TRUONG BAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI ThS. PHAM VAN COITRUONG BAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI ThS. PHAM VAN COI GIAO TRINH TIN HOC CHUYEN NGANH CO HOC BIEN DANG VA CAN KIM LOA! & NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOILOT NOI PAU Su phat wrigh het site nhanh ching ctia cong nghe thong tin ve dien nk vidn thang ad mung fai nhiinng higu que vo cing to ten, Trong tal cd ede Tinh vite KHTN, KIIXH, cong ngitiép, nang nghiép. ti chink, giao thang, chink phuc WH V0. kitdng necink ndo fa khong ste dung tin hoe. Ngdty nay, bat cdi ai wen hanh tinh ching ra déu c6 thé truy nap véo mang thong fin todn cdu Internet dé nda bat ahiing gi co the. So vi ede mide Kc, Viet Nam dein vei cong nghé thing tin kha mugn. Mai toi ndm 1989-1990 moi cuit hien sihiing may tink XP, AV vit citug nhd 16: dg trae dei thong tin rat han che. Déu nay, olac iit od ede maie Khde, ching ta ad sit dung whine nedy tieh (PC) veh cong nghé vi xit (8 rae fogt mash nbedt the’ stot Intel Pontinm W cd ve 6 cting, bo uhd kin te do tinh todn, thc mdn yeu cd elie nyu tie tia, Mai dety, Nhat Bete dd ton cat waciy tinh 6 thé tage ign 108 300 18 phép rinhlgidy. Muy tink nay c6 edu tee goin wit 1024 bo vi wit 15 ghép Iai. Va gen day phat, heing IBM viter cong bi ke Treas h Igo re tong S nda adie ctia thién uién ky her hoa loui may rule nhearl nhait mang ten Blue Gene vii kha nang fink todn E vigu 6 phep tink! gid Tre nhidn maby tinh met chi fet cong cu. Nhitug phen mém itng dung trong cde fi vue cits te cin ret thd, tat cai gist luc etia nuttic ngodi. rong tinh vite Tuyen hime noi cining va cain kev kim toai ads rééug, c6 thé néi re elwia ne ed diige mot phan midi e0 yhi ted nao mige dit ching tu c6 khé phiéw cong ty lidw doonch san audi thep wl matic ngod Dé ed duore mot phein mém Kini dé ve eéing nghé can kim lout, te gid dd bat chine nghicn eve 18 nltiing nein 1994 va det dt diac aiiting, ket quid what dink, Cong vide nghién ctiut va kei und deat dete, wen mate being thuc 12 cong nghé phen mém con qué non iré vita Vier Nam céing datge khiing alfah fi moi trong shig bude di idt yeu in crime nghé thing tin trong aganh theo tinh thin Nght quyét O71NQ-CP ngdy 5-0-2000 ctia Chink phic vé phét wien cong nghé phan mént s6p phn CNIE- HIDH nén kink 1 nude nha, Trong phem vi mar gido wink “Tin hoe chueyén agank Cain kins loai “cht xin duge gigi thigu migt phan ote ubitng kei qud dé, Nei dung cia cudn sdch yom hai phan chink: - Phdn mém cong nghé can Luh ven may edu hink ¢@ nhc tien we (Dau vaio «hety did hid the 18 eile mot 86 cos sdb - COng ty Hien donk sin xu thep edn vai nuiie ngodi = Chiang tinh ling dang cong nghé cin tain Dé de hidia, ci huai phi rien tay dung nay dae teink bey liaci dang - «Cu seb 8 thayét tin bow cdg nghé edie hiiah vei tina;“Duda tacin, clarong teint vet mot 90’ ket qua tint todn Negord rat gic trink edu gid thigu téing qu mgt v in dé ma uhiéu can b6 vd sinh wiry trong mgt quan te, 6 12 168 anu ceing ne cin Mine NgeSE Hen tuc Nhitus phiin mém cong nghe eda kink ve tdin diege chiay cdi trong wrueng TURBO PASCAL cing nlut trong nubag C++ wen ad Windows, Grdo irinh git thigu niga sé nét hai qudt va ket quad iia phdn mem cong nghé can hinth (thép tron ve tip gév) chuty troug MICROSOFT VISUAL C++ 6.0 Séeh ditve vidi cho edu BO, sinh wien, NCS nganh CHBD va Cain Kim foul 6 Kien thie cor bain vé Tis hoe c0 86. Day 10 mor mon khoe hoe melt nen ngi dung, bo exte cla sdch 66 the 6 con 6 dtidin cluta hup 15. Tee yi cd om aidtug extn sith viens DO Quang Vuong, Phant S¥ Hing, Nensen Hang Phong dd hod tank suit sae nhigin va hot idp va NCKH theo hating dé fai dd dicge giao, ceim en nbiing § high dong s6p v4 phe binh tie ban doc. Tie giMUC LUC Trang Loi néi dau 3 Phan thé nhdt: CO SO LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG NGHE CAN HINH VA TAM 7 Chiong 1: CO SO LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG NGHE CAN HINA 9 LL - Dai cwong 9 1.2 - Phuong phdp tinh HL {.2.1- Thiét ké lé binh thinh pham 12 hinh vung trude tinh 13 1.2.3- Thigt ke 10 hinh dvan tude tinh 4 1.2.4- Thi&t k€ cic 15 hinh kéo dai 15 1.2.5- Tinh van te - Cuong) vuot trude 24 1.2.6- Tinh luc, momen, cong suat dong co 30 “ Chuong It + TINH KEO CANG VA ANH HUGNG CUA KEO CANG 33 IL1- Khti ni¢m chung 33 11.2- Ap tuc kim loai Ign truc 33 1L3- Ap luc ring M IL4- Mat tigp xc 36 T1.3- Ap luc rigng va kéo cing 37 I6- Xie dinh mémen cain a7 1L.7- Do co that ctia kim logi khi 6 kéo cang a8 1L.8- Vurgt truéic 40 IL9- Kéo cang gitta cde gid edn 40 Chuang lil : CO 86 THUAT TOAN CONG NGHE CAN TAM 45 Nhitng cong thite giai tich 46 11+ Ap luc rigng trung binh theo Selicoy A.L. 46 I11.2- Chiéu dai cung bign dang 47 IIL.3- Phuong phaip Stoun 49 IH.4- ‘Tro khang ciia kim loai bién dang 5 MILS- Lye cain to’n phan 52Co ban vé phuong php sé IIL6- Tinh tuc va cdc TSCN can tam bang phyong php s6 két hop yi phuong phip Lai giai phyong trinh vi phan Thuat giai TIE.7- Vai nét vé t6i uu qua trinh cdn tam nguoi 111.7.2- Phuong phap diéu khién toi uu Phuong phap dicu kién tdi han Phuong phdp quy hoach dong IIL7.3- Mot sé cong thitc co ban trong thuat todn Phan thit hai; THUAT TOAN - CHUONG TRINH VA KET QUA TINH TOAN Chuong I: THUAT TOAN VA CHUONG TRINH CONG NGHE CAN HINH L1-Nhing yéu cau co bin 1.2- Thuat t cang 1.3. Thuat todn can hinh trén may can Tien we 1.4- Chuong wink tinh cong nghg cén binh thép tron wen may cin L5- Chuong tinh tinh kéo cang va anh hudng cua kéo cing 1.6- Chuong tinh tinh cong nghé can thép g6e Chuong i; THUAT TOAN TINH CONG NGHE CAN TAM HL.t- Thug ton tinh dp luc kim loai len true H..2- Thuait todn Uinh cdc TSCN co bin khi can tam IL3- Thuat todn edn ti uu cong nghé céin tim Chueong Hl: VAL NET VE PHAN MEM CONG NGHE CAN HINH CHAY TRONG MICROSOFT VISUAL C++ 6.0 TREN NEN WINDOWS TiL.J- Vai nét vé ngon ngit Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 trong Tin hoc chuyén nganh TH.2- Phin mém Cong nghé can hinh T)L.3- Thuat todn PMCNCH M. Visual C++ PHU LUC (Dé thant kixio) 1- Chuong irinh tinh CN can thép géc chay trong Windows 2- Mot sé két qua tinh todn TAI LIEU THAM KHAO. 52 53 55 ST SF 61 61 64 64 67 69 69 7 74 79 Ol 102 13 113 116 118 121 121 121 7 138, 138 162 174PHAN THU NHAT CO SO LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG NGHE CAN HINH VA TAMCHUONG I © SG LY THUYET TIN HOC CONG GHE CAN HIN J.1- Bai curong Nine ta di biét, hon 80% sin long thép trong cic nha my tuygn kim duce dura t6i xung cén 6é sin xuit thép hinh vi thép tm, Ching loai thép hinh hign 6 ti hang nein profin khée nbuu. Sin phim thép hinh don giin chicm khong 50-60% trong todn bd sin long thép hinh c& nho, cB trung binb vi co len. San xudt edn kim loai 6 Viet Nam hign nay di dat duge nbimg thanh tyu dang ké, Ngoai cde co s& sain xuat thép trude day, tir nhiing nam 1990, ching ta da cé hang Joat cong ty lien doanh véi nude ngoai véi tong san hrong dat khodng hon mot trigu tan. ‘Theo ke hoach phit trién do Téng Cong ty Thép Vict Nam dé xuat va duge Nha nude thong qua thi dén nim 2000, Viet Nam cn khong 3,5 wigu tain thép, trong 6 riéng thép hinh, thanh, day I 2 trigu tin va 141 nam 2010 ching ta cn e6 khoing 7 tri trigu tan, chil yeu phuc vu xay dung. tin véi tron 50% Ta thép hinh. Hign nay sin Iuong thép can cba ta dat hon mot Xuatt phat tir ty 16 thép hinh trong toin bd sin lreng thép cin trén thé gidi néi chung va cia Viét Nam néi rigng, vige tinh torn cong nehe sin xudt thép hinh, 13 rang gite mot vai 1% vo clng quan trong. Thép tra, hep XBy dung lai chiém mot ty 1é én tong thép hinh.Vi vay bai ton ding dung tin hoe eo ban nha vA quan trong nbat 4618 diém qua nhing nét chinh vé 1y thuy@t, tren co s6 46 sit dung kign thtic tin hoe dé lap ra thuat (oan, chuong trinh img dung - hay hoan thién hon - mot phan mém hoan chinh tinh todn cdc thong s6 cOng nghé- nang Iuong edn hinh - sin pham théep tron ede Joai v6i duvomg Kinh khdéc nhuu tir phoi kich thuse bat ky. Nhu vay dau vio chuong trinh ing dung Ih kich thude phot va sin phém. Chuong trinh img dung sé tinh toin kich thue 16 hinh, t&t cf cde thong sé cong ngh¢, nang wong cdin thiét dé cAn loai sin phdm theo yéu cau tir phoi da cho. bé tgo ra thuat ton va chuong tinh chiah xe va nhanh chéng what, ta diém ¢ thding 1d hinh hien dang duce sit dung rong 12 nhat dé cain thép tron. qua mot s6 Phu thude vao kich thude profin, chit lugng thép edn, loai may can vi nhing yéu 16 ke ma nhimg eo 88 sin. xual sit dung ning phuong php khac nhau dé thép tron. Trén hin 1 bidu dig mot s6 he sheng 16 hin phé bien hon ca,Phot Hinh 1. M60 x6 so dé edu thep won sit dung cde he Huing t6 hink kheie: nhan as Ovan-VHENE: De thoivndng: c: Ovan-Ovan can; ds - he thong 16 hinh ng hop; e:~ hé 16 hink sit dung cic tb kink mudi canh. Hinh ta a so dé can thép tron theo he théng 16 hinh dvan-vueng trong nhitng 16 binh tho, sau dé dai cin vao 16 hinh vudng va tgp theo dé vao 16 hinh }van tude tinh va tron tinh Day Ja hé théng 16 hinh phé bigh nhat duoc nhiéu nude sit dung. Tyi Vier Nam, he théng 46 hinh ndy cing duroc da s6 cde cong ty dang diing tren thuc 1, Phuong phdp cin theo hé théng évan-vudng dang duoc sir dung rong rii dé can thép thanh, day tén ede may edn theo hing va day lign tue cling ohu dé can thép tron dudng kinh 10+ 30 mm trén nhiing may ein hinh c& nho lien tue. He théng 16 hinh ovan - wuong duae dic trung béi hé 36 din dai lén. Diéu nay rat c6 ¥ nghia khi cdn nhiing sin phim thép hinh cG nho. Trong trudng hyp diéu kién cain chi cho phép sir dung dan dai nbd, nding 15 hink kéo dai c6 thé Ja thoi-vudng. Vi vay ngudi ta sis dung he thong thoi-vudng dé cain thép tron cé dugng kinh ir 30 mm ud len wen ede may edn binh c& trung binh (hink 1b). Dé can thép tron ngudi ta cling sit dung he hén hop nbiing 16 hinh tho-la tap gp ede hé: hoi-vudag va ovan-vuong. He théng 16 hinh Ovan-dvan canh (hinh 1c) eting duge str dung nhigu trénciic indy can hinh c@ nho lign tue mac dit can theo hé théng 18 hinh nay thi hé s6 dain dai khong Ién- khong 1,3-1.4. Tuy nhién lwong din dai ny wen mdy cdn lien tue, dic 10bigt 8 é:nh6m eda tink, hodn tod dim bio nha dua sn pham thep tron kich thude Aivdc nhau. Hah 1.d 18 hé théng 16 hinh tag hap ding dé eam nhimg profin tehn sr thép chat Luong. Con hinh 1d Behe thong 16 hinh mudi canh str dung cho vige can sin pham tron dutmg kink 100-300 mm. ‘Tic wu viet cua nhing bé thong 16 hink ten, chuong wink tng dung tinh cong nghé edn thép tron duge thiet ké theo hé thong 16 hinh van-vuong - = Yuong-Ovan-ton. Hinh 2. He thénig 16 hin thiet wong chung wriuk toag dung. Nhu ten da n6i, day i hg théng [6 binh sir dung rng rBi nha. Phoi cip cho he théng 16 hinh nay [a vuéng canh AA, . Thong thudmg fuign nay phoi ban diu ela cde co sd sith xi 66 kich thude vuong tit 100 «100 mm tro ken va de mn thép on Vi bé thong lo hinh Svun-vuong, ngudi ta thudng su dung pty cin tho ba rue 110. phoi vudng canh AxAy. Tren co 6 phdi canh A,xA, 4a cho, hinh Ovan-vuong- .... ~ Yudng-Ovan-tron edn xde dinh thudt toda va lap trinh, Thual toan va churong trinh ting dyng duge xic lap thee cae bude sau: n phim dung kinh d xdc dinh, he thong, = Phuong phap tinh, = Cod tinh tesa. Sau khi chuong tinh thue hign vige tinh tofn nhGing thong s6 cong aghé nhu: he s6 dan dai , luong ép. ede ich thude 14 binh, dign tich tigp xc, dubmg kinh can. ap hee tigng, lve edn ton phan, momen, cong sudt viv. + ket qui cha chuong tinh tinh cong nghé sé duce sir dung dé tinh kéo cang va dink hudng cla Keo cing. 1.2- Phuong phap tinh Dé dé higu ta gidi han bai ton trong vige tinh todin céng nghé can san pham thép vin xay dimg tir 10 + 30 voi mic shép 1a ede toai CT, hich thude sin phim rung binh. Nhu d& phan tieh J trén phiin dai cucmg, he thong 16 hinh the ithong dung duge chon 1a hé thong lé binh hop chit nhgt-vudng,, cc gif thude hom can {rung va can tinh ding hg 16 hinh ovan-vuong, ba 1d binh cudi cing 1B vudng- ovan-tron: Hé théng 16 inh phé bign nat, Hé théng 16 hinh nay en phil hop voi thuc 1& thiét bj iia nhigu co si s&n xuat 6 nutée ta, Vi hai ba dim kich thudc 16 hinh hgp IY, khong ba via, kim loai dé an vao tryc, te d@ gilta cdc gid cn thich hap (bing céch tinh todn chinh xée wong vuot tmuée) vi cui cing [a phai dim bao diéu kign bén ciza thiet bi va cong suat dong eo. Nhu trén di néi he thong 1d hinh 6van-vudng cho phép sir dung hé sé din dis 1 Idn, nhiét dO vat cin déng déu va gidm ft. Déi voi can tho thi he chi nhat-vuong con phi hgp v hé ovan-vudng sau dd. Khi thiet ké, ta c6 thé tink todn theo huGng can hay di nguge tir 16 hinh tinh, thinh phiimn t6i 15 hinh tho (phoi), hay tinh xudi tir phoi xudng, hode di tit hai dau vao gid. Voi ching ta, san phi: di cho (bidt uude), phoi cling biel true va tinh cho nhiéu loai sin phém ¢6 cach tinh wong ty ( cling a thép tn ) nén ta hanh tinh tir san phim len ti phéi. Trong phn nay chi uinh bay céc bude tinh, eich tinh va nhiing céng thie tinh. Viée tinh toan cu thé sé duge chuong trinh thye hign bing may tink, MOt s6 ket qua tinh cho nhing san phim cy thé duoc trinh bay trong Phdn tne hai. Phuong phap tinh gém eae bude sau: - Tinh toan 16 hinh tron