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Bi 1
C s to m hnh 3D
I. Gii thiu chung:
1. Gii thiu v cc m hnh 3D
Bn v 2d l tp hp cc on thng v ng cong (ng trn, cung trong,
elip...) nm trong mt phng XY. Trong bn v 3D ta thm vo mt trc Z.
M hnh 3D bt u t vic to mt 2 1/2 chiu, dng kung dy (Wireframe), b
mt (surfaces) v cui cng l m hnh khi rng (sollid).
a. M hnh 2 1/2 chiu:
c to ra theo nguyn tc ko di cc i tng 2D theo trc Z thnh cc mt 2
1/2 chiu.
b. M hnh khung dy:
l mt dng khung th hin hnh dng ca m hnh, n khng c th tch, khi
lng. Ton b cc i tng ca m hnh u c nhn thy.
c. M hnh mt:
Mi b mt ca i tng c coi l mt mt phng do nhng ng thng
nm khut pha sau khng nhn thy. M hnh mt khng c khi lng nhng c th
tch.
d. M hnh khi rn:
L m hnh biu din m hnh 3 chiu hon chnh nht. Dng cc lnh ct bn c
th thy ton b bn trong ca m hnh. M hnh dng ny c th tch v cc c tnh v
khi lng.
2. Cc phng php nhp im trong khng gian 3 chiu:
Nu trong bn v 2 chiu ta ch nhp vo to X,Y th trong bn v 3 chiu ta
nhp thm to theo trc Z. Hng ca trc Z vung gc vi mt phng XY v tun
theo quy tc bn tay phi (ngn ci - trc X, cn tr - trc Y, ngn gia - trc Z).

UCS v trc Z quy c

Quy c cc trc to
theo quy tc bn tay phi.

Biu tng nm gc tri di mn hnh ho gi l User Coordinate System Icon.

Trn biu tng ny bn ch thy trc X,Y cn trc Z vung gc vi mt phng X,Y ti
gc to .

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nhp to trong bn v 3 chiu c 5 phng php sau:

To tr

To cu
Nhp to im theo to tr v cu

- Trc tip dng phm chn (pick) ca chut.

- Nhp to tuyt i: X,Y,Z
- Nhp to tng i: @X,Y,Z
- To tr tng i: @Dist<angle,Z
(Dist: khong cch, Angle: gc)
- To cu tng i: @Dist<Angle<Angle.
3. Xc nh im nhn m hnh 3D (lnh Vpoint)
Lnh Vpoint dng xc nh im nhn n m hnh 3D (php chiu song
song). im nhn ch xc nh hng nhn cn khong cch nhn khng nh hng n
s quan st. Bn c th dng lnh trn menu: View\3D Viewpoint hoc bt thanh cng
c Viewpoint thay i im nhn.
Command:Vpoint (
Rotate/<View point> <2.0000,-2.0000,1.0000>: (to im nhn X,Y,Z hin thi).
Cc la chn to ca im nhn: (dng Vector)
0,0,1
hnh chiu bng (Top)
0,-1,0
hnh chiu ng (Front)
1,0,0
Hnh chiu cnh (Slide)
1,-1,1
Hnh chiu trc o u (Isometric)
2,-2,1
Hnh chiu trc o Dimetric
1,-2,3
Hnh chiu trc o Trimetric

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Vector

Rotate
Phng php nhp im nhn theo Vector v
Rotate

Rotate: xc nh im nhn bng cc gc quay.

+ Enter angle in XY plane from X axis <297>: gc im nhn so vi trc X trong
mt phng XY.
+ Enter angle from XY plane <53>: gc ca im nhn so vi mt phng XY
* Mt s la chn khc:
* Mt s la chn khc: X, bn phi l v tr im nhn so vi mt phng XY.
- Cc la chn trong thanh Toolbar v trong Menu:
+ Select
Hp thoi Viewpoint Presets
+ Rotate...
Rotate ca Viewpoint
+ Tripod
Chn im nhn = chut
+ Vector
Nhp to trong lnh Viewpoint
+ Top
Hnh chiu bng (0,0,1)
+ Bottom
Nhn t y( 0,0,-1)
+ Left
Nhn t cnh tri (-1,0,0)
+ Right
Nhn t cnh phi (1,0,0)
+ Front
Hnh chiu ng (0,-1,0)
+ Back
Nhn t mt sau (0,1,0)
+ SW Isometric Hnh chiu trc o (-1,-1,1)
+ SE Isometric
Hnh chiu trc o (1,-1,1)
+ NE Isometric
Hnh chiu trc o (1,1,1)
+ NW Isometric Hnh chiu trc o (-1,1,1)
4. Che nt khut (lnh Hide) v mt s lnh v mn hnh:
- Lnh Hide dng che nt khut ca cc m hnh 3D hoc khi rn.
- Lnh Redraw, Redrawall (Thuc Menu View) dng v li cc i tng trong
khung ca s hin hnh.
- Lnh Regen: Tnh ton v ti to li ton b cc i tng trn khung nhn hin
hnh. Khi ti to s cp nht ton b bin thay i trong bn v.
- Lnh RegenAll: Tnh ton v ti to li ton b cc i tng trn tt c cc
khung nhn. Khi ti to s cp nht ton b bin thay i trong bn v.
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II. H to v phng php nhp im
to m hnh chnh xc bn cn c cc phng php nhp im chnh xc.
Trong bn v AutoCAD thng dng 2 loi to : WCS (World Coodinate System) v
UCS (User Coodinate System), n gip cho vic to bn v 3D c d dng hn. WCS
l h to mc nh trong AutoCAD Coodinate System) v UCS (User Coodinate
System), n gip cho vic to bn v 3D c d dng hn. WCS l h to mc nh
trong AutoCAD h to Coodinate System) v UCS (User Coodinate System), n gip
cho vic to bn v 3D c d dng hn. WCS l h to mc nh trong AutoCAD
h to thy i tng quay ngc chiu kim ng h.
1. Lnh UCSIcon:
Dng iu khin s hin th biu tng to . Nu biu tng trng vi gc to
(0,0,0) th trn biu tng xut hin du "+".
Command: UCSIcon(
ON/OFF/All/Noorigin/ORigin <ON>:
On/Off
Tt/m biu tng to trn mn hnh v khung nhn.
All
Th hin biu tng trn mi khung nhn.
Noorigin
Biu tng to ch xut hin ti gc tri mn hnh.
Origin
Biu tng lun di chuyn theo gc to (0,0,0 ca UCS)
2. To h to mi (lnh UCS)
Lnh UCS cho php bn to h to mi(thay i v tr ca gc to (0,0,0)).
Bn c th to UCS bt k v tr no trong khng gian. To nhp vo bn v ph
thuc vo UCS hin hnh.
Bn c th nhp trc tip t dng lnh hoc vo Tool\UCS hoc s dng thanh cng c
UCS.

Command: UCS(
Origin/ZAxis/3point/OBject/View/X/Y/Z/Prev/Restore/Save/Del/?/<World>:
Cc la chn:
Origin
To UCS mi bng cch thay i gc to , phng chiu ca trc X, Y, Z
khng i
Origin point <0,0,0>: V tr mi ca gc to .
ZAxis
Xc nh gc to (Origin) v phng ca trc Z (Zaxis), mt phng XY
vung gc vi trc ny.
Origin point <0,0,0>: Chn P1 l gc to .
Point on positive portion of Z-axis <>: Chn P2 xc nh phng trc Z.
3. Hiu chnh a tuyn 3D
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- Command: Pedit
- Menu: Modify\Objects\Polyline
Command: Pedit(
Select polyline: Chn a tuyn 3D cn hiu chnh
Close (Open)/ Edit Vertex / Spline curve/ Decurve/ Undo /<eXit>:
Cc la chn:
Close (Open)
ng mt a tuyn h hoc m mt a tuyn ng
Spline curve Chuyn a tuyn ang chn thnh mt Spline
Decurve
Chuyn cc phn on ca ng Spline, pline thnh cc ng
thng
Undo
Hu b mt thao tc va thc hin
eXit
Thot khi lnh Pedit
Edit vertex
Hiu chnh cc nh v phn on ca a tuyn
Next/ Previous/ Break/ Insert/ Move/ Regen/ Straighten/ eXit <N> chn cc la
chn dng hiu chnh cc nh ca a tuyn
4. Ko di cc i tng 2D thnh mt 3D
- Command: Elev (hoc Thickness)(
- Menu: Format\Thickness
Bng cch xc nh cao bn c th ko di i tng 2D (line, circle...) theo trc Z
thnh mt 3D
Elavation: Gi l cao , l cao ca i tng 2D so vi mt phng XY.
Thickness: Gi l dy (nu gi tr nh) hoc chiu cao ko cc i tng theo trc Z.
Cch dng hai bin ny nh sau:
- t bin Elevation v thickness (bng lnh Elev) sau thc hin lnh v.
- V xong i tng 2D sau dng cc lnh v thay i thuc tnh ca i tng
hiu chnh chiu dy (Thickness).
Command: Elev(
New current elevation <>:gi tr cao mi cho i tng sp v.
New current thickness<>:Gi tr dy mi cho i tng sp v.
Ghi ch: Khi gi tr ca Elevation khc 0 th mt phng lm vic (Working plane) s
nm song song vi mt phng XY v cch mt khong bng gi tr ca bin Elevation.
II. 3D Face v cc mt chun
Ni dung:
1. S dng lnh 3Dface to cc mt 3 v 4 cnh
2. Che cc lnh thy c bng lnh Edge
3. To cc mt l bng lnh 3Dface
4. S dng lnh 3D to cc mt chun: Box, Sphere, Cone, Dome, Dish, Turus,
Pyramid, Wedge, Mesh.
Thanh cng c Surfaces:

