Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

PHN I: PHN L LCH

H tn tc gi: ng Th Mn
Chc v: Gio vin
n v cng tc: Trng THPT chuyn Hng Yn
Tn ti sng kin kinh nghim
Mt s ng dng ca s phc trong i s v ton t hp

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

PHN II: PHN NI DUNG

M U

1- t vn :
Thc trng ca vn : S phc v ng dng ca n ng vai tr nh l mt cng
c c lc nhm gii quyt hiu qu nhiu bi ton ca hnh hc, gii tch, i s, s
hc v ton t hp. Ngoi ra, cc tnh cht c bn ca s phc cn c s dng
trong ton cao cp, ton ng dng v trong nhiu m hnh thc t.
Trong cc k thi Olympic ton quc gia v quc t, Olympic ton khu vc, th cc
bi ton lin quan n s phc thng c cp di nhiu dng phong ph thng
qua cc c trng v cc bin i khc nhau ca phng php gii, va mang tnh
tng hp cao, va mang tnh c th su sc. Trong chng trnh Ton bc trung
hc, s phc c a vo chng trnh gii tch 12, i vi chng trnh chuyn
ton s phc c gii thiu u lp 11, tuy nhin cn rt n gin. V nhiu l do
khc nhau, rt nhiu hc sinh, thm ch l hc sinh kh, gii sau khi hc xong phn s
phc cng ch hiu mt cch n s: s dng s phc, c th gii c mi phng
trnh bc hai, tnh mt vi tng c bit, chng minh mt s cng thc lng gic n
gin,. Hin nay ti liu v s phc khng nhiu v thng tn mn. V vy ti mnh
dn chn ti: Mt s ng dng ca s phc trong i s v ton t hp, vi
mong mun gip hc sinh, nht l hc sinh kh, gii v gio vin cc lp chuyn
ton, lm quen s dng, ng dng s phc vo gii ton v cch tip cn gii cc
dng ton lin quan, ng thi gip cho nhng hc sinh c kh nng, c nguyn vng
v c iu kin c th tham gia tt cc k thi hc sinh gii trong nc v quc t.
ngha v tc dng ca ti: Nghin cu ti Mt s ng dng ca s
phc trong i s v ton t hp nhm gip hc sinh rn k nng gii ton v s
phc, nhm pht trin t duy logic cho hc sinh ng thi nng cao cht lng hc
tp ca hc sinh, to c hng th hc tp mn ton, gp phn i mi phng php
ging dy b mn theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc, t gic, sng to ca hc sinh,
2

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

gp phn nng cao cht lng i ng hc sinh kh, gii v mn ton, gp phn kch
thch s am m, yu thch mn ton, pht trin nng lc t hc, t bi dng kin
thc cho hc sinh.
Phm vi nghin cu ca ti:
Xc nh c s khoa hc ca s phc vi dng i s v lng gic, cn bc n
ca s phc phn ra mt s dng ton ng dng s phc.
Tip cn mt s ng dng ca s phc trong gii ton i s v ton t hp.
Mt s dng ng dng ca s phc trong gii cc bi ton i s v ton t hp
dnh cho hc sinh kh, gii v hc sinh cc lp chuyn ton lp 11, 12.
2- Phng php tin hnh
a). Nghin cu ti liu
b). Thc nghim (ging dy), y l phng php chnh
Mt s ng dng ca s phc trong i s v ton t hp l kin thc tng i
kh. Do ni dung kin thc ny ch yu nhm phc v cho hc sinh kh, gii vi
mc ch pht huy nng lc ton hc, nng cao tm hiu bit ca hc sinh, l tin
cc em tham gia tt cc k thi hc sinh gii.
Do tnh a dng v phm vi su rng ca kin thc trong chuyn m n c
s dng linh hot, uyn chuyn cho nhiu loi i tng hc sinh kh gii khc nhau
vi thi gian hc khc nhau. Ni dung kin thc trong chuyn ging dy cho hc
sinh cc lp chuyn, chn t lp11, sau khi cc em hc lng gic.
Nu i tng hc l hc sinh cc lp chuyn, chn khi 11, thi gian hc c th
t 6 n 8 tit. V y l kin thc bi dng hc sinh gii theo k hoch thng
xuyn v u n, do cn cung cp cho hc sinh kin thc mt cch h thng t m,
gii thch v khc su cc v d trong mi phng php.
Vi hc sinh lp chuyn, chn khi 12, ni dung kin thc ny c dng cho cc
tit chuyn . Thi gian tu thuc vo s phn b s tit hc ca tng chuyn
3

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

c quy nh cho cc lp chuyn, chn nhng c th gi gn t 4 n 6 tit. Ngoi

v d c, hc sinh vn dng cc phng php c hc gii nhng bi tp nng
cao, t nghin cu tm li gii cho cc bi ton tng t.
Nu hc sinh tham gia i tuyn thi hc sinh gii cp tnh, thnh ph, i tuyn
quc gia hoc quc t, th cn xc nh thi gian l cp tc, nn a ra nhng phung
php vi cc v d, bi tp chn lc vn dng nhiu kin thc tng hp v cc dng
ton thng gp. Thi gian hc c th t 2 n 4 tit.
Ngoi ra i vi hc sinh lp 12, chun b thi i hc ta c th dnh t 1-2 tit
gii thiu ng dng s phc gii phng trnh, h phng trnh i s.
NI DUNG

