INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY Chases P. Poole, J Frank J. Owens. Ow Bscence ‘A.OHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATIONINTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGYdy te he Sam een Ne pat af ti pn pn ed eo id iy oe Sea eae mc mer mean th SoS Di ier lm Cp saab a SOUS ete ep ee ack rn, Sesto Somat ie iy fm Bee ena {Saha eso oe oo) hers eoms peg Lf aye Wey: er a Be bt et ‘niin areas san inn psady a yi wo SESS pp ey emt roy ‘nn ts fice ee ma! a tae ‘Torin enon in pan ww es er a ‘erick stare emo as sy ne Se See panei ste sn mi ee Ces ot Dt in ie ss ii se Sn st pe a | eof Cong Caen Dats “sn any FP Ome ie me pia ‘otc Bacon na) "ssn On Fe CONTENTS Proce 1 troduction 2 Introduction o Physics ofthe Sold State 21 Ste & ‘Sk Dependence of Properios 8 212 Gol Sucre 23. FaeCemrd Cob Neoparicies 12 2114 Tete Bonded Semondicr Struc 15 2S Lae Vibetine 18 22, egy Bands 20 221” Innis, Senicotncton, an Condos 20 222 Recipe Spce 22 223, Ene Bons und Gaps of Secours 23 224 Eftve Manes 28 225 Fem Sucee 29 23, Lcd Pais 30 251 Dons, Aecepos an Dep Taps 30 232 Masity 3 233 Bxekne 32 13 Methods of Mensuring Properties Fo 32. Seas 36 21 Atom Scares 36 222 Caubogagy 3752. Cao Mole 103 S21 Nee oft Caton Bond 103 522 New Cee Sours 105 52 Coton Cater 105 531 Smal Carton Che 106 533 Sram of Cu ands Cyt 110 S34 Alla Doped Ce 110 525 Siperandasy ia Cap 112 S36 targerand Siler Fllrcoes 113 $37 OaerBskbale 113 5A. Con Noten 1 ‘ms ioe 50 62. Norra Opt 155 (621 Natal Newry 153 (622 Conptatonl Prion of Coster Laos 153, 623 Asaf Naoprii inZeoles 154 624 Coal of Mea Nenpriles 157625, Nope Latics in Cote Supesons 158 626. Phaeie Cope 159 17. Nanostructure Ferromagnetism 71 Base f Ferengi 16S 72. fet of Buk Neoemetsing of Magnet Popes 170 73, Danis of Neoumagaets 172 1A. Nanopore Continent of Maat Pises 176 75 Nano Frome 177 16 Gia and Coll Magtrsiaoc 18 117s 186 {8 Optical and vibrational Spectroscopy 1 todton 196 12 Infared Fregrcy Range 196 2.1 Speomacopy of Semiconductors Exc 196 522 Iniwes Site Seemscopy 198 323 Manan Spectoneyy 20 824 Bion Secrecy 210 82, Laminscece 213 $21 Phcohminacece 22 132 Serie Stee 215 223 Themlumiesece 221 {44- Nimosraces in Zeit Cages 222 9 Quantum Wells, Wires, and Dots 91 Ineedne 226 92. Pepantioa of Qustun Nanosachres 227 93. Siw and Dinensieality Ets 231 931 Sie Bs 231 922 Condon Hacrone ad Dimeinalty 23 933, arm Gu and Deasty of Ses 234 534 Petal Wate 236 935, Paral Confinement 241 526. opens Depend Dey of Ste 242 9S. Single Beton Taelig 245 96, Applcioes 248 92. ums Dot Laer 251 97 Supeconiuty 253 SettAncembly and Cataysie or 101 SaAsenbty 257 1014 Pre of Sele Asmy 257 10112 Sonkodacr inde 54 1013 Moodie 20 102 Cais 264 1021” Na of Citys 264 1022. Srtoe Ares of Reopen 264 1023 Paves Marie 268 1024 Pile’ Gipe 273 1025 Gallo 277 ‘Organic Compounds and Polymers za 111 nedoe 281 112. Forming snd Chacon: 283 124 Paleraton 2 1122 Sino Pere 264 13) Nisa 285 1 Conese Rig ype 285 1132 Poca per 209 114 Fob 252 TAT Codie Pater 292 1142. ‘Bloc Coptymer 253 115. Sepmnlear Soca 295 1151 Tse Moat Metal Types 295 1132, Dende Moteur 36 1153 Seanelemlr Dex 302 1134. Mosler 50532 Biological Materials 