4

ISBN 978-4-9906667-0-5 15000E

1 5 , 0 0 0

The Japanese Society of Medical Imaging Technology

CMYK

I-1-1

I-1-2

I-1-3, I-1-4

I-1-4,

I-1-4

I-1-5

I-1-6

I-1-6, I-2-6

I-1-7

I-2-1

I-2-2

I-2-2

I-2-3

I-2-4

I-2-4

I-2-5

I-2-6

I-2-6

I-2-6

II-1-1, II-2-2

II-2-9

II-1-2, II-2-2

II-2-6

II-1-2

II-1-3, II-2-4

II-1-3

II-1-4, II-2-2

II-1-5

II-1-6, II-2-6

vii

viii

II-2-1

II-2-1, II-2-2

II-2-2

II-2-2

II-2-2

II-2-2

II-2-3

II-2-3

MRI

II-2-3

GE

II-2-3

II-2-3

II-2-3

II-2-3

II-2-4

II-2-4

II-2-4

II-2-5

II-2-5

II-2-6

II-2-7

II-2-8

II-2-9

iii

vii

Part I
1

1)

23

2)

23

11

3)

24

1)

4)

25

2)

5)

26

3)

27

4)

1)

27

5)

17

2)

27

3)

28

1)

4)

28

2)

5)

29

12

3)

6)

29

7)

29

1)

8)

KL

30

2)

30

3)

30

4)

2)

30

5)

11

3)

31

6)

12

4)

31

7)

14

5)

32

13

18
1)

16

6)

32

1)

16

7)

33

2)

16

8)

33

14

3)

16

4)

18

15

9)

19

34

35

20

1)

35

1)

20

2)

35

2)

20

3)

35

3)

20

4)

36

22

5)

36

23

6)

37

4)

16

ix

7)

86

1)

86

2)

86

39

3)

87

39

4)

87

38

39

21

39

1)

2)

3)

40

4)

41

5)

42

6)

43

7)

()

8)

45

32

5)

88

()

88

1)

88

2)

88

3)

88

33

4)

34

()

89

90

46

1)

90

9)

CT

49

2)

90

10)

50

3)

90

11)

52

4)

90

22

55

5)

91

1)

55

6)

91

2)

55

3)

ART

57

4)

59

1)

5)

7)

35

91

92

92

59

2)

92

61

3)

92

1)

61

2)

61

3)

(MLEM)

62

4)

64

5)

CT

6)

(MAP)

23

92

92

1)

93

2)

93

67

3)

93

68

4)

94

70

5)

94

1)

70

2)

70

3)

SPECT

73

4)

3 PET

75

5)

MRI

76

41

97

6)

77

1)

97

85

2)

97

31

85

3)

98

1)

85

4)

X ()

98

2)

85

5)

99

3)

85

100

4)

85

100

24

4)

36

37

94

1)

94

2)

94

4X

97

42
1)

2)

100

4)

(PMT)

131

3)

101

5)

131

4)

106

6)

132

43

107

1)

107

2)

SF

107

3)

108

3)

PET

134

109

4)

136

5)

110

136

6)

110

1)

136

7)

111

2)

136

8)

111

3)

138

9)

112

139

112

61

139

113

62

140

4)

10)

44

52

133

1)

133

2)

SPECT

134

53

1)

113

1)

140

2)

I.I.

113

2)

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)

140

3)

I.I.

115

3)

MTF

142

4)

I.I.-TV

116

4)

MTF

143

5)

I.I.-TV

117

145

6)

63

118

1)

145

CR

118

2)

Noise Power Spectrum (NPS)

146

1)

118

3)

NEQ DQE

147

2)

118

4)

NPS

148

3)

CR X

119

5)

149

4)

120

6)

150

5)

120

151

6)

121

1)

151

7)

122

2)

151

45

46

64

123

3)

153

1)

123

4)

ROC

154

2)

123

155

3)

125

4)

126

5)

FPD

127

1)

6)

5)

65

157

157

128

2)

157

129

3)

Non-prewhitening observer (NPW)

158

51

129

4)

Prewhitening observer

159

1)

129

5)

Hotelling observer

160

2)

129

6)

Channelized Hotelling observer

160

3)

130

163

xi

71

163

1)

163

2)

163

1)

3)

164

4)

165

72

166

1)

166

2)

166

3)

166

4)

166

5)

166

6)

167

7)

73

167

X CT

167

2)

PTA

180

180

180

2)

181

3)

182

15

4)

183

184

1)

184

2)

184

3)

184

185

185

16

17
1)
2)

18

185

186

1)

167

1)

186

2)

CT

167

2)

186

3)

168

4)

CT

169

1)

5)

19

186

186

169

2)

186

170

3)

187

1)

170

4)

187

2)

170

5)

CT

187

3)

170

110

188

4)

171

1)

188

2)

188

3)

DXA

74

173

1X

175

2X CT

190

11

21

175

CT

190

1)

175

1)

190

2)

175

2)

191

3)

176

3)

194

177

4)

197

1)

177

2)

177

177

12

3)

13

Digital Subtraction Angiography

5)

22

CT

200

CT

201

1)

201

2)

202

(DSA)

177

3)

203

1)

DSA

177

4)

205

2)

DSA

178

5)

206

3)

