j 0; j 1,4
Bai 18
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 min
3x1 2 x2 4 x3 x4 8
2 2 x1 3x2 x3 5
x1 x2 x3 12
3 x j 0; j 1,4
S : x x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0,2,1,0
Bai 19
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 10 x2 4 x3 6 x4 max
3 x1 x2 2 x4 16
2 x1 2 x2 x3 2 x4 4
x2 3x3 x4 0
3 x j 0; j 1,4
S : no
PATU
Bai 20
Giai bai toan QHTT:
x1 4 x2 2 x3 6
2 x1 x2 2 x3 6
2x x 2x 4
1
2
3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
14 12 2
, ,
5 5 5
S : x x1 , x2 , x3
- 40 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
CHNG III: BAI TOAN I NGU

1 KHAI NIM
I. Bai toan i ngu( D) cua bai toan gc ( P)dang chinh tc:
a
1 f x c1x1 c2 x2 c3 x3 min A 11 12 13
a21 a22 a23
a11 x1 a12 x2 a13 x3 b1
(P) 2
a11 a21
a21x1 a22 x2 a23 x3 b2
3 x j 0 j 1,3
AT a12 a22
a13 a23
1 g y b1 y1 b2 y2 max
a11 y1 a21 y 2 c1
(D) 2 a12 y1 a22 y2 c2

a y a3 y c
2
3
13 1
3 y j j 1,2 tu y
Nh n xet:
1. ham muc tiu Pf x min thi ham muc tiu cua Dg y max va ngc
lai.
2. s n cua bai toan nay la s rang bu c cua bai toan kia va ngc lai.
3. cac h s ci & bi 2 bai toan i ngc cho nhau.
4. ma tr n cac h s rang bu c 2 bai toan la chuyn vi cua nhau.
II. Quy tc l p
bai toan i ngu( Dual problem)
Bai toan P(D)
Bai toan D(P)
f x
c j x j
j 1
g y
min
Rang bu c th i: aij x j
j 1
Cung chiu
bi
b
i
bi
i 1
0
0
tu y y
n th i:
yi
Cung chiu
0
0
tu y y
n th j:
bi y i max
xj
Rang bu c th j: aij yi
i 1
Ngc chiu
Ngc chiu
Vi du: Tim bai toan i ngu cua bai toan

- 41 -
cj
cj
cj
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 2 x1 3x2 x3 x4 max
1
2 x1 x2 x3 x4 5
2 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 7 2
5 x x 3 x x 20 3
1
2
3
4
3 x1, x2 0, x3 0, x4 tu y y
2
A 1
2
1 1 1
1
1
2 1 AT
1
1
3 1
D
1 g y 5 y1 7 y2 20 y3 min
1
1
2
1
5
1
2 y1 1 y 2 5 y3 2
y1 y 2 y3 3
y1 2 y 2 3 y3 1
y1 y 2 y3 1
3 y1 0, y2 tu y
y ,
y3 0
- 42 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Vi du: Tim bai toan i ngu cua bai toan
1 f x 5 x1 x2 2 x3 3x4 6 x 5 min
3x1 x2 2 x3 3 x4 4 x 5 80
x x x x x 10
2 1 2 3 4 5
3 x1 2 x2 2 x3 x4 x 5 30
x1 x3 6
3 x1 0, x2 , x3 0, x4 , x5 tu y
3
1
1
1
3 2
2
1
2
1
3
1
AT 2
1 1
3
0 0
4
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1 2 0
1 2 1
D
1 g y 80 y1 10 y 2 30 y3 6 y 4 max
3 y1 y 2 3 y3 y 4 5
y y 2 y 1
1
2
3
2 y1 y 2 2 y3 y 4 3
3 y1 y 2 y3 3
4 y1 y 2 y3 6
3 y1 tu y y , y 2 0 y3 , y 4 0
- 43 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
2 QUAN H GIA BAI TOAN GC VA BAI TOAN I

NGU
I. inh ly i ngu:
1) inh ly 1: i vi c p bai toan i ngu P&D chi xay ra 1 trong cac
trng hp sau:
1. ca 2 u khng co phng an.
2. ca 2 u co phng an, luc o ca 2 co cung phng an ti u va gia tri
2 ham muc tiu i vi phng an ti u bng nhau.
3. iu ki n cn va u 2 phng an x 0 of P & y 0 of D Ti u la:
f x0 g y0
2) inh ly 2: ( l ch bu yu):
iu ki n cn va u 2 phng an x 0 of P
0
x j
aij yi0 c j
i 1
0
y0
a
x
b
j 0
i ij j
j 1
& y 0 of
Ti u la:
j 1, n
i 1, m
II. Tim nghi m cua bai toan gc qua nghi m

cua bai toan i ngu
Gia s bai toan i ngu co phng an ti u:
0
y 0 y10 , y 20 , , y m
Th 1: nu co
Th 2: Thay
yi0 0 aij x j bi
j
0
y 0 y10 , y20 , , y m
vao cac biu thc aij yi0 c j j 1, n

m
i 1
nu vi chi s j nao o biu thc nay khac 0 thi

vi du:
cho bai toan gc:
1 f x 2 x1 5 x2 4 x3 x 4 5 x5 min
x1 6 x2 2 x 4 9 x5 32
2 2 x2 x3 1 x 4 3 x5 30
2
2
3x2 x5 36
3 x j 0 j 1,5
- 44 -
xj 0
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 g y 32 y1 30 y2 36 y3 max
y1 2
6 y 2 y 3y 5
1
2
3
y2 4
1
2 y1 y2 1
3
9 y y y 5
1
2
3
2
3 y1, y2 tu y y, y3 0
Ta a bit kt qua bai toan gc:

phng an ti u: x 0 32,0,30,0,0 with
an ti u cua bai toan i ngu:
th 1:
f x 0 184
By gi ta tim phng
x10 32 y1 2
x30 30 y 2 4
Th 2: thay x 0 32,0,30,0,0 vao biu thc 3x2 x5 36 0 y3 0