A - Mc tiu: ti sng kin kinh nghim m bo cc ni dung sau

C s l thuyt
Phn ny h thng li cc kin thc c bn ca s phc
Mt s ng dng ca s phc
Phn ny a ra mt s v d v phn tch p dng kin thc l thuyt
1. Cc bi ton v phng trnh, h phng trnh i s.
2. Rt gn mt s tng t hp, chng minh cc ng thc t hp.
3. Cc bi ton m
4. Cc bi ton v a thc
a. Xc nh a thc
b. Bi ton v s chia ht ca a thc.
B - Gii php ca ti
I. C S L THUYT

1. S phc
1.1 Mt biu thc dng z = a + bi, trong a v b l nhng s thc v i tha mn
i 2 = -1 c gi l mt s phc.
4

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

a c gi l phn thc
b c gi l phn o
i c gi l n v o.
Tp cc s phc c k hiu l C
S phc c phn o bng 0 gi l s thc nn R C.
S phc c phn thc bng 0 gi l s o.
S 0 = 0 + 0i va l s thc va l s o.
1.2 Hai s phc bng nhau
z = a+bi (a, b R)
z = a+bi (a,b R)

a a'
z =z
b b'
1.3 Cng, tr hai s phc
z = a+bi

(a, b R)

z = a+bi (a, b R)
z+z = (a+a)+(b+b)
z - z = (a-a)+(b - b)i
S i ca s phc z = a + bi l s phc - z = - a bi.
Ta c z + (-z) = 0.
1.4 Nhn hai s phc
z = a+bi

(a, b R)

z = a+bi (a, b R)
zz = aa bb+(ab+ab)i
1.5 Mun ca s phc, s phc lin hp
z = a +bi (a, b R) th mun ca z l

| z |

a2 b2

z = a +bi (a, b R) th s phc lin hp ca z l

= a - bi. Ta c

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

| zz '| z z ' , z z a 2 b 2
z z ' z z ', zz ' z z ', z z.

z l s thc khi v ch khi

zz

1.6 Chia cho s phc khc 0

Nu z = a + bi (a, b R) khc khng th s phc nghch o ca z l
Thng ca s phc z cho s phc z ' 0 l:
z
z
z
z

;
;

z'
z' z'
z'

z
z z'
z.( z ' ) 1
2
z'
z'

z 1

1
z

z.

z ' 0.

1.7 Biu din hnh hc ca s phc

S phc z = a + bi (a, b R) c biu din bi M(a; b) trong mt phng to
Oxy hay cn gi l mt phng phc.
Trc Ox biu din cc s thc gi l trc thc, trc Oy biu din cc s o gi
l trc o
r

S phc z = a + bi (a, b R) cng c biu din bi vect u (a; b) , do

uuuu
r

M(a; b) l im biu din ca s phc z = a + bi (a, b R) cng c ngha l OM biu

din s phc .
r r

Nu u, v theo th t biu din cc s phc z, z' th

r r
u v biu din s phc z + z',
r r
u v biu din s phc z - z',
ku

(k R )

biu din s phc kz,

r
u biu din s phc z,
uuuu
r r
OM u z

, vi M l im biu din s phc z.

2. Dng lng gic ca s phc

2.1 Acgumen ca s phc z 0

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Cho s phc z 0. Gi M l im trong mt phng phc biu din s phc z. Khi

s o (radian) ca mi gc lng gic c tia u Ox, tia cui OM c gi l mt
acgumen ca z.
Ch :
+ Nu l acgumen ca z th mi acgumen ca z u c dng + k2 , k Z.
+ Acgumen ca z 0 xc nh sai khc k2 , k Z.
2.2 Dng lng gic ca s phc
Cho s phc z = a+bi, (a, b R), vi r =

a2 b2

l modun ca s phc z v l

acgumen ca s phc z. Dng z = r (cos +isin ) c gi l dng lng gic ca s

phc z 0, cn dng z = a + bi c gi l dng i s ca s phc z.
2.3 Nhn v chia s phc di dng lng gic
Nu z = r(cos +isin ), z' = r' (cos '+isin ') (r 0 v r' 0 ) th
zz' = rr '[cos( ' ) i sin( ' )]
z r
cos( ') i sin( ')
z' r'

(khi r' > 0).

2.4 Cng thc Moa-Vr

r (cos i sin )
cos i sin n

r n (cos n i sin n )

cos n i sin n , n N * .

3. Dng m ca s phc
K hiu
Cho

cos i sin e i ,

z r (cos i sin ) ,

gi l ly tha ca e vi s m o.

khi z cn biu din di dng z re i c gi l dng m

ca s phc z .
Cc php ton vit li:
z re i ; z ' r ' e i ' z.z ' r.r '.e i ( ') ;
z r.e i

z
r
e i ( ')
z'
r'

( z' 0 )

; z n r n e in

Cng thc le (Euler):

cos

e i e i
2

sin

e i e i
2i

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

4. Cn bc n ca s phc.
Cho s phc z 0 v s nguyn n 2 , s phc w c gi l cn bc n ca z nu
wn z .

Nu

z r (cos i sin ) , r 0

k 2
wk n r cos
n

. Khi

n 2,

r (cos

th cn bc n ca z gm n s phn bit xc nh bi:

k 2
n

i sin

; k 0;1;...n 1

c hai cn bc hai ca z l

i sin ) ; r (cos i sin ) r cos( ) i sin( ) .