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3Dface

2Dsolid

Ai_Wedge

Ai_Box

Ai_Cone

Ai_Dome

Ai_Pyramid Ai_Shere

Ai_Turus

Ai_Dish

Ai_Mesh

Edge

Tabsurf

Revsurf

Edgesurf

Relesurf

1. Mt phng 3D (3Dface)
Lnh 3Dface to cc mt 3D c 4 hoc 3 cnh, mi mt to bi 3Dface l mt i
tng n.
- Command:3Dface
- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\3DFace
Command: 3Dface(
First point: im th nht ca mt phng.
Second point: im th hai ca mt phng.
Thirt point: im th 3 ca mt phng.
Fourth point: im th 4 hoc nhn ( to mt phng tam gic.
Thirt point: Chn tip im th 3 ca mt phng k tip P5 hoc (
Fourth point: im th 6 hoc nhn (
2. Che hoc hin cc cnh ca 3Dface (lnh Edge):
Lnh Edge dng che hoc hin cc cnh ca 3Dface
- Command: Edge(
- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\Edge
Cc la chn:
Select Edge Chn cnh cn che, dng nhc ny s xut hin lin tc cho php chn cc
cnh cn che khut. Khi kt thc nhn .
Display
Lm hin ln cc cnh c che khut. Nu mun cnh no hin th bn
chn i tng ti dng nhc Select/<All> (khi mun hin tt c bn nhn
hoc chn tng i tng mun hin).
3. Cc i tng 3D (3D Objects, lnh 3D)
- Command: 3D, Ai_cone...
- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\3D Objects...
Cc i tng 3D (3D c s) c to theo nguyn tc to cc khung dy v dng lnh
3Dface to cc mt tam gic v t gic. C 9 i tng chun mt 3D: Box (mt hp
ch nht) Cone (mt nn), Dome (mt na cu trn), Dish (Mt na cu di), Mesh
(mt li), Pyramid (mt a din), Sphere ( mt cu), turus (mt xuyn). thc hin
c th dng lnh Draw\Surfaces\3D Surfaces... hoc dng cc lnh tng ng trong
mune v thanh toolbar.
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hoc nhp t dng command: 3D(
Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge: t m hnh mt theo
dng nhc.

a. Mt hp ch nht Box (hoc dng lnh Ai_Box)

La chn Box hoc Ai_box dng to cc mt hnh hp ch nht. (khi p B ()
Corner of box: Chn im gc pha tri ca hnh hp
Length: Chiu di hp, tng ng vi khong cch theo trc X
Cube/<Width>: chiu rngtheo trc Y hoc C to hp vung.
Height: Chiu cao hp theo trc Z.
Rotation angle about Zaxis: Gc quay so vi trc song song vi trc Z v i qua
im Corner of box
b. Mt nn Cone (dng lnh Ai_cone)
La chn Cone hoc lnh Ai_cone dng to mt nn, nn ct v mt tr trn
(khi p C ()
Base center point: tm ca vng trn y hnh nn
Diameter/<Radius> of base: bn knh vng trn y.
Diameter/<Radius> of Top: bn knh vng nh: nu Radius=0 : mt nn,
radius=bn knh y: Hnh tr, nu khc to nn ct.
Height: Chiu cao hnh nn
Number of Segments <16>: S ng k th hin ni hai mt nh y.
c. Mt na cu di Dish (hoc dng lnh Ai_Dish)
La chn Dish hoc lnh Ai_Dish dng to na mt cu di (khi p DI ()
Center of dish: tm ca mt cu
Diameter/<Radius> : bn knh hoc ng knh hnh cu
Number of longitudinal segments <16> s ng th hin kinh tuyn
Number of latitudinal segments <8> s ng th hin v tuyn.
d. Mt na cu trn DOme (hoc dng Ai_Dome)
Cch s dng ging ht vi lnh Dish.
e. Mt li Mesh (hoc dng lnh Ai_Mesh)
La chn Mesh dng to mt li 3 chiu. cn xc nh 4 nh v cho mt
M, N ca mat li (M, N nm trong khong 2 - 256). Khi chn M (
First corner: Chn im gc P1 ca li.
Second corner: Chn im gc P2 ca li
Third corner: Chn im gc P3 ca li
Fourth corner: Chn im gc P4 ca li.
Mesh M size: S mt li nm theo cnh P1-P2
Mesh N size: S mt li nm theo cnh P1-P4.
f. Hnh a din Pyramid:
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La chn Pyramid dng to mt a din (mt l cc mt tam gic hoc t gic)
khi p P(
First base point: im th nht B1 ca y.
Second base point: im th 2 B2 ca y.
Third base point: im th 3 B3 ca y.
Tetrahedron/<Fourth base point>: cho im th 4 B4 to y l mt phng t
gic nu p T th y l mt phng tam gic.
Ridge/Top/<Apex point>: To nh P a din, R (Ridge) nu nh l mt cnh,
T (top) nu nh l mt tam gic hoc t gic.
Khi nh l mt cnh:
First ridge point: im th nht R1 ca cnh
Second ridge point: im th 2 R2 ca cnh
Khi nh l mt tam gic, t gic:
First top point: im T1 ca mt nh.
Second top point: im T2 ca mt nh.
Third top point: im T3 ca mt nh.
Fourth top point: im T4 ca mt nh.
i vi mt tam gic bn thc hin tng t. T bn c th nhn thy hnh hp ch
nht l trng hp c bit ca Pyramid khi mt y v mt nh ca Pyramid l hai
hnh ch nht bng nhau v c cc mt bn vung gc vi mt y.
g. Mt cu Sphere:
La chn Sphere dng to mt cu, khi p S (
Center of sphere: tm ca mt cu
Diameter/<radius>: bn knh hoc ng knh mt cu.
Number of longitudinal segments <16> s ng th hin kinh tuyn
Number of latitudinal segments <16> s ng th hin v tuyn.
h. Mt xuyn Torus:
La chn Turus to mt hnh xuyn, nu p T(
Center of turus: Tm ca mt xuyn.
Diameter/ <radius> of turus: bn knh hoc ng knh xuyn ngoi.
Diameter/ <radius> of tube: bn knh hoc ng knh xuyn trong.
Segments around tube circumference<16>: s cc phn on trn mt ng
Segments around turus circumference<16>: s cc phn on theo chu vi mt
ng.
Ghi ch: Mt xuyn ch v c khi bn knh ca ng (Radius tube) nh hn bn knh
ca xuyn (radius of turus).
i. Mt hnh mm Wedge:
La chn Wedge dng to mt hnh nm, khi p W(
Corner of wedge: to gc mt y hnh nm
Length: Chiu di nm theo trc X
Width: Chiu rng nm theo trc Y
Height: Chiu cao nm theo trc Z

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Rotation angle about Z axis: gc quay chung quanh trc song song vi trc Z v
trc ny i qua Corner of wedge.
Rotation angle about Z axis: gc quay chung quanh trc song song vi trc Z v
trc ny i qua Corner of wedge. Bi 3
Mt li a gic v cc lnh h tr thit k m hnh
I. Mt li a gic
Ni dung
1. Gii thiu v cc mt phc tp
2. To mt t 4 cnh
3. To mt trn xoay (lnh Revsurf)
4. To mt k (lnh Rulesurf)
5. To mt tr (lnh TabSurf)
6. To mt li (lnh 3Dmesh)
7. To Polyface (lnh Pface)
8. Hiu chnh mt li bng lnh Pedit.
9. Cc bin SurfTab1, SurfTab2, SurfV, SurfU
9. Cc bin SurfTab1, SurfTab2, SurfV, SurfU li qua cc bin EdgeSurf, RevSurf,
TabSurf, 3Dmesh v Pface. S dng cc lnh ny bn c th to c cc m hnh mt
3D phc tp (Mt khung xe hi, my bay...).
1. Mt dng tm thm bay (nh EdgeSurf):
- Command: EdgeSurf
- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\Edge Surface
Lnh EdgeSurf to mt li (Coons surface) t 4 cnh c nh trng nhau, mtr end
tangent:(
3. Hiu chnh a tuyn 3D
- Command: Pedit
- Menu: Modify\Objects\Polyline
Command: Pedit(
Select polyline: Chn a tuyn 3D cn hiu chnh
Close (Open)/ Edit Vertex / Spline curve/ Decurve/ Undo /<eXit>:
Cc la chn:
Close (Open)
ng mt a tuyn h hoc m mt a tuyn ng
Spline curve Chuyn a tuyn ang chn thnh mt Spline
Decurve
Chuyn cc phn on ca ng Spline, pline thnh cc ng
thng
Undo
Hu b mt thao tc va thc hin
eXit
Thot khi lnh Pedit
Edit vertex
Hiu chnh cc nh v phn on ca a tuyn
Next/ Previous/ Break/ Insert/ Move/ Regen/ Straighten/ eXit <N> chn cc la
chn dng hiu chnh cc nh ca a tuyn
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4. Ko di cc i tng 2D thnh mt 3D
- Command: Elev (hoc Thickness)(
- Menu: Format\Thickness
Bng cch xc nh cao bn c th ko di i tng 2D (line, circle...) theo trc Z
thnh mt 3D
Elavation: Gi l cao , l cao ca i tng 2D so vi mt phng XY.
Thickness: Gi l dy (nu gi tr nh) hoc chiu cao ko cc i tng theo trc Z.
Cch dng hai bin ny nh sau:

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- t bin Elevation v thickness (bng lnh Elev) sau thc hin lnh v.

