.

vn

Gii Thiu V

H THNG IU
KHIN S TRC
TIP (DDC)

A PUBLICATION OF CONTROLS.VN

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Li ch ca h thng iu chnh s trc tip DDC so vi cng ngh

iu chnh trc y (iu chnh nh kh nn hoc in t phn
phi), l ci thin v lm tng tnh hiu qu ca vic iu chnh

Ti liu ny c dch v bin son da theo

ngun ddc-online.org. Hy vng cc k s v
ch u t thu nhn c cc kin thc hu
ch, gip gia tng hiu qu s dng nng lng
trong cng trnh
-- Nguyn Trng Phi (phi@controls.vn)

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NI DUNG

Mc ch v i tng

Cn bn v iu khin HVAC

2.1

Control v Control Loop l gi?

2.2

Sensor, Controller v Controlled Device

Control Responses

nh ngha DDC

Li ch ca DDC

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Phn 1

MC CH
V

I TNG

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KHUN MU CHO NH SN XUT

Dnh cho Ch u t v T vn
Mc ch ca hng dn ny:
Mc ch ca hng dn ny l m t thng qua cc thut ng
chung cc cu trc khc nhau, cc b phn phn cng v phn mm
lin quan n cc h thng iu khin s trc tip (DDC Direct
Digital Control). thc hin mc tiu ny, phi xc nh mt khun
mu chung cho cc b phn v cu hnh khc nhau c s dng trong
cc h thng DDC ang c mt trn th trng hin nay. Khun mu
ny cn phi c s dng nh mt thc o cho nhiu nh sn xut
h thng DDC, t ngi c c th so snh cc tnh nng v li
ch tng i ca chng.
i tng c gi
Do bn cht phc tp v c quyn cng ngh sn xut ca cc h
thng DDC, nn cng lc cng tr nn kh p dng vo thc t cc
thit k, lp t, vn hnh v bo tr h thng DDC. Hng dn ny
c pht trin c bit gip ch s hu cng trnh (building
owners) v cc k s t vn/gim nh (consultant) hot ng trong
lnh vc lin quan ny.

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Phn 2

CN BN V IU
KHIN HVAC

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H THNG QUN L NNG LNG L G

EMS - Energy Management System

Theo mc ch ca hng dn ny, mt h thng qun l nng

lng (EMS Energy Management System) c nh ngha l
mt h thng iu khin y chc nng. H thng ny bao
gm b iu khin, cc thit b thng tin lin lc khc nhau v
ton b cc phn mm vn hnh cn thit c mt h thng
bao hm ton din.

Hng dn ny cp v kho st n khong hai mi nh cung

cp h thng DDC phc v th trng cng trnh ta nh dnh cho
t chc v thng mi ti Hoa K. Cc nh cung cp a ra th
trng hn mt gi trn vn tt c cc phn cng v phn mm
cn thit c gp vo h thng. Hng dn ny khng bao gm
cc th trng c bit (tp ha bn l, khch sn), cng khng
bao gm vic iu khin trong cng nghip hoc iu khin tng
qu trnh.

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IU KHIN (CONTROL) L G
Basic loop

Qu trnh iu khin mt h thng HVAC bao gm ba bc. u

tin o c d liu, sau x l d liu vi cc thng tin khc
nhau, v cui cng a ra mt tc ng iu chnh. Ba chc nng
ny to nn ci c gi l mch iu chnh (control loop). Mt v
d v qu trnh ny c m t trong Hnh 1

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BASIC LOOP
Mch iu khin th hin trong hnh 1 bao gm ba thnh phn
chnh: mt b cm bin (sensor), b iu khin (controller) v c
quan iu chnh (controlled device). Ba thnh phn hoc c cu
chc nng ny tng tc iu chnh mt thng s (i lng).
Trong v d th hin trong hnh 1, nhit khng kh l thng s
iu chnh. Cm bin o c d liu, b iu khin x l d liu
v cc c quan iu chnh to ra mt tc ng iu chnh.

