: CHAPTER 3 Realism i| Tooduton:HenensofRains «69a the Cold Wr The hse Cesc Retin NATO Eason os Hepnony nthe an of ower Seal Two Gye tale oe oti heey Den Moraes Neos eon Schengen Sem Reon Wale nd ee Neorene Sabliy Theosy B Summary ‘ihr ttn Tha not anion sony [tate sn rman cat sd sy pes ee St tots onsite oes prt ai at elo pln pe Tosteuengoay tsps oh teeta ey lh ca oe pnna t etapa ttt mater rr noes up Sno et Sncpaay eed edie ard anne vanes een aero a ac ren en se eh .————— Introduction: Elements of Realism asc rest Mes and ssomptions ae (2) pes view of man ature; (2) = ‘onvisn that ineraoraltelons ae necessary cof and ht ftematina ‘Sonica we ukimatcly wold by war) # igh ged forthe values eo secuty ‘fest survival av (basi srpin hat there canbe progres i nteratoal po [ice tatscompareble otha in dems alae ee we nk 0D. These earand ‘sumptions suc he tought of toting reais thers, bot past and presen Test thought humans re eatacterzed as beng pececpled wit thelr own swale thet ompettve elatos wh each ote. They dest be the deers he Theydonotwsho bean adremage of They consequently sso the ge ‘Sos wh other people—ncatng iteration eons wth te counties tah ‘guration, bums betngs ae cnet toe sey the sme everpere, Ths the “Tee to ejoy am dvonage ove terete avoid donation by ters univers ‘Ths peste view of man mare e strongly evident inthe TR eheony of Has ‘Morgen (1965, 1985), who wa probably the lending east chnker of the ewes “entry He ses mesand women arving wil to powe? Tat spray evidencin pols and pec ncrantional polite Folie atrgle for por over men sd ‘Steves uate im may be, powers enmeti goal and the modes of aequing, ‘ing, end demonstrating termine the tecign of pleat acon (Morgen 1965 19, "Trcpes, Mahle, Holes, sn ndee alas els, sar that wie ta great elenr extent Tey belee ithe gal of power. the means powerand the wes fone wea canal reosropatan af pli activi Icematinal ples i thes ot ‘Saye above all e-power polls: an aren of aly coalct and war beer “icsn whieh the sue bas probs of defending the nara interest and ensrig he ‘omtnelsrvvaf the sate ope thames over ad over ag ali dus pete wih a core ssunpeion that weld police ules pan ine sna any ce tay wth ooreaehing autho po world goverment. These {Sthepremnen scorn word oli, Intrationl laos re pany elation of fe Atheros ia world plies Andes international opizaons, NGOS, SEAR ater ler imporant or unporant, The sats pola of frig policy © ‘Pete defend he terest ofthese word plies But statesae not eal: nt thee an ieratonal kirby of power ctng states. The most portant Sexes in werd poles ae the gent pomes. International relation ae wnderstod by ‘esas pinay sage betwee he reat powes lor domination and secur: “Teevonmatve co fw atonal security state suri thes te the aes that de ret dace andrea eign policy. The state conse wo be ese forthe good Ie of tscizens: without «ate o gunna the mens and conditions of fect ado promot wlan, mas bound te, nthe uss pase of Thoms Classic Wht is ce andargum cut Renaisane‘renal ables (1046: 8), solitary, poo, ny rush and shor, The sat i chs sen os « poten ofits teniany ofthe population, and ofthe dtincive and valued way of Te The ona nrc she Bal ae fn odging feign policy Homan society x rows confine tthe sate and dee not extend nto aeration eatin, which sa pola sena of consdessle rm, laced ad colt between sae in which he (pestponer dominate everbody ese “Tf hata utes mst prov sr ovm atonal test mennsincther counts sand pveriments om newer be lied wpon comply ll nterratior agreements se ‘povbioel and connalon the willingness of Sats to observe them Alstes mest be prepued to saci ter icermatonal bigations onthe ala ofthe own eters f ‘Be wo some tt conf. That rakes ttles and al oer ageebents,convensons, ‘toe rls, ns nd soo ete sates merely expelent aargements which can Sei be set std thy conc wh the al ners of snes. Thee aren nero toma eigetions in he moral see ofthe word—Le, bonds of mul duy—besrer. Independent