V y phng an ti u la y 0 2,4,0 & g y 0 184
Vi du:
Cho bai toan gc:
1 f x 52 x1 60 x2 36 x3 min
x1 2
2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 6
4 x1 2 x2 4
x 2 2
x3 3
3 x j tu y
y j 1,3
1
2
A 4
0
0
0
4
2
1
0
0
3
1
T
0 A 0
0
0
2
4
3
4
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
- 45 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 g y 2 y1 6 y2 4 y3 2 y4 3 y5 max
y1 2 y 2 4 y3 52
2 4 y2 2 y3 y4 60
3 y 2 y5 36
3 yi 0i 1,5
Kt qua cua bai toan i ngu:
310
34 22
y 0 0, , ,0,2 , g y 0
3 3
3
By gi ta tim kt qua cua bai toan gc:

Th 1:
y 20
34
0 2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 6
3
22
y30
0 4 x1 2 x2 4
3
11
x1
6
2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 6
5
4 x1 2 x2 4 x2
3
x3 3
x
3
3
y50 2 0 x3 3
V y phng an ti u cua bai toan gc: x
BAI TP:
1)
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x 4 5 x5 max
x1 3x2 x 4 1
2 5x2 2 x 4 3
x 4x x 3
3
4
2
3 x j 0 j 1,4
a) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

b) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
- 46 -
11 5
, ,3
6 3
x1 , x2 , x3
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
2)
1 f x 27 x1 50 x2 18 x3 max
x1 2 x2 x 3 2
2 2 x1 x2 x3 4
x 2 x x 2
2
3
1
3 x1, x2 tu y y , x3 0
c) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

d) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho BT gc.
3)
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x 4 min
x1 x2 x 3 15
x1 x2 x 3 x 4 27
2 x1 x2 x3 18
3 x j 0 j 1,4
e) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

f) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
4)
1 f x 2 x1 3x2 3x3 max
x1 x2 x 3 12
x1 x2 2 x 3 15
x 2 x 2 x 20
2
3
1
3 x j 0 j 1,3
g) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

h) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
BAI TP CO LI GIAI
- 47 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1)
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x 4 max
x1 3x2 x 4 1 1
2 5 x2 2 x 4 3 2
2 x 8 x 2 x 6 3
3
4
2
3 x j 0 j 1,4
i) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
j) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1
A 0
3
5
0
0
1
1
3
2 AT
0
2
1 g y y1 3 y2 6 y3 min
0
5
0
2
0
2
y1 2
3y 5y 2 y 4
2
3
1
2
8y3 1
y1 2 y2 2 y3 1
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u:
x 0 x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 1,0, ,0 with
4
f x0
11
4
By gi ta tim
phng an ti u cua bai toan i ngu:

th 1:
x10 1 y1 2
x30
3
1
y3
4
8
Th 2: thay x
1,0, ,0
4
V y phng an ti u la y
vao biu thc(2) 5 x2 2 x4 3 3 0 y2 0

0
1
11
2,0, & g y 0
3
4
2)
- 48 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 2 x4 2 x5 4 x6 5 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 3
4 x 6 x 6 x 3x 4 x 18
3
4
5
6
1
3 x j 0; j 1,6
k) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

l) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1
A 2
1
0
0
1 0
1
1
6 6
1
2
3
2
4
1
1
0
0
2
1 1
6
T
1 A
0 1 6
4
1
2
3
1
4
2
1 g y 2 y1 3 y2 18 y3 max
y1 2 y 2 4 y3 10
y1 3
y1 y 2 6 y3 2
y 2 6 y3 2
y1 2 y2 3 y3 2
2 y1 y 2 4 y3 4
3 y j tu y y j 1,3
phng an ti u: x 0 x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 0,5,3,0,0,0 with f x 0

ta tim phng an ti u cua bai toan i ngu:
th 1:
11
By gi
4
x20 5 0 y1 3
x30 3 0 y 2 6 y3 1
y1 3
y3 a
y 6a 1
2
V y phng an ti u la y 0 y1, y 2 , y3 3, a,6a 1 , a R & g y 0 4