2
2
2
2

2
2

. Cn bc n ca n v:
Cn bc n ca s phc z 1 gi l cn bc n ca n v. T nh ngha ta c cc cn
bc n ca n v l: wk

cos

k 2
k 2
i sin
; k 0;1;2..., n 1.
n
n

w l mt cn bc n ca n v v c gi l cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v nu
mi s nguyn dng m n ta c w m 1 .
Tnh cht ca cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v: Nu w l mt cn nguyn thy bc
n ca n v th 1 w k w 2 k ... w k ( n1) 0 vi

( k , n) 1

c bit k 1 ta c 1 w w 2 ... w n1 0.
II. MT S NG DNG S PHC

1. Cc bi ton v phng trnh, h phng trnh i s.

Mt phng trnh vi n phc

f ( z) 0

v vi nghim

z x yi ( x, y R ) ,

c th

gii bng cch tch phn thc v phn o ta lun c th a v dng h phng
trnh.

h ( x, y ) 0

g ( x, y ) 0

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Chng hn, tm cn bc ba ca s phc 1 i , ta tm s phc

z3 1 i .

Bng cch tch phn thc v phn o trong ng thc

z x yi

sao cho

( x yi ) 3 1 i

ta

c h phng trnh:

x 3 3xy 2 1

3x 2 y y 3 1
Gii h ny, ta tm c

( x; y ) ;

t ta s tm c z . Tuy nhin, r rng z c

th tm c bng cch tm cn bc ba ca 1 i , c th l:
1 i 2 (cos

sin )
4
4

nn

z 6 2 (cos(

k 2
k 2

) i sin(
) ; k 0;1;2.
4
3
12
3

T , ngc li ta tm c nghim ca h phng trnh l:

( x; y )

k 2 6
2k
2 cos(
); 2 sin(
12
3
12
3

; k 0;1;2

Nh th, mt s h phng trnh c th c xut x t cc phng trnh nghim

phc. Bng cch i ngc li qu trnh t phng trnh nghim phc v h
phng trnh, t h phng trnh cho ta thu c phng trnh nghim phc
gc. Gii cc phng trnh nghim phc ny, so snh phn thc v phn o, ta
c nghim ca h phng trnh.
Ta xt v d sau:
V d 1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

1
2
3x 1

x y
a.
7 y 1 1 4 2
x y

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

3x y
x

x2 y2 3

b.
y x 3y 0
x 2 y 2

c.

4 x y 3 1 y 0

4 (1 x)(1 y) 6 1 x 1 0

Gii:
a. iu kin

x 0; y 0

x;v

(u 0; v 0)

1 2
u
1

2
2
u

v
3

H a v:

v 1 1 4 2
u 2 v 2
7

V u 2 v 2 l bnh phng modun ca s phc z u iv , bng cch cng phng trnh

th nht vi phng trnh th hai (sau khi nhn vi i ) ta c.
u iv

u iv
2
4 2

i
2
2
u v
3
7

(3)

u iv
z
z
1
2

2
2
z.z z
u v
z

Nn (3) c vit di dng:

z 2

'

1
2
4 2

i
z
3
7

4 2
.z 1 0
7

1
2 2

i
3
7

38 4 2

i
21
7

i 2
21

2 2

1
2

i
2
3
21
7

T suy ra

(u , v)

2
21

2 2
7

2 .

Do , nghim ca h pt cho l:

10

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

( x, y )

2 2

;
21

Gio vin: ng Th Mn
2

11 4 7 ; 22 8 7

21
7

b. Nhn hai v ca phng trnh th hai vi i ri cng vi phng trnh th nht ta

c.
x yi

3 x y xi 3 yi
3
x2 y2

x yi

Gi s

3( x yi ) i ( x yi )
3
x2 y2

(4)

z x yi z x yi; | z | 2 x 2 y 2

(4) a v

3 z iz
(3 i )
3 z
3
2
|z|
z

2
z 2 3 z 3 i 0 , 3 4i (1 2i ) z

3 1 2i
1 i .
2

T suy ra nghim ca h ban u l

c. kx:
t

a2

3 1 2i
2i
2

( x; y ) ( 2;1); (1;1)

x 1; y 1

x 1; b

1 y

th h tr thnh

a 2 b 2 3b 3 0

2ab 3a 1 0

T h trn ta bin i v dng s phc nh sau: (a 2 b 2 3b 3) (2ab 3a 1)i 0

( a bi ) 2 3i (a bi ) i 3 0

z 2 3iz i 3 0

(1), vi

z a bi, z C.