DSA

179

6)

211

Interventional Radiology (IVR)

180

214

IVR

180

214

14
1)

xii

188

23
1)

2)
3)

24

35

CT
214

1)

252

MDCT

215

2)

253

221

221

2)

CT

221

3)

MTF

221

4)

SSP

225

5)

228

1)

6)

232

2)

233

1)

233

2)

233

3)

233

4)

234

5)

235

6)

26

252

1)

25

3)

254

RF

254

1)

254

2)

255

RF

256

256

256

258

258

36

37

38
1)
2)

258

259

1)

()

259

2)

260

39

235

3)

261

236

310

262

1)

236

1)

262

2)

CT

236

2)

MR

263

3)

CT

236

311

263

3MRI

240

1)

264

31

MRI

240

2)

265

1)

1970

240

3)

265

2)

1980

241

4)

T2*

266

242

5)

266

3)

1990

2000

242

268

MRI

244

41

268

1)

NMR

244

1)

268

2)

FID

245

2)

269

3)

246

3)

269

4)

246

4)

272

5)

Fourier imaging

247

5)

276

6)

247

6)

276

7)

248

7)

277

MRI

248

8)

278

MRI

248

9)

278

4)

32

33
1)

42

MRI

248

SPECT

279

250

1)

279

1)

250

2)

279

2)

251

3)

281

2)

34

xiii

4)

282

5)

283

6)

285

7)

288

61

8)

290

43

342

4)

343

346

346

1)

346

PET

293

2)

346

1)

293

3)

347

2)

293

4)

348

3)

295

5)

350

4)

PET

298

6)

353

5)

PET

299

7)

353

6)

301

353

7)

303

1)

353

8)

307

2)

353

9)

PET

315

321

51

62

3)

63

357

361
361

321

1)

1)

321

2)

2)

321

363

3)

324

3)

OCT

364

325

4)

370

1)

325

371

2)

325

1)

371

3)

326

2)

372

4)

327

3)

373

52

5)

64

328

4)

()

376

330

5)

378

1)

330

383

2)

330

1)

383

3)

331

2)

384

4)

332

3)

386

5)

334

393

53

54

65

335

1)

335

2)

335

Part II
1

3)

337

395

4)

337

11

395

5)

338

1)

395

6)

339

2)

395

340

3)

397

1)

340

4)

398

2)

340

5)

55

xiv

3)


6)

12

399

400

5)

461

6)

464

7)

466

401

8)

467

1)

401

9)

469

2)

401

475

3)

402

31

475

4)

bilateral

402

1)

475

403

2)

475

1)

403

3)

477

2)

404

477

3)

405

1)

477

4)

405

2)

478

5)

407

3)

479

13

6)

32

408

4)

MAP

480

410

5)

481

1)

410

6)

EM

482

2)

410

7)

485

3)

410

8)

485

4)

411

9)

488

5)

10)

489

14

412

11)

492

414

12)

492

21

()

414

13)

495

1)

414

14)

496

2)

414

3)

417

4)

417

5)

426

6)

7)

15)

496

ROC LROC

498

1)

498

2)

498

427

3)

ROC

499

33

434

4)

LROC

502

()

436

5)

503

1)

436

JAFROC

504

2)

437

1)

504

3)

439

2)

FROCAFROC

504

4)

443

3)

Jackknife

505

22

34

35

446

ROC

508

452

1)

508

1)

452

2)

508

2)

452

3)

509

3)

455

4)

510

4)

456

512

5)

23

xv

41

512

1)

512

2)

512

42

12

555

1)

555

2)

555

516

3)

556

1)

516

4)

557

2)

CG

516

559

3)

519

1)

559

4)

13

519

2)

560

525

3)

562

51

525

4)

563

1)

525

5)

563

2)

525

6)

563

3)

JPEG

526

2X CT

567

4)

DICOM

528

21

567

5)

IHE

531

1)

567

6)

534

2)

CT

567

52

536

3)

567

1)

536

4)

570

2)

536

572

3)

536

1)

572

4)

536

2)

572

5)

537

3)

573

6)

4)

574

22

23

538

576

7)

DICOM

538

1)

576

8)

WADO

539

2)

576

9)

540

3)

CT CAD

579

10)

540

543

4)

24

580

582

1)

543

1)

582

2)

543

2)

583

3)

544

3)

586

4)

548

5)

549

551

1X
11

1)

553

2)

553

3)

554

4)

555

xvi

25

590

1)

590

2)

590

3)

590

553

4)

590

553

5)

591

594

1)

594

2)

CT

594

26

3)

595

5)

4)

596

6)

5)

596

27

598

1)

598

2)

CAD

598

3)

599

4)

CAD

599

3)

3MRI

601

31

601

7)

640
640

642

PET

644

1)

644

2)

644

42

644

4)

646

1)

601

5)

646

2)

MRI

602

6)

647

3)

611

7)

647

4)

617

8)

647

32

622

1)

622

2)

623

1)

SPECT

650

3)

4D

626

2)

SPM

650

33

9)

43

648

SPECT

650

627

3)

3D-SSP

651

1)

627

4)

eZIS

652

2)

MRI

628

5)

SPECT

654

3)

SPECT

654

629

4)

1)

654

2)

SPECT

655

629

3)