310 121 auton 210 122. Bidopiel uiing Blocks 311 1221 Sis of Bulag Blocks and Nconrcue 311 1222 Pobpeptde Newwie and Prin Nanos 14 123. Null Ait 316 1231. DNA Dele Nanowire 316 1232 Genet Code and Pri Sytberis 522 124 Bolo Naoatuctee 324 124 Bamps of Praine 324 1242 Mile and Vel 326 1243. Mallee Fine 39 13. Nanomachines and Nanodevices oy [BA Mirocnomecanical Systeme (MEMS!) 382 182. Naetcromechasio Syme (EMS) 335, 152. aban 35 122 Nodes nd Nnomschins 339 133, Molar and Supramol Sie 345 'A. Formulas for Dimensionalty os AL fasicon 357 A2 Delclinton 387 AS Parl Consent 358 Tabulations of Semiconducting Mater! Properties ES Index sm PREFACE nec yarsmanochoolgy hs bcome on of he at ingot and ein feet feds i Pysce, Chen, Engoeng and Binoy hts pet ‘ome for proving wine eat fre nih many ugh at il ‘ang the econ of tele avant wde geo psn T> ‘nite he tinely wiped sizeof ir now tangy ger ve vibe an over sural cormmenny on a jet wc ‘fat dead to pode shad covege td apt no ete at ‘te same tne i sulcery mde and reagh wa an ca wie ‘sts of tht ho have «aed ow he mate td pec rhe Sle ‘The present ook bapes wo aee hee ose “The crest depen net dts bck oe ea 1996 ' 1988 when jue unde be ups fe Wo Tcnsogy Evan Cer (VTEC finde y tbe Nato See Foanson snd oer der specie, udeook weld sly of ree and deopet ithe man of me ‘eon, wi th pups of ses inp or halo van ‘Nansecinoly is tsd on te mmpaon pres ew aes of 190 ‘somes (taster 2 ilo of me) impr 1 oats alk ‘om tren now proper md bear Tistppns feces arc Wik sal ha he hati eng sce wits prec oe gu 0 > ‘Stepan rine yr The mow eel > Caron ‘Sr coum Unt we Stseme ods he echt on sop ‘Seal tena! oem ot or te bu mera ‘nines Sr rnin moos wes mano Tce Wa rs ‘aul roti eset wnt wih ng pc, {St he toe of earings Net ‘ep sling toms gat heen ne ap ee ec ‘Sic Ano nit of i ecm ee ahd pe es) ep sro end cn yw Senin pele ‘oe Ante ea ef etn he ppc san eng ‘Sion atin the spt ot ose el ow tmp SERA me de on cn nme Sc 195, SINQLE-ELECTRON TUNNELING We ne ee casing ut wi and ele lin et dpa Fig 9.1.93 Toe em acy ed upg bee ‘rss et yr ee tan sb of net es om ‘Sim Pee 2c ow a td quan Sto tnd call gh ‘Siting ns ome el a pe sens sod i dat ‘om ik Quran chan ta ngw/e he Samm dec ce of ese ‘hee te stand 8850 10°F ee coe sa of ae ‘poe Fort pa qua tat GaAs we ve ft = Lh et te ey sal wae C= 140 1 de 2 heal hw ‘hime ia mms The Gace coy Eo el pc ‘hep 0s angel by mem AE ~ of) wen gece ado ‘ste crepe the ange al 704008) vo963. tnared Detectors {FSahemn ra ee feo el idan, Sete of ar ptf tae etc ere Fig. 820 ‘he coun bt own we me eo fee fu, ed and ‘Soci tnd en Hee sown he ntead he ed Se Tel enc en is Soc nade mon ty Pg na mon Sits ond oe ake ple wine gene nl Fig 9200 sn ‘Stutsman ni 9c be oan Dep tat ‘apo wal o e uson nnd ie gunmen RE 3d comnam darby fe wl he tin “Te ogni be dsr he dn caren ae A ent pt taf acoug mae: igen pt be ce ey (ete ito) ens we r+ ak/ AGA i te ‘Bowens nig owe pennant LAA ree‘uy 221, art ey wt at van ces Gt Ate Se ‘Stem A betwee nt aed sr ew on MOPS LSGSSET ai eter ca ro [Doesctncere Prone ¥Term.1.6 Ou 88 ae Pe a pera o— bers ‘ips mae Tr donor rane open eed wag ge fem sw loom 1952, Quantum Dot Lasers ‘The ned dancer ded ah pv econ oo eye ‘Swe coy lon guna el en vhs ed ‘tele abaol ane Senn a rs Se ses ee ‘Seay les ut lv Down wih ton ee ne ‘Sane won enon ight np sed ene ‘Fn Se ih ened ys bth enromatngere) "eee epi. 