Gii phng trnh (1) ta c nghim z 1 i hoc z 1 2i

Do

a 0; b 0

H c nghim

nn

a 1; b 1

( x; y ) ;0 .
4

11

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Trn thc t, ta cng c th gii h trn bng cch dng bin i i s, nhn x v
y thch hp vo tng v ca cc phng trnh ri tr v vi v thu c quan h
n gin hn gia cc bin ny.
Mt s h sau cng c cch gii tng t:

1.

3x 10 y
x x2 y2 1

( x, y R )

y 10x 3 y 2
x 2 y 2

2.

x 2y
x x2 y2 2

( x, y R )

y 2x y 0
x 2 y 2

3.

16x 11y
x x2 y2 7

( x, y R )

11
x

16
y
y
1
2 2
x y

12
x 1 2
3x y
( x, y R )
4.
y 1 12 6
3x y

3
10 x 1 3
5x y
( x, y R )
5.
y 1 3 1
5x y

12

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

6.

x3 3xy 2 1
3x y y 3
2

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

( x, y R )

Hng dn - p s
1. Nhn hai v ca phng trnh th 2 vi i ri cng vi phng trnh th nht ta
c:
z

(3 10i ) z
1 2i
| z |2

vi

z x yi .

z 2 (1 2i ) z 3 10i 0
z

1 2 3 2 3 3

i
2
2

H c nghim

2 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 3
;

( x; y )
;
;


2
2
2
2

2. p s

( x; y ) ( 2;1); (0;1)

3. p s

( x; y ) ( 2;3); (5;2)

4. p s

( x; y ) ( 4 2 3 ;12 6 3 ); ( 4 2 3;12 6 3 )

5. p s

( x; y )

6. Xt

z3 1

Gi s

z x yi

1
;1
10

3i

thay vo phng trnh ta c

l cn bc ba ca 1
C 1

3i

( x; y )

l nghim ca h cho m z

k 2
k 2

3i 2 cos(
) i sin(
) z 3 2 cos(

) i sin(

) ; k 0;1;2
3
3
9
3
9
3

Nghim ca h cho l: ( x; y )

2 cos(

k 2 3
k 2

; 2 sin(

) ; k 0;1;2
9
3
9
3

2. Rt gn mt s tng t hp, chng minh cc ng thc t hp.

Gi w l mt cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v th ta c
1 w k w 2 k ... w ( n 1) k 0 ; k m ( k , n) 1

Tnh cht trn c ng dng kh hiu qu trong vic rt gn cc tng hp, ta xt v

d sau:
13

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

V d 2. Tnh tng S1

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

0 3 k n 1

3k
n

Gii:
n

n
k k
Xt a thc P ( x) (1 x) C n x
k 0

Gi

1
3
i
2
2

w 2 k w k 1 bng

l mt cn nguyn thy bc ba ca n v ( c w 2 w 1 0 ) th

0 nu k khng chia ht cho 3, bng 3 nu k chia ht cho 3.

n

V th P(1) P( w) P ( w 2 ) C nk (1 w k w 2 k ) 3
k 0

S1

1
P(1) P( w) P( w 2 )
3

1
3
P ( w) 1 i

2
2

1
3

i

2
2

1
3

P ( w ) 1 i

2
2

m
n

03 k n 1

3k
n

P (1) (1 1) n 2 n

1
3

i

2
2

1
3

2
2

cos i sin
3
3

cos( ) i sin( )
2
3

cos

n
n
i sin
3
3

cos(

n
n
) i sin(
)
3
3

1
n
S1 2 n 2 cos

3
3

Cng thc Euler

e i cos i sin

c th a cc tng lng gic thnh cc cp s

nhn hoc cng thc nh thc Niutn, c th xt v d sau:

V d 3.
n

k
a. Tnh tng S 2 C n cos kx .
k 0

m 1

2 m 1
2m
k
b. Chng minh rng 2 cos x C 2 m cos(2m 2k ) x
k 0

1 m
C2m
2

Gii:
n

k
a. Xt T2 C n sin kx , ta c
k 0

14

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

S 2 iT2 C nk (cos kx i sin kx) C nk e ikx

k 0

k 0

(1 e ) (1 cos x i sin x)
ix

x
x
x

2 cos cos i sin

2
2
2

S 2 iT2 2 n cos n

x
nx
nx
cos i sin
2
2
2

So snh phn thc, phn o ta c

b. Ta c
Do

e ix cos x i sin x
e ix cos x i sin x

cos x

S 2 2 n cos n

x
nx
cos
2
2

e ix e ix
2

2 2 m cos 2 m x ( 2 cos x ) 2 m (e ix e ix ) 2 m
2m

C 2km (e ix ) k (e ix ) 2 m k
k 0
2m

C 2km e 2 ( k m ) ix
k 0

m 1

C 2km e 2 ( k m ) ix

2m

k 0

k m 1

m 1

m 1

k 0

t 0

m 1

m 1

k 0

k 0

k
2m

e 2 ( k m ) ix

C 2km e 2 ( m k ) ix C 22mm t e 2 ( m t ) ix C 2mm

C 2km e 2( m k ) ix C 22mm k e 2 ( m k ) ix C 2mm
m 1

m 1

k 0

k 0

C 2km (e 2 ( m k ) ix e 2 ( m k ) ix ) C 2mm 2 C 2km . cos(2m 2k ) x C 2mm

m 1

2 2 m1 cos 2 m x C 2km . cos(2m 2k ) x

k 0

1 m
C 2 m (pcm)
2

Vi cch lm tng t nh trn, ta cng chng minh c ng thc

n

2 2 n cos 2 n 1 x C 2kn 1 cos( 2n 1 2k ) x

k 0

S dng cng thc 2i sin x e ix e ix v bin i tng t trn, ta chng minh c cc

ng thc sau

n 1

2 2 n 1. sin 2 n x ( 1) n

(1) k C 2kn cos(2n 2k ) x

k 0

(1) n n
C 2 n
2

15

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

2 2 n sin 2 n 1 x (1) n (1) k C 2kn 1 sin( 2n 1 2k ) x

k 0

Bi tp tng t
1. Tnh cc tng sau:

