13. 14.

:
-
-
, a
.
:
A d
A *d
Si =
, i =
, (i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n) .
i
Si
, :

2Ad
i = ijS j , (i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n) , ij = i =
, ij = ji
S j Si S j
j
.
Si 2 A d
Si = k ij j , (i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n) , k ij =
=
, k ij = k ji
j i j
j
ij
i Sj . k ij
i
.

:
n

i = ijS j + i = oi (= 0)
j=1

Si = k ij j + Siq = Soi (= 0)
j =1

:
11S1 + 12S2 + ... + 1nSn = 1
k111 + k12 2 + ... + k1n n = S1
21S1 + 22S2 +
+ 2 n Sn = 2
k 211 + k 22 2 +
+ k 2 n n = S2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n1S1 + 2 nS2 +
+ nn Sn = n
+ k nn n = Sn
k n11 + k 2 n 2 +
:
11 12

21 22
.
.

n1 n 2

... 1n S1 1
... 2 n S2 2
=
... . . .

... nn Sn n

[]{S} = {}

[k ]{} = {S} , [k ] [ ] .

k11 k12
k
21 k 22
.
.

k n1 k n 2

... k1n 1 S1
... k 2 n 2 S2
=
... . . .

... k nn n Sn

[k ] = []1 .

107

. . ,
.
, , , ,
:
- , , ,
,
- , , , ,

- ()
,
, , ,
- ()
,
, , , .
:
- ,
- (, ),
- ( , ),
- ,
- .
, ,
.
,
.
.
5.
. .

x , Ay , Ix(t) , Iz , wx(t) , wz
E,G,
5.
i- 5 :
T
T
T
T
i = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 } = {u , v, , } Fi = {F1 , F2 , F3 , F4 } = {Fx , Fy , M z , M x }
108

.
.
u.
u=1 .
6 .
1 = 11S1 + 1 = u ,

S1 + 0 = u
EA

EA
S1 = FB =
u = k11 1
L
EA
FA = FB =
u
L
6.

. .
.
ux=1
.
7 .

4 = 44S1 + 1 = ,

S1 + 0 =
GI
t

GI
S1 = M B = t = k 44 4
L
GI
M A = M B = t
L
7.

109

.
.
.
v .
v=1 =1
.
7 .

2 = 22S1 + 23S2 + 1 = v ,
3 = 32S1 + 33S2 + 2 = = 0
EI
S1 = 12 3z v = k 22 v = k 22 2
L
EI

S2 = 6 2z v = k 23 v = k 23 2
L

2 = 22S1 + 23S2 + 1 = 0 ,
3 = 32S1 + 33S2 + 2 =
EI

S1 = 6 3z = k 23 = k 23 3
L

EI
S2 = 4 2z = k 33 = k 33 3
L

7.
. ,
.
.
.

.
.
.
, .
110

 ,
,
.

,
8.

8.
, :
1 1 k11 k12
T
T
T
T
=
, e = {1 , 2 } = {u1 , u 2 } F = {F1 , F2 } = {Fx1 , Fx 2 } .
[k ]e = EA

L 1 1 k 21 k 22
.
:
1 1 u1 Fx1
[k ]e {}e = {F}e , EA
= .
L 1 1 u 2 Fx 2

/L
. :
EA 1 1 0 0
FL
=
= , u 2=

L 1 1 u 2 F
EA
.
,
9.

9.
, :
1 1 k11 k12
T
T
T
T
, e = {1 , 2 } = {1 , 2 }

[k ]e = GI t
F = {F1 , F2 } = {M x1 , M x 2 } .
=
L 1 1 k 21 k 22

111

 , , .
:
1 1 1 M x1
[k ]e {}e = {F}e , GI t
=
.
L 1 1 2 M x 2
GIt/L
. :
GI t 1 1 0 0
MtL
= , 2 =

L 1 1 2 M t
GI t
.

,
10.

Slika 10.
,
() :
6L 12 6L
12
6L 4L2 6L 2L2 [k ] [k ]
T
T
12
= 11
, e = {{1 }, { 2 }} = {v1 , 1 , v 2 , 2 }
[k ]e = EI3z

L 12 6L 12 6L [k 21 ] [k 22 ]

2
2
6L 2L 6L 4L
T
T
F = {{F1}, {F2 }} = {Fy1 , M z1 , Fy 2 , M z 2 } .
, , .
:
6L 12 6L v1 Fy1
12
6L 4L2 6L 2L2 M
1 = Z1 .
[k ]e {}e = {F}e , EI3z

L 12 6L 12 6L v 2 Fy 2

2
2
6L 2L 6L 4L 2 M Z 2

112

 Iz/L3
. :
6L 12 6L 0 0
12
6L 4L2 6L 2L2 0 0
3
2
EI z
= , v 2 = FL , 2 = FL
L3 12 6L 12 6L v 2 F
2EI z
3EI z

2
2
6L 2L 6L 4L 2 0
.

