CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

HACCP
CNG C KIM SOT AN TON V SINH THC PHM
TRONG SN XUT, CH BIN
1. Gii thiu chung
1.1. Gii thiu v HACCP
Thut ng HACCP l nhng ch vit tt bng ting Anh ca Hazard Analysis &
Critical Control Point Phn tch mi nguy v Kim sot im ti hn.
HACCP l mt cng c xc nh cc mi nguy hi c th ang hin din hoc
cn tim n trong ton b qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm, v d nh cc mi
nguy t sinh hc, ha hc, vt l v iu kin bo qun, vn chuyn, s dng.
HACCP l cng c kim sot cc mi nguy hi trong sut qu trnh sn xut, ch
bin thc phm theo nguyn tc h thng, phng nga; t khu sn xut nguyn liu,
trong tng cng on sn xut, ch bin v n tn tay ngi tiu dng. N c lp
ra ngn nga, gim thiu mi nguy an ton thc phm n mc chp nhn c.
Cc nh ch bin thc phm c th dng n m bo sn xut, ch bin thc phm
an ton.
1.2. Lch s ra i
Nm 1960, nhng nguyn tc HACCP u tin c ra bi cng ty sn xut
thc phm Pullsbury (M).
Nm 1973, c quan qun l thc phm v dc phm M (FDA) yu cu p
dng HACCP trong sn xut hp chng vi khun gy ng c tht Clostridium
botulinum.
u nhng nm 80, HACCP c chp nhn p dng nhiu cng ty sn xut
thc phm ln M.
Nm 1985, M thnh lp y ban t vn quc gia v Tiu chun v sinh thc
phm (NACMCF). U ban ny tiu chun ha cc nguyn tc ca HACCP, c
ngnh cng nghip thc phm v cc c quan qun l M s dng.
Nm 1993, T chc quc t cao nht v thc phm ca Lin Hip quc - y ban
CODEX cng nhn v ban hnh vn bn hng dn p dng HACCP ( c xem
xt li nm 1995, 1997).
Nm 1997, EU cng b bt buc p dng h thng HACCP i vi cc doanh
nghip sn xut thc phm cc nc th 3 mun xut khu sn phm sang chu u.
Sau l M, Canada, Nht ... cng p dng quy nh tng t.
Ti Vit Nam, HACCP c p dng vo cui nhng nm 90, bt u t nhng
doanh nghip sn xut thy sn xut khu nhm p ng yu cu ca cc th trng
mua sn phm (EU, M, Nht ).
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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

Nm 2005, B Yt Vit Nam ban hnh quyt nh p dng HACCP trong tt

c cc c s sn xut, ch bin thc phm ti Vit Nam.
Nm 2007, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Ch th s 06/2007/CT-TTg V vic
trin khai cc bin php cp bch bo m v sinh an ton thc phm. Trong yu
cu p dng GMP, GHP, HACCP trong sn xut thc phm v qun l an ton v sinh
thc phm.
Nm 2009, B Nng nghip v PTNT ban hnh QUY CHUN K THUT
QUC GIA QCVN 02 - 02: 2009/BNNPTNT C s sn xut kinh doanh thc phm
thy sn Chng trnh m bo cht lng v an ton thc phm theo nguyn tc
HACCP.
1.3. Tm tt v HACCP
a. i tng kim sot ca HACCP: cc mi nguy hi cho an ton thc phm ang
hin din hoc cn tim n nh mi nguy sinh hc, ho hc, vt l, iu kin bo
qun, s dng ca sn phm.
b. Phm vi kim sot ca HACCP: ton b qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm,
t tip nhn nguyn liu, cc cng on sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn, s dng.
c. H thng ti liu, h s ca k hoch HACCP cho mi sn phm cn t nht cc
biu mu sau:
-

K hoch HACCP

Th tc gim st CCP

Th tc khc phc phng nga

Th tc kim sot ti liu, h s

Th tc thm tra

Quyt nh thnh lp v danh sch i HACCP

Bn m t sn phm

S quy trnh cng ngh

Bn phn tch mi nguy v xut cc bin php phng nga

Bn m t xc nh im kim sot ti hn

Cc gii hn ti hn cho mi CCP, cc tiu chun tham chiu

Biu mu gim st CCP

Biu mu thm tra

Biu mu hiu chun thit b

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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

