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    solucionario Kreyszig cap series

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    3 views18 pages

    Krys Sol

    Uploaded by

    DaniloValverde
    solucionario Kreyszig cap series

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Instructor's Manual 143, Comment on Proof ‘The proof is simple: 1. Cut (2) into three components. Take the third, (6). 2s 2 onthe nents fff Ede aay ovr ew gt © JflFscorper surface) — Fy (lower surface)] dx dy integrated over the projection of the region inthe x-plane (Fig, 231) 3. Show that the right side of (6) equals (9). Since the third component of n is cos , the right side is [frscos ya = [fy aeay = [fstuppen ax dy — [Jrsdower) ax dy, where minus comes from cos y <0 in Fig. 231, lower surface. This is the proof. Everything else is (necessary) accessory, ‘SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 9.7, page 509 #-2eTt oo 2, Integration over x, y, z gives successively 209 eet HI 4. In polar coordinates, o = 4/3. The integral is LL fe dedode = s96n= sv 6. We may integrate in the order 0 = z 5 x,0 Sy 31 — 2,0 SxS 1. This gives 2%, then 2x"(1 — x), and finally the answer 4/15. 8. abe(b? + cF/12 10. 7/10 12. Sra 5 1d. div F = e* + o + e% Integration over x gives 2sinh 1 + 2e¥ + 2e*, Integration over y then gives 4 sinh 1 + 4 sinh I + de*, Integration over z gives the answer 24 sinh 1 16. div F = ~sinz. Integration over z gives cos 2 — 1. Multiplication by the cross- sectional area 977 gives the answer 9mr(cos 2 ~ 1) ~ —40.04. 18. divF = 4x + y + asim mz. Integration over z from 0 to 1 — x — y gives 1+ (1 ~x~ yXax + y) ~ cos [m(1 — x ~ 9)}. Then integration over y from 0 to 1 = x gives a Lanta - 9). Integration over x from 0 to 1 now gives the answer 17/24 ~ 2/772 SECTION 9.8. Further Applications of the Divergence Theorem, page 510 Purpose. To represent the divergence free of coordinates (Example 1), to show that it measures the source intensity (Example 2), to use Gauss's theorem for deriving the 144 Instructor's Manual heat equation governing heat flow ina egion, and to obtain basic properties of harmonic functions Main Content, Important Concepts Divergence as the limit of a surface integral; see (3) ‘Total flow (4) out ofa region “Heat equation (7) (to be discussed further in Chap. 11) Properties of harmonic functions (Theorems 1-3) Green's formulas (10), (11) Short Courses. This section can be omitted. Comments on (3) Equation (3) is sometimes used as a definition of the divergence, giving independence of the choice of coordinates immediately. Also, Gauss’s theorem follows more readily, but since its proof is simple (ce Sec. 97. in this Manual), that savings is marginal. Also, it seems that tothe student our Example 2 in Sec. 8.10 motivates the divergence at least as wel (and without integrals) as (3) does for a beginner ‘SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 9.8, page 514 2x = [2c0s8 2sin 6] = N, m= [oosA sind], f = deost@ ~ 4sin, Affan = Vfen = 4 cos? 6 ~ 4 sin? 6 = 4 cos 20 gives the integral zero. The inte- gals over the disks (c = 0 and z = 1) are zero, too, since Vf has no component in z-direction (the normal direction of those disks). 4, div F = 10. Answer: 10 times the volume 72h/3 of a cone of base radius r and height, thus 907. 6. div F = 10 + 32%. Hence LF fio + soawanf Lem noe @ ‘F =x + y. (@) In polar coordinates (cylindrical coordinates) [SF cco sin or araoae= [2 2a = BE H+ Ba) ax ws (b) In Cartesian coordinates, EP ee neracaen fF (Vee + Lea) ta fleede) gin (10). 