SPECT

655

4)

655

630

5)

656

MRI

5)

34

44

MRI

MRI

633

6)

656

1)

633

7)

circumferential profile

656

2)

633

8)

extent , severity

657

3)

634

9)

SPECT

657

4)

634

10)

658

5)

(DWI)

635

660

6)

MRI

635

51

660

7)

MRI

636

1)

660

8)

MRI

636

2)

660

4PETSPECT

638

3)

661

41

PET

638

4)

662

1)

638

5)

K-

663

2)

638

6)

664

3)

639

7)

664

4)

640

8)

665

xvii

52

7)

697

665

PACS

698

1)

665

1)

698

2)

666

2)

699

3)

669

3)

701

4)

671

4)

706

5)

672

708

81

53

72

673

708

1)

673

1)

708

2)

673

2)

708

3)

673

3)

709

677

4)

710

61

82

677

711

1)

677

1)

711

2)

677

2)

711

3)

678

3)

712

4)

680

4)

712

5)

680

5)

713

62

OCT

682

714

1)

682

1)

714

2)

OCT

682

2)

714

3)

OCT

683

4)

OCT

685

5)

63
1)
2)

OCT

685

686

686

83

3)

84

714

715

1)

715

2)

715

3)

716

718

91

718

92

719

719

686

687

1)
2)

719

690

3)

719

5)

open issue

690

720

6)

690

1)

720

7PACS

692

2)

720

71

692

3)

720

3)
4)

xviii

PACS

93

1)

692

4)

721

2)

HIS, RIS, PACS

692

5)

721

3)

IHE

693

6)

722

4)

695

722

5)

696

1)

722

6)

697

2)

722

94

3)

723

4)

2 3

723

5)

723

95

96

727

1)

727

2)

MRI

727

3)

728

724

1)

724

2)

725

731

3)

725

753

xix

Part
1

11
1)

2)

2 (x,y)
(gray level)z
2 1 zf(x,y)
O ()
f(x,y) O ( f ( x, y) )
f(x, y), g(x, y)

O (f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ))
O ( f ( x, y )) O ( g ( x, y ))

(1)

(linear)

3)
(point
source)

(delta function)(x, y)

(Dirac delta function)

(generalized function)

(rectangular function)

1
rect ( x, y )
0

x 1/ 2,

y 1/ 2
otherwise

(2)

n ( x, y) n2rect(nx, ny)

(3)

n
(0, 0) 0 xy
1

4
n 1

n2

y
1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

(x) ( x)

( x, y )

1/ 4
1/ 4

1/ 4
1/ 4

( x, y )

Volume 1

Volume 1

Volume 1

PSF

O[ ]

( x, y ) x

h ( x, y )

(x , y )

h( x , y )

1 n1 1 ( x, y )
n2 2 ( x, y) n
( x, y )

(x, y)

(x 0, y 0)
otherwise

(4)

(5)

( x, y)dxdy 1

f ( x, y ) ( x x , y y
0

)dxdy f ( x 0 , y 0 )

(6)

(shifting property)

du

( x)dx (u )

(7)

(11)

h( x x0 , y y 0 , ) O ( ( x x0 , y y 0 , ) )

(12)

(shift invariant) 2
PSF
h(x, y)()

PSF

(shift variant)
5)
f(x, y)
(6)

O ( f ( x, y) ) O

f ( , ) ( x, y) dd

(13)

x, y

O ( f ( x, y) ) f ( , )O ( x, y) dd

(14)
(9)(11)
O ( f ( x, y ) ) f ( , )O ( x , y ) dd

( x)
( x )

4)

(impulse response function,

IRF)(point spread function,
PSF)

O[ ]

(10)

f ( x ) ( x ) dx f ( )

h( x, y) O ( ( x, y) )

PSF

2 ( x, y )

1 ( x, y )

(9)

(8)

f ( , )h( x , y ) dd

(15)

CTSPECTPET
MRI

1)-24)

21

1
CT, MRI, SPECT, PET

2
f(x,y) 2 g(r,s)
f(x,y) g(r,s)
g (r , s)

h(r , s; x, y) f ( x, y)dxdy m(r , s) n(r , s)

(1)
h(r, s; x, y)
CT, SPECT, PET
MRI
m(r,s)

MRI
PET
n(r,s)
f(x,y) g(r,s)
(forward problem) g(r,s)
f(x,y) ( inverse
problem) g(r,s)
f(x,y) (image
reconstruction)
m(r,s) n(r,s)

a) m(r,s)=0, n(r,s)=0
g(r,s) f(x,y)b)
m(r,s)c)
n(r,s) 3

CT, SPECT, PET

*1
2 25)-27)
CT
SPECT, PET X

X f(x,y)CT
1 (x,y)
(r,s)s X
r
< r <, 0<
+
0<

X I(r,
) X D(r,)
*1

m(r,s)

39

D(r , ) I (r , ) exp[ f (r cos s sin , r sin

(2)

s cos )ds]

(2)

I ( r , )
p(r , ) ln

f (r cos s sin , r sin s cos )ds

D(r , )
(3)

(3) p(r,) X
r= xcos+ ysin f(x, y)
(projection data)*2(3)
f(x,y) p(r,)
(Radon transform)*3
p(r,) f(x,y)
CT (3)

p( r , )

f ( x, y) (r x cos y sin )dxdy

(4)