tinh. ~ Tinh todn 16 hinh ovan inde tinh. - Tinh toda 18 hinh vudng trudc trudc tinh. - Tinh toan hg 16 hinh kéo dai ovan-vudng. - Tinh tofn vugt truéc, van te can. = Tinh todn lye, mémen, cong suat cin. 1.2.1 Thiét ké'lé hinh thank pham ‘Theo kinh nghigm, dudng kinh theo chiéu ngang cia 16 hinh thanh phim phai nén I6n hon theo chiéu thang dimg 1 + 2% do nhiet do theo hudng ngang 1én hon theo huéng dimg. Vi vay khi nguQi, kim loai 6 phan ngang sé co rét nhiéu hon, Hon nia do diéu kign ma sat luén thay déi dé lam 16 hinh bi qua diy, gay ba via. Thudng lay: d,= (1012 + 1,015) d,-A+0.014,, trong dé; A - 1A dung sai am. ‘Thong thutmg A va 0,01d, xdip xi nhau nén ta c6:d, = (0.012 + 0,015 Jd. trong 46: d, - dudng kinh sin phim trang thai ngudi. Hinh 3. Lo hinh won tinh. 1.2.2+ Thiét ké'Ié hinh vung truée tinh ‘Thong thudng canh « cha 16 hink vudng ude tinh lay Bs @=U.0+ 1d -véi thép tron nhé, dudng kinh d = 5 +20 mm, a= (112=1,19) d+ v6i thép da 66 dudng kin lém hon 20 mm. C6 thé xac dinh diéa tich hay canh « cia 16 hinh vudng theo duéng biéu dién quan hé gifts hé so kéo dai p tir inh vuong nay t6i thank phdm v6i dudng kinb d cla 6 Ninh thanh phém (hink 146, thi ligu (2 ] } hode theo cong thie kink nghiem: Hinh 4. L6 ink vuong.Bang t Pudng kink Chiéu dai canh a. Ban kik lug. khe hot siin phim Tie 0620 t shigusying Ol Se a 1 Tibi2=032 ( Boa vitinh bang: mm > Vige chon kich thuse enh a eta 14 hinh vudng can phii xuat phat tir kha nang dan rong 6 [6 hinh evan tude tinh, Phuting nu theo he sé din dai trung binh thi ju cGa 16 hinh tink bing 1.10 + 1.18: eda nbing lan edn trude tink p =145 = bh. dudng kinh stn phim ra tacd: (ily Khe ho tue can 6 = (010-015 jee, 1.2.3- Thiét ké lo hink ovan trade tink Vé nat Ly thuyel hinh bau duc nbiéu ban kinh Ji thich hop. Nhung khi dé de hink dang te hints r dé cn ra duge thép van ehinh xi phii dims lve thong bb i qua trinh eda s€ Khong Gn dinh va khong thé digu chinh duuc kich thicke mot each Tong rai nén he 16 Rab ndy it duge ding. Khi edn thép dn nbo thi hinh dang [6 binh bau dye thuting Li loai mot bin kia va vdi lout nbicu bai kénl: c6 sue chenh Tech khong Jn. Loai mbigu tvs kinh chi ding cho eda thea ta co dudug kink [én hon 60 mm Coal 16 hinh biu vue 2 hoge 3 ban kinb ). Lugng ep trong he 18 hinh ban duc nay cdag khong nén gud lon boi vi chat lugng bé mat cua 16 hinh bie duc sinh hiring true tigp een chat lugng sin phim. VE nguyen tic. mucin cain doe Hip woe 6 hich thude chind xtc phai chon ty 90 chicu rong Wen chicu cae: BA edit lo dink Ovan may cho ehol. Seuae lai, khi até 16 Tinks ovan nly s@ rat klte Ga vt oe niet lida suOng dame a Sam ett debi xoan di: e6 din hudng khi di yao 16 hinh trom tinh, Tih todn 16 hinh van truGe tinh di tir vie xde dinh chigu day fr cua nd, Chiéu day nay phu thude vio ligng din rong iia dai can trong 16 hinh ton, DE xe dink chigu ckiy fe ta ed the dua vio hing 31 trong [6] Vinhogradey A.P Lap tren cu sd kinh nghigm. Mot phuowy phip hie ke ai dé xdc dink kich thude cra to hinh dvan mét ban inh, tir bidu dd tra duoe tY sO fd va tim due chicu cao A, Con dua vio bigu dé trong 84 lieu [2] (rang 134), cu theo bigu dé nay ta fam due gid Wi hid, tit d6 ta tinh duoe #, dng titi ta cling tim dug bin kint R eda Lo hinh avan: bahay Ra - 12) tuba ‘ Dign tich eta b6 hin ova tude tin Ke 2 po Mheth+bt= C13) 3 1.2.4- Thiét ké 6 hink kéo dai Sau khi tinh toan due kich thude cde 16 binh trude tinh, vdi hg ta dang xem yuong - ovan - trdn. tinh duge canh 16 hinh vudng «,,. theo cong thie (1D. Cong Ligp theo [a phan phéi hg so din dai ciia cde cap 18 hink kéo dai va cia timg 16 hinh, Nhu di dat can tho fa hop-vudng. Git sir sau hé théng hop-vwong 6 phéi vudng A vao day cain dé Gen, hé théng 16 hiah chon [a hé Ovan-vudng vi hé 16 hinh lien te. Thue 18 tai cic co sd, dé sin xuat thép tron déu ding phoi vuéng. Phot mhy due can theo he ovan-vusny cho tdi sin phan Won, Tromg chyong tinh ting dung tinh cong ngheé sau nay. phoi sudn; co canh La 4,. Trong tue té sin xuat, mot s6 ct so ding phoi canh A, kich thutie hh rhau. Dé da dung c6 sit dung bai fogi phoi ean Aol v2 Av? gid tri theo yeu ode ma Ge su co. BRI Snhaw dé cin va thép tron dugg kink khiie hoa vice ding phéi canh 4, khée nhaw. yong chung inh dng lan di vao ey thé hon: Tinh cong 102 ¢ cain thép tron duBag kin «tir phi Ao] hose Trude hat, dé tinh due nhing kich thude khéc cla 16 hinh, cin tinh so lan sin cho ting loai san phim. Theo cac ti ligu, 86 kin edn tinh theo edug tite sau: ig - bh, C14)Tuy nhign trong Turbo Pascal, cong thie (1.4) ein viet fi: LAF, 4B) ne CLs) Ltt, trong 8: py 12 he 36 din dai rung bin, Vi he 10 hinh oven-vuong & day LAY fy = 1,35 la hop Ly. Biét kich thude phoi vi kich thud eta 16 blah = 2, dé ding lah daege 86 lin can w. ‘Tir day ¢6 nhigu cach khie hi dé tinh todn cic thong x6 cone nghe. Tis ign tinh he sé dan dai che titng cap 16 binh. a Tinh toan vac phéu bo hé 86 din dedi cho cae 16 hink “Prong cdc tai Lagu [2 [3]. {5}. dé dua re ning phucng php Kose nbaw de tinh, Trong tai ligu [5] tic gid dua ra mot 46 thi dé tra cdc hé s6 kéo dai cho ting cap ovan-vudng, tir dé tinh duge kich thude ctl 18 hinh yudng trong cic cap vudng-dvan 46, Phy thuge vio canh 18 hinh vuong trude va sau 16 hinh ovan ma ed thé tinh duge kich thude cia 16 hinh ovan. Biéu dé trang 134 ea [5] che phép tra duge kich thude 16 hinh Svan, sau dé tinh toan cde thong s6 cin lai. Tuong tu nu vay, trong tai ligu [3] tie gid cing dua ra mot sd biéu dé dé tra ede thong sé khi biét mot vai thong $6 66 tude. Da s6 nbimg i liu may due xay clung wen co s6 kins nghiém, Trong tii Tigu [3], tie gid Minkin A.B dua ra céch tink hé $6 kéo dai ah sau: 6 dan dai tng p,, cho cc cap 16 Kinh 6van-vuoag tinh theo = (56) irong dé: A- «-canb Id hinh wuong, cdn D,, - dutng kinb truc can. Céch (anh niu sau; Bat dau tir 16 binh vudng thi n-2 wd vé dau, tinh , va ety da bict. Dién tich 6 hinh vudng thi 2-4 tinh theo cong thife: Fat thes es a7) “Tir cong thie ( 1.7) 1a 98 tinh duge can 18 bink suong thint Bc,» Sau khi tinh duce canh 16 hin vudng a, ., thay vao cong thie (1.6 } tinh duge thir hai theo a. ¢ icp tue thay vao {1.7 ) tinh dén kich thude phoi gan ahat thi 16dimg lai. Theo cach tinh trén ta da tinh duge kich thuée cic 16 hink vuong va tinh . duoc dién tich mat cat 16 hinh vuéng theo céng thitc: Fy = dy, - 08673 (18) trong dé: 1, la ban kinh lion dinh cla 16 hinh vudng, ‘Theo bang 1, bin kinh lugn r, ¢6 gid tri: 1, =0.15e, b Hinh 5. Lé hinh van. ‘Figp theo céin tinh chinh xde hé sd dan dai u,, ciia img cap 16 hinh theo dién tich thue xée dinh béi cong thite (8 } ¢6 tinh t6i ban kinh gée lugn 7, . Hag = Pal Paa.2 Sau khi tinh duge hé s6 din dai j1,, cla ing cap 16 hinh, hé sé dan dai lén nhat 6 céc 18 hinh ovan duge tinh theo céng thie: nr lee PR Ia AD (19) 18 a V2 ‘gt Me isl He s6 dain dai 6 16 hinh évan xc dinh theo cong thitc: f He Po trong d6: p1,,,,— hd s6 din dai 16n phat trong 16 hin ovan thi 4, duge tinh theo céng thiic (1.9). Dé thdng nhdi vuding. cia 16 hink 6van, cou iT 1d chi sé cha 16 hin 17He x6 dan dai 6 16 hint vuong, Hist = Bhatt (1.10) Tu nhiing bigu thtie tren ta xae dink duye dign tich 1ict dign 46 Binh. b- Tinh oie kreh tinsée eta (6 hink évar Kich thude eda cdc 18 hinh ovan ddi bdi phi tinh todn that chink xe mdi dam bio dign day 16 hink va khong bj ba vis eting nhu dig kign an phoi. Trong ti fisu [3} . tie id coi qua trind cn nhc mot quid sinh chéa Chink 5), ki ein 1 16 hiinh Hinh 6. Tinh (6 tink dau dai. nay sang 16 hinh khéc, vit cin gidm dign tich, chigu cao va din rong sang hai ben. Goi ¢, Bag s6 din rong, theo Minkin A.B., c6 thé tinh thee cong thie sau: 6 = ARJAF: Voi: AB, = F< Fy, con AF = Fy Fay V8 Fy she Fyshybe Bn = Fue = hide: Thay vao ta c6: oR (L1l} Véi he théng 18 hinh dang xem 1a ovan-vuong, tic gid dua ra cong the Unb he s6 dan rong cho hai 16 hinh nay nbu sau: ~ DOF V6 IG hinh dvan: 1 =. L123 3 Ah, hth, +h) Ah la ° 1+12,S4C) 4h,+D Ahh, R 0= Déi voi 16 hinh vudng: 1 (1.13) » 1415dh, (4h, +D) trong dé: AN =~ hy; D~ dudng kin trye can; hy ~ chiéu cao cia 16 hinh phia truée; I= Alda; a- Khi can phai dim bio digu kign nay. Néu khong sé bi ba via, khong dién diy g thite dé tinh todn kich thude ctta nh 16 hinh vudng. 16 hinh. Trén co sd nhéng dan giai tren nhiing con 16 hinh 6van sé nhu sau: Dien tich ctia cdc 16 hinh évan co thé tinh theo (hinh 7): Joie = DR2aresin —-—— B,(Ry =p.) + Bolss (14) 2R, fy = (hy 1)I2- trong dé: R, ~ ban kinh 16 hinh ovan; b, ~chiéu rong cia 16 hinh ovan; h, ~chiéu cao 16 hinh ovan ké ca khe ho truc can; h,, - chiéu cao 16 hinh ovan khong ké khe hé truc cain; 1, ~khe hd gidta hai truc. Chiéu rong miéng 16 hinh c6 thé tinh:(LIS) (1.16) b= hy (LAT) ‘Tinh AF, . Theo hinh 7 cd: (1.18) AB, = Fy AP ape = BH Fc + Fusced Tir quan he hinh hoc tinh durge: = 0 SRyaresin(hf2Ro}- O25H if Ro - (05H, OA I Fonce Force = 0,5h,,04, 007 OA = 0,51, AB OA=0,5h,-Ryll- [I= \ ar, 0 “Thay vio (1.18) ta c6: BY, tes BY, fe Peg oe mt B- 1-07 aresin Hog py, Hae \ 2p “ Ine (1.19) Whit - (1.19) ‘Theo hinh ve, dé dam bio dign day 16 hink thi: F,- AP, = Fy AF e - dign tich 16 hinh trude va sau khi cd; Ag, AP - phan diga tich 16 hinh dur khi khong c6 din rong ya c6 din rong Ta cong thie (1.11) ta cb: (1.20) “gong 66: F). Fier 20AP, = (AP AP,, e571 hé sé dan dai cla 4 bink tht / Mat khie ta lai co: AF, = F,-(Ficy> OF iy: ) Hay? AF gy 26, (B,~(Pinn ~ AP ay Di thay vao cong thie (20) bidu thite sé ta: 1-, THe ~ AF, ~ Fo (12h) lec, : Talaicd: —F= din Cong thite (1.21) 58 06 dang sau: (1.22) (1.23) Suy ra: 2 Beg UHH E, wu pravesin et BEE O™ MB) Peo V2BY, 2B VPM ew vai) (1.24) Tuong ty tinh cho 16 hink ruins Uae Ak, ths. fe at (1.25) 2I-¢,,,.) Ciing trén quan hé hinh hoc tinh duge: AP = FF ane AF an ~ Pat) ‘Thay cdc gid tri vio cong thie trén, sau Khi bign d6i, nhgn duce: Png AF, = F,-0,5h} a (1.26) vy, 12,028, 2- 2 2 Ak, =0.5h, I=% [1-2 wv (127) Qua cae cong thite (1.24). (1.25 va (1.26), (1.27) nit ra hai phuong inh sau: HK, — [H,,-€, 4) - ot (1.28 ) 128, -O.2y) v2y,u,4l-c,) (att dy.) +05p.-w,? 05, tee <9 (129) l-e 2 Két hgp véi cong thie (1.12), hé 36 din rong 6 Lo hinh ovan sé ¢6 dang: 1 ©) = a [21 11, E1004 ee, (2 /y,-1) 1B. | Bog, PI OW, 2H WY Hy we v se V te (1.30) trong d6: D, =D, -h,: h,~ chiéu cao 16 binh thi. Cae he khong thtt nguyén B,, y, a nhimg ham sé phu thude Jan nhau p, AB, Wy) v8 ys, =fOy;, B). Ket hop véi digu kign (1.13), sau khi bién déi, gid trib duge tinh theo céng thie dudi day: B= 0.24 bly) 12¥) (IH ) (31) vy flee) pee Me aed NM 1058 fe Ge Ge D1. 32) VP sag, Va, Vige tinh todn 8 66 thé dugc bang ciich két hgp hai cong thife (1.31) va (1.32): BO 21 428,53 Sa 22Diu tien tinh /, theo cng thie (1.33), Bay ! cong thee khé chink sic cho. két qua gin ding vai f, . Sau d6 tinh higu f - f"" . Néu oho hon 0.004 thi Hy git Ct B= Bi". com néu L6n hom 0.001 th lay gid tr) A" mai bang /,- Bo") thay vio 32}, (1.30), (1.33) tinh tdi khi thoa min digu kign higu nay nho hea 0.001 thi dimg Jai (xem so d6 thudl toan dudi day). cy (1.30) Hinh 8. So dé thant toda tink | Baw ¥ Be 32> Lau ket qua 23rhit & day lay bing 0,001 - tuy chon. Tat nhién cang nbd cang tot. Thyc “16, gid tri may bing 0,00) 1a di bao dam do chinh xdc cao. Viéc tinh chinh xé trong Vi tit cde thong sé nay ta tinh duoc cdc thong sé cOng nghé cia 15 hinh. cde thong sé khong thé nguyen #, %, ¢, la rat quan Qua cae phan phan tich va xay dung oie cong thie tren, 06 thé t6m tat cae bude tinh toan nhu sau: - Tinh toan cac hé sé khong thir nguyen £ , % (theo so dé thuat todn ); - Khi da c6 cdc hé sé wen, tinh cdc kich thude cla 16 hinh 6van theo cong thie (L17), (19a); - Tinh cdc thong s6 khdc nhu: hé sé din dai, bin kinh 16 hinh Svan ... 1.2.5- Tinh van t6c - Luong virot trude Déi véi may can Hien tue, vé mat Ly thuyét, €é qué uinh cin én hanh dim bao thi yéu céu cong nghé quan trong nhat 14 phai thoa man diéu kign thé tich pidy khong déi (Const ). Nghia FV, =F, hay: FY, = Const, Pan BP (1.34) trong dé: F, - dign tich vat can di qua gid thit i cla may can Lién tues tc cita gid cain thit i clia my can Hign tue; nn ~s6 gid can trong day can lién tue. Talaicéhg sO dan dai: = Fy/P,. Suy ra: y= WM Nhu vay néu biét duge vin t6e eita gid can cudi cling cha may can lien tye oS thé tinh duge van te céc gid con lai. Nhung trong thye 1 khong thé tinh nhur voy duce, boi vi trong qua tinh cn lien we c6 tham gia thinh phin vugt ude vA ir€ cila in téc truc can. Goi s 1a lugng vugt tude tinh theo % thi cong thuc (1.34) duge viet lai 1a: FY (49) = FV.0 +35) 2 = Fy Wy + ya) = VC + 89): C135) hay: PVC + 8,) = Const Nhu vay, khi kim loai ra khdi truc cain van t6éc ciia né 1én hon van 1c truc. Thong thudng thi gid tri vugt uude » dat Khodng 346%, 04 khi len t6i 10%. Qua d6 ta thay doi véi nhiing day chuyén cén lién tuc hign dai, e6 van t6e can 16n vA qua nhiéu gid cn, néu lugng dur (Iugng vugt truéc) may tinh khong diing s 161 kim loai bi nén (ching) hode kéo cing. Néu ing suat kéo cing qué lén sé lam dit dil cam, con 24néu dii I6n thi kim loai sé khong dién day 16 hinh. Van dé kéo cng sé duge xem chi tigt hon & phin 1, chuong I. C6 nhiéu phuong phip khéc nhau tinh lugng vugt tude. Trong chuong trinh & day gidi thigu phuong phdp tinh vugt truée bing céch quy vé tinh dudng kinh goi J “Dutng kinh cn“, Ban chat cita phutong phdp nay Ia: gid sit van t6¢ kim Logi ra khéi tue cdin 1a y,, van t6c géc cla truc Ao thi van téc-¥, = OR, _v6iR, hay (D,) la ban kinh (duemg kinh) cén phai tinh. a) Co sé tink todn hung vor trite Trén hinh 9 nhan thay néu b6 qua lugng din rong va khong c6 su kéo cing trong khi cén thi phuong tinh can bang cac hinh chiéu cia cdc ngoai lye téc dung len truc cain theo hudng chuyén dong cua kim loai tren hé tou d6x, y, 2 khong phu thude x vao s6 true edn hay su tao hinh nhu thé nao. Hink 9. Tinh vier triréc Phuong trinh can bing nay cé dang: Wr, ~p, iggexdy-2 Ir dety=0 (1.35b ) trong dé: 1, . p, lan lugt 1a ing suat tiép va img suat phdp wen bé mat tiép xtc gitia true cain va kim toai trong 16 hinh. Theo [3] thi quan hé gitta img suat tiép va ting suat phap t, =p, d day pt la hg so ma sat gitta bé mat kim loai va truc can. Tri sé ciia 1 6 thé duge tinh theo cic céng thite kinh nghiém sau: w=, 1,05 - 0.00057 ); = 0,05 - 0.00051 - 0.0056 , trong dé: &, ~ hé sO phu thuge vio vat ligu lim true céin, k, = 1 néu truc cdn 1A gang hay thép: t= nhiét d6 kim loaé can; vy - van te can. 25Phuong trinh can bang thé tich: Fo.