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dng cc lnh v thay i thuc tnh
(Thickness).

ca i tng hiu chnh chiu dy

New current elevation <>:gi tr cao mi cho i tng sp v.

New current thickness<>:Gi tr dy mi cho i tng sp v.
Ghi ch: Khi gi tr ca Elevation khc 0 th mt phng lm vic (Working plane) s
nm song song vi mt phng XY v cch mt khong bng gi tr ca bin Elevation.
II. 3DFace v cc mt chun
Ni dung:
1. S dng lnh 3Dface to cc mt 3 v 4 cnh
2. Che cc lnh thy c bng lnh Edge
3. To cc mt l bng lnh 3Dface
4. S dng lnh 3D to cc mt chun: Box, Sphere, Cone, Dome, Dish, Turus, Pyramid,
Wedge, Mesh.
Thanh cng c Surfaces:

1. Mt phng 3D (3Dface)
Lnh 3Dface to cc mt 3D c 4 hoc 3 cnh, mi mt to bi 3Dface l mt i tng
n.
- Command:3Dface
- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\3DFace
Command: 3Dface(
First point: im th nht ca mt phng.
t phng.
Second point: im th hai ca mt phng.
Thirt point: im th 3 ca mt phng.
Fourth point: im th 4 hoc nhn ( to mt phng tam gic.
Thirt point: Chn tip im th 3 ca mt phng k tip P5 hoc (
Fourth point: im th 6 hoc nhn (
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2. Che hoc hin cc cnh ca 3Dface (lnh Edge):

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Lnh Edge dng che hoc hin cc cnh ca 3Dface

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- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\Edge
Cc la chn:
Select Edge Chn cnh cn che, dng nhc ny s xut hin lin tc cho php chn cc
cnh cn che khut. Khi kt thc nhn (.

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(.
Display
Lm hin ln cc cnh c che khut. Nu mun cnh no hin th bn

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.
3. Cc i tng 3D (3D Objects, lnh 3D)
- Command: 3D, Ai_cone...
- Menu: Draw\Surfaces\3D Objects...
Cc i tng 3D (3D c s) c to theo nguyn tc to cc khung dy v

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C 9 i tng chun mt 3D: Box (mt hp ch nht) Cone (mt nn), Dome
(mt na cu trn), Dish (Mt na cu di), Mesh (mt li), Pyramid (mt a

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Cc lnh tng ng trong mune v thanh toolbar.
hoc nhp t dng command: 3D(
Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge: t m hnh mt theo
dng nhc.

a. Mt hp ch nht Box (hoc dng lnh Ai_Box)

La chn Box hoc Ai_box dng to cc mt hnh hp ch nht. (khi p B ()
Corner of box: Chn im gc pha tri ca hnh hp
Length: Chiu di hp, tng ng vi khong cch theo trc X
Cube/<Width>: chiu rngtheo trc Y hoc C to hp vung.
Height: Chiu cao hp theo trc Z.
Rotation angle about Zaxis: Gc quay so vi trc song song vi trc Z v i qua
im Corner of box
b. Mt nn Cone (dng lnh Ai_cone)
La chn Cone hoc lnh Ai_cone dng to mt nn, nn ct v mt tr
trn (khi p C ()
Base center point: tm ca vng trn y hnh nn
Diameter/<Radius> of base: bn knh vng trn y.
Diameter/<Radius> of Top: bn knh vng??nh: nu Radius=0 : mt nn, radius=bn
nh tr, nu khc to nn ct.
Height: Chiu cao hnh nn
Number of Segments <16>: S ng k th hin ni hai mt nh y.
c. Mt na cu di Dish (hoc dng lnh Ai_Dish)
La chn Dish hoc lnh Ai_Dish dng to na mt cu di (khi p DI ()
Center of dish: tm ca mt cu
Diameter/<Radius> : bn knh hoc ng knh hnh cu
Number of longitudinal segments <16> s ng th hin kinh tuyn
Number of latitudinal segments <8> s ng th hin v tuyn.
d. Mt na cu trn DOme (hoc dng Ai_Dome)
Cch s dng ging ht vi lnh Dish.
e. Mt li Mesh (hoc dng lnh Ai_Mesh)
La chn Mesh dng to mt li 3 chiu. cn xc nh 4 nh v cho mt M, N
ca mat li (M, N nm trong khong 2 - 256). Khi chn M (
First corner: Chn im gc P1 ca li.
Second corner: Chn im gc P2 ca li
Third corner: Chn im gc P3 ca li
Fourth corner: Chn im gc P4 ca li.
Mesh M size: S mt li nm theo cnh P1-P2
Mesh N size: S mt li nm theo cnh P1-P4.
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f. Hnh a din Pyramid:
La chn Pyramid dng to mt a din (mt l cc mt tam gic hoc
t gic) khi p P(
First base point: im th nht B1 ca y.
Second base point: im th 2 B2 ca y.
Third base point: im th 3 B3 ca y.
Tetrahedron/<Fourth base point>: cho im th 4 B4 to y l mt phng t
gic nu p T th y l mt phng tam gic.
Ridge/Top/<Apex point>: To nh P a din, R (Ridge) nu nh l mt cnh,
T (top) nu nh l mt tam gic hoc t gic.
Khi nh l mt cnh:
First ridge point: im th nht R1 ca cnh
Second ridge point: im th 2 R2 ca cnh
Khi nh l mt tam gic, t gic:
First top point: im T1 ca mt nh.
Second top point: im T2 ca mt nh.
Third top point: im T3 ca mt nh.
Fourth top point: im T4 ca mt nh.
i vi mt tam gic bn thc hin tng t. T bn c th nhn thy hnh hp
ch nht l trng hp c bit ca Pyramid khi mt y v mt nh ca Pyramid
l hai hnh ch nht bng nhau v c cc mt bn vung gc vi mt y.
g. Mt cu Sphere:
La chn Sphere dng to mt cu, khi p S (
Center of sphere: tm ca mt cu

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Diameter/<radius>: bn knh hoc ng knh mt cu.

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Number of latitudinal segments <16> s ng th hin v tuyn.
h. Mt xuyn Torus:
La chn Turus to mt hnh xuyn, nu p T(
Center of turus: Tm ca mt xuyn.
Diameter/ <radius> of turus: bn knh hoc ng knh xuyn ngoi.
Diameter/ <radius> of tube: bn knh hoc ng knh xuyn trong.
Segments around tube circumference<16>: s cc phn on trn mt ng
Segments around turus circumference<16>: s cc phn on theo chu vi mt ng.
Ghi ch: Mt xuyn ch v c khi bn knh ca ng (Radius tube) nh hn bn knh
ca xuyn (radius of turus).
i. Mt hnh mm Wedge:
La chn Wedge dng XY vung gc vi trc Z m ta xc nh bng 2 im
Point on plane Chn mt im l gc to
Point on Zaxis (normal) of the plane: Chn mt im xc nh chiu ca trc Z.
View Mt phng i xng song song vi mt phng quan st ti im nhn hin ti v i
qua im chn.
Point on view plane <0,0,0>: to im m mt phng i xng s i qua.
XY/YZ/ZX: Mt phng i xng song song vi mt phng XY (YZ, ZX) v i qua mt
im bn xc nh
Point XY (YZ, ZX) plane <0,0,0>: To im m mt phng i xng i qua.
5. Sao chp dy cc i tng trong khng gian 3 chiu
- Command: 3DArray
- Menu: Modify\3D Operation\3DArray
Lnh 3DArray dng sao chp cc i tng thnh dy ch nht (Rectangular) theo
hng (rows), ct (columns), lp (levels) hoc nm xung quanh mt ng tm (polar).
Cc i tng ny nm trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Command: 3DArray (
Select objects: Chn i tng cn to dy
Select objects:(
Rectangular or Polar array (R/P): (R to dy ch nht, P to dy trn)
Khi chn R (:
Number of rows (---) <1>: S hng to ra
Number of columns (|||) <1>: S ct to ra
Number of levels (...) <1>: S lp to ra
Distance between rows (---): khong cch gia cc hng
Distance between columns (|||):khong cch gia cc ct
Distance between levels (...):khong cch gia cc lp.
Khi chn P (:
Number of items: S i tng to ra
Angle to fill <360>: Gc in y
Rotate objects as they are copied? <Y>: quay i tng khi copy khng?
Center point of array: Chn P1 ca ng tm quay
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Second point on axis of rotation: chn im th 2 ca ng tm quay.
6. Sp xp cc i tng trong khng gian 3 chiu:
- Command: Align
- Menu: Modify\3D Operation\Align
Lnh Align sp xp cc i tng trong khng gian 3 chiu
Command: Align(
Select objects: chn i tng c nh cn sp xp
Select objects: (
Specify 1st source point: im th nht trn i tng cn sp xp
Specify 1st source point: im th nht trn i tng c nh
Specify 2nd source point: im th hai trn i tng cn sp xp
Specify 2nd destination point: im th hai trn i tng c nh
Specify 3rd source point or <continue>: im th ba trn i tng cn sp xp
Specify 3rd destination point: im th ba trn i tng c nh.
7. To khi v chn khi cc i tng 3D
Cc lnh v khi vi cc i tng 3 chiu tng t nh trong 2D m bn bit
Bi 4
To m hnh 3D khi rn
Ni dung:
1. Gii thiu v m hnh 3D khi rn (Solid)
2. To min (lnh Region)
3. To cc khi rn c s
4. Ko hnh 2D theo trc Z thnh khi rn 3D (lnh Extrude), to khi rn trn
xoay (lnh Revolve)
5. Cc php ton i s Ble vi Solid v Region
6. Cc bin hin th ca Solid:
Sphere