() Dirac (Diracs delta

function)

(5)

f ( x) ( x a)dx f (a)
y

I(r,)

f(x,y)

x
0

D(r,)

p(r,)

F (u, v)

(u,v)(6) u=cos,
v=sin
F ( cos , sin )

f ( x, y) exp[ j ( x cos

p(r,) r 1
P(,)

P(, ) p(r , ) exp( jr )dr

f ( x, y) (r x cos y sin ) exp( jr )drdxdy

f ( x, y) exp[ j ( x cos y sin )]dxdy
- - -

- -

(8)

(7)(8)F(u,v) P(,)

(9)

F ( cos , sin ) P(, )

(9) 2
p(r,) 1 P(,) f(x,y) 2
F(u,v)

F(u,v)

2
a
< r <
, 0 < p(r,)F(u,v)

p(r,) 1
F(u,v)2

3 25)-27)

F(u,v)

y
P(,)

s
x

*2

*3

f(x,y)

(sinogram)
(x0,y0)(r,)
r =x0cos+ y0sin
(Johann Radon)
27)

40

(7)

y sin )]dxdy

CT

(projection slice
theorem)f(x,y) 2

(6)

f ( x, y) exp[ j (ux vy)]dxdy

p(r,)

X ()

X X X X X
()

31

2
(radionuclide)
(radioisotope, RI)
( -rays)
RI
(line
spectrum)RI
keV MeV

3
1 60Co (decay chart)60Co
5.271 60Ni
(excitation state) 1.173MeV
1.332MeV 2
(ground state) 60Ni
RI

(internal
conversion, IC)

1)

1 60Co
(C.M.Lederer, V.S.Shirley: Table of Isotopes, 7th edition, 1978)

X
4
1
()

2
2 (inverse square law)

10

85

4X

4X

X X X
X X X CT X
X ()X ()X
X ()(X
)(X
) X X

41

1
X ()X
()

2X
X 3. 2 X
X

1X
32 X 3
X X (X-ray tube)
(cathode)(anode)

(filament)(thermal electron)

X (W)
X
(Mo)
(C)

3000
9000[rpm]

X
( Be)

[kV]
(tube voltage)kV

[mA](tube current)
mA (dose rate)
1 v i v-i

[mA]
i 1mA
i 0

X
(allowable load, permissible
load)
CT

97

2)

3 X

, 2001

1)

1 X -(v-i)
5
1998, p58

X 0.3
2.0mm
0.05mm X
(double focus)
/ 0.5/1.5mm1.0/2.0mm

(penumbra)

3X

1)

2
5
1998, p.58

2X
X (X-ray beam)
2
X 725
(target angle)X
X (focus)
(effective focus)
(real focus)
JIS Z 4102

98

X X
X 3
X X
X

X
X
()

4X
X
X
X

CT(SPECT) CT(PET)

CdTe CdZnTe(CZT) II-VI

SPECT

51

1
(scintillation detector)

(pulse counting, photon counting)

(photomultiplier tube, PMT)

(silicon photodiode, SPD)

(avalanche
photodiode, APD)
(silicon photomultiplier, SiPM)

2
1
(scintillator)()
(PMT)

PMT

(dynode)
105106
(anode)

129

2
137Cs (662keV)
()
(photopeak)

(full-width at half maximum, FWHM)

(energy resolution)

22
Na
Bi4Ge3O12(BGO) BaF2

(time resolution)

NaI(Tl)
PET 511keV

(scintillation)

1 MeV

1
SPECT
1

130

MTF
MTF MTF
MTF
NPS NEQ DQE
X

ROC

61

(visual evaluation)

(inter observer variation)

(intra observer variation)

MTF NPS

6. 2 6. 4
2 x ax

n
6. 2 6. 4 2

m n a am,n

139

6. 2 6. 4
ax a

ax
a

62

1950
1) 2
1)1)

1)2)
1)

(modulation transfer
function, MTF) 1)
()MTF
MTF

2Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)

shift-invariant(

)(
LSI (linear and shift-invariant))

hx

ax (convolution
*) h ax

hx ()
([impulse] response function)
( 1 )

140

6. 2 6. 4 2

2f f
i 1

x1 , y1
a x1 , y1

x1 , y1 x2 , y 2

b x2 , y2

2 x1 , y1
hx2 , y 2 ( hx2 , y 2

(point spread function, PSF))

2)
b x2 , y2 h a x2 , y2

(1)

hx2 , y 2 2
(optical
transfer function, OTF) 2)
(

MTF
(phase transfer function, PTF)MTF
OTF 0
0 1
MTF
X

MTF 2

1
1 2
MTF

(ICRP)

X
CT

71

1
1895
1896 1

1928
1950 (International
Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP)
ICRP
ICRP

ICRP

ICRP
2
ICRP 1977 (Publ.26)1)

()

()

1990 (Publ.60)2)

3 2007
(Publ.103)3)

1
(Justification)
3

2
(Optimization)