=Finy trong dé: vy, Fy van te va dign tich cha kim loai tai vi wi cd toa do xs vy, ,F,~ 1a van tée va dién tich cla kim toai khi ra khoi true cain, Nhu dit phan tich 6 trén, vin t6c v, = Ro. Khia = J, (I, 12 do dai dogn vugt tude) thi : Y= R, wcosy: vai R, = D2: trong dé: D, - dudng kinh trén tryc toa dé x, y, 2 (xem hinh 9), y+ 1a géc trung hoa. Mat khac lai co: FE Py F, + dign tich mat eat tai vi tef gée trung hoa Tinh gid tri thuc cla 7 rit kh6 nén khi x = /,, 66 thé kiy cosy = 1. Khi dé: RER, FF, (1.36) Gid sit tri s6_ ¢, = Const. Ta sé ed: Fes Fut ty Py Fos (1.37) trong dé: F,,- dign tich mat cat tai a khi khong c6 dan rong; F, - dién tich khi chya cin. Chiéu dai doan edn: VAh.,D, (1.38) D,=0.5( D + D,): Gi wi Ah, = AF/ANB,vs day; AF - lugng giam dién tich khi cdn; N - sé truc cdn; fi, - hé 86 phy thudc vio mite dé bith dang va hinh dang 16 hink. Hé sé nay 6 thé xac dinh theo céng thttc: + fl, Madey: Ye v6i: 4,--d9 dai phan kim loai cin: 1, - 46 dai doan edn tai toa do y val, = VAID, , (Ai, 66 thé tinh todn dya vio cée quan hé hinh hoc trén hinh 9). Tinh ton cdc thong sé va thay vao (1.36), do dai doan can sé 1a: 26(uD? (1.39) 4y,B,(l-¢,.) Hinh 10. Tinh 16 hinh vudng - ovan. Tri so yy tinh to’in duge theo quan hé hinh hoc; edn gid tH By ~ 6 ovan bing 0,85. Dien tich F,, tinh theo cong thie: Fy. = Fy + DPud- VIR Vi dai lugng x°/R2,,< 1 nén e6 thé bd qua. Do d6 cong thie trén 66 the viel Iai nhu sau: + (Fy Fo Ps (1.40) trong do: Fla dign tich vit cn ra khéi truc khi khong ¢6 dan rng. Fy, =F, AF, = Fy (For Foy & day: Py =(F, = FyeMll-c,)- Thay céc gid tri trén vao (1.36) ta €6: Fy + (Fo Fy elh. (141) Fe ‘Tir bidu thie (1.40), khi x = fy SE 6:Foe Fy=F y+ (Byt FPP (1.42) Tur cdc bidu thitc (1.36) va (1.42) biéu thc Lop sé la: i= IV O,- D-DD, . (143) Tu hinh vé, dya trén quan hé hinh hoc ta thay: + Dai voi 16 hinh vuéng: D,=D+ 2. (44) hth, yo =05 Ry 4y)2R, (Ry + (145) 2 - Doi v6i Is hinh ovan: D,= D+ yIR?, (1.46 ) Yu = OSH, = al2 (147) ig9 = UD, Thay: py = Pipi T= Tp =H Pop YAO (1.35) ta 66: -Néu D,< D,, thi: 1 " byo(l- —) -2] 1, dv=0. (148) HD. . n -N&u Dy> Dy: 1 vo byy(1-—)-2 J Ldy=0. (1.49) wD i p Thay cdc ti s6 da biét va gidi hai phuong trinh tren, dudng kinh D, cho cae loai 16 hinh s c6 dang: 28 - D6i véi 16 hinh 6van: — dD we y, 1 D,= Dit ), ut > (1.50) wD ub, \ 0 0 - Déi v6i 16 hinh vudng:(LSI) Sau khi tinh duoc dudng kinh Dy, so sénh véi D, ; néu tai 1 hinh nao 46 ma 6 D,>D, thi cin digu chinh Iyi D, theo cong thie tinh sau: D, D =Di14¢ * ‘ D 15 (1.52) trong dé 6 1a hé sé digu chinh, tinh theo céng thite: 8 = 0,032 + 0,737x +0250 khi xc, 5= 06x +031 khiX>LS. Di’ —D / D-DD a day Df” 1a ai sé tinh duoc theo cong thie (1.50) va (ISL). Tirdé ta tinh duge dutng kinh cén D, cita cdc 16 hinh theo hai cong thic tren. Tren co sé cia D, s€ tinh duge sé vong quay cita true can cting nhut van te true va van te kim loai ra khdi true edn. Dé [a bin chal cila vige tinh Twgng vugt trude theo phuong phap “Duimg kinh can", Gid tri vuot tue tinh theo phwong phép di néu wén té ra kha chinh xéc va duge nhiéu nb& chuyen mon ip dung. Trong chwong trinh ting dung tinh cong nghé & gido trinh nay, cach tinh trén di cé higu qui cao. b) Van te truc can Sau khi tinh todn duge duéng kinh cn, van tée vong cia truc cling dé dang duge xac dinh, tren co sé dé 06 thé tinh duge van te cila truc tai cde gid bat ky. Viée tinh todn duge bit dau tir gid cudi cling nguge lén trén. Gia sir van tc cia gid cudi cling theo yéu cau 1a v, thi van t6e vong sé 12: 60v, a, mD,, 29S6 vong quay cita truc gid rude ds 60 n=—" (54) Dy by tong dé: f=(n-1) 1 An te géc Va van We dai cla true 88 Ru a, = mH {30s (LSS } N= Rue (1.56) trong dé: Ry = Pie: (157) n tich 16 hinh thit ¢; Fd 6, - chiéu rong 16 hinh thiti. Van t6c clit kim loai ra khoi tue duge xe dinh theo cong thife: aR. (1.58) Con gid tri lugng vuot truéc, bin thutmg duge tink nbu sau: vi “Tt 100% (1.59) y Ke 1.2.6 - Tinh todn luc can, mémen, cong suat dong co a) Lite edn ia. Sp Lue cain P con goi la dp lyc ton phin ciia kim loai tac dung len truc luc nay duge tinh theo céng thife sau: Peps. (1.60) Ap luc riéng ( N/mani? hoac kG/mm? ), trong dé: Py 1a dp luc trung binh P,, - dign tich tigp xtc gitta kim loui va true can. tinh theo: (1.61) bday: L= VR4h - la chigu dai cung tiep xte. Cho dén nay. chua c6 mot céng thitc I thuyét nao hodn chinh dé tinh p, 30Tat ca fc tac gid déu dua ra cong thife bing thyc nghiém. Mat khdc d6i voi cong nghé cén ndng, edn cdc loai thép khéc nhau thi dp lye riéng py st kha nhau. * Dudi day 12 mot trong nbing cong thee tinh dp tue trung binh cho edn thép. Theo Panzunov V.A. thi: Pn Py Ky (1.62) tong dé: DP, Ap lye riéng e6 Igt Chitu ich ) Khi cn: K,~ hé s6 tinh 16i dah hudng tr khaing hinh thie ben ngodi, Ap luc riéng P., 1 nim phu thud vao nhiet do can. Cu thé nhu sau: Khi nhigt do cain lén hoa nhiet do chay - 575°C T" -u" +75) ag: (1.63) 1500 Khi nhigt do cain nhd hon nhigt dé chay - 575°C : By (1.64) 1000 trong 46: TY, - nhiét do néng chay cia thép: r= nhiét do cai G,, - tng sudt bén cia kitn loai. Gid tr) clia K, xde dink theo: — 2V RAR K o=l+f¢ -) (165) r fyth, trong dé: f = he sO ma sat git kim Toai va truc edn; hy, h, ~ chiéu day kim loai tude va sau khi cain; ARAN = L - chiéu dai cung tiép xtc. Kat hop ahiing biéu thiée (1.60), (1.61), (1.62), (1.63), (1.64) ta c6: Kai (8 > (Ty 575 PC hh 2v Rah TU" +75") Pu =| lett -) |-+ +, (1.66) Ath, 1300"~ Khi t2< (Ti, - 575 Cth: oe CLG? Y b} Mémen can Momen cin M, do lyc can sinh ra vi duge tinh theo cong thie: M.=2.P.a; (1.68) trong dé: a -cdnh tay don; a= AS + 0,50) = (0.45 + 0,50)VRAM khi edn néng; a= (0,35 + 0.45)L = (0,35 = OASVRAN Khi can ngudi. c) Cong sudt ding co Cong suit dong co Ny, khi can duye xdc dinh: Na = Mani (1.69) trong dé: @,, - van te géc, xdc dinh thea: 04, = 1/305 nt - sO vong quay; M,,.~ momen finh tren truc dong co. Momen finh dat lén truc dong co M,,, 1a than phan chinh cua momen tai trong qué trinh edn. N6 bao gém momen cén v8 momen ma sét J o6 true can, xe dinh theo cong thie: MoM, Mygo ott (1.70) ni trong dé: = M,—- momen can: Moos - momen ma sat tai c6 truc cin: Mose = Pf ts GO day: f - he sd ma sat cé true; i ~ dutng kinh 6 true cain; 1), -_hé 86 truyén dong hiu ich cha may m= 0,85+0,93; i - ty sd truyen. 32CHUONG II TINH KEO CANG VA NH HUONG IL1- Khai niem chung May can hinh c& nhé ign tue (MCLT) 18 duéng cong nghé chinh dé sdn xuat thep hinh trong ede nha may luyén kim. MCLT duge dic tumg boi cong suat truyén dong lon, e6 van We cao va mite dé cao vé co khi hod, ty dong hod nhiing cong doan chinh. MCLT li mot he eo dign phic tap. Dai can cé thé xem nhw mot thanh gin chit vao 6 d& - 18 cic 1 hind. Tren dai e6 tic dung tai trong déu do trong luong dai, do lye hung tam t10 ra bai quy dao uén cong cba dai chuyén dong va do luc doc di tir true cain (luc kéo cang hay nén). Ca vé ly thuyét kin thue t& 6 nhiéu co s¢ MCLT. dtu rat ding khi coi dai! mét thanh due nga cting tai hai dau - 16 hinh. Su tic dong vé luc eta cic gid qua dai cdn tao ra trong dai luc kéo cang hoac luc nén. Vi khoang cdch giite gid cdn cia nhém ean tinh la lon (3-4 m) ma kich thud tiet dign diii lai nhd nén vige cain 6 nén 6 ah6m nay Li khong thé ¢6 duge, Nén dai duong nhien din dén su tao ving kim loai 6 gitia cdc pid can Kéo cang 1a m6t dai kvong quan trong ca cong nghé cain hinh c@ nho lien tue Neuyén nin chi yeu gay ra kéo cing (a sit khong déng bd van t6e ca cde gid. NO yéu 16 chinh duh hucmg dén kich thude sin phim, wong 46 kéo sau gay nhiéu dink hudng hon so véi kéo truéc, Khi xuat hign luc kéo dng trong dai, luong vuot trude lla gid trade d6 sé tang va cling tang luung tr vao gid tiép theo. Diéu nay din ¢6i vige tao vong kim loai gitta hai gid va 16i sir gidim ko cang dén mot gid iri xc dinh béi su chénh lech van tc teue eta ede gid Hen luc. Nhung yéu t6 anh hudng dén qué trinh cain lign tuc kha nhigu nhu nhiet do nung khéng déng déu theo chiéu dai, dao dong kich thuse phdi, gia cong 16 hinh vv... . Nhung yéu t6 co ban can xét t6i [a su chénh Igch vin téc, nguyén nhan chinh tao ra luc kéo cang, DE c6 thudt todn va sau dé viet duge chuong tinh tao ra mgt phan mém tinh tolin cdc thang s6 vé cong nghé. 16 hinh, vé nang luong cho cée loai sin phim thép ton eding nhur xem xét van dé kéo cang, trude tien ta cin diém qua mdt sO khai nigm co bin cia cong nghé edn hinh hi c6 kéo cang. 11.2- Ap luc kim Joai én true Ap luc kim loai lén truc 14 mot trong nhing théng sé co 86 dé tinh cae chi tiet clit gid ciin va céng sudt truyén dong. Ap lye phy thudc vio nhiéu yéu 16 hur kich 33ahude, rong Lo hin - da dau rou vints phat kin lout ¢ luigng &p, nhigt dé, van tee can, ma sat, Keo cAng: edn Tinh dige dinh hudng cita tat ca ese yeu 16 tren FA vide Lam het sife khé khan, khong thyc higa due, Vi vay khi tinh ap lye kim loai len truc néu nhy khong néi agudi ta phai chap nhda bd qua mot loal cdc yeu tw. Ap lue can tein phan: Pod, frde=pF. a7 i wong dé: p.- dip Luc ring eda kim load len true: F ~ dien tich tigp xtc eda kit loai voi true fu chigu rong trung binh ciia bé mat tigp xde; #- chigu dai cung tiép xtic IL3- Ap lye riéng Voi can hinh, nhiéu td dua ra cong thie tinh dp luc. Trong tinh todn, thi ké ngudi ta sie dung chu ygu nhiing cong thée cla Treemarey A.P [7] hoac cba Selicov A.L. [8f Theo 1 emarev A.P., dp luc ring tinh theo céng thite: cho ving tre: PL=lt2fo" a GL72) cho ving vugt trude: -o (11.73) tong 46 fig ~ chiéu cao hién thai ciia dais hi, - chiéu cao ban dau cita dai; & ~ gdc an; Jf he s6 ma sits G. 9) . 5, - tuong ting tr khing bica dang, luc kéo tnude, kéo sau: yet ~ 6c cla ligt dign trung hod, 6c an: R - bin kinh truc cén_ 2 A. P.. khi cén hinh ndng, viéc tinh toda cong nghe sit iung h€ sO ma sat cao, can vi ko cng, tit biu thite (11.72) va (173) ta c6 cong thite tinh gid Ui gée trung ho’ khi cé kéo cang: 34[Bytes free 2 a7) h a = Ny Uy Rye ra ~ ect ase Ra 2p VR “2AVR Va nhu vay, ip luc riéng trung binh 6 thé xéc dinh nhur git tri trung binh tich phan ctia dp luc riéng trong ving bien dang: “ate , = Hint + intao) (i1.75) Sit dung cde biéu the (11.72), (1.73), (IL.75), sau khi bién déi ta c6 cong thite chung tinh 4p luc riéng cho ca ving vugt trude va vung tre: : hi A p, 22/1 wtill ey, nie arl ~fen ft nse /Bo+ IR. RR, a G, AL yy y Race fy, a Se 7 (11.76) Biéu thie (11.76), néu cn thay gid Ui yy tl bigu thie (11.74) sé rat phite Vi vay khi tinh ton cong nghé ta c6 thé sit dung cong thde kinh nghigm tinh Ap | rigng nhut sau (1.66): Cu thé 1a, theo Pazunov V.A.: Khi nhigt do cain 7° > (ty -97S°Y' C thi: (+75?) P. «of! ate “I 1 (77) Khi niet do cant." < (ty," -S75°)" C thi: _o fare) 2RAR_ » mf ist Je aE a) yi, - chiéu day kim loai truée trong dé: i sau khi can; R, Ah - ban kinh truc va luong ép céia Lin cd 2,° = nhiét dé chay ciia kim loai edn; 1" = nhigt do cain; 6, ~ gidi han ban cla thép can, R& ring cOng thie kinh nghiém (11.77), (11.78) tinh todn rat don gian va kha chinh xée, Qua thuc t€ tinh todn, ket qu do cong thite (11.77) va (11.78) cho ra va cha (11.76) chénh lech nhau khong nhiéu, 6 thé chap nhan duge. 351L4- Mat tigp xite Thong thug dign tich bé mit tiép xtic gida kim loai va tryc can duce xée dinh theo cong thite =1b, gong dé: f ~ chiéu dai cung tigp xtte: b,,- chidu rong trung binh cit dai can. Gia tri Fed thé wie dinb nhu sau: ; t=VRah oughta Bb, VAM hovic khi biet gde an thi, i Rsinw (U.79) Tuy ubién Shi eda trong 16 hinh, qua trink xay ra theo mot mat cdu phic tap nén sige xd¢ dinh dign tich uép xtc vhigu kho khan, Song ta van c6 thé dang xe theo (11.79) Vi nhing 16 hinh don gidn, gid ti long ép xdc dinh theo: phuong phiip gin dting tink dien tich bé mat tg a Ah=s 5! , (1-80; hb 4 Be hoe ee wongds: FB. Fs ehidu cao tung bin cia i ruse va sau Ki ein A Theo (YJ va [10] ta e6 dign tich tip xtiez d6i v6i 16 hinh vudng can tir ovan 