Box

Cylinder

Cone

Turus

Wedge

Rovolve

Extrude

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Soldraw

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tnh c hc ca vt th. Nhng u im ca khi rn (Solid) so vi m hnh mt
(Surfaces) v khung dy (Wireframe) bao gm:
- Tnh th tch vt th hnh hc, ngay c vi m hnh 3D phc tp
- C th xo cc ng khut, cc ng chuyn tip khi biu din mt cong.
- T m hnh 3D bn d dng to cc hnh chiu 2D v c th biu din cc mt
ct m hnh ti v tr bt k.
- Tnh chnh xc cc c tnh khi lng, kt hp cc phng php phn t hu
hn tnh ng xut v chuyn v cho cc kt cu 3D.
- T bng vt th vi mu sc gn cho vt liu m hnh, thu c hnh nh tht
ca vt th.
- M phng ng lc hc kt cu, m phng chuyn ng ca dng c ct gt khi
ch to chi tit v c th m phng chuyn ng ngi my.
- M phng ng lc hc kt cu, m phng chuyn ng ca dng c ct gt khi ch
to chi tit v c th m phng chuyn ng ngi my. to c cc khi rn a hp l
s kt hp ca cc khi rn c s.
Cch to m hnh khi rn a hp:
- To m hnh khi rn c s bng cc lnh: Box, Wedge, Cylinder, Sphere, Cone,
Turus, Extrude, Revolve.
- nh v tr thch hp cho cc khi rn c s qua cc lnh: Move, Align,
Mirror3D, 3DArray, copy...
- S dng cc php ton i s Boole to cc khi rn a hp t cc khi rn c
s: Union, Subtract, Intersect v bn c th s dng mt s lnh hiu chnh: Slice,
Chamferm Fillet...
- to cc hnh chiu thng gc v mt ct ca Solid bn s dng cc lnh
Soldraw, Solprof, Solview, Section...
1. To cc min:
- Command: Region
- Menu: Draw\Region
Min l mt vt th rn khng c khi lng. to mt min bn ch cn v mt
i tng 2D sau dng lnh region to min
Command: Region(
Select Objects: Chn i tng cn to min
Select Objects:(
Min c tnh cht tng t Solid
2. Cc khi rn c s:
Cc khi rn c s bao gm: Box, cone, wedge, sphere, Turus
a. Khi hp ch nht
- Command: Box
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Box
- Toolbox:
Lnh Box dng to hnh khi ch nht
Command: Box(
Center/<Corner of box><0,0,0>
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Cc la chn:
Center of box
Chn im gc th nht ca ng cho khi
Cube/length/<Other Corner>
Other Corner
im gc i din ng cho
Cube
To khi lp phng
Length
La chn cho kch thc cc cnh:
Length: Chiu dai khi theo X
Width: Chiu rng khi theo Y
Height: Chiu cao khi theo Z
Center
Chn tm khi
Center of box<> To tm khi
Cube/Length/<Center of box> cho to im gc khi, la chn Cube v length
tng t phn trn.
b. Khi hnh nm: (lnh Wedge)
- Command: Wedge
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Wedge
- Toolbox:
Lnh Wedge dng to khi hnh nm
Center/<Corner of Wedge>: Nhp to mt im gc ca khi rn trong mt phng
XY hoc C chn Center
Cc la chn:
Center of Wedge: Nhp to im gc ca Wedge
Cube/Length/<Other corner>: Cho im gc th hai trong mt phng XY
Heigth: Chiu cao nm
+ Nu p L (
Length: Chiu di khi rn theo trc X
Width: Chiu rng khi rn theo trc Y
Heigth: Chiu cao nm
+ Nu p C ( th khi nm c 3 cnh bng nhau v bn ch cn nhp mt cnh ti
dng nhc sau .
Center: To khi hnh nm bng cch nhp tm khi. Khi p C:
Center of wedge<0,0,0> Nhp to hnh
Cube/Length/<Other corner>: Cho im gc hay s dng cc la chn.
c. khi nn: (Cone)
- Command: Cone
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Cone
- Toolbox:
Lnh cone to khi rn c mt y l Circle hoc Ellipse
Elliptical/<Center point>>:
Cc la chn:
Center point: Chn tm hnh trn ca mt y nn
- Diameter/<Radius>: Bn knh hoc nhp D cho ng knh ng trn y.
- Apex / <Heigth of cone>: Chiu cao nn.

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La chn Apex cho php bn xc nh v tr nh ca khi nn do vy bn c th
to khi rn nm ngang thng.. .
Elliptical: Mt y nn c hnh Ellipse
- <Axis endpoint 1>/Center of base: to im u mt trc hoc p C (
chn tp Ellipse.
- Axis endpoint 2: To im u cn li ca trc
Other axis distance: Khong cch na trc cn li ca Ellipse.
Apex/Heigth of cone: Chiu cao nn hoc chn Apex xc nh v tr ca nh
nn.
+ Nu bn p C(
Center of Ellipse: Tm ca Ellipse
- Axis Enpoint: Chn im u trc th nht ca Ellipse.
- Other axis distance: Khong cch na trc th 2
- Apex/Heigth of cone: Chiu cao nn hoc chn Apex xc nh v tr ca nh
nn.
v khi nn ct bn s dng lnh Cone v khi tr sau dng lnh Chamfer vt
mp.
d. Khi tr: (Cylinder)
- Command: Cylinder
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Cylinder
- Toolbox:
Lnh Cylinder to khi tr c mt y l Ellipse hoc Circle
Elliptical/<Center point>: Chn tm ng trn mt y tr
Diameter/<Radius> Bn knh hoc nhp D cho ng knh ng trn.
Center os other end/ <Heigth>: Chiu cao tr theo trc Z hoc p C nh v v tr
ng tm tr.
Khi bn chn C ( xut hin dng nhc:
Center of other end: To tm mt nh tr.
e. Khi cu: (Sphere):
- Command: Sphere
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Sphere
- Toolbox:
Lnh Sphere to khi rn hnh cu
Center of Sphere <0,0,0>: Chn tm khi rn
Diameter/<Radius>: of Sphere: Cho bn knh hoc ng knh khi rn cu.
f. Khii xuyn: (Turus):
- Command: Turus
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Turus
- Toolbox:
Lnh Turus to khi rn hnh xuyn.
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Center of Torus:<0,0,0>: Nhp to hoc chn tm khi rn xuyn.
Diameter/<Radius>: of turus: Bn knh hoc p D cho ng knh khi rn xuyn. (T
tm xuyn n tm ng).
Diameter/<Radius>: of tube: Bn knh hoc p D cho ng knh ng.
g. Ko cc i tng 2D thnh khi rn 3D (Extrude):
- Command: Extrude
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Extrude
- Toolbox:
Lnh Extrude dng ko di hnh 2D thoe trc Z thnh mt khi rn 3D. Cc i
tng 2D c th ko di thnh khi rn gm cc Pline kn, Polygon,Circle...
- Select region, polylines anh circle of extrusion...
Selecct objct: Chn i tng 2D mun ko di.
Selecct Object: Tip tc chn hay nhn ( kt thuc chn.
- Path/ <heigth of extrusion>: Chiu cao theo trc Z hoc la chn Path dng ko di i
tng theo mt ng dn cho trc.
+ Khi bn chn gi tr ngm nh:
Extrusion taper angle:<0>: Nhn ( hoc cho gi tr gc nghing (gc vut) l gc
gia Solid s c to vi mt vung gc vi mt phng ZY, gi tr c th m hoc
dng.
+ Khi bn chn P (
Select path: Chn ng dn Path. (Path c th l line, arc, circle.... Path khng
th cng nm trong mt mt phng vi hnh dng 2D l khi rn c chn ko di.
Hnh dng 2D c ko lun vung gc vi ng dn (Path). Nu mt trong hai nh
ca ng dn nmg trong mt phng cha 2D v hnh dng 2D c ko vung gc vi
ng dn ny.
h. Khi trn xoay: (Revolve):
- Command: Revolve
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Revolve
- Toolbox:
Lnh Revolve dng to khi rn trn xoay bng cch xoay quanh mt i tng 2D
chung quanh ng tm xoay. i tng 2D l mt ng trn(Circle), region, Ellipse.
Select region, Polyline or circle for revolution.
Select objects: Chn i tng l Pline, Spline...
Axis of revolution - Object/X/Y/<Start point of axit>: Chn ng tm xoay.
Cc la chn khc:
Star point of axis: Chn im u tin trn ng tm quay
Endpoint of axit: im cui ca ng trn tm quay.
Objeccts: Chn mt i tng lm ng tm xoay: line hoc phn on thng ca
ng Spline khi p E xut hin:
Select an Object: Chn i tng lm ng tm xoay.
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X, Y : ng tm xoay l trc X, Y
Sau khi chn trc xoay s xut hin:
Angle of revolution < Full circle>: Gi tr gc xoay.
i. Cc php ton i s:
M hnh khi rn c to t vic kt hp vi cc khi rn c s gi l khi rn
a hp (Complex solid). kt hp cc khi rn c s bn c th dng cc php ton
i s Boonlean: Cng(Union), Tr (Subtract), giao (Intersect). Cc php ton ai s ny
c th dng i vi Region. Cc lnh Union, Subtract v Intersect nm trn thanh cng
c Modify II.
1. Cng (hp) cc khi rn:
- Command: Union
- Menu: Modify\Boolean\Union
Lnh Union dng to cc region hoc cc solid a hp bng cch cng (hp) cc
solid, region thnh phn.
Command: Union(
Select Objects: Chn cc i tng solid, region cn to khi
Select Objects:(
n Solids selected
n Solids unioned.
2. Tr cc khi rn:
- Command: Subtract
- Menu: Modify\Boolean\Subtract
Lnh Subtract to Solid hoc Region a hp bng php tr (hi) cc solids hoc region
thnh phn.
Command: Subtract(
Source objects...
Select Objects: Chn cc i tng b tr
Select Objects:(
n Solid selected
Objects to subtract from them...
Select Objects: Chn cc khi rn tr
Select Objects:(
3. Giao cc khi rn
- Command: Intersect
- Menu: Modify\Boolean\Intersect
To solid hoc region bng php giao cc solid hoc region thnh phn.
Command: Intersect(
Select Objects:Chn i tng
Select Objects:(
4. Cc bin mt li v khung dy ca m hnh Solid:
- Bin IsoLines: S cc ng biu din mt cong ca cc solid khi m hnh ang
dng khung dy.
Command: IsoLines(
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New value for IsoLines <4>
- Bin DispSilh: Khi bin ny bng 1 (on) th m hnh ang dng khung dy ch hin
ln cc ng vin. Khi v bn nn t bin ny bng 0 (off).
Command: DispSilh(
New value for DispSilh <0>
- Bin FaceTres: Mt li ca Solids khi thc hin cc lnh Hide, Shade v Render
Command: FaceTres(
New value for FaceTres <0.500>
Chng 8 Hiu chnh m hnh khi rn
Ni dung:
1. Cc lnh hiu chnh
2. Vt mp bng lnh Chamfer
3. V trn v to gc ln bng lnh Fillet
4. Ct khi rn thnh 2 phn
5. To mt ct ngang khi rn lnh Section
1. Vt mp cnh khi rn:
- Command: Chamfer
- Menu: Modify\Chamfer
Lnh Chamfer dng vt mp cc cnh khi rn. Lnh ny t ng to cc khi rn
ph v sau s cng (Union) hoc tr (Subtract) vi khi rn bn chn vt mp.
Command: Chamfer(
(Trim mode) Current chamfer length = 0.000, angle = 0.000
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line>: Chn solid cn vt mp.
Select base surface: chn mt cnh ca solid xc nh mt chun mt ny hin ln
ng nt khut
Next/<OK> v cnh l giao tuyn ca hai mt do nu ng vi mt hin ln ng
khut bn nhn Enter nu khng bn p N chn mt tip.
Enter base surface distance<>:Khong cch vt mp mt chun
Enter other surface distance<>:Khong cch vt mp cnh bn
Loop/<Select Edge>: Chn cnh cn vt mp trn b mt chun
Loop/<Select Edge>: (
2. To gc ln ti giao tuyn gia cc mt ca khi rn:
- Command: Fillet
- Menu: Modify\Fillet
Lnh Fillet dng to gc ln
Command: Fillet(
(Trim mode) Current fillet radius = 0.000
Polyline/Radius/Trim/<Select first object>: Chn Solid
Enter radius <1.0000>: Nhp bn knh
Chain/Radius/<Select edge>: Chn giao tuyn
Chain/Radius/<Select edge>:(
n edges selected for fillet.