163

Part
2

1X

X Reontogen 1895
X
X
1913
Coolidge X X
X X X 2 X
X X
X 1950

11

1X
X JIS

X X X

X
X X
X X CT

X X
(I.I.)X TV
X DR DF

X X
X 2 X
X
1
2X
1
X

(a) 2
2
(b) 6
6
(c) 12
12
2 4%
X

3
(2F ) X
X
X

175

2X CT

X CT Hounsfield EMI 1970
MRI SPECT
CT
X CT CT
CT Radon
CT
(xy )
(z )MDCT
CT

CT

21

CT

1
CT Computed Tomography
1970
40 CT

CT

1 CT

x y
z
x-y (z )
(axial)x-z
(coronal)y-z
(saggital)( 2)CT
1 22

(a)

190

CT

(b)
CT 3
(a) CT (b)

2X CT

CT

X
SPECT PET
MRI CT
X CT
X CT

X CT X X

X 360

360
X (linear
attenuation coefficient)
0-1000 HU(Hounsfield
unit) CT (CT number)
3

1980 1
1980

1990
1
3 X
1990 X
MDCT(multi
detector-row CT)3
2007 320
X ADCTarea detector CT
1

1 2

2
1
CT Radon (
(
(projection data))
)CT
CT

X
4
t p(t,)

p (t , ) ( x, y )ds

(1)

1
(view)1 1 1
rayRadon
()

CT X X X
X
1 1000

191

3MRI

MRI
MRI
MR MR

31

MRI

(magnetic resonance
imaging, MRI)

MRI 40

10 MRI

11970
MRI 1973 Nature
Lauterbur 1)
MRI
MRI
2 Damadian
T1 T2
2)
NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance)
1972 Damadian

NMR

MRI

Lauterbur
Mansfield

240

1973 NMR diffraction

3)Lauterbur

Lauterbur
MRI()

Garroway Ernst
Fourier imaging
Garroway Mansfield
Lauterbur Mansfield

RF
4)

1997 Hoult Mansfield

1973 Ernst 1971 Jeener 2

NMR
Lauterbur

3
NMR Fourier
(Fourier imaging) 5)
Lauterbur Projection
MRI

3MRI
1

MRI

1971

Damadian

1973

Projection MRI
Lauterbur
NMR diffraction MRI
Mansfield

1974

Garroway

1975

Fourier imaging Ernst

1977

Echo Planar Imaging Mansfield

1980

Spin warp Edelstein

1981

0.15THammersmith

1982

0.35T UCSF
Chemical shift imaging Brown

1984

1.5T GE
Dixon

1985
1986

Hayes
FLASH Haase
RARE Hennig
FISP Oppelt
IVIM ADC Le Bihan
MR Angiography
Dumoulin
Actively shielded gradient coil
Mansfield

1987

2T EPI Rzedzian

1988

TOF MR Angiography
Laub

1990

Phased array coil Roemer

1991

NMR
Ernst

1992

MRI Ogawa

1994

129Xe MRIAlbert
Basser

1995

3He MRIMiddleton

1997

SMASH MRI
Sodickson

1998

8T Robitaille

1999

SENSE MRI
Pruessmann

2003

MRI
Lauterbur Mansfield

1980 Edelstein Fourier

imaging
spin warp 6)
LauterburGarrowayErnst
1980 MRI

1977
echo planar imaging(EPI) Mansfield
7)EPI
1993 15

21980
1970 MRI
1980
MRI
1980
Aberdeen 0.04T MRI
1981 Hammersmith
(EMI) 0.15T MRI1982
UCSF 0.35T MRI8) 1984
General Electric 1.5T
MRI9)
Aberdeen MRI spin warp

spin warp
Hammersmith MRI X CT
EMI CT
projection
1981 3

MRI 0.3T

0.15T
UCSF 0.35T MRI
0.15T(6.4MHz) MRI
SNR

Fourier imaging
MRI
GE 1.5T
MRI (64MHz)

(1.5T)
GE 1.5T
31P

1985 64MHz

241

CTMRI

()

SPECT PET SPECT

SPECT

41

1
(gamma camera)
(in vivo)

(scintillation
camera)

(radiopharmaceutical)
( 1)
(detector)(collimator)
(gantry) (couch) (data
processing workstation)( 2)

CRT X

268

(digital gamma camera)

(uniformity)(linearity)
(spatial resolution)
()

SPECT(4.2 )

(single photon emitter)

PET
4.3
(radioisotope,
RI) 1 RI
(electron capture, EC) (isomeric
transitionIT)

100200 keV

Ga-67
Kr-81m
Tc-99m
In-111
I-123
I-131
Xe-133
T1-201

RI

3.26
13
6.01
2.83
13.2
8.04
5.24
72.9

EC91, 93, 185, 209, 300, 394 keV

IT190 keV
IT141 keV
EC171, 245 keV
EC159, 529 keV
248, 364, 606 keV
81 keV
EC135, 167 keV, Hg-X 71 keV

Tc-99m
RI 140 keV
6

Tc-99m

I-123 Tc-99m RI
529 keV

159keV Tc-99m

RI

(generator)

(cow)(milking)

Mo-99 Tc-99m
3

H.O.Anger (Anger camera)

1)

( 3)

(discrete pixel
detector)
Part-I 1 5

269

1942 1960

51

1
20Hz 20kHz

(ultrasonic wave, ultrasound)

[m]
3
10

LF
MF

(longitudinal wave)(transverse
wave shear wave)