- Cc biu mu ca cc chng trnh tin quyt GMP: thit k nh xng, thit b,

con ngi, mi trng, cung cp nguyn vt liu, nh cung ng, quy trnh thao tc.
- Cc biu mu thc hin cc th tc v sinh (SSOP) cho nh xng, thit b, con
ngi, nguyn vt liu, ngun nc ...
2. Mc ch
Gip doanh nghip ch bin, sn xut thc phm t i mi v phng php
kim sot qu trnh sn xut, c nhng sn phm thc phm an ton, p ng yu
cu ngy cng kht khe ca cc th trng trong v ngoi nc.
3. ngha v li ch
HACCP p ng xu th ton cu v m bo v sinh an ton thc phm vi c
im ch yu l:
-

Chuyn t kim tra cc ch tiu v sinh thc phm sn phm cui cng sang kim
sot cc yu t tc ng n v sinh thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut.

Chuyn t loi b th ng sn phm c cha cc cht c hi sang phng nga

ch ng v ton din cc nguy c gy nhim c thc phm.

Chuyn t kim tra c lp sang cng nhn, tha nhn ln nhau thng qua vic p
dng cc nguyn tc chung ca HACCP, p ng c tin trnh ha nhp v i
hi ca th trng nhp khu sn phm.

a) Li ch i vi ngi tiu dng:

-

m bo nng cao sc kho, gim nguy c mc cc bnh gy ra bi thc phm, ci

thin cht lng cuc sng.

Tng s tin cy, yn tm khi s dng thc phm.

Nng cao nhn thc v v sinh thc phm.

b) Li ch i vi Chnh ph:
-

Nng cao hiu qu kim sot thc phm.

Tng lng tin ca nhn dn v cht lng thc phm c cung cp.

Bo v, ci thin sc khe cng ng.

Gim chi ph x l ng c thc phm v cha bnh do thc phm khng an ton gy ra.

To iu kin thun li cho pht trin thng mi.

c) Li ch i ngnh cng nghip v doanh nghip sn xut, ch bin thc phm:

-

Tng nng sut, gim chi ph sn xut v tn tht sn phm do cc mi nguy hi

cho an ton thc phm c tin liu trc, bao qut tt c quy trnh sn xut t
nguyn liu th, ch bin, phn phi v cc bin php kim sot chng mt
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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

cch hu hiu c xc nh. V vy hn ch sn phm hng, sn phm phi thu

hi, gim chi ph sn xut v chi ph x l cc vn do sn phm khng an ton
gy ra.
-

Tng cng s tin cy ca khch hng v c quan qun l.

B sung tt cho cc H thng qun l cht lng. Ci thin tnh nng ng, trch
nhim v hiu bit cng vic ca i ng nhn vin.

t c s cng nhn Quc t, bo v thng hiu ca sn phm, tng kh nng

cnh tranh v tip th, tng c hi kinh doanh, xut khu thc phm.

4. Trit l
Cht lng l yu t sng cn ca nng sut,an ton l yu cu tin quyt ca
cht lng thc phm. Mi nguy ca an ton thc phm phi c kim sot t nng
tri n bn n.
Sn phm c to ra t mt qu trnh lin kt nhiu khu t cung cp nguyn
liu, sn xut v phn phi, tiu th. Mi nguy c th tn ti trong nguyn liu nu
nng tri khng kim sot thc n chn nui, thuc, phn bn hoc mi trng. Trong
c nhng mi nguy khng th loi tr bng bt k bin php no cc cng on
sau nh thuc tng trng cy trng, vt nui, d lng thuc khng sinh ... Mi nguy
cng c th thm nhp vo thc phm bt k cng on no trong qu trnh sn xut,
bo qun, s dng thc phm nu khng c bin php kim sot, phng nga. V vy,
m bo thc phm c an ton cn kim sot ton b qu trnh sn xut. p dng
SSOP v GMP tt s gim thiu gnh nng cho p dng HACCP.
5. Nguyn tc: Tun th 8 nguyn tc ca Qun l cht lng:
-

Nguyn tc 1: nh hng vo khch hng

Nguyn tc 2: Vai tr ca Lnh o

Nguyn tc 3: S tham gia ca mi ngi

Nguyn tc 4: Tip cn theo qu trnh

Nguyn tc 5: Phng php h thng.

