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    TheHandbookExcerpts PDF

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    THE STRESS ANALYSIS OF CRACKS HANDBOOK THIRD EDITION HIROSHI TADA Washington University PAUL C. PARIS Washington University GeorGE R. IRWIN University of Maryland The Materais Intormation Soctaty 40 Part qaeeeeeasies 2a THE CENTER CRACKED TEST SPECIMEN, A. Stress Intensity Factor ovFa Fy) ‘Numerical Values of F(4/s) (sida 1962, 1965a, b, 1973) : Isida’s 36-ta1m power series of (4p) (Laurent series expansion of complex stress potential, 1973) gives practically exact values of F(%j) up to p= 039. Numerical values of F(4j,) are shown in the following graph and table. Fi%p) atta! tr eae ¢ tans [f° oa 100 ae ‘Exact Limit (Koiter 19686) “See Note 2 22 ‘Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 41 Empirical Formulas a. Accuracy , Method of derivation, reference a, Better than 5% for 4, < 0.5, », Approximation by periodic crack solution (Irwin 1987) (Mp) = E+ 0.128(%) — 0.288(%)'+1.525(%)" a. 0.5% for My $07 b. Least squares fiting to Isida’s results (Brown 1966) FOG) = yep 2, 03% for Mp < 0.7, Moat Ip = 0.8 b Guess based on Isida's vesuls (Feddersen 1966) 95(46) Fp) = vi a. 1% for any 4}, 'b, Asymptotic approximation (Koiter 1965b) FC 8. 0.3% for any 4 Modification of Koiter’s formula (Tada 1973) F(4%s) 0.025(A%)"+0.06(9%)"} a. 0.1% for any Modification of Feddersen' formula (Tada 1973) 46 Part THE DOUBLE EDGE NOTCH TEST SPECIMEN A, Stress Intensity Factor Ky = 0VFaF%}) Numerieal Values of F(4/) Bowie's results (Yj, ~ 3.0, mapping function method) have 96 scourey and Yamamota's rests p= 2.75, finae element method) have 0.5% eccuacy for 012 < jp 0.9 (Bowe 19648; Vommoto 1972) 4.122 1 11-% FC%) Mode i Mode I 4.0 4-% FC%) 3S rm o Bowie Mode: — * Yamamoto 02 0.4 0-6 0-8 —% "See Note 2 {See also pages 2.22, 2.33, 2.34, 11.5, 14.1 etc., for corrections and various effects.) ‘Stross Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations Empirical Formulas a, Accuracy 1b. Method of derivation, referenc or Fis) = =i a. Better than 5% for jp > 04 bb. Approximation by periodic crack solution (Irwin 1957) (dip) = 112 + 0.203(4)p) — 1197(%) +4.930(4%) a. Better than 2% for jj, < 0.7 1, Least squares fitting to Bowie's results (Brown 1966) 12 — 0.561 (afy) —0.015(@)5)" 0.091 (4p) F (is) = at fa, Better than 2% for any /y 'b. Asympiotic approximation (Benthem 1972) (0p) = (1-+0.122008 32) a, 0.5% for any 1 Modification of Inwin’s interpotation formula (Tada 1973) Lina 0 $6) —0.205(6)" £04711) 0.90%) FU) a. 0.5% for any 4 }. Modification of Benthom’s formula (Tada 1973) Part It 210 THE SINGLE EDGE NOTCH TEST SPECIMEN A. Stress Intensity Factor Ky = 50 F1%) Numerical Values of F() ‘The curve in the following figure was drawn based on the results having beter than 0.5% accuracy. Methods and References a. Boundary Collocation Method (/j, > 0.8): Gross 1964 b. Mapping Function Method (7 3): Bowie 1968 Green’s Function Method (> 1.5): Emery 1969, 1972 ‘Weight Function Method: Bueckner 1970, 1971 Asymptotic Approximation: Benthem 1972 Finite Element Method (jy = 2.75. 