1)
1
(propagation
velocity)(sound speed)
1550100 m/s
2)

( 1500 m/s)
( 3108 m/s)

15 cm

200s

HF

10

VHF

UHF
SHF
EHF

10

-3

10

-6

10

-8

3.4102m/s

10

310m/s

1.5103m/s

6.0103cm/s
1

10

10

10

10

12

10

15

[Hz]

321

(directivity) D
0
P ()
D 3)
D
D

P ( ) 2 J 1 sin sin

(1)

J1 1 2
D /
D /16( 2.4 MHz 10 mm )

1cm
()
(main lobe)

(lateral resolution azimuth

resolution)
D /

(side lobe)
1
D/= 16
D/= 5

c1 c2

sin I sinT

c1
c2

(lateral shadow)

4
4

P
Rp Tp
R

Pr
Z 2 Z1

Pi
Z1 Z 2

(3)

Pt
2Z 2

Pi
Z1 Z 2

(4)

Tp

Z1 Z2
(acoustic impedance)*

D/= 1.0

D/= 1.5 -30

D/= 0.5

30

D/= 0.25

-60

0.0

0.5
P

1
c1

60

(2)

2
c2

1.0

3
(Snell's law)
(refraction)(reflection)
I
R I T

322

c1
1
Z1
Z1 c1 1

4
*

c2
2
Z2
Z1 c1 2

(2 )

380nm 750nm

(
)

61

1
(thermography)
2

1)

2
1

3)
Stefan-Boltzmann
* 2

346

1
1
0.99

2(2 )

(thermal-manikin 3
)

2
3

2 3

3
1

2Stefan-Boltzmann
Stefan-Boltzmann (Stefan-Boltzmanns
formula)
MT4

Wm-2

(1)

M T(K)

2
CCD InSb
HgCdTe

2
2

2
3
380nm~750nm(infra
red, IR)Sir Frederick William Herschel

1738~1822 1800

37 10,000nm(10m)

()
12

(core temperature)

347

Part
1

()

11

(smoothing filter) 2)
(convolution)
*1 (linear smoothing filter)
2)
3)

4)
5)

6)

f(i) (i=1,2,3,,n)
*1

Part I 1 1.1

g(i)

f(i)
2 f(i1), f(i+1) 3 ( 3 )

g (i)

f (i 1) f (i ) f (i 1)
3

(1)

[1/3 1/3 1/3]

[f(i1) f(i) f(i+1)]
2
1
1
1
g (i) f (i 1) f (i) f (i 1)
3
3
3

(2)

h(j) (j=1,0,1)g(i)

g (i)

h( j) f (i j)

(3)

j 1

1 m

g (i)

h( j) f (i j)

(4)

j m

395

II
m

h( j ) 1

(5)

j m

(4)f h (cross correlation)

h(j)
j

g (i)

h( j) f (i j)

(6)

(6)
*
(9)

g f h

f g g f

(10)

f ( g h) ( f g ) h

(11)

f ( g h) f g f h

(12)

j m

(6)h(j)
(convolution kernel) 3

1
(7)
h( j ) 1 1 1
3
5
h( j )

1
1 4 6 4 1
16

(8)

1
(7)(8)

1
2

g (ix , i y )

my

mx

h( j , j

j y m y jx mx

) f (ix j x , i y j y )

(13)

1 3 2
33 h(jx, jy)

1 1 1
1
h( j x , j y ) 1 1 1
9
1 1 1

(14)

(8) 1 h(j)=(1/16)[1 4 6 4 1] 2
h(jx, jy)hx(jx)= (1/16)[1
4 6 4 1] hy(jy)= (1/16)[1 4 6 4 1]

h( j x , j y ) h y ( j y ) T h x ( j x )
1
4
1
61

16 16
4
1
1 4
4 16
1
6 24

256
4 16
1 4
1

396

(a) (b)
(1/3)[1 1 1](c)
(1/16)[1 4 6 4 1]

4 6 4 1

6 4 1
24 16 4
36 24 6

24 16 4
6 4 1

(15)

hy(jy)T hy(jy)
(15) 2 1
2
1 2

II

2.1 (
)

2.2

2.3 2

21

1
(segmentation)

1)-9) 5

(A) Watershed

(B) (Sobel
Laplacian of Gaussian)

(C)

(D)

(E)
(A)(E)
(A)(B) 90
(C)(E) 90
(A)(B)

414

(C)(E)

(C)(E)

11)-13)

Watershed
1
(thresholding, binarization)

(1)
(0)

g ijk 1 for f ijk T

g ijk 0 for f ijk T

(1)

fijk (i,j,k)
gijk T

T
p-tile

p-tile
p-tile 1
p% p%
(Tp-tile)

( 1 )
()
(Tmode)

()

14)
( Sobel )
( 2 )

15)

16)

()

((2))

12 1 2
1 12 2 22

(2)

1 2 1
2 1 2
2B
2W ( 3)
(
)(Otsus (adaptive) thresholding method)

1
2 2B2W
(2)2
2W 2B2
2
2B 2W
2B
f
f0
i

f
i

(f) =E{

f
}
i

p%
Tdiff

Tmode Tp-tile
1

p-tile

2 f
f
Tdiff

415

3.1

3.2
3.3
ROC LROC 3.4 JAFROC
3.5
ROC

31

(pattern recognition)