states, siietd abort oly fndsmentl responsi of sttespeople {Gtowhnce and dled he naa aterert Tat saowhere stated more brutally han by Machel nhs mous book Th Prince (se Box 33), "That ean tha thee can be mo pores change i wold pols comparable tthe ewpments tha chee doen lita le Thatto means east TR theory (Seowlsced tobe al no only at parle terbattal mes, becrase the foregoing sits of wld pois never change Tat sey ee what ost et ae a dette, —— "Fer isan bogota ditnction in east IR theory between csi ealsn and contemporary reals, Cassia alan one ofthe dona approaches to IR hat ws prominent por co he betaviouralitreoltin of the 19505 and 1960s oie in ‘Chapels baseallynarmatve neprosh, and oases onthe ie poli ales of ‘tonal security and ste survival Chal else ive in nny ferent hist ‘eds, fom ancien eee ight down othe preset ime. Conterpory ris o0 he the hand snd as the name impli, a ocent TR ocr: i tsa seen in fppotch and focase onthe internal stem ost Tis hy Gough at elie) Ameria in erga Inder tbs been and perhaps illsthemet prominent IR eo he Uated Se, which some to by far he largest mambo schon ‘hwo Tat fc lone mls ontenporey rakes paul inortsnt 1 ho Classical Realism ‘a icles elisa Who are he ang caters? What ae thet key ess fnvaerents? In tissetion we sl emmine, bel the nesta dooght of hee tinting classe eas fhe ps (0) the ancien Grek istorias Tyee (2) tbe emacs Has pot hens Nal Machel and) theseteeauyae eeeerences Leer ag eee cereale eee Thucydides ‘Wha we cil itematonlresitons Thcyddes saw as the netble competons and conics been ase Grckely-sstes whch together compared the cla inguitle ‘Seliznton inowa ae ella) ond beaween Hells and neighonrngnow-Grck expe Such s Macedon o Perse we links 308 apd 3.08). Neer the tte of Hellas nor ‘hee non-Greknelghbous were fn ay sense equal. On the cota, sy were substan tally unequal there were a fe ea powes™such ab Athexs, Sparta od the Pesan [Enpiesndmary smaller and laser peters sucha the yma ttl ofthe Aegean Sea. That inequality as cosdered to be inevinhe and mau A dstinetve feute of “Thucydides brand of els 5 dus its narra character Aso sé Ct an Is a poles ania. Thucydides si in eect thx polite ans ae highly woequain hele Dwr and cpbite to dominate others nt defend there lat lage and Sal sap to that gen ety af seal power and onde hemacer corde ingly sts do cha, hey wl survive and pera even prosper states alo do tht, ‘hey wl plae terse in jopardy nd my een be destyed Ancient srs fl of tb ext fata sod empes, small alge that were deta So Thucjldes emphases tbe ited chokes ad the rested sphere of uaoexre sable to tespeoplein he conduct of frgn policy. He ao emphases tht eiions| lve consequences before any final decion is made a delon-maker should have Selly thought rough the ely cosesuencs bad ar well pod, Inplng ato, ‘Thucyidestoempbasisng ethics of tion and proencein the conduct org pli inanntemainal wold get iequly of esricel aig poy aes, nd ‘ever present danger as wees opportunity Foresight prudence, cuton a Judgement tue the charter ole ee of cea alin which Thucydides and mos ther ‘ssc ett a pons toting om pate moray snd the pine fjatice ‘tous enetzbatwacn maa of hs Lage os oscars he orl cts [Jax of Atenan nomen an exarion, Tsar te Gr tor Ps. | Aner’ empty pm ard i epatan he Pseparmetsn Lagi, 3 [eo ains ar alee sear aotendeegned to arr Mths Aan est | inet totPelpernsin Weihong te we mia ce | hove ners LeaseCa county ads goverment wish o surive anid pres they had beter py ateton to these furdamenal oll mains ofitenstionl lations lois bmous study of te Peloponsesin War (31-404) Taueyides (1972:407 pat ‘seas plosopy inc the mouths of th leaders af Athena gia power hit dialogue wih the lees of Mele a minor power-—dsing a momento conf between the wo cytes in 4169. The Melans mae an appeal tthe prince of este, wich tothemmenthattheirhonour and digit aa indent state seal be especedby ‘he powerflAtesians, Bt scaring oThucyde ase to