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Seneonducor ands ee ft by nae pei of tnd i ‘he cara ct ysgol! heen ich eee pce ‘ptf tem ee ean agony Mt is ‘Stu deo et sai ih «cy mace st en ‘te Heures abr ies rh a re sn ‘finay eaencee Sn tae wales cee Kote ‘egg se or me rfc of me whew yee of {ho tg Tay eter ened ae ston ‘vale ite sso fr ned ted amt wae ‘om exigent mi ery ve mtr: Sl al ‘na ps ti the pts emp, Te ‘SSS ey tron si dno oper cpr mach apentn Ta ae {i intl ksi age nen ese ef ide cer wih cvs ‘Tar aewed by msrp sage whe mn of de od ‘erage on Fy hee thc mge when ea ‘Seth ue pln aae e peo esigaswik chor em Ie cae "Tau sae ane dered aly hems iter Se sero ange i fhe cman da sy al ‘ety hrf th tan er nen am ae ce (S05 apnoea rma mage wg ee ‘aed mine Ceaboy ta 30, (ant R$ 28) ag Rag #28) 181) i itt of aeons fect fe fee ‘Shes pte bef apf a Tease ‘mean en of pont Fe, of peo dia ‘Scot Rayan tht of in pi oon Te ‘ia of2 id wi nd or fr 8 aa of os ‘Sihpar oe par exes canbe wen anf[pe cach eer a pte han at ai te tn fe cairn Ee (102) he feo nd ‘pow ome sorte fw fe ar ee ‘acc bt cy eed web wg a cl sled ‘ee cry fr be po fs red! wo sine Ae ‘bf ep wate be one tinge npc fm ‘sis fr plying cvnge ft eee ene ‘Te nang teming Spe ge pemed Fa T how e ‘ean pth ef ro nates Gan) more ee ‘ose emerge Ne ome a abe a eae ott {Om he BAL sed = 0565am be Gah come ‘mem a ng (03), ach ae ge 1015. Monolayers 4. yc wi es ead ra of en ‘cen poral moma ier nd Wiens 19) The (et iat dete ih hausly pee eam ‘spec a ten wy wed a put fr be pion nd ty fea ‘imps bony asada iy so, tbo, sa nme ‘Sr sung wt nen fring te 2 memset oa ‘Se ml es eng meyer t+ mane mf wa ‘Sind ang Se eT is we eh pop, bw ‘ety mage me ens, ene, oe Se (eran roger eee kel a e's yo ‘uae ing mae cul el tovpne bere such mA A Ge FCB Ga 8 ‘aera This ene a a ing ee op ‘aruba RSM, sar RS ics RSG ae REO ad ‘Seno BSR, wore te smi Rind dsp ep oe poy ‘Ser ule dl mea Sm ad mea “COOK Te ‘Ste tence re nin, sd ie Ss iieskse ‘hig ay SA omen gl hs nd binding ee weiner hom etal eck ‘Sree mon ok wt tgs ona of ie by, be one ‘Sar wih any peepee el of i Ty ‘postal lo etree tam ean ce ‘Eire nme tracy oe led XC, SE whe ‘eal py Xmen (Ci) ad» pil ae B= fr See ‘roflmao pla pr ata i‘ees apn nga nt aera tn re Saeed teeter ee greet esl 103 Ten te CHS An CCHS UA) a ancy 124 = (43) Wie a a ps (106) nd (120) ncn ase RUTISGL TESS Sec mee pe meso am at th hesavin x fai, ly 0/3 = 03/6 bc grt IFLA R weal show ate pee mate we 5 (105) en Ose QIMG] on ‘a presen S/D), Wi bt minis Sin = 16S fo (Gor a gs. arene wim Fige bY he hw ene wean oe ‘ue 0, Omri to fo eh Sa no Dethaasans comet ane tate soem sts si wi cn ppd at Divas Seu acteaene cannes ee are Thesis eee eee oe SLD mae tyr own Sn i nay Seo acme ones oes Soe See es mgm mn hey roe sae Ye Sly ae peepee eet ter tomer Sore STs Sse eng ere env eres renee spies espace Ss year oaen ee SEES Said) ant tol eames hc enzo Se oan Savio Sean ‘ch et oe ea ey fear i re spite mee ee, Ear ae stisen ord Remsoaestey Tercmayunlowm