0,73b, Rh, — A) 5 (81) di véi 16 hinh 6van can tir vuong F =0,54(b, +b, (RU, — hi} « (1.1.82) trong dé: Ah, - chidu cao dai trude vi sau khi can; b, by - chiéu rong dai tude va sau khi cain: R — - bin kinh trac theo giita 16 binh, Theo [7] , véi cOng thie (11.81) thi: b, = V2a,. a, Bvcanb hinh vuong: h=b, vai, Wi chiéu cao cia ovan.Vili (2.81) ta cd: b,= Ih ~chidu cao cua Hct dign suoAg: h, ht, ~ chiéu cao va rong cha ovan, Digu nay odin chai ¥ khi viét chuong trinh cong nghe. ILS- Ap luc riéng va kéo eang Noi chung, khi edn c6 kéo cing, dign tich mat tip xtie gidim do do din rong gidm. Trén MCLT, ko sau 6 dinh Ineéng higu gut bon dén su gm tue can 90 vii kéo truGe, Kéo sau ign quan teyc ticp ti ving (té, cba kéo true - yong vuet bude ‘Prong digu kign can thue 1€, chigu di ving u€ Ion 1én hom so voi wing Suet trude Didu nay git thich vi sao kéo sau Lim gidin lye ean nhicu hon so vét Keo truée Ap luc toin phn giém khi c kéo cing, cht yéu FR do sy gidan gp Ive ciéng trung Binh (161 92-97%) , cOn Tai (3-89) Ta do gidm dién tich bé mat tiép xc. ‘Theo Treemarev A.P. [7], bhi edn 6 kéo cing, dip lye ritng o6 thé tinh theo cong thie!” : - can trong 16 hinh évan cé kéo tude: Pog = p_A8- 0.03665) : G3) ~ cn trong 16 hinh vudng c6 kéo sau =p, - 0.076); TLB4) wong dé: p luc rigng tung binh khi ean nedo. IL6- Xe dinh momen can Vige tinh toan momen cdn cé thé theo dp lye ring Hen tye hoae theo lye ma sdt ligp xtic. ‘Theo phuong php thi nbat, timh che mat truc. ta cs: M_=P.a. trong dé: P-thinh pha te dung can bing cita uc can: cba et -cdinh tay dn cit lye can. Khi cén co kéo cing, gid tri cainh tay don a co thé xde dink theo: = MIP, UL85) _— we ++ G day ede cong shite chi dmg dink cho he ting 6 bin ova - yudey hie etre dy ca 37Trong diéu kién can 6 kéo cang, theo Trecmarey AP, momen edn c6 thé xe dinh theo cong thie: 0, -Q, 217.) sna, (IL86) 2p - M = pb? (Wsina—VI-'? trong dd: b,- chiéu rong trung binh eta dai cai Whe 5 ciinh tay dn khi can néng; @ - gdc ain; 0), Oy - lute kéo trutée, kéo sau, Dé tinh duoc momen theo cong thife (1.86) phai biét duce Q,. Q,, hay o). 0, « Vigc xac dinh ting sudt kéo trude 6, vi ting suat kéo sau 6, sé duge dé cap ti d cudi chuong nay. ‘Tinh ton 6, , 6, cho may céin lign tuc (khong phai bing phuong phép thuc nghiém) 14 mot céng vide phife tap, mat rat nhiéu thi gian va cong stic. Tuy nhién day cling 1d vain dé ma gido trinh dé cap dén. Voi mot mie dO kh chin xc, ta ¢6 thé sit dung cong thife (1.68) dé tinh todn mémen cin khi c6 kéo cang. Voi cong thifc (1.68), ap lye kéo trung binh di duoc tinh theo lye kéo cang (11.83), (IL84). Néu tinh theo lye ma sat tiép xiic, momen can c6 dang: — — 1 i , jh od IR ol th hk, 1 tha -s, M=2f.o°h.R | a-2,! tg (aretgy) a- | In ' + | . R 2 Va ar Ve h 2 \e o (IL87) Luat phan bé Ine ma sit tiép xtic cfing nhu lugng WS vA vot truée trong 16 hinh chua 6 cong thuic that chudin dé xée dinh. Vi thé khi cn trong 16 hinh, hién phd bién hon ca, ngudi ta xzic dinh momen cAn theo phugng phap dp Lye kim loai vic dung len truc. Khi cin c6 kéo cing, momen can giam khi c6 kéo trude va tang khi cd kéo sau. Mémen nay bing khong khi lyc tic dung can bang (lye cdn) di qua tam true. IL7- D6 co that kim loai khi can co kéo cang ‘Ta sé coi su gidm dan réng tu do do kéo cang 1a d6 co that dai kim loai can. Khi gid ui kéo cang dui Ién, sy dan rong bang khong, tham tri dat am. Vai kéo cang lon, chiéu rong cudi ciing clia dai e6 thé thm tri nhé hon chiéu ‘Trong, truting hgp nay dai cdn c6 luong din rong am. Vi thé, viée tinh ding gid ui kéo cang nghia 14 mot tri s6 vita dit dé lugng din rong nhd nhat (howe bang khong) e6 ¥ nghTe 38quan trong trong vige thict ke 16 hin ctia may can tiga tic eding ahur trong vise wie dinh ché d6 can ti wu. Theo tac gid [7] v6i dai tie’ dich vudng canh 15 mm, gid Ui Keo cang Kin bon 3.5kG/mm? d9 co that ing manh (ngbia 1a gid imanh sudan rong) do su chay deo cia kim loai gitia cic gid. Su mitt dai xay ra khi ding sual kéo cang dat tit § KGpany” td len, Do co that dai tao nén boi do co that dai 6 vimg bin dang va do co that gid cac gid cén va 1a ham cia kéo cang, We dé bién dang, chiéu di Khong cach vida cde gid cam. Kim loai cing 6 liu irong ving bién dang ed Ku cang thi dy dain dai deo Gallongement plastique) cang Ién. Khi khodng ciieh gitts cde gid edn nhd vA van we can 1én thi dai khé din, thuding xeat hign su dit mong kim Loa ‘Trong qui uinh can od kéo cang. diéu kign big dang cila dai gid ede gid edin vi trong ving bién dang khie nbau rat xa: We do, mie do die dang Kim lou tong viing bién dang ldn hon rit nhiéu so v6i d gitia cae gid cn. Vi vay giot han chay ctta kim loai giita ede gid nhé hon tre khiing bin dang trong viiag bicn dang, Neu toe dd gilts cdc gid venh I6n. dai hi co that vi 66 the bi duit. ‘Trong thuc t€ tinh to’n cong ngh a hinh ta thitng sii dung céng thite tinh lugng dan rong sau: i. LI.S88) trong dé: ht, - chiéu cao cia dai true khi vao 15 hinh: R,f- ban kinb truc va hé 56 ma sat. Voi tict di on Kh kd hinh wudng ta thay dé dang: hab=V2a. Con déi véi 16 hinh évan, thee Treemarev A.P., Trernobrivenco Y.S., Culacov L.V., Onisenco LL. (11), chiéu réng {6 hinh van cé thé xiie dinh thee cong thife: bab) ° ° (IL89} trong dé: 4, dy - hé 86 hinh dang 1é hinh, xéc dinh bing thye nghiém:; 0.1604, bose: (1.90) “a, -0,625 k ~ chi s¢ trang thai img suai: xde dinh theo tinh todn hoac thye nghiém. 391L.8- Vuot trude ‘Thudng thudng, vuot tude tinh theo hiéu thie (1.59) hay: (LOL) trong dé: vy> van téc kim ogi ra khoi trac; ¥, = Van 16¢ truc cain, Tai mue 1.2.5. chuang 1 da gidi thigu phuong phip tinh van We edn va vuot true. Sau khi di tinh duge lugng vuot trude khi Khong ed kéo cang (cin ty do) 1a di c6 thé tinh gid tri nly tong digu kién ¢6 kéo cang: - cho 16 hinh 6van: § (0,0220°, + 0.1060, +1); (1.92) - cho 16 hinh vudng: SUl- 0.0107, 0.016,) : (11.93) - cho 16 hinh tron: Sno = $ (0.0207, - 0.226, +1). (lL94) 11.9- Kéo cing gitta cde gia cain Khi 6 sy vénh (dc d6 gitia ee gid cita ma can lién tue, trong dai can xudit hién luc kéo cang (hoac nén) . Kéo cling hoic nén dai c6 anh huGng dén cic thong so dong hoc (dinamique et cinematique) bu: kich thuge dai, vot trude, ap luc, momen can Vi thé vide xdc dinh lye kéo cang hode nén dai cn 1a can thict khi tinh todn ché do cén, 16 hinh cing nhu cong suat dong co truyén dong va do bén gid cn. Khi giai bai tomin cdin néng dai véi 1 56 Mir, 1dn, ngudi ta sit dung digu kign ma sit t= 44/2, 6 day k- gidi han chiy thuc, & = 1.156, vahg sé ma sit cao: f= 0.5. “Tiong cain néng, khi tY s6 I/h,, In, ¢6 thé dp dung diéu kiga ma sac =o," Trén co SG dinh luat thé tich giay khong déi qua mot vidi dign bat KY tren duimg ciin lién tuc, déi v6i bai gid lien tiép nhau, ta c6: Ros Rs Ib A | Pig Bvt Tx, b (L935) A Atrong dé: - vam We gid edn Tl: Redh - lugng vot truée. Dé tinh gid tri gée wrung hod y, khi cd kéo cing, Trecmarev A.P. [7] dua ra cng thie nhu da bist: im Tr i Rol thot 1 lha-o A 1 Yu = a? w a fon "+ ! a (11.96) 2FR hy oR o Theo Trecmarey A.P., bicu thie (1.96) Ia két qua vige gidi téng hop ede phuong trinh tinh dp lye rigng trong vung té va ving vugt trudc Khi c6 kéo cing ket al t= jo". at ty, ning diéu kien nay phi hop voi can néng va due nhiéu nguti str dung, hop dinh ligt ma Con khi tinh t6i din rong va cling sit dung digu kign ma sat hop véi edn néng 1 =o", . tie gid Vurdrin V.N. dua ra cong thie: — ~ in ry tala, ane a] fh, [n ao, rool weds arcig) =) | a tin | \x Vin ZY gto ah h VR\ 2 cIL97) Dat nbimg dai luang yy, Yay theo cong thie (11.96) hoe (11.74), lay gid tr) tieo (11.88) va (IL89) va tinh ring kéo sau doi v6i gid I va kéo tude déi voi gid TI bang khong, cdn 6,,=0,; , sau khi bign déi ta ohan duoe: rreoslaretg le, 0,4, pos(, 8, espe -DyF, » sino ! voy treoxlurcte pn bole Jrsin{ucta le, le -p,r, into.) (11.98) O day ohitng gid tri: R C= —a, h — Loja D=— | ap \o 41Feind+?). ‘Trong diéu lién cdn thyc té. gid tri DE thudng khong vugt qué 0.2-0,3; vi thé sé khong mang sai sé 1én khi tinh ring sin(DE) ¥ DE, con cos(DE) © 1. Vai nhting diéu kign alu ven, gidi phuong tinh (11.98) theo ¢ ta sé nhin duge gid ui img suat kéo cang gila hai gid can bat k¥ cla diy can lién tuc 1a mot ham coa nhigu dai luong cong nghé. Cu thé him dé c6 dang nhu sau: a= 3 1.99) trong dé: sin| 1.100) sin| L101) cos| (L102) cos| (11.103) 42(L104) (105) Khi lap tinh tén may tinh 6 rr gid edn lign tue, duong nhién ca khong thé viet nh ten duge ma phai viet 6 dang tng quét phit hop voi ngon agi my tinh, Digu ny sé duge dé cap cu thé trong Phin hit hai eita gido trinh may. gia tri trén Néu trong dai cain khong 6 luc kéo caing (64, = Gyea™ 6 = 0) th ty cia hai gid edn ké tigp nhay trong MCLT sé 1a: Vo €‘ . @, | h, I Lett co (Min fe sin tn Va, zr Van 4 J \ Ay, 2p Yan A, L106) Néu trong (11.99). gi lien tuc khong ¢6 lute kéo cing ma dai bi nén, va c6 ngbia La e6 vong thép duge tgo ra. j kéo cing o <0, digu nay nghia [a gitta hai gid edn Tuong tr nine trén ta c6 thé tinh Tue kéo cng wr gid thi nhat dén gid thir a eta day cain lien tuc. ABCHUONG Ul CO SO THUAT TOAN C NGHE CAN TAM Thue té va ly thuyét edn ngudi cé lich sit phat trién nhiéu nam. Bang cong stte cita nhiGu nha nghién cua di tim thay su phy thude ly thuyét va thye nghiem gitta céc thong s6 co bin anh hung t6i qud tinh edn ngudi. Niting sy phu thuge nay duige dua vio nén ting, két cau may edn ngudi theo yeu cau hoge edn thidt ke. Late du, nbiing sit phu thuge niy Khong dutge tinh 161 voi vige sit dyng may tinh. Vi vay phn én ching duge din ra dudi dang cong thie va trong hang lout trudng hop - dudi dang bidu dé. Sit od mat cla ning cong tiie xde djnh ¢6 nhigu uta viét. Tuy nhién véi vige sit dung tin hoc da mé ra yong Jon nhéng kha ning nbn thiée va tin hank cae cong vige IY thuyét - tinh ton, VO du nhdng cong thie tinh ap le rigng trung binh duge dua 1a véi gid thiet; he 6 ma sit ngodi theo chigu dai cung tig xtc HR hang s6. New nhu ho vié nghién ctu ma tim thay dinh Todt thay déi hé so ma st trong ving bic dang thi dé tinh todn cdc cong thee gidi tich theo quy luat di tim duge, bat bude ph; bar. ring sur phic tap cba nhiing dng thite (oan hge néi chung Khong cho phep gidi xong nih duge khi rat nhidu cong siic cho vige tin kigm mot lai gidti moi. Khéng loai trir kh nang indt céch my 6 sn chuong tinh tink bang phuong phap sé wen may tinh. Jn nhéng phvong tink d& bin due, Digu aby c6 thé Sur thay di chuong vinh do ste dyng quy lug khae eda sie phy thude gia ese thong s6 di hoi khong ahigu cOng sfc ma sau d6 66 the di dén sy tinh todn tren co so indi, dén su phan tfch nbimg ket qud nhdn duoc, Sit dung phyong phip sé hod cho phép xe dinh cw thé hon hing Tog! abting thong s6 ¢6 tinh 16i sy dink hung, ela phigu yeu 16. Tinh wu viét cla phuong phip s6 so v6i phueng phap giai tich d& duce cae nha nghién citu ghi ohan. Mac di: phuong php s6 hoi c6 nhiéu wu viet nhung khong thé phi nan vai tnd hét stée quan trong ctta nhimg cong thie gidi tich, 1uén luda [a nhéng cong cy eo ban trong tinh todn va ket qui dus lai thos man gidi chuyén mon. Véi vai td nbitng cong thie gidi tich nhu da irinh bay, trong chuong nay sé gidi thigu cot so thuat todn Linh mt so thong s6 céng nghé co ban, quan trong hat cla cong nghé edn tdi ngudi. Thugt ton va chuong tinh tinh ede théng s6 ni tren duoc dua chit yeu vo nbiing bigu thic giai tich,NHUNG CONG THUC GIAI TICH HIL1- Ap hue rigng trung binh theo Seticoy A.I. Phuong wink xual xit dé xde dink dp Tuc cita kim loai len trye khi odin dai Ha phuong tinh vi phan can bing do Karman dé xuat nam 1925. Do nhéng kho han xuiit hign khi gidi phuong tinh nay, Selicov AL. d& dua ra co st thict thay cung tiép xtic trong viing bign dang bing diy cung (corde) va gidh thicu phuicng php tinh dp luc kim loai lén tryc déi véi nhitmy ining hop can Khas nbau trong d6 £6 can ngudi v6i kéo cang. hie vor Cong thie tinh 4p tue ri¢ng trung binh do Selicov A.1. dé xudng cé abiing gid thiet co ban nhu: gidi han chiy cita kim loai khong thay déi trong ving bién dang; khong c6 ving dinh; hé s6 ma sat khong déi tren todn bG mat tiép xtic cita kim loai vi truc; sur phan bi di va cudi cling 1a vi U img suat phiap vi vin tdc kim loai theo Uét dien ngang cla thay cung ligp xtic bing day cung. Voi gid thiet: tro khang bign dang kim loai bang ap Iye ritng 6 noi dai tiép xiic vedi nuc: dé don gidin bit cach gidi, Selicov Al. va Tretiacoy A.B. dura ra cong thc tinh dp lye riéng trung binh sit dung trong tinh todn thuc té: P= 2knta. (41.107) trong dé: No ~ hé sO wang thai tmg suat; HE, PCy bee, cry (IIT.108) 2k = 1.156, - ne khang bith dang nén hai chiéu don gidn; &, 5 1- o/2k- hé sé anh hudng cia kéo sauy a 5 = 2pd,/Alt - chi s6 bign dang (IL.L10) (II.1098) 1-6, /2k - hé sé anh hudng ca kéo truce; CLL109b) Chiéu cao kim loai & tiét dién trung hoa xic dinh theo: (ULLAL) trong dé; Ay, - chidu day kim loai inde sau khi edn; Ah - luong ép tuyét déi trong Lan cat ©). Gy ting Suait Ko sat vA Ht hé so ma sat gids kim loai va true. 46111.2- Chidu dai cung bién dang Gia ui cée thong s6 sit dung dé tinh dp luc ring tung binh theo cae cong thie (FI.107) chidu dai cung tip sie. TLAL) duge coi nhur da biet ngodi inh chic cung Hep xtic 1 - Van dé xéc dinh chigu dai cong /, da duge nhigu nghién et dé cap 161. Nhiing tinh todn c6 9% dung nhiing két qua nghién ctu trén di cho két qua khae nau, tham chi rail mau thuan nhaw. Trong tinh todn thuc 12, ngudi ta sit dung cong thie xdc dink chiéu dai cung utp xtc /, do Selicoy A4., Pokotian E.S. cling mot so tic gia khdc dé xudng dys tren edt sé cong thie Khitreov. Néu nhu sit dung biéu dé phan b6 ap luc trong ving bith dang c dang elip va bo qua Iwong din dt ctia kim loat cf thi sir thay déi dudng cong b& mat true edu do lye P” dat len mot don vi chicu rong dai cn va tie dung len cung ch sé 1a (xem hinh 11): (11.112) day: 47trong cong thie nay: 7 hg si Poisson cua «At Hew wis E.