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3. Ct khi rn thnh 2 phn:
- Command: Slide
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Slide
Lnh Slice dng ct tch mt khi rn thnh 2 khi rn ring bit
Command: Slice(
Select objects: Chn i tng cn ct
Select objectso min
Select Objects:(
Min c tnh cht tng t Solid
2. Cc khi rn c s:
Cc khi rn c s bao gm: Box, cone, wedge, sphere, Turus
a. Khi hp ch nht
- Command: Box(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Box
- Toolbox:
Lnh Box dng to hnh khi ch nht
Command: Box(
Center/<Corner of box><0,0,0>
Cc la chn:
Center of box
Chn im gc th nht ca ng cho khi
Cube/length/<Other Corner>
Other Corner
im gc i din ng cho
Cube
To khi lp phng
Length
La chn cho kch thc cc cnh:
Length: Chiu dai khi theo X
Width: Chiu rng khi theo Y
Height: Chiu cao khi theo Z
Center
Chn tm khi
Center of box<> To tm khi
Cube/Length/<Center of box> cho to im gc khi, la chn Cube v length
tng t phn trn.
b. Khi hnh nm: (lnh Wedge)
- Command: Wedge(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Wedge
- Toolbox:
Lnh Wedge dng to khi hnh nmmm
Center/<Corner of Wedge>: Nhp to mt im gc ca khi rn trong mt phng
XY hoc C chn Center

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Cc la chn:

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hp to im gc ca Wedge

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m gc th hai trong mt phng XY

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+ Nu p L (
Length: Chiu di khi rn theo trc X
Width: Chiu rng khi rn theo trc Y
Heigth: Chiu cao nm
+ Nu p C ( th khi nm c 3 cnh bng nhau v bn ch cn nhp mt cnh ti
dng nhc sau .
Center: To khi hnh nm bng cch nhp tm khi. Khi p C:
Center of wedge<0,0,0> Nhp to hnh
Cube/Length/<Other corner>: Cho im gc hay s dng cc la chn.

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c. khi nn: (Cone)

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Cone(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Cone
- Toolbox:
Lnh cone to khi rn c mt y l Circle hoc Ellipse
Elliptical/<Center point>>:
Cc la chn:
Center point: Chn tm hnh trn ca mt y nn
- Diameter/<Radius>: Bn knh hoc nhp D cho ng knh ng trn y.
- Apex / <Heigth of cone>: Chiu cao nn.
u cao nn.
La chn Apex cho php bn xc nh v tr nh ca khi nn do vy bn c th
to khi rn nm ngang thng.. .
Elliptical: Mt y nn c hnh Ellipse
- <Axis endpoint 1>/Center of base: to im u mt trc hoc p C (
chn tp Ellipse.
- Axis endpoint 2: To im u cn li ca trc
Other axis distance: Khong cch na trc cn li ca Ellipse.
Apex/Heigth of cone: Chiu cao nn hoc chn Apex xc nh v tr ca nh
nn.
+ Nu bn p C(
Center of Ellipse: Tm ca Ellipse
- Axis Enpoint: Chn im u trc th nht ca Ellipse.
- Other axis distance: Khong cch na trc th 2
- Apex/Heigth of cone: Chiu cao nn hoc chn Apex xc nh v tr ca nh nn.
v khi nn ct bn s dng lnh Cone v khi tr sau dng lnh Chamfer vt
mp.
d. Khi tr: (Cylinder)
- Command: Cylinder(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Cylinder
- Toolbox:
Lnh Cylinder to khi tr c mt y l Ellipse hoc Circle

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Elliptical/<Center point>: Chn tm ng trn mt y tr

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knh ng trn.
Center os other end/ <Heigth>: Chiu cao tr theo trc Z hoc p C nh v v tr
ng tm tr.
Khi bn chn C ( xut hin dng nhc:
Center of other end: To tm mt nh tr.
e. Khi cu: (Sphere):
- Command: Sphere(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Sphere
- Toolbox:
Lnh Sphere to khi rn hnh cu
Center of Sphere <0,0,0>: Chn tm khi rn
Diameter/<Radius>: of Sphere: Cho bn knh hoc ng knh khi rn cu.
f. Khii xuyn: (Turus):
- Command: Turus(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Turus
- Toolbox:
Lnh Turus to khi rn hnh xuyn.
Center of Torus:<0,0,0>: Nhp to hoc chn tm khi rn xuyn.
Diameter/<Radius>: of turus: Bn knh hoc p D cho ng knh khi rn xuyn. (T
tm xuyn n tm ng).
Diameter/<Radius>: of tube: Bn knh hoc p D cho ng knh ng.