10. r= a, cos @ = 1; V = 3aldma*) 12. TEAM PROJECT. (a) Put () Use (@). (©) Use (1), Instructor's Manual 145 (@) k= f ~ g is harmonic and ah/an = 0 on S. Thus h = const in T by (b). (©) Use div grad f = V8f. SECTION 9.9. Stokes’s Theorem, page 515 Purpose. To prove, explain, and apply Stokes’s theorem, relating line and surface inte- erals, ‘Main Content Formula (2) = (3) Further interpretation of the curl (see also Sec. 8.11) Path independence of line integrals (leftover from Sec. 9.2) ‘Comment on Orientation ‘Since the choice of right-handed or left-handed coordinates is essential to the curl (See. 8.11), surface orientation becomes essential here (Fig. 232). Comment on Proof ‘The proof is simple: 1. Cut (3) into components. Take the first, (4), 2. Cast the left side of (4) by using Ny, Ng into the form (8). 3. Transform the right side of (4) by Green's theorem into a double integral and show equality with the integral obtained on the left. ‘SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 9.9, page 520 2 curl F = (—2x ~ 2y)k, 2 ("2x — 2y) de dy = [-ovimra ae Line integral: Over the a-axis from ~2 to 2 we obtain and over the semicircle r = [2cos 1, 2sin1, Ol,thusr’=[~2sint, 2eost 0], we obtain fv10)00 ar = feb cos n¢—2si 9 ~ (sin? 2 cos) dt Ue 8 ind Lh ‘The verifications in Probs. 1-6 are supposed to familiarize the student more thor- ‘oughly with the nature and significance of Stokes's theorem. 4. cul F = ~cos 22), $: = [cosu, simu, v],N=(cosu, sinu, 0; thus wih SP feos 20 sin wd do = -1, 16 ae 146 Instructor's Manual Line integral: The two circular arcs contribute nothing, as can be seen from F, whose first two components are zero From (1, 0,0) straight up to (—1, 0, mA) we get wa Jo 1 -c0s2ede = +4 ‘Similarly, —} is obtained for the straight-line segment from (1, 0, 7/4) to (1, 0, 0). 6. curlF = [—2z, —2x, —2y], S: r = [cosvcosu, cosusinu, 1 + sinv], 0 Sus 2, ~a2 Sv 50,N = [cos*v, cos u, cos*vsinu, cos v sin v] Pf oot sin 2 ~ 2 00 costo (1 + sin 0) ~ co sin sin 20) dd =f) -teorto sino ae = Verification: The line integral over the horizontal semicircle equals 4/3, as in Prob. 5. Over the vertical semicircle it is zero because r = [, 0, V1] Li, 0, -wVi~ eh; on the semicircle, F = [0, 1-2, #4, so thatthe integrand is #97V 1 ~ 1, andthe integral is zero, as claimed 8, curl F = (1 — 4y)k, N = k, Hence, writing X = Va? — x, we have £ fo ~ 49). dy de = [kd = 2a? a sin = a? 10, curl F = [1, 0, ~1], N = [1, 0, 1], (curl F)+m = —V2, Multiplication by the area 9aV2 gives the answer —187, 12, curl F = 0, Answer: 0 14, r= [eos 8, sin, 0], Hence Fer’ = [sin 8 cos 6, O)*[-sin 6 cos @ 0) = 1. Answer: 2m. SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 9 REVIEW, page 521 16, ~32513 by exactness from f = @ — 2y8V3, or by integration from eee eee 325 Ja 107-0 ~ 200 + 398-3) at = - 28, ale = 0, 4, UR) =x, x, 0) Hence 7 101 foe + aman = Ah 18. Not exact, Cr = 20, Not exact By Gres here inthe plane, sing polar coordinates, we cba a —ULULULULULCUC—C—~S 22, curl = [=1, —1, 5],N= (1, 0, 1), (Curl F)en = *6/V2, The area of the ellipse is a-2-2V2. Answer: +24 = 75.4 2A, Exact, ¢ — e"* = 2sinh | from f = & + cosh 2y Instructor's Manual 447 26, By Green's theorem in the plane, LL (oe 5) [get xm2- eax 3e* ~21n2~ 3, Answer: +e? — 2n2 ~ 3), 28. Not exact, sinh 3+ = 10,59 30. Not exact, r= [~sint, cost, 3) Fit) = [eos?s sins, sin ¢cos , Fop)er! = —cos* sine + 4 sin? tos Answer: 1 awn | [roeeg TL Lerend MM = m2, 7" 0 mney), [fren orarao = 8 J 36. = [ded = mal, F= (UMHS = Base, 5 hale 38. r , 2oosu, 2sinu}, Kr) = [sinv, 2sinu, 208 u), =[0, 