- modun dan hoi ctta vai ligu true. ‘Ti moi quan hé hinh hoe, chigu dai cung bién dang: i rh (mL.3) Gidi cdc phuong trinh (L142) va. (UE.113) ta sé nhan duge cong thite tinh: ban kinh cung bién dang - cong thie Khiticoy : oe hy 42 ene; r == aay Dat gid wi wr (L114) vac: bigu thie (11.113), sau hi bién doi, ta 6: Néu nhur véi truc bang thép. lay: F = 22.10 MN/m?— (2,240'KGfinm’) va 8 = 0.8 tm gid wi 0 = 0.21.10 MN (2,1.10%mm'/kG) hi d6, cong thie strdung trong thye t€ inh inh chiGu cuns bién dang (mm) sé 06 dang: 1, =0,525.10 p,,B, + 05D sh ¥10.525.10 p,,P, (UL. 45) trong (1.115) dam vi eG 7. 1a KGyonan”, cn dtvong Kini nue cain D, ta milimet. Tit quan he hinh hye ta 66: 1, = rb (1.3 16) trong a6: inh chic cung bién dang tt hung Kim loai ra khdi tryc: J, = binh chigu cung bién dang tir huéng kim lout vio true, tinh te dudng tam cée mye (binh 11). Sau mét $6 bign Addi don gin cO thé phan duge cong thie di hit tinh cung bign dang do Selicov A.L. cling nhu cong thtic Khitrcov: 48(MIL 117) ‘Tir cong thtic (IIT.115) thay ring dé xéc dinh chiéu dai cung tiép xtic cfin phai biét ap luc rieng tung binh, ma vé phén minh né Tai phy thude vio chiéu dai cung bign dang. Cang giai phuong trinh (111.107) va (IIL.115) 6 thé bing d6 thi, e6 chon lua, Korolev A.A. di din ra d6 thi xéc dinh chigu dai cung tigp xiic. ‘Tren hinh 12, dudng dam nhat chi su phu thuge gitta cung bién dang va dp luc rieng (duéng cong din hdi ciia true duge mé 14 boi phuong trinh (111.115) khi Af = 0,12 mm, D, = 500 mm) ; cdc dudng khic li su phu thuge gilta nhiing théng 36 nay theo cong thie (111.107) véi nhimg he s6 ma sat kde nhau (cic dudng cong déo) . 2. By, MN jin? (K6/mmr4} 2800 (2603 2400 (40h 2000 (200) foo (40) y200 1720) 800 108) 400 €) mo s 7 a a a 15 imma Hinh 12, Duong cong dan hdi va déo phy tude gitta chiéu dai cung tiép xtie va dp luc riéng wrung binh, II1.3- Phuong phap Stoun B6 sung cho nhimg diéu kign sit dung khi din ra nhiing cong thie (111.107), (111.108), (IIL.109), Stoun coi qué trinh cn 1a qué trink tén kim loai gidta hai tam phang. Theo phuong phdp Stoun dp lye riéng trung binh xdc dinh nhu sau: (171.118) trong dé: 49tri trung binh etia ting suat kéo cang dai cain Bl théng s6 xéc din co ban wong cOng thie (IIT.118) tinh ti ih Anh hudng ca duémg kinh truc, ma sét, 66 bign dang. dai va 6 vng truc: = chiéu cao trung binh cua dai cin. 10 20 30 40 50 60 « Hinh 13. Nomogram xée dink cung bien dang theo plarang php Stour. din cung bien dang, Stoun gidi thigu so d6 nbut tren inh 1 edi eé dua dE Vige sit dung trac tiép nomograi Stoun gap nhiéu kbd khan an pl fit Tuy nhien tir nomogram Stoun ta nhan duioe con ng thie Hink thém tung 46 ¥, chiéu dai cung bign dang 6 dang sau: 501, =(0.238x? + 0,752,107 2+ khi 40.< 4,24 £53: (uiL.119) {= (003x! +615x,107 AA, H khi x, =4 < 40; (IL119a) 1, =(0,0367x, 1.13) 27", u khi S3 m7 B= VB ~3100,74-3698/aM "4,3 (aI.121b) A=rl 1,595.10 Gid ui x > 62 thude vé ché do can him gap. Trong nhing bigu thie tren, (uy theo gid tri cia x ma tinh theo cong thite (ITI.119a) va (I1L120a) hoae (TIT.119b) va (IHL.120b), Khi sir dung (IH.118) va (ITL119) don vi dai tinh bing milimét, cdn tng sudt - bang kilogam tén milimét vudng. TIE4- Tra khang cita kim loai bién dang ‘Thue té khi cin ngudi, tro khang cia kim loai bign dang phy thude chi vo gidi han chay cla kim loai va vé phan minh, giét han chdy lai la him eda Iuong ép. SlAnn huding cia luong ép 161 gidi han chay khi can nguoi mhfing kisn loai va. hop kim khde nhau di duoc nbiéu tac gid nghién cu. Nhting két qua nghién cou hoan thién hon ca thude vé Tretiacov A.V. 6 dang ham gidi tich sau day: O,= On, + Agel (aN1.122) trong d6: «©, - gidi han chay ctta kim loai 06 tinh t6i hos bén, MN/in? (kG/min’)s gidi han chay cia kim loai d trang thé ban du sau khi cén_néng hoac MNém? (kG/mn’); Gar ty, luong ép téng tinh tir kich thude ban dau, %: 4g. ~ dai lugng phin sinh dic trung co tinh fia kim logi hoe hop kim di cho: A he 36, bing 1 khi ¢ do bing KG/mm? vi bing 10 khi don vi cilia o Ta MN/m’. Trong cong thite (T11.107) 6 dai lung 2k=1,150, . véi gid tl 0, - gidi ban chy tung binh gitta gidi han chay tude Kin cn oy va sau fan cin oy ¢ IL123) TIL5- Ap lye cin toan phan Ap luc edn toin phin tée dung lén mot tryc hay lye can xde dinh theo cong thie: P=p,bl.. (uL.124) trong dé; b - chiéu rong tain. CO BAN VE PHUONG PHAP SO LILG- Tinh luc va nhimg TSCN cén tém bang phuong phap s6 két hop phuong phap giai tich Nhu trén da dua ra nhiing cong thie gifi tich tinh luc va nhiimg TSCN khac nhu chigu dai cung tiép xiic, chiéu day tm tude va sau lan cain, dp lye eng viv. - Nhimg cong thie én da cho ket qua khé my man, Tuy nbien thoi gian va cong site bd ra dé tinh todn rit 16n. Dé e6 duge ket que chinh xac cao va gidm tai chi phf tinh toan phai tmg dung tin hoc két hop sit dung ca phuong phdp gidi tich cing nhu phuong phdp sé (methode numerique) . Dé higu va 52sit dung thuat todn lap trén cos nhiing phuong phip nay cdn diém qua mot s6 nét co ban sau day. LOL GIA! PHUONG TRINH VI PHAN Trong ly thuyét can, tir diéu kign can bing cua kim loai trong ving bien dang. phuong trinh co ban La: do, -(p,- auIL.125) Diéu kien déo dang: p.- = 2k: (IIL.126) trong d6: p,, ty vd 2k, + tuong dng 1a Ap fue rigng cia kim loi Ten true, Ive ma sft tigp xiic trong ving bién dang va ud Khang bién dang ciia kim loai c6 tinh (di si hoa bén ca né trong tigt dign Hinh 14, Diéu kién can bdug trong vig bién dang Gidi déng thai ede phuong trinh (111.125) va (111.126) s& c6: 2kdh, — Pr de d(p, ~2k oF oe (p, ~ 2k.) h, r i, ) dp, _ 2dk hoae !a: ste . oe Ia Cong thite dé xée dinh hé s6 ma sat & tiét dign bat ky: ex w= sul J (HIL.131) x ety - cho ving tré va smal! =} (111.132) % ~ cho ving vuct trude. B - hé sé parabol. Dé tign hanh tinh todn céc thong s cOng nghé ma nhimg dai lutong co ban Ta fos Pop + P. » Can thiét phdi chia cung bién dang ra lam x doan; méi doan 66 chiéu dai Ax v6i 86 ligu 4, tinh tis Get dign kim loai ra Khdi truc va x toa do diém gitta cua méi doan. Voi: 4xk, ine Q=-408,x(C,-2?)"" + mL.134) 18 hai s6 hang trong phuong trinh (11.130); 56x= Cay he Ah - toa dé cha tiét dign trung hoa tinh theo cong thie (ILI 14). (11.135) Sau khi di xc dinh duge lye cén tém theo cong thie (111.124), tink, mémen can va cong suat dong co khong con 1a khé khan tham tri 1a don gidn véi vite sit dung tin hoc, Thuat todn tinh cac thong sé cong nghé co ban cla qua trinh edn tim cfing nhw thuat todn tinh luc can va nhing dai luong khéc trong cén tim nhu chiéu dai cung tip xtc, Iuong ép, chidu day cia di php giai tich sé duoc tinh bay trong Phan dnt hai cia gido tinh. tude va sau lan can v.v.. bang phyong THL.7- Vai nét vé ti uu qua trinh can tim ngudi HLT7.2. Dat van dé Trén may can nhigu gid lién tue, qua trinh edn tign hanh cing mot liic trong tat ca cac gid (hinh 16), Bang tam di vao gid dau tién ti tang nha cé téc dung git cudn va tao ra ting suat kéo sau trong gid du, Lugng kéo cng nay khong lén do cuon khong chat va do nhiing kha nang khong ché cita tang nha Dich chuyén cia kim loai Hinh 16. So dé may cdn Hen inc bon gid. Bang di ra tir gid cudi cing duoc cudn chat vao rulo cia may cudn. Luc kéo cng tao ra béi tang cudn cing bi gidi han béi nhimg diéu kién cla may cu6n. Nhu vay, tén quan diém qué tinh c6ng nghé can, gid déu va gid cudi cia méy can ign tuc 1am vige trong diéu kién (( nhiéu xau hon so véi nhiing gid & gi 57Ngodi ra, su chenh Iéch kha 16n gidia kéo tude vA ko sau trong céc gi my se Jinh hudng xdu (di kha nang lam vige cia 6 bi cae truc lam vige. die bigt voi gid cu cing 06 van tée cao. Nhiing git duge gid tri kéo ciing can thiet. cain ¢ gitfa Ham vide trong digu kign tt hon, dim bao ‘Tren nhing may can lign tue hién dai, wong khi dang cin bang ti mot cudn, ngudi ta di dua dén may can cudn tiép theo cd uuée cuén kéo sat den gi tién. Khi cin xong cudn trude 6, lap te dua ludn dai cua cudn ti¢p theo vao truc. Didu kien cdn dau truse cia bang khdc nhau khé nhiéu so vai diéu kign can todn cudn, Diéu nay duoc git thicl Iuong kéo cang can th dén chimg nio kim loui chua an vao true cba g : khi dai trong may cin can phai dim bio mot pitt cdc gid; mdi gid Ham vide chi v6i mot wong kéo sau Dp theo vi chua tao due mot ting suat kéo cang ean thi Lye kéo cing nhé cing nhu sy tang ma sat tiép xtic trong ving bi ‘n dang do tée dé can nhé din ti tang lye cén, tang bién dang gid cdn vi nghia [a ting chigu day dau trude dai cdn so véi chiéu day danb nghia. Neoai ra, vige khong c6 kéo true trong giai doan dai an vio may céin 1am ting dang ké momen d6ng co. Tuy nhién, nhu cach tinh da chi ra, su tang mémen dong co vi nguyén nhan may khong gay nén qué tai vugt hai lan dong co vuot tai trong thoi gian ngin. Hon ntia khi thiét ké may cén ngubi ta di kiém nghiém dong co vii ché dé qué tai. Chit ¥ ring thoi gian nhiing cong viée chat 18i vito may edn lim te cing ahi tang tc va him may cén, vé danh nghia chi chiéin mot phan tram rat nhd so véi toan nhiing tinh todn thyc 1 may can lién tue phdn Lén én hinh dé cho ‘n hanh kiém tra sir d6t néng dong co va van we ng suat trayén dong t6i han che phép; truc cita time pid duce din dong bi dong co rigng 18: 86 lan cén da duge xée dinh tude bing gid can. Tuy nhién d6i v6i may can Lign tye edn dat drge dac tinh hinh chop van Ide cdc gid; va bio dim duge quan hé gitta cle gid dang: Vo = ¥ ying) Om = Fir) Trén co sé tinh todn, nhiing phiin mém ting dung cho may can lien tye cho ~_ phép gidi cde bai todn nhur-tinh cde thong $6 nang Iaong; xde dinh ché dg edn ti wu w6i chiéu day d& cho ctia sin phim: 4) Cho van t6c 16n nhit khi dai ra khéi may can (ning suat), xéc dinh chiéuday én nat c6 thé duce cita phoi tam: trong 6, néu mur chiéu day phoi tm nbo hon id ti nbd nhait da cho thi xde dinh van te euc dai trong digu kign chidu day phot nhé nat da dinb: by Véi chigu day phdi Ién nhat di cho. xdc dinh nang suat eye dais day, neu van re ra khOi mily cain ahd hon mgt gid tr eye 1iéu di cho thi xée dinh chiéu day cue dgi cia phdi trong diéu kign van te cue tiéu cho phép. vt - a ma Vv ~ © Alb ~ Le f 0 I IL me IV Vv i Hinh 17. Tai dit vain dé bai todn cho mdy céin lien nie. Thuong thudng ngudi ta xem chép van t6c trong hé toa do saur Nas sia Y (hinh 18) Vi trong ting gid cain 6 v/v, = AJih, nén 66 thé biéu dign truc toa do vy nhwe truc ty sé A//t, Thuat toan tiéh binh cho t6e d@ ra tir gid cu cing ¥,. DO nghiéng cia cae duding trén gidin dé phan anh mde do ép. Ciuing ta sé xem cach dat win dé bai town xudt hign khi thiét ke may can 6 giai doan dau khi edn chua chon duge dong co; va & gia doan tim ehé may can lién tye véi dong co di chon duoc eting abu kiém tra may edn dim bio nban duoc sin phiim da cho véi nang s Dong co chia duce chon. Trong WuBng hop nay 6 the sif dung nhimg gi n dé bai toiin. phap sau cing mot Iie ¢6 thé xem xét nhu each dat vi 1. Doi véi leat sin phdm da chon wude véi chidu day d& cho Ay, Het Kip ¢ dinh (s'installer) van tée cain Lon nhat ra tit gid cudi cing 4, va bing tinh toa Shong ép len nhat theo gid cén 06 tinh tdi gid tj 16i han d% cho cla Ingng ép va lye can, Gia sir digu nay duge biu dién boi cdc duting 1, 2 vi 3 cho nhting sin phdm khéc nhau (hinh 18). Bing gidi phip nay, cng mot hic sé tim thay chiéu day Ién nhat clia phoi tam cho may edn ta dang nghién cdu khong phu thudc vio dong co. 2. Khi da biét chiéu day tén nhat co thé ca phoi déi voi chiéu day phoi nh hon chiéu day cuc dai. Trong trutmg hop nay can gidi han theo céng suat, nghia 1A dat duoc sur phan bé hrong ép theo cic gid véi vin téc da cho ¥, sao dé véi chigu day phoi da cho cé chi mét cong suat trong tat cA cdc gid hoac 14 dé dam bao ty Ie da cho cla cong sudt. Véi kigu tinh todn niy cé thé nhan duge chiéu day phoi 1én nhat trong sy phan bé déng déu cong suat. Gia sit cde dudng 1°, 2’ va 3” Hién quan tong tmg t6i chinh loai sin phdm nhur cae dutmg 1, 2,3 nhung Ia cia chiéu day phoi nhé nhat da cho. Khi dé nhing dudng nay sé phan 4nh hinh chép phfa wén cila van tc. Gilin d6 so bo nhan duge cho kha nang lua chon déng co theo cong sudt va xdc dinh ty s6 truyén dong dé dim bao chép gidi han cén thiét cia van téc. Duong nhién viée thod man chép toi han phia wén (khi chigu day phéi nhé nhat) va phia dudi (khi chiéu day lén nhdt) cho nhiéu loai sin pham va d nhimg van téc ra khdc nhau Ja khong ¢6 thé duoc. Vi vay ngudi ta chon dong co bang céch lay trung binh theo san phém chinh, con sau 46 véi sin phdm bat ky, xdc dinh ché 46 cén ti uw. Déing vo dd ditve chon Tren hinh 17 1a t6c do t6i han cia cde gid rong méy céin nam gid can ct theo kha nang dong ed cita tig gid. Uh fh pte m:n mst med mek et Hinh 18, Chop van toc trén mdy cda lién tuc (véi sue thay déi van 6c, thay dét 1 le hyfh). 