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g. Ko cc i tng 2D thnh khi rn 3D (Extrude):

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Command: Extrude(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Extrude
- Toolbox:
Lnh Extrude dng ko di hnh 2D thoe trc Z thnh mt khi rn 3D. Cc i
tng 2D c th ko di thnh khi rn gm cc Pline kn, Polygon,Circle.....
- Select region, polylines anh circle of extrusion...
Selecct objct: Chn i tng 2D mun ko di.
Selecct Object: Tip tc chn hay nhn ( kt thuc chn.
- Path/ <heigth of extrusion>: Chiu cao theo trc Z hoc la chn Path dng ko di i
tng theo mt ng dn cho trc.
+ Khi bn chn gi tr ngm nh:
Extrusion taper angle:<0>: Nhn ( hoc cho gi tr gc nghing (gc vut) l gc
gia Solid s c to vi mt vung gc vi mt phng ZY, gi tr c th m hoc
dng.
+ Khi bn chn P (
Select path: Chn ng dn Path. (Path c th l line, arc, circle.... Path khng
th cng nm trong mt mt phng vi hnh dng 2D l khi rn c chn ko di.
Hnh dng 2D c ko lun vung gc vi ng dn (Path). Nu mt trong hai nh
ca ng dn nmg trong mt phng cha 2D v hnh dng 2D c ko vung gc vi
ng dn ny.
h. Khi trn xoay: (Revolve):
- Command: Revolve(
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Revolve
- Toolbox:

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Lnh Revolve dng to khi rn trn xoay bng cch xoay quanh mt i tng 2D

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trn(Circle), region, Ellipse.
Select region, Polyline or circle for revolution.
Select objects: Chn i tng l Pline, Spline...
Axis of revolution - Object/X/Y/<Start point of axit>: Chn ng tm xoay.
Cc la chn khc:
Star point of axis: Chn im u tin trn ng tm quay
Endpoint of axit: im cui ca ng trn tm quay.
Objeccts: Chn mt i tng lm ng tm xoay: line hoc phn on thng ca
ng Spline khi p E xut hin:
Select an Object: Chn i tng lm ng tm xoay.
,Y
Sau khi chn trc xoay s xut hin:
Angle of revolution < Full circle>: Gi tr gc xoay.
i. Cc php ton i s:
M hnh khi rn c to t vic kt hp vi cc khi rn c s gi l khi rn
a hp (Complex solid). kt hp cc khi rn c s bn c th dng cc php ton
hi rn c s bn c th dng cc php ton i s Boonlean: Cng(Union), Tr
(Subtract), giao (Intersect). Cc php ton ai s ny c th dng i vi Region. Cc
lnh Union, Subtract v Intersect nm trn thanh cng c Modify II.
1. Cng (hp) cc khi rn:
- Command: Union
- Menu: Modify\Boolean\Union
Lnh Union dng to cc region hoc cc solid a hp bng cch cng (hp) cc
solid, region thnh phn.
Command: Union(
Select Objects: Chn cc i tng solid, region cn to khi
Select Objects:(
n Solids selected
n Solids unioned.
2. Tr cc khi rn:
- Command: Subtract
- Menu: Modify\Boolean\Subtract
Lnh Subtract to Solid hoc Region a hp bng php tr (hi) cc solids hoc region
thnh phn.
Command: Subtract(
Source objects...
Sele t m hnh ca khung nhn ang c.
Inclined plane's 1st point: Chn im th 1 ca mt nghing
Inclined plane's 2nd point: Chn im th 2 ca mt nghing
Sau xc nh im quan st hnh chiu ph
Slide to view from: Chn mt im.
Section
To hnh ct cho Solid sau kt hp vi lnh Soldraw bn v mt ct
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Cutting plane 1st point: Chn im th nht trn mt phng ct.
Cutting plane 2nd point: Chn im th 2 trn mt phng ct.
chn mt im xc nh hng quan st mt ct
Side of cutting plane to view from: Chn im quan st mt ct
5. Lnh Soldraw:
- Command: Soldraw
- Menu: Draw\Solids\Setup\Drawing
Lnh Soldraw to cc ng bin dng v mt ct trong cc khung nhn to bi lnh
Solview
Cc ng khut v ng thy c chiu trn mt phng vung gc hng quan st.
i vi hnh ct, cc ng ct c to nh vo cc bin HPName Cc ng khut v
ng thy c chiu trn mt phng vung gc hng quan st. i vi hnh ct, cc
ng ct c to nh vo cc bin HPName thi to cc ng bin v hnh ct mi.
Tt c cc lp, ngoi tr lp cha ng bin v hnh ct s c ng bng trn mi
khung nhn.
Command: Soldraw(
Select viewports to draw:
Select objects: Chn khung nhn
Select objects:(
Chng 10 Quan st hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D
Ni dung chng:
Ni dung chng:
2. Gii thiu Dview v cc la chn.
3. iu chnh ng knh (CAmere)
4. iu chnh mc tiu (TAget)
5. Quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (Distance)
6. Xc nh v tr v khong cch quan st (POints)
7. Thu phng hnh nh (Zoom).
8. Di chuyn hnh nh (PAn)
9. Quay ng knh (TWist)
10. Thit lp mt phng ct (Clip)
11. Che cc nt khut (Hide)
12. Tt ch quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (OFF)
13. Hu b thao tc (Undo) v kt thc lnh Dview (eXit)
Hnh chiu trc o rt quan trng trong giai on xy dng vt th 3D c kch
thc nh (dng trong cc bn v c kh). Cc ng thng ca m hnh ny thng
song song vi nhau. quan st hnh chiu trc o bn ch cn thc hin lnh Vpoint.
Khi quan st vt th 3D c kch thc ln nh cc cng trnh xy dng, kt cu c
kh ln hoc cng trnh kin trc th hnh chiu trc o Khi quan st vt th 3D c
kch thc ln nh cc cng trnh xy dng, kt cu c kh ln hoc cng trnh kin trc
th hnh chiu trc o s dng lnh Dview.
1. Quan st hnh chiu phi cnh m hnh 3D (Dview)
- Command: DView
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- Menu: View\3D dynamic view
Select Object: Chn i tng cn quan st hnh chiu phi cnh. Nu ti dng nhc ny
bn nhn s xut hin m hnh ngi nh
Select Object: (Tip tc chn i tng hoc nhn ( kt thc vic chn i tng).
CAmera/TArget/Distance/POints/PAn/Zoom/TWist/CLip/Hide/Off/Undo/<eXit>:
- La chn CA: dng quay ng knh (Camera) dung quanh mc tiu (Target), khong
cch t ng knh n mc tiu l khng i (tng t khi bn xc nh im nhn trong
lnh Vpoint).
Toggle angle in/Enter angle from XY plane <>: Gc ca CAmera so vi mt phng XY.
Toggle angle from/Enter angle in XY plane from X axis <>: Gc quay so vi trc X
trong mt phng XY.
- La chn TAget dng quay mc tiu quanh ng knh, khong cch gia mc tiu v
ng knh khng di.
Toggle angle in/Enter angle from XY plane <>: Gc ca mc tiu so vi mt phng XY.
Toggle angle from/Enter angle in XY plane from X axis <>: Gc quay so vi trc X
trong mt phng XY.
- La chn quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (Distance):
La chn Distance dng thay i khong cch ng knh so vi mc tiu dc
theo tia nhn (tia nhn xut pht t ng knh n mc tiu). Khi dng la chn ny mo
hnh t php chiu song song chuyn sang php chiu phi cnh.. Biu tng to
ging nh hnh lp phng thu nh dn.
New camera/ Taget distance <>: Khong cch mi hoc ko con chy hnh thoi nh t
l khong cch.
New camera/ Taget distance <>: Khong cch mi hoc ko con chy hnh thoi nh t
l khong cch. Distance m khong cch gia ng knh v mc tiu qu gn bn khng
th quan st m hnh c do bn phi nh li khong cch v v tr im nhn v
mc tiu.
Enter target point <To mc tiu hin hnh>: : a vo to mi ca mc
tiu
Enter camera point <To ca ng knh hin hnh>: a vo to mi ca
ng knh.
- Thu phng hnh nh: (Zoom) dng phng to hay thu nh mn hnh m khng thay
i v tr ng knh v mc tiu, tc l bn hiu chnh tiu c ca ng knh. Nu ang l
hnh chiu song song th xut hin dng nhc:
Adjust zoom scale factor <1>: Nhp gi tr tiu c mi vo.
Nu ang l hnh nh phi cnh ( thc hin lnh Distance) th dng nhc sau xut
hin:
Adjust lenslength<>: Nhp tiu c 50mm tng ng vi tiu c thng m con
ngi vn s dng, Gi tr cng nh th hnh nh s cng nh.
- Di chun hnh nh (PAn): ln PAn dng di chuyn ng knh v mc tiu song song vi
mt phng nhn. Khong cch nhn khng i.
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Displancement base point: Chn im chun di ging trong lnh Pan
Second point: im di n.
- Quay ng knh: (Twist)) cho php quay ng knh quanh tia nhn.
New view twist<>: Gi tr gc quay.
New view twist<>: Gi tr gc quay. ch c th qua st c cc i tng nm
gia hai mt ct m thi:
Back/Front/<Off>: Chn mt ct trc (Front), sau (Back) hoc Off thot ra
lnh ny.
+ Nu bn chn F ( (Front) xut hin:
Eye/ON/OFF/<Distance front taget><>Xc nh v tr mt ct trc so vi
mc tiu, nu chn Eye th v tr mt ct trc ti im quan st.
+ Nu chn B (Back) xut hin:
Eye/ON/OFF/<Distance front taget><>: Khong cch t mc tiu n mt
ct sau.
- Che cc nt khut: (Hide) dng che cc nt khut. Khi thot ra khi lnh Dview th
cc nt khut xut hin tr li
- Tt ch quan st hnh chiu phi cnh (Off): La chn ny s chuyn hnh chiu
phi cnh ca m hnh 3D ang quan st sang hnh chiu song song.
- Hu b thao tc (Undo) v kt thc lnh Dview (eXit):
Chng 11 T bng m hnh 3D
Ni dung:
1. Gii thiu v t bng
2. T bng bng lnh Shade
3. T bng bng lnh Render
4. To cnh t bng (Scene)
5. Thit lp cc ngun sng khi t bng (light)
6. Gn vt liu khi t bng (Rmat, Matlib)
7. Lnh Rpref
8. Ghi v gi cc nh t bng (Saveing, Replay)
9. Cc thng tin lin quan n t bng (Stats)
10. Chn v hiu chnh phong cnh bn v lnh (LsNew, LsEdit, LsLib)
11. To phng nn cho hnh nh (Background, Fog)
To cc hnh nh (Image) cho m hnh 3D gm cc lnh che khut bng lnh Hide, t
bng bng lnh Share v Render. Khi thc hin lnh Hide cc cnh khut c che i.
T bng l qu trnh gn mu, nh sng v vt liu t bng b mt, to Shadow cho cc
i tng 3D. Bn c th to bng bng lnh Share, Render. Cc i tng 3D t bng
c l Surfaces v cc solids.
1. T bng bng lnh Shade:
- Command: Shade
- Menu: View\Shade