apes Kind in nr ‘atonal ets Is nor about equal ueaent fr li about towing Your oper loc, about adapting tothe natral reali of unequal power Thucydides thtefoe the ‘Athens reply tothe Mean appease out mB 32, ‘Thats probably demos famous exampleof the clase elit undestndig of inter ‘tonal elas as sly an anarchy efsepaat ste tht have no el he excep {0 opernte according to he prniper and practices of power plies tn which ecu a sora the prsiay vate nl wars thei ae Machiavell| ‘Power (ihe Lo) and deception (he Fos) ae the wo ent men fr the conde of orsign pole according tthe pol eahings of Maciavell (1984 66. The epee pial vale is nao Eesdom, Le. dependence. The main respons flere lays coseck the advantage ano dln the inte ofthe ated thus ensue serra Tht requires seg ifs not strong lea standing ation foro ‘to prey upon the ler mst be aioe. That alsa egies cunning bd ifnecesy— theses othe pursit of elf nee th rler mt lobe fon ser re ht | suet and aio thy ght mis oportsty ths oul bing greta © or benef to them and thr stn. Even mote npr. they might fl to nae + _ menace o het which if goede maine might Bam or even detoy them. thet | fee snd pohly evn te state aswel Tat stateroom and steswomen mst be bth = ons an foes sa the ar of Machi (1984: 6) ali theory Cs eis TR coy primary «ther of survival (Wight 1966)| eon the ay wart sno a hg ata a | Jager tiepohia ha stolsatstayfrmtre goat be sheudeowhowso ee ise | shen ences amin | | tine sses-co) ‘The oreidng Machiavellian snampon sate world ea dngeous place ewe Ik 3.0), But sao, by he me ken, an opportane placebo. enybody hopes 0 ‘uve in euch wor, beers mus anyebe swore of anges, mst anteater. {ndrmst eth ecesunypretone agai them And ithe ope prosper enrich ocean wo bakin he elected ly ofthe accamlated power and wall ts tessry fr tet to renga ant ell the opportontiea ta resent henslres dt do that move gui more sly apd necessary—oretahlss thn ny ff their sv or enemies. The conduct of foreign policy thas an instrsneal or ‘Machiavelli acy based on tbe ttligetoelasion fone ower and intr 8 poet the poverand internal and compet "That shiewd cull te elle in some fen! Machen msxis of rest seatcralt ning the fllving Be aware of has bappenng Dot weit or ings to ippen. Anite the motives and aeons foes. Do not mit fo ees to ac. Act Infonet do, The prdent mt lender stot off ay thet posed by sore ol ous He or sb shouldbe peped to engagein preemptive war sud sir inves. ‘Therese ners alee opprtuntes ay poidal stator, a spree and qupped w plot them "Above all coving to Mackaelli, de vesponble sae lener must not operate tn accordance wi the pring of Chredan eer love thy neigtoue, be pest rd toil war expt in slfdeence ot part of» fst ease be chart she yout ‘wet withthers. ays atin god fats teMachlvel ses thse moral maxis asthe Tsght of politcal fresponsbliy if poli ars actin accordance with Chistian ‘wes they ae bound to comet let and they ll lose eveything No nl tha they ‘illescifce te property and peas the eed and eve the ies ofthe, ho {pend uponthlrsutera. Thempiation dear: fue doe ot know or rapes he tmnt of per pfs, sor ber atcaf wl a an wi he sear od wee tthe cee who depend aay upon i Ioter words pte esponsly fows Ina very iret vei ror nny priate nay The fondant ovesg valoes te the ecu and the svi of the tate: hat what mas gle foreign pho: ackavlis est wrngs are sometimes prayed (Fore 1982 64) as ‘nants on tow tothe ina completly caotie nd worl wor, Bat hat view ls mening I trerlocs the nsponsibiies ras notre to thereat het personal ees aa (ase fea be‘tal tose county ands zens: what Machi thang Fotence refers to “herepeble. Ths isthecsevltbe apt of Machinelin eae rer have toe bth ows and ones Beas hr peopl depend pon them for thr rv and proses Thatdependence ofthe people up the ruler, and pecaly upon the wd is tr oregn policy. owing tthe fc hat tate engin tesa tate: thatthe norma Heat maton of Machievellan elt bc of dasa elon peal Hobbes andthe Security