3)
- 49 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x x1 3x2 3x3 min
x1 2 x2 2 1
2 3x1 x2 x 3 4 2
1
x3 3
4
3 x j 0 j 1,3
m) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

n) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1
3
A
0
2
1
0
0
1 3 0
1
T
A 2 1 0
1
0 1 1
1
0
1 g y 2 y1 4 y2 1 y3 y4 max
4
y1 3 y 2 1
2 2 y1 y2 3
y y 3
3
2
3 y j 0, j 1,3
Ta bit kt qua bai toan N:
11
phng an ti u: y 0 y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 1,0,3,0 with g y 0 By gi ta tim
phng an ti u cua bai toan gc:

th 1:
y10 1 0 x1 2 x2 2
y30 3 0 x3
1
4
Th 2: thay y 0 1,0,3,0 vao biu thc(2) 2 y1 y2 3 1 0 x2 0

V y phng an ti u la x
1
11
2,0, & f x 0
4
4
4)
1 f x 3x1 7 x2 x3 2 x 4 max
2 x1 3 x2 x3 2 x 4 15 1
2 2 x1 2 x2 3x3 30 2
2 x 2 x 3x 4 x 16 3
1
2
3
4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
- 50 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
o) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

p) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 3
A 1 2
1 2
1
3
3
1
3
0 AT
1
4
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
1 g y 15 y1 30 y 2 16 y3 min
2 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 3
3 y 2 y 2 y 7
1
2
3
y1 3 y 2 3 y3 1
2 y1 4 y3 2
3 y1, y2 0, y3 tu y

phng an ti u:
x 0 x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 7,0,0, with
2
f x 0 20
By gi ta tim

th 1:
x10 7 0 2 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 3
x40
1
0 2 y1 4 y3 2
2
Th 2: thay x
7,0,0,
2
vao biu thc(2) 2 x1 2 x2 3x3 30 16 0 y2 0
4,0, & g y 0 20
2
5)
1 f x 12 x1 9 x2 7 x3 8 x 4 min
3x1 2 x2 x3 x 4 15 1
2 x1 2 x2 2 x3 3x4 10 2
2 x x 2 x x 12 3
1
2
3
4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
q) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

r) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
- 51 -
Toan chuyn nganh
3
A 1
2
2
1
2
3
1
2
3 AT
1
1
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1
2
2
3
1
1
1 g y 15 y1 10 y2 12 y3 max
3 y1 y 2 2 y3 12
2y 2y y 9
1
2
3
y1 2 y 2 2 y3 7
y1 3 y 2 y3 8
3 y1 0, y2 tu y
y , y3 0

phng an ti u: x 0 x1, x2 , x3 , x4 2,0,4,0 with f x 0 52 By gi ta tim
th 1:
x10 2 0 3 y1 y 2 2 y3 12
x30 4 0 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 7
Th 2: thay x 0 2,0,4,0 vao biu thc(1) 3x1 2 x2 x3 x4 15 5 0 y1 0

17
0,5, & g y 0 52
2
- 52 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
6)
1 f x 4 x1 3x2 3x3 max

x1 2 x2 x3 40 1
2 x1 x2 2 x3 60 2
x1 20 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
s) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

t) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 2
A 1 1
1 0
1
1
T
2 A 2
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
1 g y 40 y1 60 y 2 20 y3 min
y1 y 2 y3 4
2 2 y1 y2 3
y 2y 3
1
2
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u: x 0 x1, x2 , x3 20,0,20 with f x 0 140 By gi ta tim
th 1:
x10 20 0 y1 y 2 y3 4
x30 20 0 y1 2 y 2 3
Th 2: thay x 0 20,0,20 vao cac biu thc(1)(2)(3) u nh n kt qua =0

y1 5 2a
Vi y j 0, j 1,3 y2 1 a, a 0, a R
y a
3
V y phng an ti u la y 0 5 2a,1 a, a & g
- 53 -
y 0 140
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
7)
1 f x 6 x1 8 x2 x3 min
3x1 5 x2 3x3 20 1
2 x1 3x2 2 x 3 9 2
6 x 2 x 5 x 30 3
1
2
3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
u) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

v) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
3
A 1
5
3
2
3
3
T
2 A 5
3
5
6
2
1
3
2
1 g y 20 y1 9 y2 30 y3 max
3 y1 y 2 6 y3 6
2 5 y1 3 y2 2 y3 8
3y 2 y 5y 1
1
2
3
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u:
,0,0 with
3
y 0 y1 , y 2 , y3

th 1:
1
0 3 x1 5 x2 3 x3 20
3
0 1
Th 2: thay y 3 ,0,0 vao biu
19
5 y1 3 y 2 2 y3 8
0 x2 0
3
3 y1 y 2 6 y3 6 5 0 x1 0
y10
thc(1)&(2)
20
20
0,0, & f x 0
3
3
8)
- 54 -
20
g y0
3
By gi ta tim
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
x1 3 x2 4 x3 12 1
2 3x1 x2 2 x 3 10 2
x1 x2 x 3 8 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
w) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

x) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1
A 3
3
1
1
4
1
T
2 A 3
4
1
3
1
2
1 g y 12 y1 10 y2 8 y3 max
1
1
y1 3 y 2 y3 1
2 3 y1 y2 y3 2
4y 2y y 1
1
2
3
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u:
1 3
, ,0 with
10 10
y 0 y1 , y 2 , y3