Hnh 1 l mt v d cho h thng iu chnh cc thit b kh nn

hoc cc thit b in, ni m cc b iu khin l mt phn ring
bit ca phn cng. Trong mt h thng DDC, cc b iu khin
thc hin chc nng theo cc lp trnh trong phn mm th hin
nh trong hnh 2.

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BN CN GII PHP TIT

KIM NNG LNG?
LienDuong Design & Engineering chng ti s hu i
ng k s chuyn nghip, nhiu nm kinh nghim.
Kim sot Cht Lng Khng Kh (IAQ) v iu Khin
Chiu Sng l nhng th chng ti tinh thng

Lin h chng ti

Website: http://LDE.VN
Hotline: 098 860 9836
Facebook: http://facebook.com/controlsvn
Youtube: http://youtube.com/controlsvn

10

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B CM BIN
SENSOR

Cm bin o thng s ca cc thit b iu khin hoc cc thng

s iu khin khc a vo (Input), theo cch thc chnh xc v
c tnh lp i lp li. Cc cm bin HVAC thng c s dng
o nhit , p sut, m tng i, thng s trng thi ca
dng khng kh v lng carbon dioxide. Cc bin s khc cng
c th c o lng v c tc ng ln logic b iu chnh. V d
nh cc nhit loi khc, thi im trong ngy (bin thi gian)
hoc cc nhu cu in nng hin ti.

Thng tin u vo b sung (d liu cm nhn) nh hng n

logic iu khin c th bao gm tnh trng ca cc thng s
(lng khng kh, dng chy, dng in) hoc cc tn hiu an
ton (chy, khi, gii hn nhit cao / thp hoc bt k mt
thng s vt l no ). Cm bin l mt phn cc k quan trng
ca h thng iu khin v c th l th u tin cn phi xt
n, cng nh mt lin kt chnh yu trong chui iu khin.

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B IU KHIN
CONTROLLER
B iu khin x l d liu u vo ly t cm bin, p dng logic iu
chnh v to ra mt tc ng u ra. Tn hiu ny c th c truyn
trc tip n cc c quan iu chnh hoc gi n cc c cu chc
nng iu chnh theo logic ph ri cui cng mi n c quan iu
chnh chnh. Chc nng b iu khin l so snh tn hiu u vo ca
n (t cc cm bin) vi mt tp hp cc chng trnh lp trnh nh
im ci t, phm vi iu tit v nguyn l hot ng, sau to ra
mt tn hiu u ra thch hp. y chnh l logic iu khin . N thng
bao gm mt phn hi iu khin (control response) cng vi cc
quyt nh logic m l duy nht cho cc ng dng iu khin ring
bit. Lm th no cc chc nng ca controller c gi l phn hi
iu khin? Cc control response ny thng l:

Hai v tr (Two-position)

Th Ni (Floating)

T l (P) Proportional

T l tch phn (PI) Proportional plus Integral

T l tch phn vi phn (PID) Proportional plus Integral plus

Derivative

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C QUAN IU CHNH
CONTROLLED DEVICE (OUTPUT)

Mt c quan iu chnh l mt thit b phn ng li cc tn hiu t

b controller, hoc t logic iu chnh v thay i cc trng thi ca
thng s iu chnh hoc trng thi ca thit b u cui.

Cc thit b ny bao gm cc c cu iu khin van (valve

actuator), b vn hnh ca gi (controlled damper), r le in,
qut, my bm, my nn v iu khin tc cho cc ng dng
qut v bm.

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Phn 3

CONTROL
RESPONSE

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QUY LUT IU CHNH 2 V TR

TWO-POSITION CONTROL
Quy lut iu chnh hai v tr so snh gi tr ca thng s tng t
(analog input) hoc gi tr o thng s bin i (variable input) vi
chng trnh lp sn v to ra mt tn hiu u ra k thut s (kiu hai
v tr two-position). Cc chng trnh lp sn xc nh mt gii hn
trn v di. Tn hiu ra (output) thay i gi tr ca n khi tn hiu
u vo (input) vt qua cc gi tr gii hn.