(1)

S3

0 2 k n 1

S4

(1)

0 2 k 1 n 1

S5

C n2 k

0 4 k n 1

S6

C n2 k 1

4k
n

4 k 1
n
0 4 k 1 n 1

2. Chng minh ng thc sau:

a.
b.

0 2 k 1 n 1

( 1) k ( 2k 1)C n2 k 1 n( 2 ) n 1 cos( n 1)

(1)

0 2 k n 1

2kC n2 k n( 2 ) n 3 sin( n 1)

Hng dn - p s
1. Xt

(1 i ) n

2 (cos

i sin )
4
4

M (1 i ) n C nk i k
k 0

0 2 k n 1

T suy ra: S 3 2 2 cos

n
2

S 4 2 sin

Li c 2 n (1 1) n
0 (1 1) n

(1)

0 k n

n
n
i sin
)
4
4

(1) k C n2 k

(1)

0 2 k 1 n 1

C n2 k 1i

n
4

C nk

2 2 (cos

n
4

0 k n

k
n

suy ra

0 2 k n 1

C n2 k

2 k 1
n
0 2 k 1 n 1

2 n 1

1
1
n
S 5 ( S 3 C n2 k ) (2 n 1 2 2 cos
)
2
2
4
0 2 k n 1

16

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn
n

S6

1
1
n
( S 4 C n2 k 1 ) (2 n 1 2 2 sin
)
2
2
4
0 2 k 1 n 1
n

n
k k
2. Xt (1 x) C n x
k 0

o hm hai v ta c

n(1 x) n 1 C n1 2 xC n2 ... nx n 1C nn .

Cho x i so snh phn

thc, phn o hai v ta c cc ng thc cn chng minh.

3. Cc bi ton m.
S phc c nhng ng dng rt hiu qu trong cc bi ton m v vai tr trung
tm trong k thut ng dng s phc vo cc bi ton m tip tc li l cn
nguyn thy ca n v. Vi tnh cht w l mt cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v
th ta c:
1 w w 2 ... w n 1 0

1 w k w 2 k ... w k ( n 1) 0 vi (k , n) 1

V d 4.
Tm s tt c cc s c n ch s lp t cc ch s 3, 4, 5, 6 v chia ht cho 3.
Gii:
Gi

Cn

l s cc s c n ch s tha mn bi. Gi l mt nghim ca phng

trnh z 2 z 1 0.
Khi 3 1 v 2 k k 1 0 nu k khng chia ht cho 3 v 2 k k 1 3 nu
Xt a thc

P ( x) ( x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 ) n

d thy

Cn

k 3 .

chnh bng tng cc h s ca cc s

6n

m chia ht cho 3 trong khai trin ca

P( x) .

k
Ni cch khc, nu P( x) ak x th
k 0

2n

6n

2n

k 0

k 0

k 0

C n a3k . M P(1) P( ) P( 2 ) a k (1 k 2 k ) 3a 3k

Do

P(1) (1 1 1 1) n 4 n

P( ) ( 3 4 5 6 ) n (1 2 3 ) n (1 2 1) n 1
P ( 2 ) ( 6 8 10 12 ) n (1 2 1) n 1n 1

P (1) P ( ) P ( 2 ) 4 n 2

17

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

2n

C n a 3k
k 0

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

1
4n 2

P(1) P ( ) P( 2
3
3

V d 5.(IMO1995)
Cho p l mt s nguyn t l, tm s cc tp con A ca tp 1;2;3;..,2 p bit rng
a. A cha ng p phn t.
b. Tng cc phn t ca A chia ht cho p.
Gii:
Xt a thc

P ( x) x p 1 x p 2 ... x 1 .

Gi l mt nghim bt k ca
phn bit ca

P( x)

P( x) .

Ch rng

, 2 ,...

p 1

p 1

nghim

v p 1 .

Theo nh l Viet c:
Xt a thc

a thc ny c ( p 1) nghim phc phn bit.