th 1:
1
0 x1 3x2 4 x3 12
10
3
y 20 0 3 x1 x2 2 x3 10
10
0 1 3
Th 2: thay y 10 , 10 ,0 vao
y10
biu thc(2)
x1 4 x3 12
3x1 2 x3 10
3 y1 y 2 y3 2 2 0 x2 0
21
8 13
,0, & f x 0
5
5
5
- 55 -
g y0
21
5
By gi ta tim
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
9)
1 f x x1 2 x2 4 x3 min
x1 x2 3x3 4 1
2 2 x1 2 x2 3x 3 6 2
x 2 x 3x 2 3
1
2
3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
y) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

z) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1
2
2
1
A 2
1
2
3
2
1
T
3 A 1 2
3 3
3
1 g y 4 y1 6 y2 2 y3 max
y1 2 y 2 y3 1
2 y1 2 y2 2 y3 2
3y 3y 3y 4
1
2
3
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u:
10 31 17
, , with
11 33 33
y 0 y1 , y 2 , y3
tim phng an ti u cua bai toan gc:

th 1:
10
0 x1 x2 3 x3 4
11
31
y 20
0 2 x1 2 x2 3 x3 6
33
17
y 20
0 x1 2 x2 3 x3 2
33
32
11
14
32 14 26
x2 PATU x 0
, ,
11
11 11 33
x3 26
33
y10
10)
- 56 -
349
g y0
33
By gi ta
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 f x 16 x1 8 x2 4 x3 min
3x1 2 x2 2 x3 16 1
2 4 x1 3x2 x 3 14 2
5 x 3x x 12 3
1
2
3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
aa)Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

bb)Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
3
A 4
2
3
3
2
3
T
1 A 2
2
1
4
3
1
5
3
1 g y 16 y1 14 y212 y3 max
3 y1 4 y 2 5 y3 16
2 2 y1 3 y2 3 y3 8
2y y y 4
1
2
3
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u: y 0 y1, y2 , y3 1,2,0 with g y 0 44 By gi ta tim
th 1:
y10 1 0 3 x1 2 x2 2 x3 16
y 20 2 0 4 x1 3 x2 x3 14
Th 2: thay y 0 1,2,0 vao biu thc(1)

2 x2 2 x3 16
3 x2 2 x3 14
3 y1 4 y2 5 y3 16 5 0 x1 0
V y phng an ti u la x 0 0,3,5 &
f x 0 44
- 57 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
CHNG IV: BAI TOAN VN TAI

1 BAI TOAN VN TAI DANG TNG QUAT
I. Thit l p bai toan
Gia s co m ni A1 , A2 ,..., Am cung cp 1 m t hang nao o co khi lng
tng ng la a1 , a2 ,..., am . Cung luc o co n ni B1, B2 ,..., Bn tiu thu loai
hang o vi khi lng yu cu tng ng la b1 , b2 ,..., bn .
Goi Ai i 1, m la im phat hang th i., B j j 1, n la im thu hang th j.
ai b j
iu ki n cn bng thu phat
i
j
Ma tr n cc phi C cij m n trong o cij la chi phi v n chuyn 1 tn hang t

Ai n B j
Hay l p k hoach v n chuyn t mi im phat n mi im thu bao nhiu
tn hang :
cac im phat u phat ht hang.
Cac im thu nh n u s hang yu cu.
Tng cc phi phai tra la it nht
II. M hinh toan hoc:
Goi xij la s tn hang v n chuyn t Ai n B j
Ta co m hinh toan hoc:
1 f x cij xij min
i
xij
ai i 1, m
j 1
2 m
x b j j 1, n
ij
i 1
3 xij 0i 1, m; j 1, n
III Bai toan di dang bang
- 58 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Thu
Cc
Phat
B1
B2
b1
b2
c11
A1 : a1
x11
A2 : a2
ci1
c1n
x1n
c2n
x2n
cij
cin
xij
cmj
cm2
xm1
c2 j
xi 2
x2 j
ci 2
cm1
Bn
bn
c1 j
x22
xi1
x1 j
c22
Ai : ai
x12
x21
Bj
bj
c12
c21
Am : am
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
cmn
xmj
xm 2
xin
xmn
1) Dy chuyn:
a. 1 day cac cua bang ma 2 lin tip cung hang hay c t goi la dy
chuyn.
b. 1 dy chuyn khep kin goi la 1 vong.
c. Nhng ng vi xij 0 trong 1 phng an nao o goi la chon.
Nhng con lai la loai.
d. 1 phng an co u m+n-1 chon goi la phng an khng suy bin.
- 59 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
2 TINH CHT CUA BAI TOAN VN TAI

I.Tinh cht 1:
Bai toan v n tai cn bng thu phat lun co phng an ti u.
II. Tinh cht 2:
Gia s ta co bang m hang, n c t va E la t p hp gm m+n-1 cua bang

khng cha vong. Gia s i, j la cua bang khng thu c E. Nu ta b sung
i, j vao E c E1 thi E1 se cha 1 vong duy nht V. Cui cung ta loai
khoi E1 1 tuy y cua vong V c E2, thi E2 lai gm m +n-1 cua bang
khng cha vong.
hinh trn: m=4,n=4, t p E gm m+n-1=7 anh du X khng cha vong.
Khi b sung thm (4,4) tao thanh vong V duy nht. Khi mt i 1 cua V thi
mt vong.
III. L p phng an c ban ban u
Dung phng phap phn phi ti a vao co cc phi nho nht
Vi du
B3
B1
B2
Thu
20
40
30
Cc phi
Phat
1
A1 : 30
20
10
4
A2 : 25
25
8
A3 : 35
30
Phng an c ban ban u co 5 chon ung bng m+n-1=5, nn Phng an