Khng c tiu chun no xc nh nhng gii hn ny. Cc thut

ng c s dng ph bin nht l tr s quy nh (nh tr setpoint)
v chnh lch (differential). Tr s quy nh l thng s m tn hiu
ra output da vo m a ra, kch hot hoc thit lp gi tr cho n.
Tn hiu u ra tr li gi tr c hoc l bin mt sau khi cc gi tr
thng s iu chnh u vo vt qua mc gi tr bng chnh lch
gia setpoint v gii hn chnh lch.

Quy lut iu chnh hai v tr c th c s dng cho cc mch iu

chnh n gin (iu chnh nhit ) hoc iu chnh gii hn
(freezestats, gii hn nhit khng kh bn ngoi). Gi tr thng s
analog c th l bt k bin o lng no, c th l nhit , m
tng i, p sut, dng in v mc cht lng.

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QUY LUT IU CHNH 2 V TR

TWO-POSITION CONTROL
Thi gian cng c th l thng s u vo cho mt c ch phn hi quy
lut iu chnh hai v tr (two-position control response). Chc nng
ca b iu chnh ny nh mt ng h thi gian vi cc kim ch gi.
Tn hiu u ra pht i khi thi gian ch nh trng thi bt v bin mt
thi gian tt.

Hnh 3 cho thy mt v d v h thng iu chnh hai v tr trong mt

h thng si m trong nh, ni m thermostat c thit lp kch
hot h thng si m khi nhit khng gian gim xung di 70 F
v tt khi nhit tng ln n 72 F trong khng gian. y l mt v
d v gi tr nh trc l 70 F vi chnh l 2 F.

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QUY LUT IU CHNH TH NI

FLOATING CONTROL
iu chnh kiu phao ni l mt c ch phn hi iu chnh to ra hai
tn hiu u ra k thut s c th thc hin c da trn mt s thay
i tn hiu u vo. Mt tn hiu u ra (output) gia tng tn hiu n
c quan iu chnh (controlled device), trong khi tn hiu u ra khc
lm gim tn hiu n c quan iu chnh. C ch phn hi ny cng
bao gm mt gii hn trn v di vi vic tn hiu u ra thay i khi
gi tr thng s bin i u vo (variable input) thay i vt qua
nhng gii hn ny. Mt ln na, khng c tiu chun xc nh
nhng gii hn ny, nhng cc thut ng tr s quy nh (setpoint) v
vng khng tc ng (deadband) l ph bin. Tr s quy nh thit lp
mt trung im v vng khng tc ng t ra chnh gia gii hn
trn v di.

Khi bin o lng c gi tr nm trong vng khng tc ng hoc vng

trung lp, tn hiu u ra khng c kch hot v c quan iu chnh
cng khng thay i n vn gi nguyn v tr ca mnh. cho c
ch phn hi iu chnh ny n nh, cc b cm bin phi cm nhn
c cc tc ng t s dch chuyn c quan iu chnh mt cch
nhanh chng. iu chnh kiu phao ni khng hot ng tt ni c
tr nhit ng lc ng k trong vng iu khin. Vng iu khin
nhanh pha khng kh (airside) phn ng tt vi iu chnh kiu phao.
Mt v d v iu chnh kiu phao ni c th hin trong hnh 4.
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QUY LUT IU CHNH TH NI

FLOATING CONTROL

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QUY LUT IU CHNH T L

Proportional Control P CONTROL

Mt c ch phn hi theo quy lut iu chnh t l lm cho tn hiu u

ra tng t (analog output) hoc thng s bin i (variable output)
thay i t l vi s thay i ca gi tr iu chnh u vo.

Trong c ch phn hi quy lut iu chnh ny, c mt mi quan h

tuyn tnh gia u vo v u ra. Thng th mi quan h ny c
xc nh bi nh tr, phm vi iu chnh v cc tc ng iu chnh.
Trong c ch phn hi theo quy lut iu chnh t l ch c mt gi tr
duy nht ca bin o lng tng ng vi s dch chuyn hon ton
ca c quan iu chnh, v mt gi tr duy nht tng ng vi vic
hon ton khng dch chuyn ca c quan iu chnh. thay i cc
bin o lng lm cho c quan iu chnh chuyn t trng thi ng
hon ton sang m hon ton c gi l phm vi iu chnh. Bin o
lng nm trong phm vi ny vng iu khin s kim sot, gi nh
rng h thng ny c kh nng p ng cc yu cu.

