1.

,
,
F (. 1).

. 1

,
,
,
( ).

,
.
, ,

N ( z)
( z) =
d , .
A ( z)


.

 .
,

.
, :
( )
(
).
, ,
.

.
,

, , ,
, , .,
, .
,
,
, .
. .
.
, ,
.

.
,
,
, .
- ,
,
.
,

( I2 = I min ).

. ,
(..2).
2

..2
(. 2-), (..2-)
(. 2-).
, :
-
,
, ,
-
,
,
-
,
.
, ,

.

.
.
(. 3)
( 2, 3, 5 6 )
.

. 3

,
F1 F2 (. 4-). F1 F2
.
BB = CC (. )
,
.

. 4
B C (. 4-),
BB = CC , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
,
.

:
- ,
- (
,
).


.


, .
.

.
.
.
,

.
. ( , ...)
.

.

, F = Fkr,
- .

,

,
, u = u (z).
,
.

.

,
F = Fkr (. 5).

. 5
5

E Imin u ( z ) = M x ( z )

(1)

z,
, M x ( z ) = F u ( z) ,

E Imin u ( z ) + F u ( z ) = 0 ,
u ( z) + k 2 u ( z ) = 0
k 2 =

(2)

F
.
E Imin

(2-)

,
u ( z) = C1 sin k z + C 2 cos k z .

(3)

C1 C2
:
u ( z)

z =0

= 0;

u (z)

z =l

=0 ,

(4)

C1 sin kl = 0 ;

C2 = 0 .

. :
C1 = 0 (
u ( z ) = 0 ). (sin kl = 0)
: kl = n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
k2 l 2= n2 2,

(4-)

, (2-) (4-),

Fkr =

n 2 2 E Imin
.
l2

(5)

 n = 1,
,

F = Fkr =

2 E Imin

(6)

l2

kl = n u = u(z),

u = u ( z) = C1 sin

n
z.
l

(7)

C1 , , ,

u ( z)

z =l 2

= fmax = C1 0 ,

fmax ,
.
n = 1
. (.6-).
n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
(.6-, 6-).

. 6

( n=1)
(n)
, Fkr
Fkr ,
Fkr.
.

 ()
.
,
(.7-).
, 2 l,

(. 7-).

. 7
(6),
Fkr =

2 E Imin
(2l)2

(8)

,
.
()
.
(. 8).
B, C
D - , l / 2 .
,
CD , ( ) l / 2
(. 8-). AC DB

( ) l / 4,
(. 8-).

. 8

(6)
2 E Imin
Fkr =
,
( l 2)2
(7)
2 E Imin
Fkr =
.
( 2 l 4 ) 2
,

2 E Imin
Fkr =
.
(9)
( 0.5 l ) 2

.
()
.

. 9.

9


z, , M ( z ) = F u ( z ) + YA z ,

E Imin u ( z ) = F u ( z ) YA z .

(10)

(10) ,
E Imin u ( z) =

dM ( z )
= T ( z ) = F u ( z ) YA ,
dz

dT ( z )
= F u ( z ) ,
dz

E Imin u v ( z) =

(11)

u v ( z ) + k 2 u ( z ) = 0

(12)

F
.
E Imin
, :

: k 2 =

u ( z)

u ( z)

z =0

z =l

=0;

u ( z )

= 0;

u ( z )

z =0

z =l

=0

(M A = 0) ; (, )

= 0 (, )

(13)

(12),

u ( z) = C1 sin kz + C 2 cos kz + C 3 z + C 4 .

(14)

(13),
, (14),
: C 2 = C 4 = 0 , (12) :

u ( z) = C1 sin kz + C 3 z .

(15)

(13),
, (15) :

C1 sin kl + C 3 l = 0
C1 k cos kl + C3 = 0 .

(16)

10

 , (15), C1 0; C3
0, , (16) ,

sin kl 1
=
=0,
k cos kl 1

tg kl = kl .

(17)

(17) : kl 4.493 ,
, (6),

Fkr = 4.493 2

E Imin
E Imin 2 E Imin
=
20
.
19

l2
l2
(0.7 l) 2

(18)

.

, (. 10).
( 6, 8, 9
18). ,

lr = k l ,

(19)

k ,

Fkr =

2 E I min
lr

(20)

. 10

11

r =

lr

(21)

imin

i min =

I min

- .

,
, ,
(20) (21)

kr =

Fkr 2 E
=
.
A
r2

(22)

(22) (1),
, .

kr

(22)

2 E
kr =
= P,

P - ,

E
(23)
P =

P
. , r > P ,
,
(20).

r < P , (20)
, ,
, .
,
.
-
.

12

 ,
.

,
.

kr = f (r )

(24)

, (1850-1905),

,

kr = B C r ,

(25)

B C .
, B C ( 1).

[M Pa]

0360

84 - 108

289 0.82

0461

70 - 101

320 1.00

0561

63 - 86

589 3.80

10 - 80

P < 80

P < 100

776 12 + 5.3
338 2.80

2
100
2

100

293 0.2

1

. ,
,
(25)

13

 kr = B C r

, , m = 2
(Johnson - Ostenfeld)

kr = B C r

(26)
-

(27)

(27) (28)
T < r < P , T .
r < T , (
). ,

N
=
(28)
A
,
:

1
()
,

.

, ,
.

14

 kr =

F
dc
A

(29)

dc
(30)
dk
: dc - , dk -
. ,
=

, (
).

()

.
, 22.08.1980 ,
1986. , :
- ,
(JUS U.7.081),
- ,
(JUS U.7.086).
JUS U.7.081
, ,
.

N
N
i, d = i =
A

: - ,
N - ,
A - ,
i, d - ,
i - ,
- ,
N -

- , :
1.50 - ,
1.33 - ,
1.20 - .

15

 N
- (2).

(31)

: - ; E =

N ,
, ,
0, , B, C D.

2
,
.

,
:
-
I 1 I 2, I 2 = I min,
- ,
i 2 = i min,
- , l r = k l ,
- r = l r / i min,

16

- P, T
. ,
-
,
-
.

-, ,
.
,

F
1
F kr = A kr .

F,

.

, i min, l r, Fkr.
F
= kr .
F

kr = f ( r ) ,
, kr.

Fkr = A kr .
,

F
Fd = kr ,

> 1 .

, ,

.
, ,

.

. ,

.

17