ban u khng suy bin.
- 60 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Vi du
Thu
Cc phi
Phat
B1
B2
B3
25
25
10
A1 : 10
10
7
A2 : 30
25
3
A3 : 20
20
Phng an c ban ban u co 4 chon < m+n-1=5, nn Phng an ban u

suy bin do o ta phai b sung chon khng (2,3) ma khng tao thanh
vong.
IV. Thu t toan Quy 0 chon
1.inh ly: Nu ta c ng vao hang i cua ma tr n ccC cij m n s
ri tu y y i 1, m
va c n g vao c t j s s j tu y y j 1, n ta se co bai
toan v n tai mi vi ma tr n cc phiC cij m n with cij cij ri s j tng
ng vi bai toan ban u
( nghia la phng an ti u cua bai toan nay cung la phng an ti u cua
bai toan kia va ngc lai)
2. Thu t toan:
Bc 1: quy 0 cc phi cac chon:
Gia s ta co 1 phng an c ban ban u vi m+n-1 chon . Ta c ng vao
hang i cua ma tr n cc phi s ri i 1, m va c ng vao c t j s
j 1, n . Ta chon ri , s j th nao cc phi mi cij cij ri s j 0
sj
Bc 2: Kim tra tinh ti u:
1) Nu sau khi quy 0 cc phi cac chon, ma cac loai u co cc phi
0 thi phng an ang xet la ti u.
2) Nu sau khi quy 0 cc phi cac chon, ma co it nht 1 loai co cc
phi <0 thi phng an ang xet khng phai ti u, ta chuyn sang bc
3
Bc 3: Xy dng phng an mi tt hn
1) Tim a vao: i , j co cc phi m nho nht la a vao.
2) Tim vong iu chinh: b sung i , j vao m+n-1 chon ban u
c vong iu chinh
- 61 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
3) Phn chn le cua vong V: ta anh s th t cac cua vong V bt u

t i , j , khi o V phn thanh 2 lp:
V C : Cac co th t chn
V L : Cac co th t le.
4) Tim a ra va lng iu chinh:
min x x
a ra la i, j V C ij i 0 j 0
5)L p phng an mi:X xij m n
x x 0 0 if i, j V C
ij
i j
xij xij x 0 0 if
i j
x
if
ij
i, j V L
i, j V
Nghia la:
Cac le ta c ng thm vao 1 lng iu chinh xi 0 j 0 .
Cac chn ta tr 1 lng iu chinh xi 0 j 0 .
Gi nguyn cac khng nm trong vong iu chinh.
Vi du: Giai bai toan v n tai sau:
Thu
Cc phi
Phat
B1
B2
B3
80
20
60
1
50
A2 : 40
20
20
9
11
r3 =-4
60
s1 =-3
6
r2 =0
A3 : 70
r1 =
A1 : 50
10
s2 =-2
s3 =-7
Bc 1: l p phng an c ban ban u: co 5 chon ung bng

m+n-1=5, do o PAB la 0 suy bin.
Bc 2: quy 0 chon
s1 3 r3 4
s2 2
s3 7 r1 6
Cc phi mi cac 0 chon: cij cij ri s j
Chon r2 0
(1,1):10-7+5=8.
(1,2): 6-2+4=8.
- 62 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
(2,2): 6-7+1=0
(3,2): -4+9-2=2.
(2,3): 0+6-7=-1
r 1
50
0
r 0
20
20
2
r 0
60
10
S=0
S=0
S=1
Bc 3: Kim tra tinh ti u: Phng an cha ti u vi loai (2,3) co
cc phi m
Bc 4: l p phng an mi tt hn:
Chon vong iu chinh V 2,3 , 2,1 , 3,1 , 3,3 ,
Lng iu chinh: min 20,10 10
2 chn-10
2 le +10
- 63 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Ta co phng an mi va cc phi mi theo bang sau:

7
50
0
10
20
10
70
Ta co cc phi mi cac khng chon 0 , nn phng an cui cung la ti

u.
Kt qua cua bai toan:
PATU:
0
X 10
70
0
20
0
50
10
Chi phi v n chuyn: f x 1 50 3 20 2 20 7 60 11 10 680
- 64 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
3 BAI TOAN VN TAI KHNG CN BNG THU PHAT

I. Trng hp tng lng hang phat > tng lng hang thu
ai b j
M hinh toan hoc co dang:
1 f x cij xij min
i
xij ai i 1, m
j 1
m
xij
i 1
b j j 1, n
3 xij 0i 1, m; j 1, n
II. I. Trng hp tng lng hang phat < tng lng hang thu
ai b j
M hinh toan hoc co dang:
1 f x cij xij min
i
xij
ai i 1, m
j 1
2 m
x b j j 1, n
ij
i 1
3 xij 0i 1, m; j 1, n
Phng phap:
Trng hp 1: l p thm tram thu giaBn 1 vi nhu cu bn 1 ai b j 0
cac trn c t nay co cc phi =0
Trng hp 2: l p thm tram phat giaAm 1 vi nhu cu am 1 b j ai 0
cac trn hang nay co cc phi =0
Chu y: khi tim phng an c ban ban u, ta phn phi vao cac chinh
trc, cac trn hang hay c t ng vi cac tam phat hay thu gia khi nao con
tha mi phn vao.
Vi du:
Giai bai toan v n tai di y:
- 65 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Thu
Cc phi
20
40
60
phat
80
30
50
Tng s phat=160>tng s thu=120