Dilemma “om Hobs his we conan finden inh no pola if we image ‘nenand wom Ing nena dion pe enon on he foverin nate He ht thar pl oon tee rate’ Fr Hates {G5 62th store tan ere anc man comsencin whch he | Ssa permet tatty apt veya ne a on ‘seman, woo lds ender cre ese ara | simone conan rk tytn ory seb eg | Sie Rl sing costa fn ech er es chance | Conon shown 3 nis nvony dele tab exe a | tone om tne cnamsnes th es moments eset rick 0) "als eves ts an eape ote fo ie ste of mateo ted ‘humat condition, and that is via the creation and maintenance of aysovertign state; The mans ofecape by en and women ringer erh ie an Ssh eston with echterfom 3 scythe sfle en ‘women pony open play eau eth atten tl iat nibs ty ete ete Oehon 19T 36,The te {condiment conde: thew ales Imoter word thy ae nay ven cee seis yt eso Getgne) hsb he son (mason) Wh thee pec de fey mind in ingly 0 nt clan wee» wth» sve terenmen hn pans ate yan ede yore othe me {mena coder ifoign enim et nt vice te ofp crderanerthe psf the smn sh wees es oporanyeforshin ‘shes lnpt hv ne cost hey and dea Beg ch endo. os ol frist: bce te ut tet rca a sn conerasustutsng rosso thoes and whieh wat ac ote 04: ensecure and at peace they ae now fe prosper As Hobbes puts it, they ean pursue ae hoy ye gptess wel bing. Hower, dat stutstsluion tothe problem ofthe natural condon of humankind stomatal oss serious oll problem The ver act of instating sovereign sae fo cape fom the fal sate ofmtresimalancouly creates anor ste of te betwee sts, Tha poses what is wl tefered oa the steal 3 woe pols the ahievrent of personal set and domestic sear trough he creation of 2 sate ececsary ccmpanid bythe condon of atonal and intraoral seca {hat iroted nthe aay ofthe ate ntem. Thee sn escape om the nteraionalscursy lemma in the way tat there a scape foo the personal secre, Bees thee tno posal of forming stl tte or wold gverment. Unie individual men and women the primary satel ‘ature sovereign state oe not wing gv up Ue independence or the sake of any slob cuntyguarasce. Thats bens he international state of mare between ses {not strestening and dangerous athe orignal sat of mature tear for sats o proridesaconty then li frida men and women to do on thir own; sates ‘hie the collective pomerof lange nbn of espe tates ama themsles a ete themselves spat lreignsecntyteeats ia cedble and continuous a. Indiv men abd women te rlacrable Besse they sometimes hae ot tel gud dowaceg they hae ep But staer neve sep wlesnme cizeslecp other sens sreawake don gud states doth ob of protecg ther own pole hen thee ‘aos sate of mature can even be ena god thing becuse es parca reps Site theron crn acy oe peril war: there cane tional eof matoe ea ii oo af a [pematento guaran peace beercn sovereign stats Wa snes, a4 ts forreavng alspiesbemeen steht anno gre and wll no aoc, ‘cen babies states can sla contact treater ith each bert provide ep tbs ert elaons international lew cn moderne the eration state of ate by proidng framework of apyeements ad rules tha ae of advantage tall tates. The ‘Sas elon of Hoes ths emphazes both my power adie nw Bat {euernainal law rented by stat and wll ony be cueved tain he ecu ond rial terre of ater #9 do that otherwise wl be ignored For Hobbes, for raven ry a S heceiy ony Oar enerty Santa | ie, loaewee ‘tmaeataty |Reale Machinveli sd Thucydides, security a sual are ws of fndamenal importance. But the corer of Hoban rls s domes peace—pece within teamwork of the sovereign sute—and the oppor hut only i pace can prove or me ad women to xy Fly. The sate sored and equiped fr wat in one fo provide omesiepeace forts sbjcteand ze, ‘We can summarize the dscson ths far by bey sting what these lasses ‘asiallyhavein common Fst they aretha he huttan cin sa condition of nse ‘uty ad confit which ust be adresse nde with Second they ape that there * body of pla knowlege, or wisony, to del with th poem of scary and exc a ‘hem res tien the esto Fall thy ase that eo fal