1.0]: Yamamoto 1972 12 T 7 T 4122 1122 (i= %)* Foe) are al 0-6 0.8 1-0 216, 2a Stress Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations 53, a. Accuracy b. Method, reference 1.710(%p)" +30.382(4%,)" (jy) = L122 — 0.231 (@)g) + 10.550(%) 2, 0.5% for Mp < 0.6 b. Least squares fitting (Gross 1964; Brown 1966) 40857 + 0265 4), F(Qp) =0265(1 ~%) < 4%) * Better than 1% for %y < 0.2, 0.5% for My > 0.2 Tada 1973 (Bea 0-752 +2.02(4p) + 037( 1 ~ sin Gf F (Gp) = yan 4, Better than 0.5% for any omowe (sitios B. Displacements ie si f ah) a->| Gross” results (Gross 1967, Boundary Colloca- I tion Method) are expected to have 0.5% accuracy ——| for 0.2 < % < 0.7. An empirical formula with 1% aceuracy for any Mj, is (Tada 1973) [ES 146 42401 ~ eof) (tb) = (=f 243 tts Analysis Results for Common Test Specimen Configurations $$ ZTNM THE PURE BENDING SPECIMEN A, Stress Intensity Factor Kis VPs) | | | h { Numerical Values of Fi) Lennala | The cane inthe following figure was dawn based on the results having beter than 0.5% accuracy Alo aed fr fs poi [ bencing - 1.122 oa| (1- 6)*FC 4) oa —~ 1-96}? Fa) 0374 OF oF °° 3. TO Methods and References 1. Singular Integral Equation, Bueekner 1960 2, Boundary Collocation Method ("jy > 2), Gross 19654 3. Weight Function Method, Bueckner 1970, 1971 +, Green's Funetion Method (/"/, > 1.5), Emery 1969 5. Asymptotic Approximation, Benthem 1972 58 Part THE THREE-POINT BEND T A. Stress Intensity Factor ‘T SPECIMEN ou) a) Ky = oF) Numerical Values of F(4p The cures in the fllowing figure have 1% Pe accuracy. \. | at 3 vot a % leer $ © os N 3 pure S bendin e x 4 = a6) Ss | yee PRE | - .| Feral | : : T 316 | a ae 70 | eas ; Methods and References 1. Boundary Collocation Method (j= 4,8) (Gross 19680) ) emery 1969) 2. Green’s Funetion Method (Si Empirical Formulas a, Accuracy b. Method, reference For, = 4, 8. 0.5% for any @/, b. Srawley 1976 194 ‘Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Configurations with Cracks 289, eda Re 6 Kz= ofa Rs) aoe Kam Gina Facs)-sinY FacS)m (I-A) FoCs) + A Fa(2) 4 Fes) = (On AE = fF a FaC8) = aS (spl 14 ba¥scesP] ieee FCS) = 140 SL 5+. 7431-8) ) ec t oF O* 06 8. ro —s= Reo ‘Methods: Mapping Function Methods (Bowie — Mode I; Sih— Mode IIT), Boundary Collocation Method (Newman) Accuracy: Fy and F; curves are based on numerical values with expected accuracy of 0.1%. Formulas Fy and F 1% Fu Exact References: Bowie 1956; Sih 196Sa: Newman 1971; Tada 1985 200 Part 1 192 AT A @ ® Oy \ go a R+a a4 Ky = O/T? ,asee FAs) = (1-0) FAS Fe? et a. pecs) Lie 20-2r rT ROS) | wk Fits) = 2249-2-64 54195252488" 2048 e Ky = fia Rs): sin? _ 2 percent ade (2- { : Be] Fgtsvayg (2-8 L | 4 1 aoe ie : Oe 70 Method: Mapping Function Method Accuracy: Fo and F; Better than 1% Fy Exact References: Bowie 1956; Yokobori 1972 (or Kamei 1974); Tada 1985 292_Pare mi Method: Boundary Collocation Method, Accuracy: Curves were drawn Reference: Newman 1971 See also page 19.11 ving better then 0.1% accursey. 