Web

X CT
MR
SN

2
2

(No free lunch theorem)

475

II

(Ugly duckling theorem)

2
()
2
2
2
2

476

h
h3
h3 1

2
2

23.2 5)

2 (curse of
dimensionality)

II

3
3 2 2
3

41

X X CT 2
1
2

(image enhancement)

1)

512

2
(gray-level transformation)
x T
y

y T (x)

(1)

T T

(linear gray-level transformation)

(inverted gray-level transformation)
(piecewise gray-level linear
transformation)
(non-linear gray-level transformation)
(pseudo iso-contour gray-level
transformation)
(band transformation)
2 (binarization)
(iso-contour gray-level transformation)
1 T

(b)

(a)

(d)

(c)

(f)

(e)

(g)

(h)
1

513

DICOM DICOM
1994
DICOM
DICOM

51

, JPEG(Joint
Photographic Experts Group), DICOM(Digital Imaging
and Communications in Medicine), IHE(Integrating the
Health care Enterprise)
3

1
(Hospital Information System, HIS)

HIS
2 (Picture Archiving and
Communication System, PACS)

3(reporting system)

(CTMRI)
ACR-NEMA(American College of Radiology, National
Electrical Manufacturers Association)
ACR-NEMA 1985 1994
DICOM DICOM(
) 1)
HL7(Health Level Seven)2)

2
1

(JISZ8002:2006 ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004)

1

HIS/RIS

525

II

(standardization)

standards

2
2

JFIF (6
JFIF
)
Motion JPEG

JFIF exchangeable
image file format (EXIF)
1JPEG
JPEG (88 )

(discrete cosine transform, DCT)

JPEG
1 5)

()

3JPEG

JPEG (JPEG standards)3) JPEG

JISO ITU Joint Photographic
Experts Group(JPEG)
JPEG
jpg
jpeg

526

JPEG
JPEG (DCT)
JPEG2000 (DWT)

DCT

JPEG

6.

3
RGB
2 RGB

L*u*v* L*a*b*

20 30

Newton 1666
( 380nm)( 780nm)
1)

2
(color)

2 2) 1

(color appearance system)

Munsell
NCS(natural color system)

(color mixing system)

(additive color mixing)(

)()

RGB XYZ

(subtractive color mixing)(

)
()

RGB(red-green-blue)
CMY(cyan-magenta-yellow)

CMY 3
K(blacK) 3)
Grassmann 3

543

II

(2))

Grassmann

Munsell
Natural Color System (NCS)

XYZ RGB
CMY(K)

2)

(cone)(rod)

4)
3
S M L

1 1 5)

Young-Helmholtz
3
3
RGB

CIE(Commission Internationale de
lEclairage) CIE
RGB XYZ

L*u*v* L*a*b*

0.0
390

440

490

540

590

690

740

790

2.0
Scone

3.0

Mcone

Lcone

4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0

Wavelength(nm)

1RGB
RGB (RGB color space)
(R
700nm)(G 546.1nm)(B 435.8nm)
3

CIE 1931
CIE RGB RGB

standard RGB (sRGB)Adobe RGB6)

CIE RGB RGB
RGB C
, , ( 700nm, 546.1nm, 435.8nm
) , ,

(1)

R,G,B , , 3
3
R,G,B
: : : : =1:4.5907:0.0601
R,G,B 3 L
L=R+4.5907G+0.0601B

544

640

1.0

LogSensitivity

1.0

(2)

Part
2

1X

X
X
X X X
1. 1 X

1. 2 X
1. 3

11

1
X
1930
1)
1960

2),3)60

Subsystem
Subsystem
Subsystem
Subsystem

(a)

2
(fluorogram)
1960 4),5)

70 6),7)80

AISCR-V3 8)
AISCR-V3

(b)
1

(c)

X AISCR-V38), 9)
X

1994, pp102-126

1(a)

553

II

3
1
I

II
1
2

III II
2 2

IV 2

IIII

70mm 298
2,900
( 1,000 )
( 1,900 ) 77% 74%
1(b)(c)

AISCR-V3 X

AISCR-V3
9),10)

16)
17)2
18),19)
7085%

80
20)

(DCF-N)21)
(DCF-V)
200
80

3
(radiogram)1970

70 80
(pneumoconiosis)
11)
(0
3 )

12)
13),14) 15)

9095% 7090%

554

(a) 24)

(b) 24)

(c)
2

MTANN X 24)

2X CT

2X CT

X CT CT
3 4 CT
1

CT (
) CT

2. 1
1
CT

1 CT
3 CT

2CT
CT CT
CT CT

CT

CTA(CT-angiography)CTAP(CT-arterioportography)
CT
CTACTAP

CT

CT CT

1)
CT

1530
6080
23
5 25 CT
CT
CT

CT

CT

1 2
1530 3045
70 3 CT

20 2 CT
2

3
CT

567

II

2),3)

4)

CT

CT

(probabilistic atlas,
PA)
3 5)
(statistical shape model, SSM)

6)

CT

CT

CT

CT

X
M P(M|X)

P( M X ) P( M ) P( X M )

1 CT
(CT

568

(1)