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QUY LUT IU CHNH T L

Proportional Control P CONTROL
Tc ng iu chnh quyt nh dc ca c ch phn hi iu chnh.
Trong mt c ch phn hi theo quy lut iu chnh t l tc ng trc
tip, tn hiu iu chnh u ra s tng ln vi s gia tng gi tr cc
bin o lng. Trong c ch phn hi tc ng nghch, thng s iu
chnh u ra s gim khi gi tr bin o lng tng. nh tr l mt gi
tr nh hng cho vng iu khin v tng ng vi mt gi tr c th
ca c quan iu chnh, thng l khong gia ng chuyn dch.
Mt v d c th hin trong hnh 5

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QUY LUT IU CHNH T L

Proportional Control P CONTROL

Trong mt h thng iu chnh t l, gi tr ca bin o lng ti bt

k thi im c gi l im iu chnh. Lng b iu chnh (offset)
c nh ngha l chnh gia cc im iu chnh v thng s
mong mun. Mt cch gim lng b l gim phm vi iu chnh.
Vic gim phm vi iu chnh qu nhiu li dn n tnh trng bt n.
B cm bin cm nhn cng nhanh cc nh hng ca c ch phn hi
iu chnh, phm v iu tit phi cng ln vic iu chnh c n
nh.

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QUY LUT IU CHNH T L-TCH PHN

Proportional Control Plus Integral PI CONTROL
Quy lut iu chnh PI bao gm vic tnh ton lng b iu chnh hoc
cc sai s theo thi gian. Sai s ny c ly tch phn v tn hiu u
ra t phn iu khin t l ca m hnh ny thc hin tc ng iu
chnh cui cng. Loi c ch phn hi ny s s dng vng iu khin
gim lng b iu chnh xung bng khng. Mt vng iu khin
PI thit lp tt s hot ng trong bin hp gn vi nh tr. N s
khng hot ng trn ton b phm vi iu chnh(hnh 6).

Vng iu khin PI khng hot ng tt khi nh tr c c tnh ng,

ni ti thay i t ngt hoc nu phm vi iu chnh nh.

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QUY LUT IU CHNH T L-TCH PHN-VI PHN

Proportional Plus Integral plus Derivative Control PID CONTROL

Quy lut iu chnh PID thm yu t d bo cho c ch phn hi iu

chnh. Ngoi vic tnh ton t l v tch phn, vi phn hoc dc ca
c ch phn hi s c tnh. Tnh ton ny s c tc dng lm gim
phn ng iu chnh v li im ci t qu nhanh n ni n s vt
qua im ci t.

B iu chnh PID l mt c ch phn hi iu chnh qu trnh chnh

xc v khng phi lc no cng cn thit cho cc ng dng HVAC. Cc
ng dng thng xuyn ca b iu chnh PID cho cc vng iu khin
i hi nhiu yu t v ng dng ca n nn c chn lc.

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Phn 4

NH NGHA
DDC

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NH NGHA H THNG DDC

DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL

H thng iu chnh DDC bao gm b iu khin da trn b vi x l

vi logic iu khin c thc hin bi phn mm. B chuyn i
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) chuyn i cc gi tr tng t (analog) thnh
tn hiu k thut s (digital) m b vi x l c th c c. Cc cm
bin analog c th l in tr, thit b to in p hoc thit b pht
dng. Hu ht cc h thng phn phi cc phn mm iu khin t
xa cc b iu chnh, loi b s cn thit phi c kh nng thng tin
lin lc lin tc (c lp). Cc my tnh c s dng ch yu theo
di tnh trng ca h thng qun l nng lng, lu tr bn sao ca
cc chng trnh, chc nng ghi li bo ng v xu hng iu khin.

Chin lc v chc nng qun l nng lng phc tp hu dng mc

thp nht trong cu trc h thng. Nu yu cu vic vn hnh nh kh
nn, thc hin iu ny bng cc b chuyn i t thit b in t sang
kh nn. Hiu chun cm bin thc hin bng ton hc, do tng s
gi nhn cng lao ng hiu chun c gim ng k. Kh nng
chn on trung tm l mt ti sn quan trng. Phn mm v vic lp
trnh ci thin lin tc, ngy cng tr nn thn thin hn sau mi ln
cp nht.