2cosu 2 sin u), F(r)*N = 8 cos w sin u. Answer: 4 40, div F = 3(2" + y® + 2°), Hence in Cartesian coordinates, LP EP ne ot teayae = 5 In spherical coordinates, with dx dy de = r® sin dr ddd, LG. fore asin bagan = 42.N= 2, -1, 0), Foe) =[e™, 0, ve], R(r)*N = 2, Answer: 6 sinh 2 44, div F = 22, [fraraoas = 160 PART C. FOURIER ANALYSIS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS CHAPTER 10 Fourier Series, Integrals, and Transforms 148 Change ‘The presentation was streamlined by moving half-range expansions into the section on even and odd functions. SECTION 10.1. Periodic Functions. Trigonometric Series, page 527 Purpose. To show what a Fourier series will look like; in Problem Set 10.1, to give a first impression of what kind of functions will occur in this chapter. Basic Concepts Periodic function ‘Trigonometric system ‘Trigonometic series ‘Comment on Footnote 1 Fourier series were used in special probletns much earlier by Daniel Bernoulli (1700— 1782) in 1748 (vibrating string, Sec. 11.3) and Euler (Sec. 2.6) in 1754 (Euler formulas, Sec. 10.2). Fourer’s book of 1822 became the source of many mathematical methods in ‘classical mathematical physics. Furthermore, the surprising fact that Fourier series, whose terms are continuous functions, may represent discontinuous functions led to a reflection ‘on, and generalization of, the concept of a function in general. Hence the book isa land- ‘mark in both pure and applied mathematics. (That surprising fact also led toa controversy between Euler and D, Bernoulli over the question of whether the two types of solution of the vibrating string problem (Secs. 11.3 and 11.4) ae identical; for details, see E.T. Bel, The Development of Mathematics, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1940, p. 482.] A mathe- ratical theory of Fourier series was stated by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (180S— 1859) of Berlin in 1829. The concept of the Riemann integral also resulted from work on Fourier series. Later on, these series became the model casein the theory of orthogonal functions (Sec. 4.7). An English translation of Fourier’s book was published by Dover Publications in 1955. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.1, page 528 2.2ain, 2mm, kk kim kin 4, True when m = 1. Induction hypothesis fe + np) = f(a). Now set.x + np =z, Then f+ (n+ Vp) = f@ +p) = f@ = feo. 6. FG + p) = F(a) implies flax + p) = flats + (pla)]) = flax) or glx + (pla) = ‘a(2), where g(x) = f(ax). Thus (2) has period pla. This proves the first statement, ‘and the other statement follows by setting a = 1/b. 8. A common source of errors here and throughout this chapter results from the fact that the student often does not pay attention to the interval on which the function is given, notably whether itis —r SxS mor0 Sx 52m. Instructor's Manual 49 Note thatthe first of these is preferable because it shows more immediately whether 1 function is odd or even (or neither), CAS PROJECT. This “experimental approach” to trigonometric and Fourier series should help the student obtain a feeling for the kind of series to expect in practice, and for the kind and quality of convergence, depending on continuity properties of the sum of the series. Convergence is best for the first of the three series because its sum x* is contint- ‘ous-—note that the coefficients are proportional to 1/n®, whereas for the other two se- ties they are only proportional to I/n. The second series has the square wave in Prob. 15 as its sum. The third series has the sum f(x) = x. Hopefully it will puzzle the stu- dent by its poor convergence behavior (and the Gibbs phenomenon) near the discon- tinuity points at x = 77, where it converges to the mean of the left-hand and right- hhand limits, which is typical (see Sec. 10.2). 