( x )( x 2 )....( x p 1 ) x p 1 x p 2 ... x 1

Q ( x) ( x )( x 2 )...( x 2 p )

Gi H A 1,2...,2 p :| A | p.
S ( A) vi
Gi s Q( x) a k x k khi a p A
H
2p

S ( A)

xA

k 0

Nu
cho

S ( A) j (mod p )

th

S ( A)

nn

p 1

a p n j j , trong
j 0

nj

l s cc A H sao

S ( A) j (mod p )

Mt khc

Q( x) ( x p 1) 2 a p 2 nn

Xt a thc

p 1

R ( x) n j x j n0 2.
j 0

deg P ( x) deg R ( x ) v

n0 2

j 0

(*)

Do (*) nn l mt nghim ca

l mt nghim bt k ca

khc nhau hng s nhn. T

Suy ra

p 1

nn P ( x) v R ( x) ch sai

n p 1 n p 2 ... n1 n0 2

n p 1 n p 2 ... n1 n0 2
p

P( x) ,

R (x)

C 2pp 2
p

n0 2

C 2pp 2
2

S cc tp con A ca tp hp 1;2;3...,2 p tha mn bi l:

n0 2

C 2pp 2
2

4. Cc bi ton v a thc
a. Xc nh a thc
18

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Nghim ca a thc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh mt a thc. C

th nu a thc P ( x ) bc n c n nghim

x1 , x 2 ,..., x n

th P ( x) c dng

P ( x ) c ( x x1 )( x x 2 )...( x x n ) .

Tuy nhin, nu ch xt cc nghim thc ca a thc th trong nhiu trng hp s

khng s nghim, hn na trong cc bi ton phng trnh hm a thc, nu
ch xt cc nghim thc th li gii s khng hon chnh. nh l c bn ca i s
v vy ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong dng ton ny l: Mt a thc
vi h s phc (bao gm c s thc) lun c t nht mt nghim phc (bao gm c
nghim thc)
V d 6. Xc nh tt c cc a thc

P( x)

khc a thc bng sao cho

P ( x ) P( x 1) P ( x 2 x 1); x R

Gii: Gi s
nghim ca
P ( x0 ) 0

x0

(1)

2
2
l nghim ca P( x) 0 P( x0 x0 1) 0 . Khi x0 x0 1 cng l

P( x) .

Thay x bi x 1 trong (1) ta c P( x 1) P( x) P( x 2

2
nn x0 x0 1 cng l nghim ca

x 1) .

P( x) .

Chn l nghim c modun ln nht (nu tn ti vi nghim vi modun ln nht, ta

chn mt trong s cc nghim )
T cch chn suy ra:

| 2 1 || |

| 2 1 || | v

c 2 1 v 2 1

u l nghim ca P ( x ) .
Ta c 0 v

2 | || ( 2 1) ( 2 1) || 2 1 | | 2 1 |
| | | | 2 | |

Vy phi xy ra du ng thc nn
M

| |

l ln nht nn

2 1 k ( 2 1)

| 2 1 || 2 1 || | .

k 1 2 1 ( 2 1) 2 1 0 i nn x 2 1

ta c th vit:

vi k l hng s dng.

P ( x ) ( x 2 1) m Q( x ) ;

P( x) .

Nh vy

m N * . Trong Q( x) l a thc khng chia ht

cho x 2 1 . Th ngc tr li vo (1) ta thy

Q ( x )Q ( x 1) Q ( x 2 x 1); x R

l tha s ca

Q( x)

tha mn:

(2)

19

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Nu phng trnh

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Q( x ) 0

li c nghim th lp lun nh trn ta suy ra nghim c

modun ln nht ca n phi l i . iu ny khng th xy ra v x 2 1 khng chia ht

Q( x) .

l mt hng s, gi s

Q( x)

a thc tha mn bi l

Q ( x ) c ; x R ,

n N * .

P ( x) ( x 2 1) m ,

V d 7. Tm tt c cc a thc

tha mn:

P( x)

thay vo (2) ta c c 1 . Vy cc

P ( x) P ( x 1) P ( x 2 ) , x R.

Gii:
Gi s l nghim ca
nghim ca

P( x) 0 .

P( x) 0 .

Khi t phng trnh suy ra

T y suy ra

| | 0

c dy v hn cc nghim phn bit ca

v lp lun tng t, ta cng c
Gi s rng | | 1 v
cos

1
2

hay

Gi s
P( x)

hoc

5
3

hoc

Ta vit

| | 1 ,

v nu ngc li ta s thu

Tng t 1 l nghim ca

P( x)

| 1 | 1 .

cos i sin ; [0;2 ], t

y suy ra

, xt 2 cng l nghim ca

| 2 1 | cos
1
3

P( x) .

| 1 | 0

| 1 | 1 .

hoc

2 , 4 , 8 ,... cng

sin 2

2
3
3

P( x) ,

nh vy 2 1 cng l nghim ca

mu thun v mi nghim ca

P( x)

u c

modun bng 0 hoc 1 .

Tng t trn vi trng hp
T y

P( x)

c dng

5
3

. Nh vy c th kt lun 1 hoc 1 1 .

P ( x ) cx m (1 x ) n ,

c l hng s v

m, n N ,

thay vo phng

trnh cho ta d dng kim tra c c 1 v m n . Vy cc a thc tha mn:

P ( x) x m (1 x) m , m N

b. Bi ton v s chia ht ca a thc

Ta bit rng, nu a thc P ( x ) chia ht cho a thc Q( x) th mi nghim ca Q( x)
u l nghim ca P ( x) . Tnh cht n gin ny l cha kha gii nghim bi
ton v s chia ht ca a thc.
V d 8. Vi gi tr no ca n th x 2 n x n 1 chia ht cho a thc x 2 x 1
20

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

1

Gii: Ta c w 2 i
a thc

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

3
2
2
cos
i sin

2
3
3

P( x) x 2 n x n 1

chia ht cho

Q( x)

l nghim ca
khi v ch khi

Q( x) x 2 x 1 0 .