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Phn 5

LI CH CA
DDC

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CI THIN MC HIU QU

DDC lm cho vic iu chnh h thng HVAC hiu qu hn bng cch

cung cp kh nng cm nhn d liu chnh xc hn. Cm bin in t
o cc thng s HVAC thng thng nh nhit , m v p sut
vn chnh xc hn cc thit b vn hnh bng kh nn trc y. V
by gi ngi ta a logic ca vng iu khin vo trong cc phn
mm, logic ny c th d dng c thay i. Xt n ngha ny,
DDC linh hot hn trong vic thay i lch trnh thit lp li, nh tr v
logic iu chnh tng th. Ngi dng c khuynh hng p dng chin
lc phc tp hn, thc hin cc tnh nng tit kim nng lng v ti
u ha hiu nng h thng ca h v nhng thay i c chi ph thp
hn so vi khi logic iu chnh phn phi n tng thit b ring l. Tt
nhin ta gi nh rng ngi dng vn dng kin thc ca mnh
thc hin cc thay i.

H thng DDC, v mt bn cht, chng c th tch hp d dng hn

vo cc h thng khc trong my vi tnh. H thng DDC c th tch hp
vo cc h thng kim sot ha hon, h thng kim sot truy cp/an
ninh, h thng iu khin chiu sng v h thng qun l bo tr.

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CI THIN HIU QU VN HNH H THNG

Cc ci tin trong vn hnh cho thy c hi ln nht ci thin hiu

qu trong iu khin k thut s trc tip. Kh nng x l bo ng
mnh m, v hu ht cc h thng c kh nng nh v bo ng n
cc a im khc nhau trn mt mng li kt ni. Cc kh nng theo
xu hng (trending capability) cho php mt k thut vin hay k s
chn on khc phc s c h thng v kim sot vn . Chng
cng cho php d liu c hin th trong nh dng khc nhau. Nhng
d liu ny cng c th c lu tr v phn tch cc xu hng trong
hiu sut thit b theo thi gian.

Thi gian hot ng cc thit b khc nhau c th c theo di v

pht i cc bo ng/thng ip khi c mt s chuyn i sm/tr pha
xy ra hoc nu n l thi gian tin hnh bo dng nh k.

Kh nng truy cp/trao i thng tin off-site (xy ra bn ngoi ni lm

vic) cho php ch s hu/ngi vn hnh truy cp vo h thng ca
h t xa. Nhiu b phn cng c th tham gia vo x l s c mt vn
. Cc nh cung cp h thng iu khin, k s thit k v n v y
thc c th s dng cc tnh nng ny chn on hiu qu hn v
hnh dung c th hn cho vn .

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TNG HIU QU S DNG NNG LNG

C rt nhiu chin lc iu khin tit kim nng lng s dng trong

logic iu chnh ca h thng kh nn c th d dng c sao chp li
trong logic DDC. Do vic b sung nhiu chc nng ton hc phc tp
(d dng t c trong phn mm), c nhiu chng trnh s dng
hiu qu nng lng b sung c th c s dng vi DDC.

Cc chin lc nh gim st v hn ch nhu cu c th c thc hin

d dng hn vi cc h thng DDC. Nhu cu tng th cho mt c s c
th c theo di v kim sot bng cch t li im t ca cc h
thng khc nhau da trn mc nhu cu khc nhau. Nu mt h thng
DDC c ci t cp khu vc, iu ny c th c thc hin
bng cch gim nhu cu lm mt trn c s khu vc theo vng.

Bng vic lu tr cc xu hng, m hnh tiu th nng lng c th

c theo di. Thit b cng c th c tp trung ln k hoch bt
hoc tt trong cc ng dng m lch trnh thng xuyn thay i.

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THEO DI CONTROLS.VN
THNG XUYN NHN
C THNG TIN V CC
EBOOK MI T CHNG TI

CONTROLS.VN

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