1896

Z
N






3000 250
90%

65

Z
N







A

()




226
88

4
222
86 2

A

Z


A4
Z2
42


A
+
Z1


A



Z1

42

16

n p
16

226


0.19
222

86

A
Z+1

Z N A

165
57
53
6

2, 8, 14, 20, 28, 50, 82 126

Z Z






Z

N Z

N/Z

1
0n

0
11 p + 1
+

0
1
e





Z
N A

137
55

137
56

+ e + +

1.17 5%

Emax
95% Emax =
0.51
0.66

137
1.17

210


Emax

Emax

1

E = 3 Emax
210

Emax E


Emax


E = Emax Ee

Emax
Ee
E

1
1p

0
10 n ++1
+

0

+1
e+



N/Z



+
Z
N
A

30
15

+
30
14 + e +

N/Z




1
0
1

1 p +1 e 0 n +

K
L




X


+

0
+ 22
+1
10 +
22

11
0
22
+1 e 10 +



22
10%
90% +



22 2m0 c2
+ 1.022



1.022

N/Z

22

74

74

32%
30%
38%



74 Z = 33 N = 41
Z N

X




+

106 99 99
6

99 142 140
1.17 1.33
60


60




Ek
E


Eb

Ek = E Eb


X

A
A
A
A
A
A

Z
N

Z + 1 N 1 E
= E max /3

Z 1 N + 1 E = E max /3
Z 1 N + 1 X
Z
Z

N
N

T1/2 > 106

X

99

60

dN
= N
dt

dN/dt

dN/dt
=

1
[ ] 1 1
1








dN
= N
A=

dt

1 = 1

8000
=
= 106
= 109
103



1

= 3.7 1010

= 106 = 103
= 103 = 106 = 109
= 1012

t

N = N0 et
N0 t = 0 e
e = 2.7183
A = A0 et

A t A0
N t
N N0

N = N0 1 et



t N/N0
P (
) = et



P(

) = 1 et

) t

t
P(

P ( )
t

T1/2

N = N0 /2
t = T1/2 N = N0 t = 0
N
1
= = eT1/2
N0
2

1
ln
= T1/2
2
T1/2 =

0.693

A0

T1/2 = 0.693/

0.693 ln 2

= 1.44T1/2

226

222

T1/2 =1602

218

T1/2 =3.8

T1/2 =3

10









t = 0
t > 0

N2 =

N2

t = 0

1
N0 e1 t e2 t
2 1

t, N0
2



t = 0 1

N2 = (N2 )0 e2 t +

1
N0 e1 t e2 t
2 1

132

T1/2 = 78

132

T1/2 = 2.3

132
132 132





e2 t e1 t
tc

A2
2
=

A1

2 1

99m
113m 68

132 T1/2 = 78
132 T1/2 = 2.3

99 99m
16%
99


99m (T1/2 = 6.0 ) 99 (T1/2 = 66 )
99m

99m t = 48

99m 99





99m
99

84%
99m 16%
99

99m

104

99m

2 1 2 1 = 2 e1t = 1

1
N0 e1 t e2 t
2 1

N0 1 e2 t
=
2

N2 =

N2 =

e2 t
= 0
1
N0
2

1 N0 = 2 N2
N
N
0 = 2
T1/2 1
T1/2 2

1 N0 2 N2



222 T1/2 = 3.823
226

T1/2 1600



90 90


90
90
90

(28 )
90

T1/2 = 64 .





226 .

T1/2 1 <

T1/2 2 1 > 2

226

222

4 0

238 T1/2 = 4.5 109 14
206
238
4 2

238
(4n + 2) n
51 n 59 226

226
1600

4.5 109

235 T1/2 = 7.05 105
11
207

(4n + 3)
232 (0.7 109 ) 10

208

4n

(4n + 1)

241
209


241
T1/2 = 432.2 237

T1/2 = 2.1 106 237




3 14 40 50 87
115
130 138 142 144 147 176 187 192
(4n + 2)

13
+10 146
6
31
1
32
15 +0 15

14

238
92
234
90
234m
91
234
92
230
90
226
88
222
86
218
84
214
82
214
83
214
84
210
82
210
83
210
84
206
82

3
1

T1/2
4.47 109
24.1
1.17
2.46 105
7.54 104
1600
3.82
3.10
26.8
19.9
164.3
22.3
5.01
138.4

51
60
, 35
16 24 27

4n + 2

238

99
42

133
198
54
79

+

68
30

+11 67
31

13
15
18
7 , 8 , 9



11
5

235
92

+11 116

10 AZ11 +

90
38

A2
Z2

131 137
99
42 53 55

201

82
203

81
203
1
201
1
81 +1 82 + 3 0

T1/2 = 9.4
201

201
82
81

A
t t = 0

A = F N 1 e0.693t/T1/2

2 1


2

1024 2 )
T1/2


A


t
T1/2

F
N

A = F N = A

A



59
27

10 ,

60
27

59

T1/2

60

= 5.3

59