inven ape pom son St we i ee Serna at eae pee Tp Facranmscarbewkt peed tge ota es Sera Da ete stp ad a Bilas cnent npr epoca rear me ityeee ——— ge 8, etn et. an 10°C ma SEAT Se a eto ee haer Sen ‘sco mone (ou ham be) set fo a g ‘RE veaa are pow R non amo, Car OATTereon 2) ‘om 1:2 Onan tema i estan ae a oom ews ad which elton pu wep Fg 113 sas ‘set of ews eo ee as ri a i ed {te mate f+ sonia mat any, pape senna 0S, The fe ss wate pep ytd rs ‘iy dead he iin at, oem ein op 3044 20, ‘pment (A) dt ot spiny cr hea of ed {ice birt hss potunced eet me sega Lao ‘fen poe) sna sree eter sisted COjCN ns nano Lives meg dP IO esoet ‘ergs darn tony i ce pn 0 ee eth 20,6, 8 i pe 8 ea a SSRagn fam Oueseat moron Sue. 81) 1024, Pitan aye hs need wih ae beter te on Wifey a ad ‘far conc prs a epee nd kn ‘SiSpe cues acon of he th iT cle atl (Exar (Cer To, Lt 200 cane ad ty ice se ‘Sor eer scommodne he bbe i hae pce Fie 1015 hws pie meres een td Fi 1016 trea metre ‘ems SxOq(0H, Tee etal ptfa sed aed ‘iow ne sl ose poms bewe te fg bd (Sire M0), mck tal mance mat no wi eg 4 © Sir tipi’ nae ree ope flaey "he co be darned tow of to mimi ca se eco wil et wou the par cy elspa, nw me ‘in (A) pcs oe al hed ele FO) Tasca NinstpSovauclty 0 heh le oot We ‘or 7, Suan 0, ann nt en Shee es hry be rapesan ss ase ade ean up and toa ser eof Bat tre ad pole Uist or ce bere eon ty sham plan at ha Ingest hows nF 0S al ay oi ten of ee Por vase earl se ie Tv deni poe rsa yh ney ps ae bwsnome p Th mst ‘eat ple ape teed emp LCD he lege aed i tf te post che Ay ogni, ch be te fein AlsOCO(%O},)", or aba {SOUNCON, HO}, Te sum ton ue Spd by eee, ‘how se urge in cnopcad ure ated Fig 08 whe og pn as pe en The abn at ‘Sete i one coy sensu bey eel a ‘Smug sma ety cnr Fp. 19 To keg ts pep ty an 1S pe fester haan ee SUGLOR" ner AOD ATLOR hE cs teeny cnet frm anno Tis pe a be many eld yw 7A ae mgt nce OR) ‘ee 8 A ema ty ate oney mm ne tne ne Dotitirtestseseeaeeirnsaet eee ‘Som trend ss cnnsenedoaa te poorhome #0 st aera of nO, ‘sting, a ae per hs tasty a cat ‘Theron eso sac ep oe seen rg yt (Poms aba msn NO Ph Coan se oh See a Hag om fe sian ie 65 wt se te en a igh pln ‘ante cum ie las ermine ae he a ‘eve pi of errant pr nA)" = aman ay te maga on pr angus obese la, to he spt a/c sonm ae nes of ame ene eras ¢ het ‘rte of shot Ota bowen pau ap ere fa Se ting rd cy fw bal ping of Sant re ws [pom /p dyes name of 2020/0 ‘ee inprat pe f pd a cnect peie le the proce of ta stn, whch an be fh Lv Bd pe cane me poo san When pile cy a ew Fe ap capone rg a koe ‘ils aro leap an at gem Bod ‘Si. Lows nse pnd oh le yt on ‘i plas by Stpoane. cr Se mma 6 OH gene Tol he {ieamecf the sto be Pi etn ey ag one (Gig) ar sn ed ed pce nes netic Tecra ‘std tooo a 03 ges Lei sd ‘intr 1350em pcb Bnet “he dus el hs ened li hy apo ilaed y be agg. lr pet nore mar ne lt ‘oc ee poe ae sed a lie Exp ftom pl Sen ep nin 0 et en Srrtapotteane an teen Seon nt ony a sie ‘nko 8, cuttin nd et $0, sped yea TH ToGig wl es yan ral ted yong «bog ‘Seite emo ihe mr se me w= ‘Snuiy cme of 2 Ferra, Se bn eal wih = 6 ty moving een soc nee ight we ot "on eit ‘Samal eben of byt ins roms of mpi aon coe ‘Stef mine meal perc of te nade NRX