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che khut bn dng lnh Hide. Hnh nh thc hin khi t bng bng lnh Shade ph
thuc vo bin Shadedge v Shadedif. Hnh nh ny th hin trn mt mt phng.
Tu theo gi tr ca Shadedge bn c cc kiu t bng khc nhau.
phn chiu nh sng ph thuc vo bin Shadedif l t s gia nh sng mi trng
(Background light) vi nh sng tn x t ngun sng xa.
ti hin li hnh nh trc t bng bn dng lnh regen
2. T bng bng lnh Render:
- Command: Render
- Menu: View\Render\Render...
Render l lnh t bng cc mt hoc khi rn 3D. Trc khi thc hin lnh Render bn
c th to cc ngun sng bng lnh light, to cnh lnh View, Dview, Scence v gn
vt liu cho i tng lnh Rmat, Matlib. Thng thng t bng m hnh 3D bn c
th thc hin theo trnh t sau:
a. M tp tin c m hnh bn mun t bng
b. Gi lnh Render khi bn s dng cc lnh Render, Light, Rmat, Matlib v
Rpref.
c. nh cu hnh cho tin ch Render bng lnh Rconfig.
d. To khung nh cho m hnh cn t bng dng lnh View
e. To v hiu chnh cc ngun sng bn lnh Light.
f. Nhp cc loi vt liu t bng cho m hnh bng lnh Rmat, Matlib
g. Dng lnh Rmat gn vt liu cho i tng, mu, lp
i. To cnh bng lnh Scene l s kt hp gia view vi cc ngun sng.
k. nh cc tham s lin quan n t bng bng lnh Rpref
l. Chn cnh Scene v thc hin lnh Render t bng i tng.
m. Dng lnh Saveing ghi hnh nh t bng thnh tp tin.
n. Mun xut hin hnh nh t bng dng lnh Replay.
3. Ngun sng:
Ngun sng lm cho m hnh t bng ti hn kt hp vi vic gn vt liu cho
m hnh cc hnh nh bng lnh Render nhm tng n tng hnh nh t bng.
* Cc ngun sng bao gm:
Ambient light: nh sng mi trng. m bo sng u cho tt c cc mt trn m
hnh do bn c th tt hoc iu chnh cng nh sng chung.
Point light: Ngun sng to. Tia sng t mt iu to n mi phng, cng gim
theo khong cch.
Distance light: Ngun sng xa - Gm cc tia sng song song, cng khng t l vi
khong cch.
Sport light: Ngun sng ri - Ging nh sng n pin, n pha. Sng khong mt phm vi
hp v gin theo khong cch.
* Trnh t chn ngun sng:
a. Chn mt trong 3 ngun sng (Point, Distance v Sport)
b. Chn New... trn hp thoi Light
b. Chn New... trn hp thoi Light chn cc gi tr trong khong 0-1.
- Vi Point light: Bn chn quy nh gim cng nh sng, t v tr ngun sng
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- Vi Distance light: nh v ngun sng bng Azimuth (phng v) v Altitude (Cao
), Aun Agle Calculator
- Vi Sport light: CHn vng sng ti bng cc nt Hotsporrt v Falloff. S dng
Modify t v tr ngun sng v hng sng.
d. Chp nhn ngun sng v v tr ca n nhn OK
* To v hiu chnh ngun sng mi: (lnh Light)
Lnh Light dng to ngun sng mi, hiu chnh v xo cc ngun sng c
- New: To ngun sng mi (c 3 loi: Point, Distance, Sport light)
- Modify: Hin th cc hp thoi tng ng sa i ngun sng c chn
- Delete: Xo ngun sng c chn khi bn v
- Select: Chn ngun sng ngay trn bn v bng cch bm vo ngun sng
hiu chnh v xo.
- Ambient Light: Dng hiu chnh nh sng nn cho ton cnh c t bn bn c
th thay i cng v mu ca nh sng mi trng trn hp thoi Light.
+ Khi bn to ngun sng mi chn New:
- Point light:
- Light name: Tn ca ngun sng
- Intensity: Cng ngun sng
- Position: V tr ngun sng vi hai nt Modify .. hiu chnh v Show xem v tr
ngun sng
Khi chn Modify: Enter light location <Current>: Chn v tr ngun sng.
- Color: Chn mu cho ngun sng qua mt trong 2 hp Select Custom Color... v
Select From ACI.
- Attennuation: Quy lut gim cng nh sng theo khong cch c tc dng
vi nh sng to v ri.
None: Khng gim cng theo khong cch
Inverse Linear: Cng t l nghch vi khong cch.
Inverse Square: Cng t l ngch vi bnh phng khong cch.
- Shadow: Kim tra bng v bn v bng vt th.
- Shadow Option: Lm xut hin hp thoi Shadow.
- Shadow Option: Lm xut hin hp thoi Shadow. Light. Bn cn ch :
- Nu ngun sng xa v ri th dng nhc sau xut hin khi bn chn Modify <
+ Enter light target <current>: Nhp vo to im ch ca ngun sng.
+ Enter light location <current>: Nhp vo v tr mi ca ngun sng.
- Trong hp thoi New Distance Light: c thm cc nt Altitude, Azimuth v Sun
angle Calculator nh v tr phng ngun sng.
+ Altitude: nh cao ngun sng bng cch nhp vo son tho, ko
thanh trt hoc kch vo mt im trn biu tng Altitude.
+ Azimuth: nh phng v cho ngun sng xa bng cch nhp vo son
tho, ko thanh trt hoc kch vo mt im trn biu tng Azimuth.
- Sun angle Calculator.. . Xut hin hp thoi Sun Angle Calculator. Bn ch cn
nhp thi gian v a im th CAD s t ng tnh cho bn phng chiu ca ngun
sng. Khi mun bn c th nhp thi gian trong Clock Time v chn gi chun (v d
GMT - 7 tnh theo gi Vit Nam), thay phng chiu ca ngun sng. Khi mun bn c
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th nhp thi gian trong Clock Time v chn gi chun (v d GMT - 7 tnh theo gi
Vit Nam), thay (v (v kinh tuyn (Longititude) thay i tu thuc vo la chn ca
bn.
- Trong hp thoi New Sport Light c thm cc nt chn Hotsport v Falloff xc
nh bng gc v l gc cn nh sng ln nht ca ngun sng ri.
Cc la chn khc:
North direction
Xut hin hp thoi North Location qua xc nh phng Bc
theo chiu dng trc Y trong WCS.
Modify...
Hin ln cc hp thoi Modify Light sa ngun sng ang chn.
Delete
Xo ngun sng c chn khi bn v
Select
Chn ngun sng trn bn v hiu chnh hoc xo.
Ambient Light
Dng hiu chnh nh sng nn (mi trng) cho ton cnh t
bng. Bn c th thay i cng (Intensity) v mu (Color) ca nh sng
mi trng trn hp thoi Light.
* Gn mu cho ngun sng:
Bn c th gn mu cho ngun sng bng cch chn cc nt chn Select Custom
Color.. . hoc Select From ACI ca hp thoi Light. Khi bn
Bn c th gn mu cho
ngun sng bng cch chn cc nt chn Select Custom Color.. . hoc Select From ACI
ca hp thoi Light. Khi bn bng ph thuc vo mu ca ngun sng. Ngun sng
c to ra s t trong bn v thng qua biu tng. Bn c th thay i kch thc ca
biu tng trong mc Light Icon Scale ca hp thoi Rendering Preference.
4. Lnh Scene
Lin kt mt phn nh (nh bng lnh View) vi cc ngun sng (to bi Light) to
thnh mt cnh (Scene). Lnh Scene dng to ngun sng mi, hiu chnh hoc xo
cc cnh hin c.
Scenes
Tn ca tt c cc cnh trn bn v
New...
Thm mt cnh mi vo trong bn v. Khi chn mc ny xut hin
hp thoi New Scene
Scene nane: Tn ca cnh hin hnh
Views: Tn cc phn nh c trong bn v nh bng lnh View
(*Current*: Phn nh hin hnh).
Lights: Tn cc ngun sng c trong bn v.
Modify...
Hiu chnh cc cnh khi chn mc ny xut hin hp thoi Modify
Scene tng t nh New Scene
Delete
Xo mt cnh khi bn v.
5. Gn vt liu khi t bng:
Gn vt liu t bng gip cho m hnh t bng s ging thc hn. Vi cng mt
m hnh nu vt liu t bng khc nhau s cho hnh nh khc nhau. Bn c th t to
v gn vt liu t bng cho i tng theo trnh t sau:
- S dng lnh Rmat lm xut hin hp thoi Materials. Nu cc vt liu c sn
trong bn v bn chn vt liu t danh sch bn tri ca hp
- S dng lnh Rmat
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lm xut hin hp thoi Materials. Nu cc vt liu c sn trong bn v bn chn vt
liu t danh sch bn tri ca hp bn v.
- Bn c th xem trc cc loi vt liu sau khi chn trong Materials List hoc
Library List bng cch nhn vo nt Preview
- Bn c th ghi cc vt liu trong Materials list thnh mt tp tin mi (phn m
rng. Mli) bng cch kch vo nt Save... Tp tin m bn va to c th dng trong cc
bn v khc.
- Chn loi vt liu cn gn v nhn chut trn nt Attach, By ACI hoc By layer.
Nt Attach cho php gn vt liu cho tng i tng, Nt By ACI cho php gn vt liu
theo mu ca bn v, nt By layer cho php gn vt liu theo tng lp ca bn v.
- Nu bn chn nt New hoc nt Modify s xut hin hp thoi New (hoc
Modify) Standard Library. Hp thoi ny cho php bn to mi hoc sa cha, hiu
chnh cc vt liu c sn.
a. Lnh Rmat:
Lnh Rmat (Render MATerial) dng nh phn chiu v bng mt gi
chung l nh bng hoc gn vt liu cho mt. Vt liu c th gn cho i tng m
hnh (Geometry), mu (Color) hoc lp (Layer). Mi vt liu c nhiu thuc tnh: mu,
nh sng mi trng (Ambient), phn chiu (Reflection), nhm (Roughnes)... mi
tnh cht u c cng v mu.
Cc la chn:
Materials
Bng danh sch cc vt liu c sn trong bn v "Global" mc nh
cho i tng cha c gn vt liu.
Preview
Xem trc hnh nh khi t bng ca loi vt liu c chn trn danh
sch ko xung bn c th chn Sphere(Cu), Cube (lp phng)
Material Library... Hin nn hp thoi Material Library cho php gi tn cc vt liu c
sn trong File Render.MLI vo bn v.
Select
Nhp vt liu gn cho mt i tng (Geometry) ca m hnh vo danh
sch Materials. Nhn nt ny v chn i tng trn bn v.
Modify
Sa i mt loi vt liu trong danh sch Materials. u tin bn chn vt
liu theo bn hp thoi ti danh sch ko xung di nt New: Standard,
Marble, Granite vo Wood..., sau chn nt Modify. Trong hp thoi
Modify Standard Library bn thay i cc tnh cht ca vt liu c chn
trong hp thoi.
Duplicate To loi vt liu mi theo cc tnh cht ca vt liu sn c trong bn v:
u tin bn chn loi vt liu t danh sch Materials, sau nhn nt
Duplicate... s xut hin hp thoi New Standard Material. Nhp tn mi
vo Material name v bn c th thay i cc tnh cht ca vt liu mi
qua hp thoi ny.
New...
To vt liu mi theo hp thoi New standard Material.
Attach
Gn loi vt liu chn trong danh sch Materials: cho i tng m hnh
cn Render theo cch sau: u tin bn chn vt liu trong danh sch v d
bn chn Blue Glass sau chn Attach s xut hin: Select Objects to
attach "Blue Glass" to: Chn i tng ca m hnh cn gn vt liu Blue
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Detach
G b cc loi vt liu gn cho i tng m hnh. Vt liu sau
khi Detach xut hin: Select Objects: Chn i tng cn Detach vt liu gn.
By ACI...
Xut hin hp thoi Attach by AutoCAD color index cho php gn
vt liu theo color ca i tng trn bn v.
By Layer
Xut hin hp thoi Attach by Layer cho php gn vt liu theo layer
ca i tng trn bn v.
b. Hp thoi New v Modify Standard Library:
Cho php thay i v to mi cc thuc tnh ca vt liu t bng.
Cc la chn:
Material name
Tn ca vt liu ang hiu chnh hoc to mi.
Attribute
Chnh cc thuc tnh ca vt liu theo trnh t: u tin bn chn dng
thuc tnh (Color, Pattern, ambient, Roughness...) sau nhp gi tr vo
Value bng thanh trt hoc ti vng Color.
Color/Pattern
Hiu chnh mu chnh (main color) ca vt liu
Ambient
Hiu chnh Ambient (Shadow) color ca vt liu
Reflection
Hiu chnh Reflection color vt liu.
Roughness
Hiu chnh bng sng vt liu. Gi tr
Roughness cng nh th bng sng cng cao.
Transparency
Hiu chnh trong sut ca hnh nh t bng
Refraction
Chn tng phn vt liu khi Render Type
chn Photo Raytrace.
Bump map
Khi chn thuc tnh ny bn c th nhp mt
hnh nh Bitmap vo bn v.
c. Lnh Matlib (material library)
Cho php bn nhp vt liu t bng c sn trong th vin vo bn v.
Cc la chn:
Materials List
Danh sch cc loi vt liu trong bn v hin hnh
Library list
Danh sch cc loi vt liu trong th vin hin hnh.
Purge
Xo loi vt liu khng s dng trong th vin hin hnh.
Save
Ghi li cc loi vt liu trong Material list thnh File (.MLI).
Open
M file cha cc loi vt liu trong Library list
Import
Nhp loi vt liu chn Library list vo Materials list
Export
Xut loi vt liu trong Materials list vo Library list.
Delete
Xo mt loi vt liu trong Materials List v Library list.
d. nh cc tham s t bng (RPREF - Rendering Preferences)
Cc la chn
Rendering type
3 dng Render, Photo Rela v Photo Raytrace
Scene to render
Chn khung cnh to bng lnh Scene t bng
Rendering Options (Cc la chn t bng)
Smooth Share
Lm trn cc mt phng theo phng php Gouraud
Aplly Material
Gn cc tham s vt liu m bn nh ngha vo i tng
hoc ACI trong bn v.