Nguyn tc 6: Ci tin lin tc.

Nguyn tc 7: Quyt dnh da trn s kin

Nguyn tc 8: Hp tc cng c li vi nh cung ng

6. Ni dung v yu cu ca HACCP
6.1. Ni dung: gm 7 nguyn tc p dng:
Nguyn tc 1 - Phn tch mi nguy v xc nh cc bin php phng nga:
L qu trnh thu thp, lp danh sch tt c cc mi nguy c th hin din hoc tim n
trong ton b cc cng on sn xut, nh gi mc nghim trng ca tng mi
nguy v ra cc bin php kim sot cc mi nguy .
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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

Nguyn tc 2 - Xc nh im kim sot ti hn (CCP Critical Control

Point): im kim sot ti hn l im, cng on hoc qu trnh m ti vic kim
sot c bit c p dng ngn chn, loi tr hoc gim thiu mi nguy n mc
chp nhn c.
Nguyn tc 3 - Thit lp cc gii hn ti hn ti mi im kim sot ti hn:
Gii hn ti hn l tiu chun hay mc cn phi t ca cc ch tiu sinh hc, ha hc,
vt l ti mi im kim sot ti hn.
Nguyn tc 4 - Gim st cc im kim sot ti hn: Gim st l o lng hay
quan trc theo lch trnh cc thng s ca im kim sot ti hn CCP, so snh chng
vi cc gii hn ti hn c. Vic gim st phi thc hin ng th tc ra
nhm bo m qu trnh sn xut c kim sot, ngn nga s vi phm cc ngng
ti hn
Nguyn tc 5 - Thit lp hnh ng khc phc phng nga cn tin hnh
khi gii hn ti hn b vi phm: Hnh ng khc phc l cc th tc phi thc hin
ngay khi kt qu gim st sai lch vi gii hn ti hn ti mt im kim sot ti hn
CCP, nhm iu chnh qu trnh tr li gii hn ti hn. Hnh ng phng nga l cc
th tc phi thc hin nhm ngn nga s sai lch vi gii hn ti hn li tip tc xy
ra
Nguyn tc 6 - Thit lp cc th tc thm tra: L p dng cc phng php,
th tc, th nghim mu v cc hnh thc gim st, nh gi khc nhm xc nh:
-

K hoch HACCP c xy dng l ph hp mc tiu mong mun,

Qu trnh sn xut ph hp vi k hoch HACCP.

Nguyn tc 7 - Thit lp h thng lu tr h s: Cc th tc ca k hoch

HACCP phi c lp thnh vn bn. H s ca qu trnh sn xut c kim sot
theo k hoch HACCP phi c lu gi y . Ti liu v h s ny nhm chng
minh k hoch HACCP c hiu qu v gip cho vic thc hin, duy tr, ci tin k
hoch HACCP.
6.2. Yu cu khi p dng HACCP
Cn c s cam kt thc hin ca Lnh o cao nht v hng ng cn b ch cht
ca doanh nghip, c s phn cng trch nhim c th, r rng c th huy ng
ngun lc ca doanh nghip v huy ng s tham gia tch cc ca cc b phn c lin
quan, xy dng v vn hnh thnh cng h thng.
Lnh o cao nht ca doanh nghip phi xc nh ng ng c p dng h
thng, xc nh phm vi, gii hn h thng p dng dy chuyn sn xut cho sn
phm c th no v cam kt u t ngun lc, cam kt thc hin trit cc yu
cu ca h thng h thng vn hnh mt cch hiu qu.
T chc tt cng tc o to, trong :
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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

+ o to kin thc c bn v HACCP (nhp mn) cho tt c mi thnh vin ca

doanh nghip hiu r vai tr v tm quan trng ca h thng; nhm to thc t
gic tun th cc quy nh ca cc thnh vin.
+ o to kin thc chuyn su cho cc thnh vin trong i HACCP theo tng giai
on: k nng xy dng v trin khai k hoch HACCP v cc th tc, biu mu; k
nng ng gi ni b v k nng thm nh k hoch.
Ban Lnh o cn nh k xem xt, nh gi tnh hiu qu v s ph hp ca qu
trnh xy dng v p dng k hoch HACCP.
7. Cc bc p dng:

Thiet lap oi HACCP

Mo ta san pham

Xc nh mc ch s dng ca sn phm

Thiet lap s o quy trnh san xuat

Xac nhan s o quy trnh san xuat so vi thc a

Liet ke tat ca cac moi nguy tiem an

Tien hanh phan tch tng moi nguy
Xem xet cac phng phap kiem soat chung (Nguyen tc1)

Xc nh cc im kim sot ti hn CCPs (Nguyn tc 2)

CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

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Thiet lap cac gii han ti han cho moi CCP (Nguyen tc 3)

Thiet lap he thong giam sat cho moi CCP (Nguyen tc 4)

Thit lp cc hnh ng khc phc-phng nga (Nguyn tc 5)

Thiet lap cac thu tuc tham tra (Nguyen tc 6)

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Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

Thiet lap he thong tai lieu va lu gi ho s (Nguyen tc 7)

8. V d minh ha: mt s biu mu c th tham kho khi p dng HACCP

8.1. Quy trnh cng ngh
TN CNG TY
QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH BIN
Sn phm

Cng on

Thng s k thut chnh

Thuyt minh

Ngi lp

Ngi ph duyt

Ngy

Ngy

CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

8.2. Bn phn tch mi nguy

TN CNG TY
BN PHN TCH MI NGUY
Sn phm

Cng on

Tip nhn
nguyn
liu

Nhn din cc
mi nguy tim n

Kh nng c
th xy ra
(c/khng)

Din gii
cho ct 3

Bin php
phng nga
cho mi nguy
c th xy ra

- Sinh hc:
- Ho hc:
- Vt l

Ngi lp
Ngy

Ngi ph duyt
Ngy

8.3. Bn m t xc nh im kim sot ti hn CCP

TN CNG TY
BN M T XC NH IM KIM SOT TI HN CCP
(S DNG BIU QUYT NH)
Sn phm
Cng
on

Mi nguy

Cu hi
1
(C/K)

Cu hi
2
(C/K)

Cu hi
3
(C/K)

Ngi lp

Ngi ph duyt

Ngy

Ngy

Cu hi
4
(C/K)

CCP
(C/K)

CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

8.4. Biu mu gim st im kim sot ti hn

TN CNG TY
BIU MU GIM ST IM KIM SOT TI HN CCP
Sn phm
Cng on:
im kim sot ti hn CCP
Ngy Phn xng .
Gim st/K thut vin K tn
Tiu ch
cn gim st

Hnh
ng
khc
phc

Ln gim st
Tiu chun
cn t

H s
ghi
chp

Ghi ch

i din b phn c gim st

K tn
Ngi thm tra:
Ngy thm tra:
8.5. Bn m t sn phm
TN CNG TY
BN M T SN PHM
Ni dung

M t

Tn sn phm
Thnh phn nguyn liu
Ni khai thc nguyn liu
..
Ngi lp

Ngi ph duyt

Ngy

Ngy
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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

8.6. Biu mu kim tra v sinh

TN CNG TY
BIU MU KIM TRA V SINH HNG NGY
Sn phm .
Ngy Phn xng .
Gim st/K thut vin K tn .

Thi im
Ni dung
kim tra

Thi im

t/khng

Thi im

t/khng

Nhn xt/Yu
cu sa cha

t/khng

V sinh thit b
Nng (ppm)
(tn ho cht
st trng) dng
v sinh thit b
Cc phng
tin v sinh/
ra tay y
Bo h lao
ng (sch,
khu trang,
ng, gng,
qun o)
..

i din b phn c gim st

K tn
Ngi thm tra:

Ngy thm tra:

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CM NANG CNG C NNG SUT CHT LNG

Chi cc TCLCL Tp. H Ch Minh

9. Ti liu tham kho

HACCP - Phn tch mi nguy v kim sot im ti hn, HIP HI CH BIN
V XUT KHU THU SN VIT NAM, Nh XB Nng nghip, 2000.
HACCP Quy nh cho ngnh cng nghip thc phm, CNG TY SGS VN, Ti
liu o to, 2005
CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev.4-2003, Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung
i vi v sinh thc phm, CODEX, 2003.
TCVN 5603:2008 (CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev.4-2003) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng
nguyn tc chung i vi v sinh thc phm, B KHOA HC V CNG NGH,
2008.
www.tcvn.gov.vn
www.nafiqad.gov.vn
Ti liu o to HACCP Chi cc TC-L-CL Tp. HCM

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