moar ‘Sic te caer NR en Xp at rt of Oo ‘Sen Fig 1033, heal on of dame fam 13 1m a ‘tae! ty tying he ton lof he eRe (Lam I Sem BSG Nd sam) CaM Pan), Fe 0mm), Co Gan ‘A (10am he bron hae aig aed fom ee ee niga. opie be he tte set oe, eit ‘30 dens wot baa Arsnopnt nad Spero =m ae ‘ge 02 ten tn perc tn tan a Me Saymni tiered We bh Crwig he ie SH Kos end, le a he ae 5k ols a! en DA AS we Ze See Snag ed pe se Pe a os FURTHER READING ‘A.C, Ppt Pil Cad he Ci Pepin Moe, Garin se eeeeer wore Alig rato innit ep at ati Spam Chey ‘Seto a 0, Ce {stp Km Mem ht, ge Bi, 198 He CM han Be Rint De Se afb net soon i oe, 4 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND POLYMERS {on an12 ay lhe ona by cna (~) a ora (ate ‘ecient ny ea cel yw «mH ay (ye (©) nd abr hn el some pane ml “ae es temp gerne pcs fj eerie ‘nai ca bean bw ths tapers Sone a ad ‘olrng te ee Samper O0) abecouaes ee Sas Stesppec 11.23 Potmerzaton ‘pari comp’ igs ker wih hn med fm ping ‘ah cle mower. Te mnt flys pur compe! ih Sliema bn oper pet ng te year ‘acon atm pote for ermple nse er hese coed ‘Sra $C a har a mle t a Opeing phe ote ond ems escent Cc aa steeper of mean om er rae ROCCE CECE CEC CC CCR US) eu one moenenongugm‘emo ape cer it an fem epee f= ap Whe A te met ral “CH a Bh meal —COOCT, i ‘eer per mature ch tne in Cpe 9 aT ‘nly hs ra wpe been 1 an 1 aoe ED gd, ‘Sith eke wag ef be moa Cf,=C1CI,)CO. CH = eB See {ete 100s 1000 monomer i a! Pe fe ‘es mater af terme sh a (eC) ed (GACH) Nil er oar ne ee ee ‘Teta fn erp de The mt Bmp hy oe ‘ote mle san cmp fsa Cason ene Har mre 1122. Stawe of Polymers ‘yma pe sii by er mar wo nd 0 doe fen primp ed mene cae ea {2 yom oft pt ed Te ae Ym Ses ibe oes (Gob) ata nemo mcr nt Md day pny none: Me ane) th My ah a oa lam pe mel 9 re Coe g/Gr Ife spe of mma fly ts vy ae ‘Seen ting ey decom thn rah ene fH ee ke ‘tof eve (110, wes weal Soe ant 0110 (6) "nm any ‘Rs xp re fr he ape of te, bt tb a ete ‘Deve eno pa of ut ager te mole oe ‘Sinsce Deen ne tno fom ei geey at fe vole Bes Oy ice oo Cee eee Gc) pee ae tan § ei a. 9 ‘Mifare sone of dance B aol ag (be) mie me ‘hie esau damee Dy een epee 26 = PU wh 0 -@)"9G)"-Q"AE)" om “Taw eine aoe perm we genio fi et (ago enero of 2 gh dame ad oe aa Soot mine scan)" an ee iD tnd te the we of ace, Ths expos ali gern SseD> al > eet he ius be empl’ ‘ein pms ora aly tape at oss el ‘Sir iS dg'Sae a re nowe The cei es ‘pee we ew fe yp = g/t coco i ey (iyo sce mw poo estes sw opel pre Ee ‘So weg ne tng om 1" 1 De 11. maNocRYSTALS 11... Condensed fing Type | ro eo we a be done in he pe, sing, nd pin of ‘Spat mach, crcl eo some, mh CS, {Ghana tela and Adel ses, ath ta oe ‘Spee esto une sacra eaap of se ee ‘Scmnat el a pep ere ‘Sonn At ring ee ly wy cd Soe teeee ‘Be maar ats wm ot oon ts acacia Nay 9 ont Sotunein ts fey mee st emt ce apn me ‘Speci emerson hh. Te sy of ep wih 1 Sil home po, pe tain eee yal Bw ‘rect peo te hs Gin Tee ey Be ‘inn tou of ya et ped yes rm. The ‘inte yma can py eg cos, ager ‘ng poses bye eo arcs ye ater ote are we cet re so fh son Ie Se pe ase? set aa bate wre ‘ae, rapes apne nt nme en gh See ecole teen nor ten in 1 pose gen ig 117. 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