eeap om his ‘human condlon, which ra permanent fat of fumes Men other won hough {here oy of politi wisom-—whick cat be enti and tated in he fr of poe ‘ealmaxins—there are no permanent finlslons tothe poblems of police inl ingincermaos pois. Thissober and somevbt pessimist vw ia the he ofthe shor often nena mat henna a) Manet Morgenthau's Neoclassical Realism ‘Accoringo Morgenthau (1965), men and women arent police anil they re bom to ptsue power and a exjy the frat of power Morgetha speakf te ants soninad, the human (Worgenthau 1965: 192), The exving for power tates a each not only Fr reat advantage bt also fora sear poll pce wi ‘whichto:minain oneself and wen onesie trom the pital dictates oes That {he sccory aspect ofthe animus donna The linate politcal space win which securiy ca earanged and ejyed of cous, the independent sate Secu beyond ‘hest isimpossbe (ce me inks 3.67 and 3.08, The buna ons domi inevaby bigs men and women into coo with etch ther, That cates the condtion of power pli which iat the heat ot aly of Morgen east fal csc nd neolsiclealtconcepionsef eration elton and wbsever it tite sin ay be, Powers meat gal md te modes of scqeiing, ming and demenstating ermine the technique of pola action (horgentn 965193), Here Mongenta Is teat echoing Machivel nd Habe. Iyeople desi ono poical pa: re fom ‘hetsterventon or contol offregnes hey ml ave to mail tet power md deploy thet power for that purpose. Tat they il have to orgie themelves nos expe ‘nective state by means of which they a defend ther ites, The system of States leds to introns ana and conflict. ‘he struggle bewen sts in tur leads tothe problem of tying power in haran dons Hee we ative a the ental normative dota of cassia eae Palm, Morea follows nthe wation of Thucydides td Machiavll tee onemoray forthe priatespereandanather and ve diferent mary fo the pubes Folica ethics lows some ations tat wou not be tolerated Wy priate mca Morgen is citeal ofthe dees and pacones, such a American Present teed ht was nce for oii iso be bought int Tine with pent ethic For example, m2 snows adress tothe US Congress n 1917, Presiden Won e cult discern the boning fan agen which wl eins "athe ste snes of condact and of respons or wrong shal be observe among tetonsand thei governments tht are observed among the Indvidal iizens ef cileed sate (Morgen 1965: 180) Morgenthau considers that ok tobe notony tadvne bt a respons itis sotonl mien inelcualy tals fundamen wrong monly eta gross ime fl mistake bce lo opprectate the imperant diflerence between the pie ‘phere of pace, on the on hand and dhe pate sphere or dame He, on he the find. Actordng to cased rast, the dileence & fundamental As inde, ‘Machinell me tha pot by noting tht ler peated in cordance with Chistian Pits ethics orate woul come ogi vey lk Beans pita al could not {ecomtedon operate stne Christan wy would thse an ads ane _por tac pal poli dp on ey woo “Sch ylicy wold be ells dhe extend wold hus cotta moral fare benure pital drs ea very bey respon the Security al wel fae oftheir evuntry an is prople. They ae not supposed to expose their pope 0 rmecesaty pers ov harshipe Sometimes for example, during enises or emerge tleeirmay be neces to cary ot foreign plies and engage in internation actv- es that woald clearly be wrong acording ta evate morality: spying. ying, cheating stealing. conspiring and soo ae only feof the many acts that wold be eo Sided best blows and at woratevl by the standards of pete morality. Sometimes femay be necesary he se ofthe national nest during war fr example Sometimes maybe necessary to sce leser god for I perter good and to chose beoween evs: fr teaists tha tie situation is w- Telly + desing fete of ternational pols, especially daring ces of wa. Here Morgenthau isrelterating a insight into the ehicaly compromise nature of sinter om ad hata ‘robe ie the good cohes m, relic ‘ind at Teak Respena anced pola sndsime fer dines on Thowe nse inet Detaen