Ta l p thm tram thu gia( c t th t) ta c bang sau:
20
40
60
(40)
Thu
Tram
Thu
Cc phi
gia
phat
80
3
4 4
0 1
0 0
0
30
50
10
2
30
0 5
60
0 3
1
20
S=1
S=-4
S=-1
Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi 0 . Ta co PATU:
0
X 0
20
10
30
0
60
0
0
10
0
30
Tng chi phi v n chuyn: f x 180
- 66 -
R=0
10
0
R=2
R=0
30
S=0
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
BAI TP:
1) Giai bai toan v n tai sau:
80
50
5
20
60
40
70
11
GIAI:
80
50
20
8 4
40
0 2
70
20(-10)
7
20
0 9
60(+10)
S=-3
S=-2
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,3 , 2,1 , 3,1 , 3,3 ,
- 67 -
60
8
50
6
-1 R=0
(+10)
11
10(-10)
S=-7
R=6
R=-4
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Phng an va cc phi mi c cho bang sau:

5
7 4
7 1
0 R=-1
3
0 2
10
7
20
0 9
70
S=0
0
3
50
6
R=0
10
11
R=0
0
S=1
S=0

0
X 10
70
0
20
50
10

60
70
100
2
1
40
30
80
20
GIAI:
60
70
100
80
30(+30)
5
0
20
30(-30)
6
40
0
70(-30)
3
-1
(+30)
2 2
-1
20
1
- 68 -
30
5
0 R=3
0 6
0 R=0
30
5
0 R=1
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
S=-5
20
S=-2
S=-4
S=-6
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,2 , 1,2 , 1,1 , 2,1 ,

2
0 1
0 4
4 3
-1 R=-1
60
5
40(-30)
3
0
0
6
30(+30)
3 2
0
S=1
S=1
Chon vong iu chinh
2
20
1
(+30)
0 6
0
20
S=0
0 R=0
30 (-30)
5
0 R=0
S=0
V 1,4 , 1,2 , 2,2 , 2,4 ,

2
0 1
0 4
4 3
0
60
5
10
3
0
6
60
3 2
20
1
30
0 6
0
0
5
20
S=0
S=0
S=0
S=1
60
X 0
10
60
0
20
30
0
20
- 69 -
R=0
1 R=0
1 R=0
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh

20
120
6
3
100
145
30
150
150
150
25
GIAI:
20
120
100
4
0
145
150
1 R=2
120
0 5
R=3
55(+20)
0 6
0
R=0
95(-20)
7
5
R=4
S=-6
S=-4
150
150
20(-20)
75
2
-2 4
-1 3
25
(+20)
3
3
25
0 4
S=-4
Chon vong iu chinh
30
1
25
S=-5
S=-3
V 3,1 , 3,5 , 2,5 , 2,1 ,
- 70 -
30
2
S=-1
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh

6
6 3
0 1
0 4
5 5
1
0
2
20
3
120
0 5
75(-75)
4
-1 3
(+75)
1
25
0 4
25
S=0
S=2
30
2
S=0
S=0
1 R=0
0
R=0
75(+75)
0 6
0
R=0
75(-75)
7
5
R=0
S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
V 3,2 , 3,5 , 2,5 , 2,2 ,
Lng iu chinh: min 75,75 75 , luc nay phng an mi co 7 chon<8 .

Nn PA suy bin ta b sung thm chon 0: (3,5) ma 0 tao thanh vong vi
cac a chon cua PA mi.
6
6 3
1 1
0 4
5 5
1 R=0
1
0
2
20
3
120
1 5
0
4
75
1
25
0 4
25
S=1
S=0
S=0
R=0
R=0
R=-1
150
0 6
30
2
0
7
S=0
S=0

0
0
X
20
120
0
75
25
0
25
0
0
0 150
30
0
0
0
0
- 71 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh

10
10
5
5
1
10
20
20
15
20
30
11
GIAI:
10
5
15
20
10
4
30
10
10
0 4
5
4
1 2
1
1
S=-5
3
5
20
5
1
-1 R=2
(+5)
9
R=2
11
R=0
5(-5)
7
0
10
4
10
1 9
5
S=-5
S=-3
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,5 , 2,4 , 4,4 , 4,5 ,
- 72 -
20
5(+5)
S=-9
20(-5)
S=-11
R=4
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh

5
3 1
0 4
5 6
1 7
3
5
4
10
4
2 2
7
0
7
10
4
10
1 9
5
S=0
S=-1
10
S=0
S=0
R=0
R=1
5
9
R=0
11
R=0
15
S=0

0
10
X
0
0
0
5
0
10
0
0
10
10
15

5 Giai bai toan v n tai sau:
30
15
25
3
4
15
15
40
GIAI:
- 73 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
30
25
15
5
5
40
15
0
3
25
S=-2
4
1
15
20
6
2
-1 R=0
a vao
(+15)
3
0 R=0
15(-15)
1
0
B sung
0(+15)
S=-1
R=-1
15(-15)
S=-3
S=-1
bang trn: PACB ban u co 5 <m+n-1=6. PA suy bin, do o ta b sung