P ( w) 0

iu ny tng

ng vi

4 n
4 n
2 n
2 n
cos
i sin
cos
i sin

3
3
3
3

2n 1 2 n 1 3k
cos cos
3 2 3 n 3k 2

4n 2n
cos 3 cos 3 1 0 2n
1 0
2 cos 1 0

3
sin 4n sin 2n 0
3 3

(k Z )

Vy vi n 3k 1 hoc n 3k 2 ;

( k Z ) th P ( x )

chia ht cho

Q( x) .

V d di y, mt ln na, cn ca n v li ng vai tr then cht.

V d 9.(USA MO 1976) Cho

P ( x), Q ( x ), R ( x ), S ( x )

l cc a thc sao cho

P ( x 5 ) xQ ( x 5 ) x 2 R ( x 7 ) ( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1).S ( x) (1).

Chng minh rng

P ( x ) chia

ht cho x 1.

Gii:
t w e

2i
5

th w 5 1 v1 w w 2 w 3 w 4

Thay x ln lt bi

w, w 2 , w 3 , w 4

0 (*)

vo (1) ta c phng trnh

P (1) wQ (1) w 2 R (1) 0

P (1) wQ (1) w 2 R (1) 0

P (1) w Q (1) w R (1) 0

P (1) w Q (1) w R (1) 0 (3)

P (1) w Q (1) w R (1) 0

3

P (1) w Q (1) w R (1) 0

4

( 2)

P (1) w 3 Q (1) wR (1) 0

( 4)

P (1) w 4 Q (1) w 3 R (1) 0

(5)

Nhn cc phng trnh t (2) n (5) ln lt vi

w; w 2 ; w 3 ; w 4

ta c

wP (1) w 2 Q (1) w 3 R (1) 0

w 2 P (1) w 4 Q (1) wR (1) 0
w 3 P (1) wQ (1) w 4 R (1) 0
w 4 P (1) w 3 Q (1) w 2 R (1) 0

Cng v vi v cc ng thc trn v p dng

(*)

ta c P (1) Q(1) R(1) 0

(6)

21

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Cng v vi v ca (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) suy ra

5 P (1) 0

suy ra P ( x) chia ht cho

x 1.

Bi tp tng t
1. Tm tt c cc a thc P ( x) tha mn: P( x) 2 P( x 2 ) 2 x 4 ; x R
2. Tm tt c cc a thc P ( x) tha mn:

P ( x 2 2) P ( x ) 2; x R.
2

3. (VN 2006). Tm tt c cc a thc P ( x ) vi h s thc tha mn:

P ( x 2 ) x 3P ( x) P ( x) P ( x) 2 x 2 ; x R.
2

4. Tm tt c cc a thc

P ( x ) v

h s thc tha mn:

2 x 2 ( P ( x) P (2 x 3 x); x R.

p s
1.

P ( x) x 4 1 ; P( x) x 3 x ; P ( x) 2 x 2 ; P( x) x 2

2. Ta c dy nghim:

P0 ( x) 2; P1 ( x) x ; Pn 1 ( x ) xPn ( x ) Pn 1 ( x ); n 1.

3.

P ( x) x; P ( x) 2 x; P ( x) 2 x 1; P ( x) x 2 k 1 x; P ( x ) x 2 k 2 x; k N , k 2.

4.

P ( x ) ( x 2 1) k ; k N * .

----------------------------------

22

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

PHN III: KT LUN

KT QU THC HIN TI

Vic hc tp sng kin kinh nghim s thu c kt qu tt nu m bo cc yu

cu sau:
Hc sinh phi c trnh nhn thc v t duy tng i tt. Nm vng cc kin
thc c bn v s phc: dng i s, dng lng gic, cng thc Moavr, cn bc n
ca n v,... v cc kin thc i s, t hp nh: nghim a thc, tnh cht ca s
C nk , .

Hiu v s dng chnh xc thut ng, k hiu ton hc.

Xut pht t i tng hc u l hc sinh kh, gii, nn kh nng tip thu kin
thc kh nhanh v chc chn. l tin rt tt c th truyn th mt khi lng
kin thc trong cng mt n v thi gian nhiu hn so vi hc sinh khc. Gio vin
cn bit tn dng c hiu qu nhng kh nng , chng hn, bng cch a ti liu,
yu cu hc sinh t nghin cu trc sau trnh by, a ra nhn xt, kt qu thu
c trong tit hc chuyn .Nh vy s gip hc sinh lnh hi kin thc su sc
hn, to iu kin cc em bc u tp dt nghin cu khoa hc.
1. Kt qu thc tin
Qua thc t, trc tip ging dy sng kin kinh nghim ny trong cc tit chuyn
ca lp 11 Ton v bi dng hc sinh d thi hc sinh gii quc gia mn Ton 12 ti
trng THPT chuyn Hng Yn t nm hc 2010 - 2011, vi lng kin thc va
phi v h thng v d ph hp gip hc sinh tip thu kh tt, kch thch v pht
huy kh nng t duy, vn dng tng hp kin thc mt cch lgic, say m t gic hc
tp, gi m c tm ti sng to khoa hc.