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Shadows
To bng trong cc trng hp la chn Render Type l Photo
Real v Photo RayTrace
Render Cache
Cc thng tin v Render c ghi trong Cache file trn a
cng.
More Option
Cc la chn khc xut hin hp thoi Render Option vi la
chn Render Type l Photo Real v Photo Raytrace:
Render Quality
Chn Phong hoc Gouraud
Face Control
Kim tra mt Render
Discard Back Faces: Ngn khng cho AutoCAD c cc mt sau ca
i tng Solid khi tnh ton t bng.
Back face normal is negative: Nu l On, AutoCAD xem cc mt sau
l b qua.
Rendering Procedure
Thit lp cc gi tr mc nh khi Render
Query for Selecttion
Xut hin dng nhc Select Object cho php chn cc
i tng khi thc hin Render
Crop Window
To mt vng Render khi thc hin lnh Render. Khi thc
hin render xut hin: Pick crop window to render: chn vng bn v
Render
Skip Render Dialog
Khi thc hin Render th m hnh c t bng khng
xut hin hp thoi Render
Destination
iu khin s xut hin ca cc hnh nh t bng
Viewports
Hnh nh t bng hin ln trn cc khung ca s mn hnh
ho
Render window Hnh nh t bng hin nn trn Render Window. trn khung
ca s ny bn c th in, ghi thnh mt File hnh nh..
File
Hnh nh t bng ghi thnh File
Light Icon Scale nh h s t l cho kch thc cc khi Block biu tng ngun
sng.
Smoothing Angle Gi tr gc th hin cc cnh, mc nh 45 0, tt nht bn nn chn
nh hn 450.
Sub Sampling
Gim thi gian Render v cht lng hnh nh t bng m khng nh
hng n Shadow. T l chn c cht lng cao nht.
Back Ground
Xut hin hp thoi Back Ground
Fog/Depth Cue
Xut hin hp thoi Fog
Sau khi nh song ton b cc thng s lin quan n t bng bn thc hin lnh Render

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4. To khung nhn: (lnh Vports, View\Tiled Viewports)

Lnh Vports dng phn chia mn hnh thnh nhiu khung nhn c kch thc
c nh (nn gi l khung nhn tnh) lnh ny ch thc hin khi Tilemode=1.
Command: Vports (
Save/Restore/Delete/Join/SIngle/?/2/<3>/4: la chn hoc nhn
Ti a trn mn hnh to c 16 khung nhn. trong mt thi im ch c 1 khung nhn
l hin hnh (c si tc cursor). mun mt khung nhn l hin hnh bn kch vo khung
nhn .
Cc la chn:
Save: Ghi cu hnh khung nhn vi 1 tn (khng vt qu 31 k t)
?/Name for new viewport configuration: Tn ca khung nhn hoc la chn? nu mun
lit k cc khung nhn ghi.
Restor
Phc hi li mt khung nhn ghi.
?/Name of viewport configuration to restore: Tn khung nhn
Delete
Xo mt khung nhn
Join Kt hp khung nhn hin hnh vi mt khung nhn khc vi iu
kin
hai
khung nhn to mt hnh ch nht
Select dominant viewport <current>: Chn khung nhn chnh
Select viewport to join: Regenerating drawing. Chn khung nhn cn kt hp.
?
Lit k cc khung nhn
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2,3,4 Chia khung nhn hin hnh thnh 2, 3, 4 khung nhn nh hn
C th to khung nhn t hp thoi TileViewport\Layout
Tuy nhin khi in ch in cc khung nhn hin hnh. mun in ton b cc hnh chiu ta
phi to khung nhn ng (Floating Vports - Lnh MView).

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