(3,2) 0 tao vong vi cac a chon.
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,4 , 2,2 , 3,2 , 3,4 ,
Lng iu chinh: min15,15 15

3
0 4
2 2
0 6
3
R=0
5
5
2
3
0
1
0
B sung
0
1
0
20
6
5
R=0
15
3
R=0
25
15
0
S=0
S=0
S=0
S=1
PA nay s chon: 5<6, nn PA suy bin ta b sung (2,2) 0 tao vong vi
cac a chon.
0
5
X 0
0
25 15
20
0
0
0
15
- 74 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
6)Giai bai toan v n tai sau:

180
280
8
200
230
280
14
320
290
GIAI:
180
280
320
290
180
5
200
230
5 6
0 14
B sung
0
0 4
-1 6
a vao
140
5 3
0 4
280
7
0 R=-3
280
7
1 R=-2
R=0
200
90
S=0
S=-3
S=-4
S=-4
bang trn: PACB ban u co 5 <m+n-1=6. PA suy bin, do o ta b sung
(1,) 0 tao vong vi cac a chon.
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,2 , 3,2 , 3,3 , 2,3 ,

8
4 6
0 14
7 7
0 R=0
B sung
0
280
2
0 4
0 6
1 7
2 R=1
a vao
180
140
0
5
4 3
0 4
0 9
5 R=0
S=-1
60
S=0
230
S=0
S=0
- 75 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
PA nay s chon: 5<6, nn PA suy bin ta b sung (1,) 0 tao vong vi

cac a chon.
0
0
X 180 140
0
60
0
0
280
0
230

Bai toan khng cn bng thu phat
7 Giai bai toan v n tai sau:
8
7
10
8
9
12
15
12
19
11
GIAI:
8
10
19
11
9
7
1
4
-3 8
a vao
(+6)
6(-6)
5
2 9
1
0 2
8(-6)
1(+6)
S=-7
S=-8
Chon vong iu chinh
12
1
12
5
4
0 9
12
7
15
6 1
7
S=-5
- 76 -
11
3
S=-5
Tram
thu gia
0
0
6
0
0 R=0
1
0
R=4
R=6
S=0
R=0
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
V 2,1 , 4,1 , 4,2 , 2,2 ,

- 77 -
Toan chuyn nganh
4
0
a vao
6
5
5
1
8
0
9
0 2
2
S=3
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
12
12
7
7
S=3
5
4
0 9
6 1
11
3
S=0
S=0
R=0
6
0
0 R=0
1
0
R=0
R==-3
S=0

0
6
X
0
0
0
0
7
12 0
0 11
8

20
50
50
4
5
60
30
40
70
11
GIAI:
- 78 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
20
50
50
8
60
8
30
Tram
thu gia
0
10 R=10
50
6
40
0 3
-1
4 R=4
70
20
9
20(-10)
(+10)
3 7
0 11
0
S=-6
Chon vong iu chinh
30(+10)
S=-7
10(-10)
S=-11
30
S=0
V 2,3 , 2,2 , 3,2 , 3,3 ,

4
7 5
7 1
0 0
9 R=-1
2
0 3
20
9
10
3 7
50
0 6
0
a vao
10
0 11
1
4 R=0
R=0
40
0
30
S=0
S=0
S=1
S=0
0
Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi . Ta co PATU:
0
X 20
0
10
40
50
10
0
0
0
30
- 79 -
R=0
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh

30
100
4
40
60
70
80
20
GIAI:
30
100
40
80
20
30
6
5
3
20
0 2
S=-7
Chon vong iu chinh
60
3
70
0
30(+30)
6
0
30(-30)
7
2
70(-30)
4
-1 R=0
a vao
(+30)
3
-1 R=1
S=-6
S=-5
20
S=-3
V 2,4 , 1,4 , 1,3 , 2,3 ,

4
-1 5
4 3
0 2
0 R=-1
(+30)
7
30(-30)
6
3
20
0 2
60
6
0
7
20
S=0
S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
S=1
0 R=3
40(-30)
4
0
R=0
30(+30)
3
0
R=0
S=1
V 1,1 , 2,1 , 2,4 , 1,4 ,

- 80 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
- 81 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh

4
0 5
4 3
0 2
0 R=0
30
7
0
6
3
20
1 2
60
6
0
7
10
4
R=0
60
3
R=0
20
S=1
S=0
S=0
S=0
30
X 0
0
20
60
0
10
60
20

150
120
100
3
5
80
50
11
130
170
12
GIAI:
150
120
100
130
20(-20)
1
0
170
80
50
-2 11
R=3
80(+20)
4
1
-1 3
R=5
12
R=0
130
5
-1 8
0
a vao
(+20)
40(-20)
S=-6
S=-8
80
S=-12
- 82 -
7
50
S=-7
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
Chon vong iu chinh
V 3,1 , 3,2 , 1,2 , 1,1 ,