( 11), ,
.
.

11.

.
.
, ( )
(. ). :
[k ] [k12 ] {1} {F1}
[k ]e {}e = {F}e , 11

[k 21 ] [k 22 ] { 2 } {F2 }

EA
EA
u1 Fx1
0
0
0

0
0
0
|

L

L

12EI z 6EI z
12EI z
6EI z
v1 Fy1
0
0

0
|
0

L3
L2
L3
L2

6EI z 2EI z
6EI z
4EI z

0
2
0
|

1 M z1
L
L
L2
L

GI
GI x
0
0
0
0
0
|
x M
0
L 1 x1
L

= .
u F
EA
EA

0
0
0
|
0
0
0 2 x2
L

12EI z
6EI z
12EI z
6EI z
v
F

3
2
2
0
|
0
0 2
y2
0
3
L
L
L
L

6
EI
4
EI
6
EI
2
EI

z
z
z
z
0
0
|
0 2
0 2 M
2
z
2

L
L
L
L

GI x
GI x

0
0
|
0
0
0
0
2 M

L
L
x2
.
113


, ,
, .
(
) .
,
:
-
-

-
- .
(12) .

Fx3=F

1=2 , A1=A2 , Iz1=Iz2

Fy2=F

12.
, , :
u i
Fxi
[k11 ](1)
[k12 ](1)
0 {1} {F1}
v
F

i
[K ]{ } = {F } , [k 21 ](1) [k 22 ](1) + [k11 ]( 2) [k12 ]( 2) { 2 } = {F2 } , {i } = , {Fi } = yi .
i
M zi
0
[k 22 ]( 2) {3 } {F3 }
k 21 ( 2)

i
M xi

[ ]

114

 E1A1
L
1

EA
1 1
L1

|
|
|

E1A1
L1

E1A1 E 2 A 2
+
L1
L2

|
|
|

|
|
|

E2A2

L2

|
|
|

E2A2

L2

|
|
|

|
|
|

E2A2
L2

u F
x1
1







u 2 Fx 2

=

u F
3 x 3

G1I x1

L1

G1I x1

L1

|
|

|
|
|
|

G 1I x1

L1

|
|
|

G1I x1 G 2 I x 2
+
L1
L2

G I
2 x2
L2

|
|

|
|
|
|

|
|
|
|

1 M x1

G I
2 x 2 M
L 2 2 x1

G 2 I x 2 3 M x1

L 2

115

12E1 I z1

L31

6E 1 I z1

L21

12
E 1 I z1

L3
1

6
E
I
1 z1

L21

6E 1 I z1
L21
4E 1 I z1
L1

12E 1 I z1

L31
6E I
12 z1
L1

6E1 I z1

L21
2E 1 I z1
L1

12E 1I z1 12E 2 I z 2
+
|
L31
L32
6E I
6E 2 I z 2
| 12 z1 +
L1
L22

6E 1 I z1
L21
2E 1I z1
L1

6E 1 I z1 6E 2 I z 2

+
L21
L22
4E1 I z1 4E 2 I z 2
+
L1
L2

12E 2 I z 2

L32
6E 2 I z 2
L21

6E I
22 z 2
L2
2E 1 I z 2
L2

12E 2 I z 2

L32
6E I
22 z 2
L2

12E 2 I z 2
L32
6E I
22 z 2
L2

6E I
22 z 2
L2
4E 2 I z 2
L2

,
.
e:
EA
1 1
0 0
( 2u 2 u 3 ) = 0
EA
L
u = 0 ,

1
2
1
2
EA
L
(u 2 + u 3 ) = F

1 1 u 3 F
L

e:
0
0
0
0
0 4L2 6L 2L2

0
EI z 0 6L 24
2
3
0
8L2
L 0 2 L
0
0
0
0

0
6L 2L2
0

FL
2EA
FL
u3 =
EA
u2 =

6E 2 I z 2
L21
2E 1 I z 2
L2

0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 6L v 2 F
= .
0 2L2 2 0
0 0 0 0

0 4L2 3 0
116

:
( 13).

Y
2

1
X

13.
( , )
.
,
.
.

.
.
:

[K ]e = [T]T [k ]e [T]

, {}e = [T ] {}e
T

{}e = [T]T {F}e

T

X
Cos Sin x
T x
x-y = [T ] =
,
Y
y Sin Cos y
X = xCos + ySin Y = -xSin + yCos.

117