23

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Hc sinh i tuyn lp 12 d thi hc sinh gii quc gia t tin hn khi gp cc

bi ton v a thc v t hp.
Kt qu thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia mn Ton lp 12:
Nm hc 2010 - 2011 c 5/6 hc sinh t gii
Nm hc 2011 - 2012 c 6/6 hc sinh t gii
Nm hc 2012 - 2013 c 8/8 hc sinh t gii
Nm hc 2013 - 2014 c 5/8 hc sinh t gii
Kt qu thi chn hc sinh gii khu vc Duyn hi v ng bng Bc B mn Ton
lp 10, lp 11:
Nm hc 2010 - 2011 c 6/6 hc sinh t gii, trong c 2 gii nh.
Nm hc 2011 - 2012 c 6/6 hc sinh t gii, trong c 1 gii nh.
Nm hc 2012 - 2013 c 6/6 hc sinh t gii.
Nm hc 2013 2014 c 5/6 hc sinh t gii, trong c 1 gii nht.
Kt qu thi chn hc sinh gii tnh Hng Yn mn Ton lp 12:
Nm hc 2010 - 2011 c 9/10 hc sinh t gii
Nm hc 2011 - 2012 c 10/12 hc sinh t gii
Nm hc 2012 - 2013 c 10/10 hc sinh t gii
2. Bi hc kinh nghim
Khi dy mt s ng dng ca s phc trong i s v ton t hp, cn nhn mnh
kt qu p dng, khc su v d. Sau mi ng dng, yu cu hc sinh nhn xt, ly v
d minh ha, lin h n cc trng hp ring, trng hp c bit, nhn nhn, so
snh vi cc cch gii khc c hc. T tit dy t hiu qu cao hn, rn
c tnh ch ng lnh hi kin thc ca hc sinh, thc hc tp nghim tc, c kh
nng cm nhn ton hc tt hn.
24

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

Sng kin kinh nghim ny c ging dy cho cc th h hc sinh cc lp chuyn

ton, nn cn c thng xuyn trao i, cp nht lin tc, b sung thm ng dng
ca s phc trong chng minh a thc bt kh quy, gii phng trnh nghim
nguyn,... v bit vn dng cc ng dng gii cc bi ton tng t.
KT LUN

Ni dung sng kin kinh nghim ny c dng cho cc tit hc chuyn . Ty

theo s phn b tit hc ca tng chuyn c quy nh, tu theo kh nng tip
thu ca hc sinh, gio vin cn phi bit linh hot kt hp, lng ghp cc kin thc v
s phc, cc tnh cht ca s

C nk , cng

thc khai trin nh thc NiuTn, nh l v

nghim a thc,... vic chng minh cc bi ton tr ln d dng hn.

Do thi gian nghin cu hn ch, sng kin kinh nghim ny mi ch a ra mt s
ng dng ca s phc trong i s v ton t hp, ta c th tip tc nghin cu ng
dng s phc trong hnh hc, s hc,...
y l sng kin kinh nghim ca bn thn ti vit, khng sao chp ni dung ca
ngi khc, v vy vi kh nng v thi gian nghin cu c hn, nn mc thnh
cng ca sng kin kinh nghim cn nhiu hn ch, ti rt mong nhn c s ng
vin v nhng kin ng gp chn thnh ca qu Thy c, bn b ng nghip v
cc em hc sinh.
Hng Yn, ngy 15 thng 3 nm 2014
Tc gi

ng Th Mn

25

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. B Gio Dc v o To - Gii Tch 12 Nng Cao(Ti bn ln th t),
NXBGD - 2012.
[2]. on Qunh - Trn Nam Dng - Nguyn V Lng - ng Hng Thng Ti liu chuyn Ton - i S v Gii Tch 11, NXBGD - 2010.
[3]. Nguyn Vn Mu - Trn Nam Dng - Nguyn ng Pht - Nguyn Thy
Thanh - Chuyn chn lc - S Phc v p Dng, NXBGD - 2009.
[4]. B Gio dc v o to Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr, NXBGD.

-------------------------------

26

Sng kin kinh nghim 2014

Gio vin: ng Th Mn

MC LC
Mc

Ni dung
Phn I: Phn l lch
Phn II: Phn ni dung

I
II

M u
t vn
Thc trng ca vn
ngha v tc dng ca ti
Phm vi nghin cu ca ti
Phng php tin hnh
Ni dung
A- Mc tiu
B - Gii php ca ti
C s l thuyt.
Mt s ng dng ca s phc
1. Cc bi ton v phng trnh, h phng trnh i s.
2. Rt gn mt s tng t hp, chng minh cc ng thc t hp.
3. Cc bi ton m.
4. Cc bi ton v a thc
a. Xc nh a thc
b. Bi ton v s chia ht ca a thc.
Phn III: Kt lun
Kt qu thc hin ca ti
Kt lun
Ti liu tham kho
Mc lc
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