8 SECTION 10.2. Fourier Series, page 529 Purpose. To derive the Euler formulas (6) for the coefficients of a Fourier series (7) of ‘a given function of period 2, using the key property of the orthogonality of the trigonometric system. Main Content, Important Concepts Baler formulas (6) for Fourier coefficients (petiod 27) Orthogonality of the trigonometric system Convergence and sum of a Fourier series (Theorem 1) ‘Comment on Notation If we write ap/2 instead of ap in (1), we must do the same in (6a) and see that (6a) then becomes (6b) with m = 0. This is merely a small notational convenience (but may be a source of confusion to poorer students). Comment on Fourier Series ‘Whereas their theory is quite involved, practical applications are simple, once the student hhas become used to evaluating integrals in (6) that depend on n. Figure 238 should help students understand why and how a series of continuous terms can have a discontinuous sum. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.2, page 536 236} (eas Lenses 1 a omse= 4-5) 5 nee 2 «cos 3 + bcos Se + & (cosx ~ $008 x + Zcos Sx vanes! er-a(trehears buss} 150 Instructor's Manual a 1 1 8 AT 5 4 (cose + fcos2e + Seas det: 3 4 9 4 + Leinax + sine + r(sinx + 5 sin2x + 5 sin 3x 3 +2(sinx —4sinax + 4sinae— sings + sin = Fsin2x-+ 4 sin 3x ~ 4 sind +2 einae+ dsinae + singe + 2 sing sinx + Zsin2x + Zin de + Zin Sx + Zsin6x ++ af el 1 14S (sine Fsinde 4 Fe sinSe— + ) 4 2 4 2 4 5 Scag — F cos 2x + sor c0s 32 + 008 x — e008 Sx 6 ews Dx + sz 00s Bu + Fy 0s Ax — Fos Sx + 18, The student shouldbe encouraged to choose any other integrals of products of cosines and sines. The point is to realize the importance of the interval in connection with orthogonality. The integral suggested in the problem has the value sina ~ 4 sin Ta, The figure suggests orthogonality for a = 7, as expected. Section 10.2. integral in Problem 18 SECTION 10.3. Functions of Any Period p = 2L, page 537 Purpose. Transition from period 27r to period 2L (a notation practical later), simply by linear transformation on the x-axis, giving the Fourier series (1) with coefficients (2) SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.3, page 540 2. ~1 times the answer to Prob. 1 Instructor's Manual 151 2 1 1 cos 2x + = cos 6x + =~ cos Ome + +e 9 3 4 + Peas 3m + 3 cos Sax + sa (008 wx + Seon Sex + cos Sax aly (ines Senses) : 12 (.~S) seve (L-g55)seane (F=f) unser + 7 a, = 10 veo tos td = ve = s0¥5 fm cos aan + tyne + S0¥ J” cos toot — Hard Ye Yeas s00m +3 (,emon 5tsemaons senso +:~) % a 1 t= #=taa(oarSeane --) "Now set ¢ = mx to get 70) = 27x, which shows that the series should be multiplied by 3/m? to get that of f@) = Section 10.3. Gibbs phenomenon in CAS Project 20 SECTION 10.4. Even and Odd Functions. Half-Range Expansions, page 541 Purpose. 1, To show that a Fourier series of an even function (an odd function) has only cosine terms (only sine terms), so that unnecessary work (and sources of errors!) is avoided. 152 Instructor's Manual 2. To represent a function f(x) by a Fourier cosine series or by a Fourier sine series (of period 2L) if f(x) is given on an interval 0 = x = L only, which is half the interval of periodicity—hence the name “half-range.” Comment ‘Such half-range expansions occur in vibrational problems, heat problems, etc., as will be shown in Chap. 11. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.4, page 546 2. Even: [a, e*, sin? x, xsinx, el, Odd: x os x. 4, Neither even nor odd. The problem shows that the student must always pay careful attention to the interval on which the function is given because for different func- tions, different intervals are practical 6. Even 8, Neither even nor odd 10. PROJECT. (a) Sums and products of even functions are even. Sums of odd fune- tons are odd. Products of odd functions are odd (even) if the number of their factors is odd (even), Products of an even times and odd function are odd. This is important in connection with the integrands in the Euler formulas for the Fourier coefficients Absolute values of odd functions are even. f(x) + f(x) is even, fix) ~ f(—2) is odd. (b) e** = cosh kx + sinh kx, “T sin kcos x + cos k sin x, I-x sin +8 cosh (x +b) = cosh k cosh x ++ sinh k sinh x, © f(-x) = —f0) and f(—2) = f) together imply f = 0. @ c0s* x is even, sin® x is odd. The Fourier series are the familiar identities costs =Heosx + deos3r and sin = sinx ~ sin 3x eee eee) 4 1 L 1 A (cos + Aeon x + con Se + sin + Aine +> 14 A (core Zeos3e + Least +++) +2 (ine + binge +---) 1 1 1 Mains - Asin 20 + 3 sine - ++ 16.36 [Jysinx ~ Jysinde + J ] 18, Set x = ato get BaPea(istetste... 2 6 4° 9° 16 . “The result was first obtained by Euler. 20. The even periodic extension has the Fourier series f(2) = 1. For the odd half-xange expansion we obtain Instructor's Manual 153 22, The cosine series is B 3 Its Fourier coefficients are proportional to I/n®, reflecting the fact that its sum is con. tinuous. The sine series is 22 4) wx 1 nx 1 4 4. 3x el(: &) sin 2 tet (3 siya) ant as ain ty ace Its coefficients are only proportional to 1/n, reflecting the fact that its sum is discon- tinuous. 24, The cosine series is BOTT © Nata 32] 8ST Its sum is continuous. Its coefficients go to zero faster than those of the sine series P(E Bae (Fs) whose sum is discontinuous. pottts (ste- Heat +] SECTION 10.5. Complex Fourier Series, Optional, page 547 Purpose. To show that the formula fore or direct derivation leads to the complex Fourier series in which complex exponential functions (instead of cosine and sine) appeat. This is interesting, but will not be needed in our further work, so that we can leave it optional. Short Courses. Sections 10.5-10.11 can be omitted. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.5, page 549 een ie 8. See Prob. 6, Sec. 10.2. 10. PROJECT. When n = m, the integrand of the integral on the right is e° = 1, so that the integral equals 27. This gives “ [p09 ds = 2 154 Instructor's Manual provided the other integrals are zero, which is true by (5), [eorm “=z 1S (cline grin=mny 2issin (n — mya = 0. em) ‘Now writing » for m in (A) gives the coefficient formula in (8). SECTION 10.6. Forced Oscillations, page 550 Purpose. To show that mechanical or electrical systems with periodic but nonsinusoidal input may respond predominantly to one of the infinitely many terms in the Fourier se- ries of the input, giving an unexpected output; see Fig. 252, where the output frequency is essentially five times that of the input. ‘Short Courses. Sections 10,5-10.11 can be omitted. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.6, page 552 2. r"(0 is given by the sine series in Example 1, Sec. 10.2, with k = —1. The new Cy is m times the old, s0 that Cs is s0 large that the output is practically a cosine vibra- tion having five times the input frequency. Replacement of the right side by its inte- gral (with r(0) = 0) also produces an increase of Cs, 1 1 ~ Cy cos or + Casin ox + Sey con at + pe 008 Bt 6. y = Cyc0s wt + Cy sin ot + By sint + By sin 3¢ + By sin St, where ooo B= me —0) 2, = UB! 9) a= unset ~ 29] ‘o/s the frequency of the free vibration. If w comes close to 1, 3, ot S in one of lhc tetas of the input r(O, then the output corresponding to that term becomes com- paratively large in amplitude, By if a is near 1, next By if « is near 3, and finally Bs if « is near 5. The effect would even be stronger had we chosen all coefficients on the right equal to 1, instead of I/n? as in the partial sum of a Fourier series. 1 Ker O82 eee 1 ~ aging where A, = —ncb,/D, By, = (1 ~ n®)b,/D, D = (1 ~ n?? + nic? by = 1, ba = 0, by by = 0, bs = ae Instructor's Manual 155 14. 1= 5 (A,cosnt + B, sin nt), 80(10 ~ 2) TD, 6 hm, An =0,By=0 (even), Dy = (10 ~ n?)® + 100 n; hence 1.266 cos r + 1.406 sin ¢ + 0.003 cos 3¢ + 0.094 sin 3¢ = 0.006 cos St + 0.019 sin St ~ 0,003 cos 71 + 0.006 sin 7¢ ~ 0.002 cos 91 + 0.002 sin 91 ~ 0.001 cos 11¢ + 0.001 sin 114 + = (n odd), ‘SECTION 10.7. Approximation by Trigonometric Polynomi: page 553 Purpose. We show how to find “best” approximations of a given function by trigono. metric polynomials of a given degree N. | Important Concepts ‘Trigonometric polynomial ‘Square error Parseval’s identity Short Courses. Sections 10.5-10.11 can be omitted. Comment on Quality of Approximation ‘This quality can be measured in many ways. Particularly important are () the absolute value of the maximum deviation over a given interval, and (ji) the mean square ertor con. sidered here. See Ref. [9] in Appendix 1, SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.7, page 556 @ tfon tan et 2 EE owes Lowa bese so4 ean) tot eG 9 5 for even N, the last term is ~(4/mr(NV ~ 1)*) cos (N ~ I)x. re Bia ous Pae Bete E* = 4.14, 1.00, 0.38, 0.18, 0.10 ia oe eS (as-tuss dass), 2d yd Coat ets 1 1 s~ Bane + sine B 2x # + ‘The integral is 3020/945 = 3.196; E* = 0.054, 0.0054, 0.0011, 0.00032, 0.00012. 156 Instructor's Manual 10. CAS PROJECT. (a) In part because of the Gibbs phenomenon (see Problem Set 103). (b) For the continuous function (Prob. 4), £* equals (rounded) 4.14, 1.00, 0.38, 0.18, 0.10, 0.060, 0.039, 0.027, 0.019, 0.014, 0.011, 0.0086, (0.0068, 0.0055, 0.0045, 0.0037, »-. For the discontinuous function (Example 1 in the text), £* equals 8.10, 4.96, 357, 2.78, 2.28, 1.93, 1.67, 148, 1.32, 1.20,-- It is typical that in the discontinuous case, the Fourier coefficients are only pro- portional to 1/n, whereas in continuous cases they are proportional to I/n® or In, ete In Prob. 5 the initial error £* is very large (863), and E* decreases very slowly; itis still 1.53 for 800 terms and 0.408 for 3000 terms. (14 p+ Bee) = 2 2ety ruseva's en SF (i+g+d ©. amrby Parseval's identity 14, The Fourier series is cos?x = 4 + $ 00s 2x and (8) gives ok 274 1 SECTION 10.8. Fourier Integrals, page 557 Purpose, Beginning in this section, we show how ideas from Fourier series can be ex- tended to nonperiodic functions defined on the real line, leading to integrals instead of Main Content, Important Concepts Fourier integral (5) Existence Theorem 1 Fourier cosine integral, Fourier sine integral, (10)-(13) Application to integration Short Courses. Sections 10.5-10.11 can be omited. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.8, page 563 2. The reslt suggests to consider f(s) = if 0 1. om (10) ne inn ¢) = nd by ining isin (Ls ea ons 4. AGw) Tw 6. Taking f(x) ‘me cosx (x > 0), we obtain from (12) Instructor's Manual 187 J er* cose sin wo ao flersinon + Dodu + fe sinw ~ Dodo, Here we used (11) in Appendix 3.1. Integration by parts yields wt 2W p=—v¥tl caw 1+ @ +P T+@-iF wera From his an (13) he es ows 2° 2 2 cos xW 8 EL [(0— B) sows Zoos] ae ie con 10. £ |" inaw ~ av cosaw) 222 ay 8 iy 2 2 2 pw 1a, 2 MR reo #8) yy 20. PROJECT. (a) Formula (al): Setting wa = p, we have from (11) = - dj sa = Jac cosasw dw = a(2) eon ap IF we agin write w instead ofp, we obiin (a, Formula (a2): From (12) with f(v) replaced by uf(v) we have an aw A Brow = & fl ofte) sin wo do = ‘where the last equality follows from (10). Formula (a3) follows by differentiating (10) twice with respect to, aa at (©) In Prob, 7 we have if Fro)coswo de, ——_-FH(w) = vf), 2 As swt sinw, 158 Instructor's Manual Hence by differentiating twice, 2 AU = = Qw"4 sin w — 20"? cos w By (@3) we now get the result, as before, ero-2{[-S+t)aes (©) AGw) = Qsin aw)/arv; see Prob. 7. By differentiation, 2 (ex nav) aA rw) = - ae ‘This agrees with the answer to Prob. 14. (@) ‘The derivation of the following formulas is similar to that of (al)-(a3).. ay sb = 45 (2) since @>0) em dB : @ s0)=fermensvan, — c=, Bawa 24 = { Deqwy si *( __aB @) 240)~ [Dreamed Dron = HI SECTION 10.9. Fourier Cosine and Sine Transforms, page 564 Purpose. Fourier cosine and sine transforms are obtained immediately from Fourier co- sine and sine integrals, respectively, and we investigate some of their properties. Content Fourier cosine and sine transforms ‘Transforms of derivatives (8), (9) ‘Comment on Purpose of Transforms Just as the Laplace transform (Chap. 5), these transforms are designed for solving differ- tential equations, We show this for partial differential equations in Sec. 11.6. SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.9, page 568 2, From (3) and the answer to Prob, 1 we obtain 2sinw ‘cos wx dw cos we dw. 3 f(x) = — fons Problem 2 in Problem Set 1038 shows thatthe fist term is 20 << 1 and Oif > 1 Set By = win te socond term and conclude the the second term is —1 if 0 de 1 sin wx 10, [conned = tin 22 ow fae doe note Simian). 14. Valdif0 7 16. Gilae™*) = —G(e-**)') = we) = weer® 20, WRITING PROJECT. Methods include integration, the use of the operational for ‘mulas (8) and (9) (independently or together with the use ofthe tables in Sec. 10.11), and the use of integrals from Sec. 10.8. By presenting this in a systematic fashion, the student should gain a better feeling for these transform methods SECTION 10.10. Fourier Transform, page 569 Purpose. Derivation of the Fourier transform from the complex form of the Fourier in- tegral; explanation of its physical meaning and its basie properties. ‘Main Content, Important Concepts ‘Complex Fourier integral (4) Fourier transform (6), its inverse (7) Spectral representation, spectral density ‘Transforms of derivatives Convolution f # g ‘Comments on Content ‘The complex Fourier integral is relatively easly obtained from the real Fourier integral in Sec. 10.8, and the definition of the Fourier transform is then immediate. Note that convolution f + g differs from that in Chapter 5, and so does the formula (12) in the convolution theorem (we now have a factor V2z), SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SET 10.10, page 575 2. We + iw) Vm) 4. Wk = iwyVIm) 6. (e“(—2 + 2w + iw®) + 2DwVIm) 8. Via + w2) 10. V2Far(cos w + w sinw — I)/w? 12. Let f(x) = xe“* (x > 0) and g(x) = e-* (x > 0). Then f oF) = FF") = Fg) — FU: 1 Via + in)” 8 ~ f and by (9), thence (ow + DFA) = F(@) Divide by 1 + iw to get the result, 14. 1((1 + iv)V2m7) follows directly from formula 5. For ~

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