3
1 5
0
7
-2 11
7
R=0
0
1
130
5
100(-80)
4
0
(+80)
6
-2 3
R=-1
12
R=0

3
1 5
0
7
0 11
7
R=0
0
1
130
5
20
20(+80)
S=1
S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
80(-80)
S=0
7
50
S=0
V 1,3 , 1,2 , 3,2 , 3,3 ,
20
4
80
6
R=0
12
R=0
20
100
0
50
S=0
S=0
S=2
S=0
X 130
20
20
0
80
0
0
0
100
50
- 83 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
BAI TP T GIAI
Giai cac bai toan v n tai cho bi bang sau:
1)
25
40
20
40
4
3
7
10
8
20
35
AP S
25
X 0
15
0
0
20
0
0
25
10

2)
220
310
300
8
5
200
250
500
12
11
13
180
10
15
18
14
AP S
0
X 40
180
50
260
0
0
200
0
250
0
- 84 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
3)
76
62
88
45
40
79
10
19
102
13
11
70
12
17
10
60
12
18
18
AP S
31
0
X
0
45
48
62
0
0
40
0
0
0
30
15
0
0
40

4)
85
75
105
4
16
60
50
10
14
65
10
18
12
20
55
14
18
45
12
85
0
AP S X 0
0
0
55
20
0
60
0
0
20
5
25
- 85 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
5)
120
280
130
270
100
300
10
11
150
10
250
12
13
AP S
0
0
X
120
0
30
30
100
0
0
0
270
220
30
- 86 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
TAI LIU THAM KHAO

[1] GS. ng Hn. Quy hoach tuyn tinh. Trng ai hoc Kinh T TP. H
Chi Minh.
[2] Ng Thanh Phong. ai s tuyn tinh va Quy hoach tuyn tinh. Nha xut
ban ai hoc quc gia TP. H Chi Minh-2003.
[3] Nguyn Canh. Quy hoach tuyn tinh. Nha xut ban ai hoc quc gia TP.
H Chi Minh-2004.
[4] Bui Minh Tri. Toan Kinh T. Nha xut ban ai hoc Bach khoa Ha N i2007.
- 87 -
Toan chuyn nganh
Quy hoach tuyn tinh
MUC LUC
Chng 1: Bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh
1 : 1 s vi du dn n bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh
Trang
1
1
2 : Cac dang bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh
3 : Bin i dang cua bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh
Chng 2: Phng phap n hinh

1 : Thu t toan n hinh
15
15
2 : Thu t toan n hinh m r ng

Bai t p co li giai
Chng 3: Bai toan i ngu
1 : Khai ni m
20
26
41
41
2 : Quan h gia bai toan gc va bai toan io ngu

Bai t p co li giai
Chng 4: Bai toan v n tai
1 : Bai toan v n tai dang tng quat
2 : Tinh cht cua bai toan v n tai
3 : Bai toan v n tai khng cn bng thu phat
44
47
59
59
61
66
Bai t p co li giai
Tai li u tham khao
Muc luc
68
86
87
- 88 -

Qhttnew

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Qhttnew

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

CHNG I: BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

f x 2 x1 1.7 x2 1.8 x3 max

0.06 x1 0.04 x2 0.07 x3 500

0.08 x1 0.x2 0.04 x3 300

M hinh toan hoc di dang ma tr n

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

vec t s hang t do.

II. Bai toan u t vn nho nht:

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

5) Tng s met vai cua 3 xi nghi p ( dung may ao va qun ):

2.8 45 x1 2.6 42 x2 2.5 30 x3

6) Tng s gi cng cua 3 xi nghi p:

7) Tng s vn u t( n vi: 1000$): x1 x2 x3

M hinh toan hoc di dang ma tr n:

III. Bai toan v n tai

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

Hay l p k hoach v n chuyn th nao :

2. S tn v t li u t kho K1 n 3 cng trng:

3. S tn v t li u t kho K2 n 3 cng trng:

4. S tn v t li u cng trng C1 nh n c t 3 kho:

5. S tn v t li u cng trng C2 nh n c t 3 kho:

6. S tn v t li u cng trng C3 nh n c t 3 kho:

5 x11 7 x12 2 x13 4 x21 3x22 6 x23

M hinh toan hoc:

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

1 f x 5x11 7 x12 2 x13 4 x21 3x22 6 x23 min

3 xij 0 i 1,2; j 1,2,3

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

2 CAC DANG BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

II. Dang chinh tc:

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min

III. Dang chun:

x1; x2 ;; xm ; xm 1; ; xn b1; b2 ; ; bm ;0; ;0

Vi du: Bai toan sau co dang chun

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min

Ta co x5 la n c ban th nht, x6 la n c ban th hai, x3 la n c ban th ba

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

3 BIN I DANG CUA BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN

1) Nu g p rang bu c dang: aij x j

ta c ng thm vao v trai 1 n phu

( Slack variable) khng m xi 1 0 bin v dang phng trinh:

2) Nu g p rang bu c dang: aij x j

ta c ng thm vao v trai 1 n phu

( Slack variable) khng m xi 1 0 , vi h s -1 bin v dang phng

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

la phng an ti u cua bai toan mi thi

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 la phng an ti u cua bai

Toan chuyn nganh

Quy hoach tuyn tinh

Ta thy bai toan a co dang chun vi n c ban th i la