19.5 _____ Two-Dimensional Stress Solutions for Various Config ons with Cracks 303 S* pa | i= OFF-F S$) i> \ / } $~0(%>0): Fai.i22 Ky pelea i [eam Fee Sor® » Fw t.122 bight where k= Ky (f= (1422) 1G) $5 140.122 (Legy® 1% | A 122 3 tt + % 4G) 4 ae See iNet 10 tee 350 ei FF fr | 4 ‘ cal | | i F 2 | Fs. §) 4 aati 2 | I ze 422 L = ; 4 | ees pal rot Oo 0-2, Oo 0.6 08 10 ‘M2_Part tv mt tito Ky= fovea r= Kn =0) ‘Volume of Crack: ‘Crack Opening Shape: wl = Opening at Center: & =2v(0,0) ‘Additional Displacement at (0, ) due to Crack: ~-a)feen 2 where : it ‘Methods: Integral Transform, Integration of page 24.5 or 24.11, Paris’ Equation (see Appendix B), Reciprocity (see page 24.7) Accuracy: Exact Reference: Tada 1985 NOTE: P(0,s) ithe dplaemest at (0,5) when snifor presse ois applied on cack sues. 390_Part V ma Pp P Onet = oF t Ky Get 1a Fi(4/p) Ka net {¢b-a) Fa (4/e) = Onet {Tb Fy(4/b) Fulo/e) _ F2C@/b)_ _FaC/b) Gao) = b Te [ie foc 760%) bor 122 G0) = 1/2 Gl%p1) = 1.122 tp G%)= Fee er FGF 4 1.0 -0363(B)>40.731(B)} Kr = Kg =0 8 08 aw i 6} 0.6 Zo © [os | os ote 02! 02 L %% O28 OF 06 o8 70 shan 1% Bueckner 1965, 1972; Benthem 1972 Other References: Lubahn 1959; Wundt 1959; Irwin 1961; Paris 1965; Zahn 1965; Harris 1967 480_Part IV ‘Semisinfinite body (1 > 0) (y= 0: Free surface) ama FOO} 211 — 486d (10! << 170°} Methods: Altemating Method (Smith, Hartranft), Finite Element Method (Tracey, Raju): F (0) is based con Smith’s result (Merkle} Accuracy: 2% References: Smith 1967: Hartranft 1973: Tracey 1973; Merkle 1973; Raju 1979 612 Appendix. A.7 Large plates with elliptical and semi-clliptical cracks Consider a plate specimen containing an elliptical crack. Let the major and minor axes of the ellipse be 2c and 2a, respectively, as shown in Figure A.3. The stress intensity factor for the embedded elliptical flaw varies along the crackfront as a function of the angle @ (see Fig. A.36). When the dimensions of the cracked body are auch larger than @ and c, 8 04 4 ® cosy) F (sm o+S cosa) (A.12a) nae where is the elliptical integral of the second kind, which is given by = 2 wef [i (-5) wea} dd. (4.128) K; is maximum when = 90". Using a series expansion for ¥, it can be shown that (4.120) BE — ; Fig, A3.(@) A large plate containing an embedded eliptical crack. (6) Details ofthe crac ‘Siress intensity factors for some common crack geometries When a = ¢, we obtain the solution for a circular (penny-shaped) crack. In this ease, Eqs. A.12 reduce to y= 2 oma (4.13) “The solutions given by Eqs. A.12 can also be applied to the case of semi-cliptical surface cracks, For the semi-eliptical surface faw (thumb-nail crack) in a finite size plate, the sires intensity factor atthe mnid-poiet (ie, end of the minor axis, 6 = n/2) Toma vo ‘where the pre-multiplier 1.12 i the free-surface correction factor, Q is the flaw shape parameter extracted from W in Eq. A.12b, ci the surface length of the erack, and « js the maximum depth (at ¢ = 1/2) of the crack into the material. Q = W in the clastic limit, o/6, -> 0, where is the applied stress and o, i the yield strength of the material. Additional corrections may have to be made to Eq. A.14 to account forthe proximity of the free surface tothe crackfront (depending on the relative magnitudes ‘bra and the specimen thickness B) and for crack-tip plasticity. The modified value of Q incorporating the plasticity correction is usually taken to be Qe w?—021%0/02). Ky (4.14) 478 _Pare Vi ky = ova FIX) ya (4am) cass = 0940.25) Crack Opening Ares: Gay is° Equation (see Appendix B) Methods: KX, Integral Eouation; 4 Pe Accuracy: K, 1%; 42% References: Folias 1967; Fama 1972; Tada 19832 Crack(s) in a Shell 485 R He PP 20 k curl Asa/VRt Ky wove FO) Fay = (141258) o

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