601. Xem truong hop sau: Gi sir cho van te na cue dai c6 thé; tir gid cust cng ola may can fign tue im gid, twong tmg digi a tren inh 17 va gid sit lung ép trong sid thir V cho phép han duge & gid tht 1¥ van te v" nhé hem vin tc kén nhat cho phép trong gid nay (<4) > dim b. Nhumg wong digu kign nby khong thé nban duge o gid tha TI vgn tse vl nha hon hog bing vn ie cue dai cho phép wong gif ny vi lung ép tong id LV nhd va lugng cp nay bi gidt han boi, vf du, Ive can (Mul) <4 Khi d6, dé vy tit gid cudi cling (digm a") nhu thé nto jini bto edn chat Luging Toai san phim nay edn phai gidm tc 40 ra ud rink can hai gid cudi eng cho phép nhgn duge trong gid thi TH van t6¢ bang van t6c cue dai cho phép ola gid nay, ghia fa roi vio diém c* (hinh 17) nam wen duding van te Ye nes + ‘Tuy nhign giim chigu day phd, 6 thé bso dim van We tdi han ca trong gid V vittong truémg hop nay do gidi hgn chiy Aho hon cla cung mot chiéu day, sit tang iwong ép & hai gi cusi cling lai 16 thanh e6 thé duge vi qué trinh edn tong ting voi cde duimg a - 6 ~c° (inh 17). Nhu vay v6i mdi ehiéu diy phot tim da cho cé mot van te gidi han ca nd va & mbi van te di cho ~ nhgn duye chigu day phoi cia minh, Theo timg mee dé edn thiét ma gidi bai todn twong Ung. 2, Trong ttudmg hop di xem & tren, neu ta ily nhiing dieu Kien ti han theo van t6e hode theo chiéu day phoi ban déu. Néu kiy diéu kign ban dau thap hon digu ign ti han thi dé nhan duge nghigm duy nbuit, ngudi ta dus vo didu kign bien: git ty (ton bg hode theo cée nhém gid céin) - xde dinh da cho cla cng suit thee gid cin hoic dam bao can bing luc én Bai todn duoc dét vin dé nint sau: ‘Tur chigu day sin phim da cho fi, va van t6c ra cita bing 14 khéi may can din chia dai higng ép téng Aly ra thanh s6 kho’ng nhat dinh Ak, sao cho dé trong su dm bao tat cA mhiing digu kign bién ta nban duge trong (8p hop chigu day lén nbat 6 thé - chiéu day phoi tm h, hoge la trong nhiing chiéu day da cho hi, va hi, nang suit cuc dai (nghia Ia ¥ 4) § hode trong cae chigu day di cho h, vi In, va vai van te vy - nh§n dugc ty sé mong mudn cia cong suat hay lye can gitte cdc gid can. 1117.2. Phuong phap diéu khién t6i wu Phuong phdp didu ign t6i han Gid sir rang: cho chigu day phoi tim fe, va chiéu day sin phim A, , cho van t6c cue dgi va khOi mudy cin v, di duge ty dong vidi han bd digu kign phy thudc vio Ap hop Luong ép nké nhat cho phép va vio van {6c Ldn nhat che phép trong gid can ttt nhat. 61Trong qua tinh tinh worn mét gid f mo dd, Lugng ép Hho rhil duoc tink sao dé bid ean trude d6 (7-1) van te khong duge vuot qu si i 256 han di cho, Neu nhu dong co di biet thi vige Kiki tra tice bush theo hing so Tew ey dhe da cho. Néu dong ev chia duge xe dinh thi diéw kign gid han eho cde prt se Hy sie sit dung dlc tinh hypechol di cho Gfif d6i v6i ting gid, Bae tinh hypecho! may ov the duge yiim mot cdch déa dan, nghia 1a thay @6i ahung gid duvoe tf sed cho eta ee Susi theo cde gid. Tinh todn tin anh tir gid cudi cling dere gid die tien e6 Kam khép chiew dirs gira pia that nhat va pid thet hai. Tromg geei vin tinh (odin, tim kiém Hwang ép ee at trong tim gid wi sur dam bao kit cd cie didu kign biem (gist hyn) dé aban duge momen téi han voi van 1c da bit & timg gid vA nhkin duge lye edn gan véi lye can da biet (trong gidi han sai so da cho) . Mot trong nhitng van dé phic tap nhat cla may can Tien tue Th lye kéo cing Jai gifta cdc gid cdn. Grd tri Kéo cang én nha va who Mhat cho PhEp kegas VB Keone duge ra cho time gid. Kéo cing & tang cuga lay bing gid tr 161 han hoge theo gid 1) iuyét déi cia luc kéo cing Thode theo img sudt kéu cang riéng o; kéo cang tang nha ludn luda lay Lon abat theo gid tri tuyét Adi G day ching ta thity ring dé cin tim ming vi thép c6 40 bin cao, lay ding gid tri kéo cang 0 gid cudi cig co mot y nghia to lén, Trong céc trudng hop khée mot vai dao dng kéo cang khong gay dnb huéng én. Tuy nhién trong hang loa trudng hop, bing cach thay doi kéo cing ©6 thé dat duoc sit tang nang sudt may edn hoae ting chigu dai phoi. Vi vay l6gie tinh todn te dong nham tim kiém ché do kéo cang ti wu. Do trén may edn lign tye Khoding cach gitia cde gid edn lién quan voi nhau nén dau tien ngudi ta dn dinh kéo trude cho gid cuéi cling, sau dé theo gidi han kén nhat ¢6 tinh 16i su chénh {éch cho phép gitia kéo trurde va kéo sau ma x: lap kéo sau cho gid cudi cling. Kéo sau niy déng tht Ia kéo trade cho gid uude cudi cling vv... ‘Thuimg thudng. trong gid cin, do kéo sau idn, twong ép bi gidi han ba nomen. Trong trudng hop nay, theo quy ludt, gid kéo sau sé dem lai higu qua mong nudn, Tay nhién, viée giam kéo sau trong gid nio dé sé Fam xau ngay digu kién Tam sige cia gid inede dé. Vi thé cich Kam nay duge sit dung néu nuns TR gil phdp c6 thé duy nhét d8 git, hode A, . Hom nda khong toai tit kha nang nhan duce ket qua kha quan [a do gan kéo cang true cdc gid tip theo (k6o sau), Sic gid keo caztg ny 6 thé din dén idm kéo trude & gid dang xem; gidm kéo rude sé Ham xau di di kign lam vide cla gid edn. Tuy nbién nd c6 thé cho phép ting Ivong ép trong hong gid tigp theo va nghia [a gidm van t6e ein va gidi han chay cGia kim foal, Km ne bor cong vie cla gid cin. Su phan tich bai toxin chi ra ring dip s6 khé thi eva nd ¢6 thé tim duge bang phuong phip quy hoach dong. Ché ¥ ring trong quy hoach dong thoi gian tinh coin 62thudng rat dn; logic thuat giai bao truée viee sit dung phuong php nly chi duce ten hanh sau khi tim duge két qué bang phuong phip diéu kien ti han. Néu nh trong ket qua gidi bing phuong phip diéu kien tdi han, vin te ta khdi may cin y, hoae chiéu day phdi tim A, nhé hon nhing gid i ban diu da cho thi tang Uing baie thong sO twang tng réi tinh ii tod bd ché dO cin bing phuong phip quy hoach dong. Trong trudng hop nhiu duge ket qui mong muén thi van We », hos fy, cn lai tang Jen mar buse vv ... theo chigu hudng nbiin duge ket qua tét Voi phuong phip digu kign ti han, logic gidm kéo cang nut sau: Trude het . Néu nh theo digu kign Ham vice cits gid thd / no dé ma cin phdi gid van We y, hoae chigu tinh toan tién hinh voi gui ui kéo cang cue dai cho phép trong tat day phoi A, thi véi su qui Wii vé momen cia gid cin can gidm di mot buGe tg sual kéo sau 6 gid nay va hiém ua xem vGi su giam kéo sau ndi wen dae tinh hyperbol G, ctia gid 6 gidm di hay khong. Nou gidim, kéo cang tip tue duge giim dan ting bude cho dén khi dat due gid ti edu thiet G, . Laie nay gid tri kéo eang ky dat duce, duge in dinh IA Kaa 401 Gi gid cain J mi dang tinh todn. Néu khong giim duge thi phai Tay ché 46 V6i kg, trude 5. Néu nhu yéu cau gid v, hode f, khi qué ti theo luc can, hode néu trong qué trinh gidm kéo sau trong gid / ma khong dat duge gid tri edn thie G, thi viée tinh todn chuyén sang gid tigp theo (i+1) véi vige gidm di mot bude kéo sau, Sau khi tinh todn cho gid (+1) xong, tién hinh vite tinh todn vdi gid tha / vdi viée gidm tigp theo gid tri ke bat dau tit kp, V8 Jai so sinh nhimg gid ti G, voi gid wi G? trade dé, New két qua tt (G< G?) thi lai tigp tuc gitim ky trong gid (+1) ww... Neu nit vige gidm ka 6 gid (+1) khong dem lai két qua cain thiét thi d6i v6i gid nay, thay VI Aga Ua str dung ks da cho higu qui, va chuyén tinh todn dén gid (42) vv.. cho dén gid cudi cling. Néu sau khi xem xét tat ca cae gid can mA két qua van khong tho man thi tin hanh gidm gidm van t6c ra khoi may can v, hoge chiéu day phdi h, Phuong phép gidi bai todn nbu winh bay 6 ten sé dua ti mot ket qua can thi can mio d6, gid tri My,,,, thuc su 1a tot nha thi véi nhimg gis tu} kéo cang kha Sy nhanh chéng tim kiém dat wen co sé: trong nhing diéu kign ban dau, tai gid trong cde gid Liép theo, k, cing sé 1d 16t nhat, Digu niy loai bo viée Iya chon tat cdc Map hop 6 thé cia kéo cang & 181 cA cde gid. Tuy nhién khong loai tri rang voi sy thay déi kéo cng trong cic gid 1iép theo sé Lam thay déi digu kign Kim viée o nhiing gis true dé dén mite ma phurng phap da str dung t6 ra khong chap nhan duge. Khi do, dé trinh sy mi quéng chon lua tap hop kéo cing ngudi ta quay sang si dung phuong phap quy hogch dong.Phitong phitp quy hogch dong Ching ta ly gid tri kéo sau &,,, lim thong s6 trang thai trude gid dau tién; lay luong ép téng trong gid da cho va trong cic gid ti¢p theo can cuc dai hod lim chudn t6i uu (critére de Voptimisation). Khi dé véi timg gid tri ky iiide gid cho, nhimg diéu khign t6i uu sé la nhig gid tri kéo cing gidta cde gid cin ma yéi cdc gid tri nay sé nhan duc iugng ép tong Ién nhal. Véi cach dat cin dé shu wen, bai todn sé duge giai vi chudn ti uu (Critére) c6 tinh chat cong doi: gid tri ket qua tinh ton khong phy thudc vio trang thai: d gid rude dd sit dung Aéo lugng ép nao néu nhu truée gid ddu tién lay chiéu day phoi tam h, khong déi. wu, can ang va Khée véi may cain dio chiéu, khi tinh todn may edn ngudi lien ue uc edn trong gid duge so sdnh chi véi lye can nhgn duge cho gid tiép theo. ‘Tinh tofn tign hanh tir gid cudi cling dén gis thd hai v6i méi gid ti k,, ude gid thé hai, nhan duye chigu day twong ting fh, : sau d6, sau gid thet nhat, véi mdi mot Bid tri kay , tuong tng bing &,,, truéc gid thit hai xdc dink Iugng ép trong gis dau va néu cain thigt— 6 venh chigu day tm. Tinh todn duge coi la tho’ man néu nhur dia chi voi mot gid tri kéo cang ky ma dat dugc d6 venh chiéu day tém cho phép. Khi dé ché dé can véi d6 venh theo chiéu day tam nay duge 6 dinh lai va ign anh tinh todn véi gid tri v, hose h, moi Ién hon. Véi két qua tinh todin khong dat yéu cau, nghia IA déi véi tat cA nhiing gid k, nhan duc chigu day tim khong thod man, hodc la khong dim bio duge lugng ép [elon — Khi 46 ngudi ta lay gid tri Ay trong ting gid cing nhu v, hoac #, nhan duge 6 hoa min cudi cing; lay nhiing théng s6 nay lam sé ligu ban dau, tién hanh tinh toan Ian cudi cing bang phuong php diéu kién ti han véi sy digu chink va phan b¢ chinh xdc lugng ép. Phuong phép quy hoach déng cho phép gidi nbiing bai todn kha phic tap, vi du t6i uu theo chudn chat lugng tam, theo chun chi phi nang lugng v.v... . Trong bai toan ti uu neu trén sit dung thong sé trang thai: kéo cang va chiéu day bang tim HL7.3. Mot sé cong thite co ban trong thudt todn i ra khdi may cdn Van toe lin nhat cia kim log tién Do da cho chiéu day phoi tam cling lugng ép nhd nhat cho phép & gid da {ey]oun én six dung dinh luat thé tich gidy khong déi cd thé gidi han van t6c Ion nhat Kthi tam ra khoi may €41 V,4¢ Thue MM amas = MatcasY thos + a day: 64Prana ~ lOO eda) = li chigu day Jon mbat cia dai sau gid thir nat theo nhiing gis ui da cho: chiéu diy phoi hi, va lung ép nho nhat cho phép [€ n+ Ki d6 vgn te In mht cua kim load ra khdi may cain s@ las ve ap Ft (00~ [8 lo ne 100, (111.136) Luong ép lin nhat trong gid edn ddu tién Van t6c thue 1é khi kim loai ra khéi may edn c6 thé duge cho hode ¢6 thé nhd hon so V6i tinh ton theo cng thife (1V.135) Yuu - Khi dé dat gid tri vy, va chd Vinge trong cong thie (V.135} va thay gid tri sam bang Iuong ép lén nhat cho phép & gid dau tign [6,1] sé nhan dutge cong thite tinh luong ép Idn nhit trong gid dau tien tit digu kign dong hoc: A h, “ona Ey te), ]= 1000 — ) (UL137) Luong ép nhé nhat trong mot gid can bat ke Khi bidt van te dai tim ra Khoi mOt gid can 7 bat ky ndo dé c6 thé xée dinh duge long ép nhé nhit trong gid dé ¢,,,,,- Luong ép nay due gidi han béi van 16e t6n what cho phép trong gid trude B65 Vy. Tit dinh luat bio toan thé tich kim loai ed: Jy slit, hoac hy fly, = 4/8, Khi dé: hy Votimas Evin = WOO = 5) = 1001), (HL138) eran ¥, Nhiing biéu thie dong hoc wen duge sir dung trong tinh tosn va cho phép giam thdi gian tinh toda, Dac tink hyperbol Trén nhiing may can lién tue, cong suat thuc t€ (khi v > v4.) hode momen (khi ¥S vy) trong tiing gid khong duge 16a n ot thinh phan nhat dinh gig tri danh nghia. tri danh nghia duge tinh ti khi kiém nghiém dong co theo diéu kién nung néng bing he so ky, . Dé dst duge digu nay khi xét1y bing tin hoe wen may tinh, nhing sé ligu ban diiu cho méi gid A gid tri [G+ Hyperbol tinh theo cong thie sau: 65trong dé: 66 [G]= ky Mya hy 75M (OADM 6. 051h,, Ny Dow nn 60 Ny — cong suét danh nghia cia dong co, kW, D,~ dudmg kinh trac, mm. n ~ 86 yong phat cia tye edn. Theo chuan di duoe ric lap, lay 4, =0,85.PHAN THU HAI THUAT TOAN - CHUONG TRINH, KET QUA TRONG CAC TRUONG TIN HOC KHAC NHAU 67CHUONG { THUAT TOAN VA CHUONG TRINH CONG NGHE CAN HINH 1.1- Nhung yéu cau co bin Tren co sity thuyét va tinh town cong nghé can hinh G Plein Huh nh. vo co pan da c6 thé lap duoc thuat tein cong nhu chuong wind dé tinh todn cde thong 56 cong nghé edn hinb cd nho cho §: tink tod kéo cang vi anh huéng ciia n6 va irinh img dung cong nghé can tim. dic loai sin phim tit phoi ban dau bat sit phy thude iia kéo cang vao van te: clurong Dé Jap duge chugng trinh cn hinh ta can chit ¥ nhimg yeu edu sau: 1. Khi da c6 kich thude phoi va sin phim, tinh 2. Phai chon hé théng tinh céng nghé va thie thé. Trong gido trinh ndy hé théng 16 hin duge chon cho khu vye (Ovan-vudng ... -ovan-trdn. 3. RO rang ta pl 4 hinh ma mdi 1d hinh tip theo lai c6 tet dign khdc so vai 16 hinh wuse d6, Vi dy cé # 16 hinh - tuong tmg # lin cin, theo thi tu: 1. 2. sé [A (cho khu can trung va cin tinh ): van ~ vuong - van - vubng... = Ovan - tron Time 16 binh, cfc thang sé sé 1a cu thé, vi du y6i 16 hin thé hai sé 1: he so -L.n. Hg chong 16 hinh tuong ting rung. cae thong so 1 dii i, lugng ép Ah, chigu cao fh, rong h, bin kinb tun R, , khe ho gia bai truc f v.v... cling nhw nhiing thong s6 lye, momen, ning fugng. Song eti theo vong lap, dén 16 hinh thi ba: [ai 19 dvan voi each tinh ce dai long ten Khse hoan toan so véi 15 hinh thit hai wude dé (vung ). Vi thé, khi lap thugt toain va chyong tinh phai rit chudin va chinh sie dé Khi mét / bat ky. nghia IA mét 16 hinh no dé, may tien hanb tinh theo vong lap toan cic théng s6 cho 16 hinh dé. 4. Dé may chay lién tye tir 1S hinh diw dén 16 binh cudi cling, mde s6 han phai tinh trude. Vi du him s6 dan dai, canh 16 hinh vubng, trude think pham, chigu cio évan, chiéu cao Ovan Wude tinh. 5, Nhu trén di ndi, MCLT 18 mét hé co dign phite tap. Duong nhien vige tink cong nghé ciing rit phic tap. Dé giim 36 lai mac phai, dé may chay 66 higw quit, trénh ludin quan, chuong nin edn can duge lap voi sy tao ede thi we, him. Vong lp 69phai chuiin. Cie cong thic, don vi cin doc déi chinh xdc, Cong thie cn dua vé dang téng quét. Nhting bigu thc (1.100), (1.101), (1.102), (1.103), (1.104), (1-105) va (1.99) sé nbu sau: sol Ae ints Gj... May cho ta su phu thude cli kéo cling vio t6e di Mot dié ly thd nia la, ngoai v = 10 Guus bang cdch thay déi gid tri van 16 Vj.) theo chiéu gidm kéo cang ta dé dang thay ngay v6i gid inj ndo cura Vy.) thi lye kéo eding yidia hai gid bing khong va nho hon khong, Co nghia Fi khi van tc Vg) dat cy thé bao nhieu thi gitta hai gis can ign vigp nhau cla MCLT khong c6 tue kéo cang (a... = 0) vi tao vong (ncn dai, o,...5 <0). Jc dinh duce sur phu thuge: Tiss Sau khi tinh di & lin thay déi Con nhinh thé ba cha chuong tinh s:=3 Li nhdinh khong tinh gi ed, né cho phép thodt ra khoi chuomg trinh dén ngay ket thie. fn toe Vy) chuong trinh in cho két qua. B1.3- Thuat toan cong nghé can hinh trén may cén lién tue @ Begi ¥ Hy = Fo/Fnz Nhap (Vao): Hy; Digs Vi Ter TEATS oy ue n=Round{L¢(Fo/Fa¥ Agstin Ss a Py = Fya/pige n=n-1 ¥ lq¢—-____] __ y a1 ,018V Fy Tinh a,2 Tinh Z isin 74¥ y y Bo= Bo” ay $20 ay > 20 y ¢ ‘ Tinh ¥, Tinh Tinh Hig Hig Y Tinh Cy. ————t Y Tinh cac TSCN: Tinh p. Foi Fy ml i-Z i-1 £2 0.5(8,+f,!") § 6 — 75#7 76 NhO: fos Wei Cye by = 1.414. tyo.ay —_—___¥ Ry = 0.5Poho ‘Abu Absp TINH Yo: Ye iit] Tinh C,,: CyoDyy=Do(1+8(D"Du-b)} Do=Dal SDD D} Ab, = by ~ Bo Ady= dhe Tinh Ab., n= 60vy ADs bo oy = m30 WWTinh: Po: Pe Tinh: Ma 5 Masi ¥v Nusi ¥v - i-n iv + In két qua Hinh 20, Tiudr todn cong nghé can hin 781.4- Chwrong trinh tinh cong nghé can hinh thép tron trén may edn lién tuc ( Bbbeniniobnoniadintinnkinneibenbiriinneiianiise ees CHUONG TRINH TINH CONG NGHE CAN HINH TREN MCLT SAN PHAM CAC LOAI TU@10 EEO SRC OME S ASO IAA IG ODROEOE OIORS ORIG | PROGRAM = CTTCNCH: USES Crt; TYPE Mang =Array[0..35] Of Real: VAR F,Te,Rka,b,h.C.Etx,Dbcp :Mang: on isn.z.ttd Integer; Dh,Db,Dhmax.p.Pe.Me.tb.Mms,Vtc_ :Mang; May,R,App.Ap,Muygg.Muym,Nde :Mang: Muytg,Muyv,Teh,TTT.Muymg.tms -Real; rg,Dic,Dhm.Wtc,muymx,Dko.Dk — :Mang: M,Bo,K,Ao,Dtct,an,1] ,Det.phi! sReal: Kt sChar; TenFile String: Ff ‘TEXT: muytg! . - ybishsaynte, Vex :Mang; ¢1,c2.c3.. +.¢3,b1,h2,h3,h4 :Real: Dk1,Dk2.y1,y2.x2.nuymx1 :Real; Dot Dep phio.yo.hsao,Dy.ks : Mang: Vo.ho,keas,kcac,kca,keb,ke :Mang: ket,kern :Real: [JB tH pH pcrnaoliancunninniannbniiokiibe bch aobiien ek PROCEDURE © Tinh_n(Var n1dl,21 :Integer); Begin Write('Cho biet duong xinh san pham: d="); Readin(d); 79begin end + end: Readin: begin Case n of I2ez 10: 2:55; 08 <2: 0622: end: end: End; [ Step roriUOnioooronEre nS Eira ier inmannaetanitiiniet | PROCEDURE Chon_Aot Var Aoueal): Begin Case d of 112416: Ao=Ays 18,20, end: End: [ Fh ocumcnroorianer Ann er ieiabbaaetar aiid y FUNCTION ‘TG(so:realzmu:real):Real: Begin 1G:sExp(mu*Lngso}): End: 80[CAHCOpo Hoo eamaiobieai einai imanimcncorr tana) PROCEDURE — Tinh(Var al:Mang); Begin Tinh_n(n.d,2); Chon_Ao(Ao); .001*d*d+0.05 1 *d+0.96; ‘Sqr((3.14*d*d/4)*Muyv); For i:=I to z do {i-1]<18 then oLi]:=-0.0001557*ali-1 Ptafi-1]}+0.01557*ali-U+1.20221 else tbfi:=K*tbli); al [2*i}:=a) (2*i-2VAblil; end: End; [ etespcb ec rome nnoniiion rid mmmibdoadrEa coer | FUNCTION 18(x 1 :real):real; begin Tf xl<1.s then begin is:=0.03240,737*x 140.125*51*x1; end Else ts:=0,596%x 140.31; end; 81[ SiitnnioriOn Ra ESO RGIS OE OEE EE EET] 82 [0]*ai0]-86; Begin For is=1 to z do begin o2ti-l; vist4i; Bo:=alv-2]: Tf i¢Tech-575) then begin plo}:=42*(Tch-Tefo]-75)/1500 140,33*(2*Sqrt(Rk[o]*Dh[o]/(Borhjol)- 1): end else begin plol=42*((Tch-Te[o}/1000)*((Tch-Tefo]/1000)* 140,33#(2*Sqrt(Rk[o}*Dh{o])/(Botblo})-D: end; Ftx{o]:=0.5*(b[o] + Boy*Sqrt(Rk{o]*Dhlo)); Pef tx[o]*p[o}/100; Me{o]:=2*Pe{o}*0.475*Sqrt(Rk[o}*Dhfo})/1000; Mms[o}:=Det*Pefo}*fms: 84If Telv|>(Tch-575) then begin plv]:=42*(Tch-Te[v]-75)/1500* 140,33*(2*Sqrt(abs(Rk[v*Dh[v))/(Bo+hly])-1)s end else begin plv 42*((Teh-Te[v}/1000)*((Teh-Te[v})/1000)* 140.334(24Sqrt(RK{v}*Dhiv})(Bothfy]}- 1): :=0.75* bl v]*Sqrt(Rk[v]*Dh[y]); x[v}¢plvJ/100; =2*Pelv]*0.475*Sqct(Rk[v]*Dblv]3/1000; Mms[v}:=Det*Petv}*fms; end; End; Begin h[o]:=Round((-0.00004*d*d + 0.005*d + 0.76)*d); hf[tt]:=d* 1.013; bfo]:=Round(h[o}/(0.0024*d + 0.54); begin if (d=10) or (d=12) or (d=14) then t[o}:=2; if (d=16) or (d=18) then {[o]:=3 else tlo}:=Reund(0.15*d); 8586 /3)*b[o}*h{o]+(1/3)*b[o}*tfo]: =(Bo*Bo-0.86*sqr(0.2*Bo) Flo}; dtd); Muy[tt}:=Ffo/F{ty; Dh[o]:=Bo-Ffol/b{o]; Rk[0]:=(Dte[1]-Flo}/o[o))/2: Rk[tt ne [1]-Flu}/d)/2: Dbcp[o]:=0.35*(Sqrt(RkLo}*Dh[o]))*Dh[o]/Bo; Dbepf{te]:=0.35*(Sgrt(Rk{tt]* Dh[tt}))*Dh[ol/h[ok: If (Db[o}(Tch-575} then begin plo):=42* (Tch-Te[o}-75)/1500* 1+0.33*(2*Sqrt(Rk[o]*Dh[o])(Bo+h[o}}-1); end else begin plo}:=42*((Teh-Te[o}}/}000)*((Tch-Te[o]}/1000)* 1+0.33*(2* Sqrt(Rk[o]*Dh[o])/(Bo+h[o]}-1); end; Fix[o}:=0.5*(b[o] + Bo)*Sqrt(Rk{o}*Dhfo); Pefo]:=Fix[o}*plo}/100; Pe[o]*0.475*Sqet(Rk[o]*Dhlo]}/1000; Mms[o]:=0.18*Pc[o]*0.004: If Tefo]>(Tch-575) then beginpltt}:=42*(Teh-Te{tt}-75)/1500* 140.33*(2*Sqrt(RKINT*Dh[tt])/Bord)- 1); end else begin pltt):=42*((Teh-TeLtr))/1000)"((Teh-Teftt)y 1000)* 140.338(2*Synt(RK[UT* Dhl Bord) 1): end; Fix{it}:=0.75*o*Sqrt(RK{up Dbl): Poftt]:=Ftx [tel*pitt}/100; +*Pe (tt) *0.475*Sqrt(Rkftt]*Dhjtc}/ 1000; .18#Pe[t1}*0.004; Begin For i:=1 10 2 do begin muytgi[i]:=F[2*i-2VF[2*i: begin Ific3 Then Dic{}:=350 Else Dee[1}:=320; end; end; End; visd*z, Muytg][ol:=F[v/Fiv+ 2h: hi s=sqe((sqrt(Muytgfo])Ly/(sqrt(Muytg lop D): h2eMuylv+2]*(Muy[v#2} D/Muylv +l] *(Muyly+ 1): hsao[o}:=145.2*(9+320/d) *hi*h2: 8788 Phil:=((hsao[o}- I )Ansao[o})*sqr((muy(v+2]-1)*(1+(320-d)(4*d))*4.5): Phi(o]:=1-0.383*Sqrt((1/3)*In(Phil)); qrt(Muytg i [0])/Phifo]-1)/hsao[o]; +540*sqr(cl)*cl; t(Muytg 1 [o])/(Philo]}*sqrt(1-Phifol/sqrt(muytg|fo]))): {(1+c2*c3*6/(4+(320-d)*(Muytg | [o])/d)); yofo]:=d*sqrt(abs(F[v/F[v+2]-y1))/2; yolv42]:= d*(4*Rfo]-d*(t+sqr(1/Phifo])))/(4*(2*R[ol-d)): ‘Dol fJo}+2*Rfo]*( 1 -sqrt(abs(1-sqrt(yo[o/RIol))): Dol [v42]+d*(I-sqrt(1-sqr(yo[v+2]*2/d))); Do! [o]+Dy{o])/2; Dep[v+2}: =(Dollv+2}+Dylv42p/2s Ifoj-=sqr(abs(F[o}*(muy[o]- L)*Deplov3. 4*yo[o}*(1-cy[o])))): Le= (3.4*yo[v42]*(I-cylv42)); qu(abs(F[v+2]*(muylv+2]-1)*Dep(v+2)/1)): :=Pi*sqrt(abs((muyfo]-1)*DeploP/R[o])): Dko[o]:=Dol [o}*(1+2*yo[o}*(1-Io]/(0.4*Deplo}})*Dk 1 (Pi*Do[0])); Dk1:=sqrt((muyfo+ 1]-1)/Depfo+ | }*2/d)(P*Dol[o+1]); Dko[v+2}:=Do l[v+2]*(1+2*yofor lM 1-llo+1]*(0.4*Dep[o+]))*Dk 1); x[0]:=(Dko[o]-Dol [o})/(Dy[o]-Dol [o)); x[v+2]:=(Dkofv+2]-Dol [v+2]}/(Dylv+2]-Dol[v+2]): If Dkofo}k then Go:=Go*(Xo-x[iD/xk}-xEDs Po:=Potyik]*Go; end; Simson:=Po; End; Begin Writeln('':18,CHUONG TRINH TINH KC 100PHU THUOC TOC DO Writeln(’':10,Tinh KC=f(Vc) cho d=16, Gia can K15-16 Write('':10,'Donnez la velocite Xo: "}: Readin(Xo): Begin Writeln( Calculer la valeur y avec x=Xo donne '); Simson(Xo,Sinson); Writeln(‘La valeur y: ',Sinson); begin Begin WriteIn(Ket qua keo cang la: Write(tg:6:5,''); Writeln; End; Readin; End; [ Bi brbsrbriancamrnianiit non eibicatontnereraan: | BEGIN Cliser, Menu; Case chon of L:Begin Write( Donnez le diametre de la production Tinh_n(n.dz); DiieuKC; ‘Tinh_KC(n, Muy,Dh, Veh, Dk,KC,p.Pc.Mc,Ndc); End: 2:Ahuong_Vc; 3:Exit; End; ); Readln(d); END. 1011.6- Chuong trinh tinh cong nghé can thép gée PROGRAM CNTHEPGOC; (crrrerreenentens CHUGNG TRINH TINH CONG NGHE CAN THEP GOC mas ereaReEee } Uses Crt: Type Mang=Array{0..10] of Real: Var F,Te,hd.b,Muy,Anfa,Dtr,b.t : Mang: hdo,lo,Rbo,ro,bbE,bbff,hfoi,Bfoit,Bfoin = Real; inkz : Integers, Nuy,Le,Lic.Leh.LReRk.RbhRbRbn,Phi_ : Mang: rhh,bb.hhmax,p.Pc.Mt.Me,Fms.Mms,Mkt.x : Mang: Fix,Ve,nte, Wic,ks,Ndc,ree, Dk : Mang; TY.Teh,Det,s,bfoi,Muytich : Real: Ce : Char; TenFile + Strings Ff : TEXT; [ Bibncecsaincaa sr enianiainiaceeeriennann ee | Procedure Tinhbb(hh,hd,Dtr:mang;Var bb:Mang), Var bbf.bbif : Real: i : Integers Begin If =2 then begin b 70.3540.5*hhfi*Sqrt(0.5*Dtc|i]*hhli] hd fi+ 1], end; If G=3) or (i=4) then begin bb[i]:=0.8*0.35*0.5*hh[i]*SqrtO. 5*Durli}*hh{i))/hd[i+ 1); end; End; 102[ Pebcieanneenrerenoocrmaissaner biryani | Procedure CacdoanL(Lc:Mang; Leh,Lfe, Var Lr:Mang), Var i: Integer; Begin If (i=2) or (i=3) then begin Leh(i}:=0.5*Lefi; Lfeli}:: Lirfi}:=0.1 *Le| end il Lrfi}:=0.2*Leli]: end; End: [pee a aoranninadotenanennesiainain aaactacre aia: | Procedure TinhP_M(Tch:real:F,Tc.hd,B,Rk,hh:Mang; Muy.P.Pc,Mt,.Me: Mang); Var Ftx.Mms,Mkt ; Mang: i : Integer: Begin For i:=t to 5 do Begin Muylik=Fli+ JFL: Fix{iJ:=0.5*(BliJ+Bli+ 1 ])*Sqrt(Rk{i}*hhti)); If Te{i}>(Teh-575) then begin plil:=45*((Teh-Tefi]-75)/1500)*(1+0.42*(2*Sqrt(RKLT*HALiDY (hdli}+bdli+1))-1)): 103,end else begin pliJ:=45*((Tch-Te[i])/1000)"((Teh-Teli)/ 1000)*(140.424(2" Sqnt(RKLi}*bbfi)/(hdfi}+ha fit 1-1); end; ix{i}*pLil/1000; :=Pefi}*Sqri(RKLi]*hh[i})/1000, .235*Pc[i]*0.004; 05*Mc[i); Mt{i]:=(Me[i]+Mms[i}+Mkt{i])/0.92; End; End; { spb ssuonrerarotisabniinanmnnrodaanncn rs snes } BEGIN Clrser: Gotoxy(22.2); Write(CHUONG TRINH TINH CONG NGHE CAN HINH '): Gotoxy(36,3): Gotoxy(15.4); Writen(e biter enemies icieitia), Write(Cho chieu rong canh goc 1o=50.6 hoaclo='); Readln(lo); Write(‘Cho chieu day trung binh cua san fam =4 hoac hdo='); Readin(hdo); Write(Cho ban kinh luon tai dinh LH fia trong =5.5 hoac Rbo='); Readln(Rbo); Write(Cho ban kinh luon o chan LH =L.8 hoac ro=); Readin(ro); 60; Nuy[4]:=1.65; Nuy{5}:=1.80: 3 1[6] :=400; Dtr[5]:=400;[DAHER ERS a cein cera aicioriedeniodobicirinobiabiie ] downto I do Muytich:=Muytich*Nuyli]; End; hd[i+1]:=Nuy[i}*hdfil; hbfi]:=hd[i+1]-hdfi]+0.3175; *0.5*hbfi}*s/hdli+l]; writeln(bbf",bbf:4:1); bbif:=0.01*Lefi); bbfil:=bbE+bbtf; writeln(Gia tri bb(,i.J='.bbli]:4:1; readin; End; FOR i:=2 to 5 do Begin Anfaf1):=85; hd{i+1]:=Nuyli*hafi]; bh{i):=hd[i+ 1]-hdfi]: 8*0.35*0.5*hh[i]*Sqrt(0.5* Durfi]*hhfi])/ndli+1 J; Tinhbb(hh,hd,Dtr,bb); 105writeln(‘bb=" bb[i}:4: 1); Lefil:=Leli-1]-bbti-1 }; CacdoanL(Le.Lch,Lfe,Lr); writeln(Leh[’i]="Leh{i}:4:1); .4*Lefi Pit Rbhf{i}:=Re(i}-hdli/2: fafi]:=Anfali-1+10: X{i}:=Leh{il*sin(0.5*(Pi* Anfalil/180))+Refi}* cos(0.5*(Pi* Anfafi/180)): BUi}=2*(X[i]-Refi}*sin(Pi* PhiliJ/180)+LrLi]); H{i]:=0.5*hd[i]*(1 +sin(0.5*(Pr*Anfali}/180)))/sin(0.54Pi* Anfafi]/180)) +Leh{i}*cos(0.5*(Pi*Anfa{i}/180)}+Refil*(cos(Pi* phil: 180) -sin(0.5*(Pi*Anfa[i/180))); Rb[i}:=RbLi-1]*Nuyfi-1]: If Oddi) then r[i]:=hhfi-1] else r{i}:=rfi-t }+hbli-1; FUiJ:=2*Le{i}*hdli]s Rkfi]:=0.5*(Duli]-FEY/ BUD); Tefi}:=Teli-1]+TTs Writeln(rf is ]=' eli Ds End; [ ieeercberceeenee Tinh phoi *#tobenbo ee | Begin for i:=1 to n-1 do begin if (i=2) or (=5) then begin .S*dlv(i] *sqréfa); 15*hb[i/2*b(-1))*(sqrt(dlv(i}/2*hhfi])-bh{i/2*fa)); bk1[i:=1.0*h(i-1s pk2[if:=bkeL fi] H1.5*bbLi: tli}:=0.014d2; gli}=(bk2fi]-bk 1 [ini]: Fifi}:=arctan(gfi]); else hhmax|i]:=0.5*dlv{i}*sqr(fa); bbit{i]:=1.15*nh{i}(2*h(i-1))* (sqridlv[il/2*hbLi))-hh[il/(2*fa))s end, bbltfiT=1.15*hh[i|(2*h[i-1)*(sqrtalv[i] 107/2*hbLi)-bh[iV2*Fa)); bkI fi O*bfi-1); KL [i]+1-5*bbfi]; O1*d2; K2fi]-bk1[i)AML}-tLi)); etan(glij); .1S*bli-l J; 12[i]:=0.1"fi-1); Te2[n}:=1000; for i:=n downto I do =Ted{i]+TT; if Te2[i}>(Teh-575) then Pli}:=42*((Teh-Te2[i}-75y/1 500)* (140.33%(2.0%sqrt(0.5*dlv{i]*hh fi) Ah{i}+hfi-1))-1)) else plil:=42*sqr((Teh-Te2fi}/1000)* (140.334(2.0*sqrt(0.5*dlv{i]*hb [i /¢hli}+h[ie1)-1)): Fixli}:=0.5*(b[i]}+bfi-1))*sqrt(0.5*dlvtil*ahfi))s Pe(i):=Ftxfi}*Pfi}; cli*Sqrt(Rk{i}*hhfip/1000; }1]*Nuyfi-1]s fi)-hd[i-1]; bb[i-11:=1.15*0.5*hhfi-1]*(Sqrt(RKfi-1 ]*hh{i-1)) -0.5*hh{i-1]/Ems|i-1 )/ndfi); i}:=Te[i-1}4TT: 1,0*0.90*1,0*(1.05-0.0005*Tefi)); S*(Durlil+fi}-hdfip); hhmax|i}=2*Rk[iJ*(1-1/Sqri(1+Fmsfi}*Fms[i])); H[i}:=ha{i}+hhmax{i}; 108bbfi):=1.15*0.5*hhmax([i}*(Sqrt(Rk[i}*bhmax{i]) -0.5*hhmax [i]/Frns[i})/h[i}; Bfoin:=Bfoit+ 1.3*bbfi]: B[i]:=Bfoit+bbfi: (F[i):=hdfi]*Bfi}. | Fli}:=Hfoi*Bfoi: Rob[i}:=0.15*H[i}; 1fi}:=0.10"HEi]; End; { Heese’ Tinh nang luong “#eHbHeEEEREEE | TinhP_M(Tch,F.Tc,hd,b,Rk,hh,Muy.P,Pc,Mt.Mc); :=2*RK[1]: 0000* Vc[1]/Dk{1]}*Pi; Wref1]:=nte[1]*Pi/30; to5do Weefi-1/Muyli-t cli-1 /Muyti- 1; For i:=1 to S do begin Ndefi]:=Mi{i]*Wic[i]; end; End; BEGIN Clrser; Gotoxy(17,D): Writeln( KET QUA TINH TOAN CAC TSCN VA NANG LUONG 4; Gotoxy(22,2); Write( seheortioncnncenne nicer, 109Gotoxy(1.3); Gotoxy(1.4); Write(kIMuy!H 1B thd! Le {Re [hh bb/ RK EVe h); Write pp | Pel Me 1 Nde('); Gotoxy(1.5); Write(\--| Write( Gotoxy(1,6); Write(H- fmm timmiimm! mm Imm imm | mm | m/s!'}; Write(‘kg/mm2IT 1Tm! Kw’); Gotoxy(1.7 Write(‘H- Writein(--- HN), Begin il; Write(I'i: 11 Write(!Lelil Write(Rki] For i:=2 to $ do Begin Write i:1,1.Mayli4:2,/ hfik4: LU bli Write('Lefi}:5:2.1,Refi]:5:2, 1 bhi Writec”,RK| V.Vefi}4:1, 1 plil:6 W did:4: Ds .Melijs4: bi; ReadIn; Writeln(” END * END * s END; 110Begin Clrser, Writeln; ASSIGN(FE, TenFile): Rewrite(Ff}; Writeln(Ff % Writeln(Ff meres KET Qual TINH TOAN *#*###'); Writeln(Ft,! % Writeln(Ff, | *#* CAC TSCN VA NANG LUONG CAN THEP GOC ** Hee), Readin(Ff,k,Muy.h,b.Lce.Re,bh.bb,Rk, Vc.p,Pc,Mc,Ndc’); Begin ‘Write(Ff i: 1,Muy(i}4:2.8 {10:4 1. bfi 41. bd fi}4:b; Write(Ff,’Le[i}:5:2,'".Refi]:5:2,,'(bh{i]-0.317):4:1,,,bbfi]:4:1; Write(Ff,/RK[i]}:5:1/.95 Write(Ff.Vet * pliks4:1Pefil:4: 1... Mefi]-4:1); Writeln(Ft,.; Ndc{i}'3:1) End; For iz=2 to 5 do Begin Write(Fiuis 14). Muy/i}:4:2.1h[i]:4:1 ¢.bLi:4: 1 hdfi):4:1); Write(Ff//Le(i]:5:2,. Refi]:5:2, hbUi: Write(FF,.R&Li:5:1,); Write(FF,Veli}:4: 1, plif4:1',Peli}:4: 1, Mefi}:4: 1); Writeln(Ff,',',Ndc[i]:5: 1), End; Close(Ff); End; Readln; End: END. 21 bbfi] 4:1); ditCHUGNG II ‘THUAT TOAN TINH CONG NGHE CAN TAM IL.1- Thuat todn tinh 4p luc kim loai len true Nhu ta dit biét, theo cong thife (11.124), 4p lye cn to&n phan téc dung lén mot truc cn hode Tye can 1: P= Pople ‘Trén hinh 2} 1a so dé thuat todn (SK-1 ). So dé thuat todn nay khdc véi so dé thuat todnthuc hién bdi set ngiin gon va khong din ra nhimg cong thie trung gian. Céc phép tinh duge thyc hign theo thé ty nhur mdi ten chi. Néw nhw trong mot khGi chit hat cia thudt todn, thay vio ché cong thic 18 s0 higu cong thi tinh thong so cong nghe thi cén tim dén cong thie tong ting trong gido trinh theo s6 hieu da chi ra & tren. Khdc v6i nhig phép tinh I6gic chi co hai dau ra, so d6 khoi o6 thé 06 nhiéu dau ra dugc danh dau bang chit sé La Ma. ‘Digm qua vai nét vé cach 1am vige ela thugt todn tinh dp Tye efi kim Joai len truc (hinh 21 ). Trude tién cén tinh SA, chiéu day i, fy va lugng €p téng ex) va ex, - Sau d6 tinh chiéu dai cung tigp xtic theo cfc cOng thie (ITT.119 + TIL119b). Bat hep = 1, . Buse tigp theo tinh gigi han chay trudc va sau lan edn cing nhur gidi han chay trung bin, NhGng dai lugng nhur: chigu day clia kim loai_ (tam) 6 tiet dign trung hoa, he 86 trang thai tng suat, dp luc riéng trung binh tinh theo ede cong thie (L111). (TIL. 108), (I.107). Xe dinh xong 4p lye trung binh, tign hinh so sénh vdi gid tri Ap lye t6i han cho phép [ py] (én hon 1,5 lan ). Su tang gid tr] nay 1a edn thiét béi vi trong qué trinh higu chinh cung tiép xuc /,. c6 thé xay ra mot sé gid tri vot qua cia [ py ]- Dé 66 duoc két qua mong muén cén tinh chiéu dai cung tiép xtie bing cong thie (HL.115). Tigp theo tién hanh higu chinh chiéu dai cung tiép xiic. Khi da cd ket qué chinh xéc chiéu dai cung may thi buée cudi cing 18 vige tinh lye cén toan phan theo céng thitc da biét. , ‘Thuat todn SK-1 cho phép lap tinh tinh mot s6 thong s6 cong nghe co ban bing cdc céng thie gidi tich. ‘Trong thudt todn SK-J, nhimg ky higu: 1*; 2%; 3%; 4% 5#; 6* va. 7* tong ding v6i cdc cong thie: (IIT.119+I11.119b); (1IL122); (111.123); (111-110); GUT: TH.108; TH1.107); (101.115) va (II.124). 113Thuat toan SK-1 1 mot phan cia thaat ten tinh cdc thong ong nghé co bain cila qua trinh can vim SK-2 bang phuong phap gidi tich va phuong phap s6 Ah =0,01eh,, —> hoac Ah=eh,/(100-e) €54=100.(h,-hy)/h, ez,=100.(h,-h,)/h, y Le 1 Tinh M.Ns- ¥ Pp” Sy Va,” II + I i o* Chinh |, 1K * ie x Ties Me 5 Pep theo 5* ¢ Khong cn ditoc! t=0 eg cn T ae I Hinh 21. So dé thudt todn tink luc can SK-1. 4Trong cac so dé thuat toan SK-1 va SK-2 (hinh 21 va binh 22), viéc tinh toan nhimg dai Ivgng theo cdc cong thitc giai tich da duge din ra 6 trén gap khong it khd khan, rat khong thuan loi khi img dung tin hoc (4p tinh). Vi du viée xac dinh gid ti ting suat chay cita kim loai trude va sau Jan can c,; VA Gy theo cong thife (111.122). ‘Theo céng thie nay, tng suat o, 1a ham cita Iwong ép téng ex . Nhu vay phai tinh o, cho timg lan can gém: o,,— tng suat chay phia trude Ldn cén va oy,— ting suat chay phia sau Hin cdn ma cd a, va oy dé 1a ham cia lugng ép es - tuong ting sé 1 ex, va £9,. Sau dé tinh o, =0,5(6,, +6,9, cho tt ¢4 cdc in cén, Va néu nwt phai tinh cho vai chuc méc thép khéc nhau thi cong vigc that khong don gian. Tuy nhién, dé dua SK-1 va SK-2 vao van hanh, khong sir dung phuong phép cé dién nda, hién nay ngudi Tam tin hoc phai sit dung nhig cong cu tin hoc tmg dung nhu ham va_ma tran ngi suy Lagrange, noi suy Newton... Nhiing cong cy nay dap ting hoan hdo sy tinh todn day ric ri 4 néu trén, cho két qua nhanh chéng va chinh xc. Chuong trinh viél theo SK-1 va SK-2 cho nhéng TSCN cg ban can tam: Inong ép, chiéu day tam, dp luc rigng, jus can todn phan v.v ... 1s1L.2- Thuat toan tinh cée TSCN co ban khi can tam 116 —_> 14 SK-1 TEtrt ty uw Ax=LG rel* S ree. prt x. AK, As Bui Cx" & - | f + TTP XK Pe= PstPx 4 PAPx ri ane del Al ly PImPx Ap. =0 Oe Px=Px-0.5AK a 21 Px = ky 4 oe I k, = 2npp/hy 03-1 r + Ap. = 9 bm 91-25 Po Px > Ape (Qtk Ax* o-1 + - ¥ O.Sy-ix yy Theo ix:puSy S. oe Tinhedng - suat Ng ¥ , Ghi theo ix: por Pvt RIN Pxi Sx we Chin |, x Mr yy. Ao-1 |—— 1 ¥. - * 0-i + + v ¥ - . In; Trugt qua Pep-15[ Pep] FF -l x 1 rt — I can duge xk Dung hose |—> : * Ghi cht: - Hudng thao tac ( cde duéng néi ) trong thudt ton khong nd! nhau; = Nhimg ky higu: 1%, 2*, 3%, 4*, 5*, 6°, 7°, 8* tuong dng véi cdc céng thc: 1.114, 11.128, M.434, 1.133, 1.131, 1.432, 1.124, 11415. Hinh 22. So dé thudt todn tinh cde thong sé cong nghé can tdim ngudi SK-2. 17¥ | + | | - sypaty puny » bung . + ree fe too wut (001 . . | t PYAQOL=A slaves" o=tf=m Py pata ata it ldslavre=""d (001) 4001=%4 a x | | onto fe] faye a lag oy yey fH] pate || r ¥ avlal-lal | 2949-99 oy =ty I] 1 + - + ev-o .— Id tnew i oem Sem yy + i] wy} Ups 348u Sugo nn 10} UROL NYE -E TL 118yi OP OS ET HUT aty uaps upo Ape vp. 101 102 Up? Op a2 EPOL 7 + Bugo 094 WeId le] id NO- "wh F - L + ¥ 2 >W do Buony uawigul xg FL tgp AeuL UL lav=d¥ E ave Me ata x-0 ° {al=lal da Guan} *d - sex yuu [pl upo oF 9q urd ut 4 ibuna oT] ‘uy 119CHUONG IIL VAL NEY VE PHAN MEM CONG NGHE CAN HINH CHAY RONG MICROSOFT VISUAL C++ 6.0 TREN NEN WINDOWS ITL1- Vai nét vé ngon ngit Microsoft Visual C++ trong tin hoc chuyen nganh Nhu ching ta di biét, phuc vy cho vige lap céc chyong tinh hoac cdc phan mém img dung céng nghé cén, 6 thé sir dung nhiéu ngon ned khéc nhau, chay trong cde trudng tin hoc khic nhau. Trong gido trinh nay, tuy@t dai da sé nhing thuat todn vA chung trinh duge lap va chay trong TURBO PASCAL (Turbo 7.0). Ngon ngit ‘Turbo o6 dac diém khé dé hiéu, khong nang né, dé sita. Néw nam ving ngon ng, k¥ nang lap trinb thi viéc 1go ra cdc Phin mém mg dung la kh dé dang, sir dung it bd nhé va két qua chinh xéc. Tuy ahién Turbo efing ¢6 nhuge diém 1a kha nang giao dién kém. Phan mém cong nghé can hinh chay trong méi trudmg Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (PMCNCH M. Visual C++) ten nén Windows cho phép loai b® nhuge diém tren, Ng6n ngit ip trith Visual C++ 6.0 etia Microsoft, finh bien dich va moi trudng phat trign C++ higu qua va manh mé nhl, cho phép tg0 ra cde tng dung tién tin trén ean Windows NT vi Windows 9x . Véi nhiing cdng cy va tai nguyén day dit nha, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 duge coi 18 moi mrmg phat trién C++ manh nhit chit timg cd. ‘Voi mu viét manh mé 46, sit dung Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0, sn xudt ra hing Phdn mém cong nghé noi chung va trong sin xwat Cén kim loai néi riéng sé cho ta hieu qua cao, mot giao dign tuyét voi ben canh 49 chinh xe thod man yéu cau. 1.2- Phin mém cong nghé can hinh (@PMCNCH M. Visual C++) wong chuong nay gdm: Tink cong nghé cén thé: Tao phoi dé cén: Thép tron, Thép géc. Gém 34 files; 7,94MB. 121Hinh 24, Sé liéu ddu vao cén thép tran cita Phan mém cong nghé can hinh Microsoft Visual C+-+(PMCNCH MVisual C++) tren nén Windows. 2. Tinh cong nghé cén thép trdn tir phoi ma Cong nghé can tho da xéc dinh duoc. Phin nay cé 33 files; 9, SMB. 122=a pel oe Hinh 25. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Céc thong 36 cong nghe edn tho tao phoi dé cdn thép tron. 123PMCNCH M., Visual C++ ¢ SO liéu ddu yao dé cdn thép won. ny dong lay tit ket qua tinh cdn thé 6 trén, Hinh 26. (Chiéw cao phoi h va chiéu rong b duge hinh 25). : 1243. Tinh cong nghé cén dinh hinh thép géc., Oo ‘BANG THONG Ke SLAG CONG NOH Chae Oday hb BXt 9 Arnon] Spe | Lice. Mende Gnad- es (2 Fe a pour fom fae fee [amp einpaaefrenafsen Faron 2 (P_ fenton feos Peer [ose [ven [roar [seas frac fac (eee [cee [rT [70 Sta ram fanso fp [rami om rca Oven fis rate [ovsanes [2csras [isenstes Lin Jaz ems | Oven [sans [Resa [sro [27D || s = g ai LEE a e ile i Ss 3 & a z & ai Ne L Tien J31.125064 431.602080 [3 0 131135054 ]19.284565 ]24433.455 ercaneo fines 40. Oven) 29 266951 |49.810587 4, 3900427 430181038 JO 7.706606 |34042 206 {12604924 J147.06324 Tin [a2 300529 12.Ovan]20531702 names? Df saosin arrsrses [2627710 tin fesszicn forines 2 ___(0__[Pbsoomo fra.oras fcsacer jctonth Oven foxoveran fearczere (7 enor3s [7 osze87 rasa” (one 03 [zsoozan 9 fragcant iin hee Stanek =a. oheah lee (eee - io 8 i) | ‘ee z ‘€ kairo oe ~ [els Hinh 27. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Cac thong 36 cong nghé can thép won trén day trung — tinh lién tuc. le £ @ SB S 2 & S 8 g e a z x B 4 | ls ne 125Chuong trinh cia phan nay cé 71 files; 9,38MB. i teen 0 ia - a i he | eo ceo Ne | | i? 0 Hts 18 eo 900 El Hinh 28. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: S6 liéu déu vao can thép géc (Cain dinh hinh ). 126111.3- Thuat toan PMCNCH M. Visual C++ 3 (eR Hinh 29. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Cac thong x6 cong nghé ctia 16 hinh tink (16 hink dink hink thit nam theo huéng cén) . 127128 he 8 1 7 S a 3 1 8 Hinh 30. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Cac thong s6 cong nghé ctia 16 hinh dink hinh thit ne theo huéng cén.a Hinh 31. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Céc théng sé cong nghéctia 16 hinh dinh hinh thit ba theo lung can. 129117.108164 53 484382. Chigu dy canh: He Chiéu d3i dung tungbinh can: L_tb= Chidu i phn nim noting thdng an 3s7e2 Gbe a dinh: Pri= (115 Gc ap bt bn kinh cong’ dung tim bn inh cong; Algha= fer Linn= Bn kinh cong ngirh: fos Ese hodng och én dudng ndmngang tinh tin inh iiduinginbinkificng: X= [AZT Charing irk p- peers Chiéuceo(6 tinh: ye [e017 Bénkinh abc hom & dirh: Bénkirh ofc bon dnp: Diénch inh | nit dé c&ntg ish pha eu: t= (BO BIze128 | Toc d6 cin tg hirh pia sau: Hésb ma staid tinh phia sau: f= [0386 4p gc tung brh tai birh phia sau: Bibs [7785 Lyccéntail tinh phiasau: P= |19015039 Luci gin Gg tal inh phia sau Detab= [2196835 Lugng ép tif hinh phia sau | a Data h= (64158268 ae | He sbkéo dial in pia seu: | Muy [1505788 Momen fn alo Finh phia sau; Mc = |572672:90 Cing sult ingen pare (eo 130 Hinh 32. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Cac thong 36 cong nghé ctia 16 hinh dinh hinh thit hai theo hiténg can.eS |!) 280 vin TOAN LO MINE THO NEY Chiéu dip canh: He Chigu dai duing tungtinhearh: Ltb= Chidu d3 phd ni notisngthdng car aa Niet d6 cn tail inh phia sau: Técdé.céntailo tinh phia sau: ¥ He shin il i pia sau; 1 fp Wclwung bird tall tinh pia sau: Pb Lyccéntaibtinhphiasau; — P. Lucha gg ti hin pia sau Deta.b Lugng ép tal in pia sau Detah Hé si kéo d3ita hinh phia sau Muy | Momen cén tila hinh phia sau: Me Linn= Gécd dirh: phi [100 Géctao béi bin ki cong v8 dutng tam bankirh cory Alpha = \5 Bénkih cong tungbinh Ros (S55 Khong Sch rén dung ném ngang tinh ti din rh téiduding lim bankirh cong: X= fesaaais Chiduring tinh: B= [SHED Chiduceo inh He (15437975 Benin ofc on dh: as fea Bén kinh gc hon & nép = rie Dién ich hirh Fs [2818504 Céng suat déng co Back = {890 = (37176870 — = |0485 ae = {15119540 = (50310851 [rae fi secuero = (61660561 firseenr Hinh 33. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Cac thong s6 cong nghé ctia 16 hink dinh hinh ddu tiénhit 8 on tal inh pi sa Tec d6 cn tal inh phia sad He sina stl nh pia sau: Lugng ép tail hinh phia sau 4p gc tung binh tll hinh phia sau Lye cin hink pa sau Lutgng lt réng tong fir phi sau: Momen cn tail hinh phia sau ing suit dng 00 Bé 1éng phii cn: Chieu cao phéi cén: te ¥ fz Deta_h= mn [earse0 fpscmest| faa Ptbs (15388812 | | | | Hinh 34. PMCNCH M. Visual C++: Cac thong s6 cong nghé ctia Ié hink edn phoi (15 hinh cain thé cudi cing) dé cap phoi cho 16 hinh dink hinh déu tién 132