P(M) M P(X|M)
M X

PA PA
P(M)
X P(X|M)
P(X|M)(2)

CT X P(X|M)
P(M)
P(M|X)

7) 2(a)

P(X|M)

PA
SSM
X
M

3MRI

3MRI

MRI

CAD MRI
MRI

4
Part-I

31
1
X CTPET
MRI

T1
MR
MRI

T1
T2
T1
MRI

CT MRI

MRI

MRI

MRI

(computer assisted
diagnosis, CAD)
(computer assisted surgery,
CAS)

MRI
MRI(functional MRI, fMRI)
fMRI

MRI
MRI 3

601

II

MRI

VBM(voxel-based morphometry)

BOLD(blood oxygenation level dependent)

2 MRI

MRI 1)

MRI

MRI

3.1 MRI
MRI

1
(diffusion weighted image, DWI)

(motion probing gradient, MPG)

MRI

(diffusion anisotropy)

MPG

b
sec /mm2

b 2G 2 2
3

S S0 exp bDapp

(2)

S S0
MPG b=0
Dapp MPG
(apparent diffusion coefficient,
ADC)

MPG b

(2) MRI
2 MRI
MRI

MPG
ADC 1
MPG 1 ADC

ADC ( 1)

z
D3
ADC

-D1

-D2
g3
g2

g1

D1

D2
-D3

MPG

(1)

(Hz/T)G(T/mm) MPG
(sec)(sec) MPG

602

/3
(diffusion time)

(spin echo)
Stejeskal-Tanner 2),3)b

g1

S1

g2

=0,1,0T

S2

g3

=0,0,1T

S3

g n=
1

=1,0,0T

Sn

MPG ADC

II

4PETSPECT

PET SPECT X CT
PET SPECT
4.1 FDG PET

4.2 PET
PET
4.3
SPECT
4.4 SPECT

41

PET

1
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-18F-D-glucose
(FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)
FDG F-18

FDG PET
FDG

PET

FDG-PET

1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(1)

(2)
active contour model

638

(3)

(4) PET

4
2

PET

PET
standardized uptake
value(SUV)
SUV
SUV

CPET
/

(1)

(MBq)(kg)

(Bq/mL)PET
SUV
()

4PETSPECT

SUV 1.5
SUV 1.5
SUV 1.5

SUV PET

SUV
PET
SUV

Keyes 2)

PET

SUV
SUV

(normalization) 1 1.4 3)
PET

SUV

40%
3),4)

5),6)

6)

7),8)
PET

1 2 PET
1

PET 2

9)-12)

SN

(active contour model)9) 1

2.1 6)

2)

AAM(active appearance model)

AAM

639

II

51

2 B
(B-mode image)RF

1970

660

2
(resolution cell) 10

2
B

(speckle)
1)
1 B

2 /resolution cell/rc20 /rc

200 /rc
3.5 MHz B
2 /rc

PSF(point spread function)

20 /rc

200 /rc
B
B

(a) 2 /rc B

(b) 20 /rc B

(c) 200 /rc B

1

2 3.5 MHz
B

x1 x2
m
(probability density function)
(1)(2)

p( x1 )

x m
exp 1 2
2

p( x 2 )

x m2
exp 2 2
2

(1)

(2)

x1 x2
x1x1+x1x2x2+x2 p(x1,
x2)x1x2 x1 x2 N(0,2)
2

(3)
p( x1 , x 2 )

x x
exp 1 2 2
2
2

(3)

x
(4)
2

x x1 jx 2 x1 x 2

(4)

(3)(4) r xx+x

661

3
(OCT)OCT CT MRI
CT
OCT

61

1
24mm
0.2mm

(fundus)(retinal
layer)

2
Scheie
Keith-Wagner
1)Scheie
1
Keith-Wagner

Scheie

(hypertensive retinopathy)
(arteriosclerosis)
(arterio-venous crossing phenomenon)

3)

1 (hemorrhage)(exudate)

(diabetic retinopathy)

(macula)

4)

21
(glaucoma)

(optic disc)

1(a)
5)
1

Scheie

H1
H2
H3
H4

H2

H3

S1

S2

S1

S3

S2

S4

677

II

California
STARE2) Utrecht
DRIVE3)

2)-7)
1
1(a)

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d) (b)(c)
1
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

678

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B

B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B

B
B
B
A
A
I
A
A
B
B
B

B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B

B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

2) k-NN(nearest
neighbor) 3) 4)
(smoothed difference) 5)
(top-hat transform) 6) 7)

I(x, y)
2 2
A I(x, y)
B

1(b)
2 A B

(closing)

(dilation)
(erosion)

(black-hat)
1(c)

1(d)
2
(artery)(vein)
(artery-vein ratio, A/V)A/V

3
1
RB
RB

8),9)2

II

7PACS

7.1 HIS, RIS,

PACS IHE
IT
7.2

71

PACS

()
X

1982 Dwyer

PACS(picture archiving and

communication system)PACS

1985
ACR/NEMA(American College of Radiology and the
National Electrical Manufacturers Association)

(ACR/NEMA ) Point-to-Point
1992
DICOM(digital imaging and communication in
medicine) 1) DICOM
IHE(Integrating the
Healthcare Enterprise)2)-5)

Point-to-Point

HIS(hospital information system),

RIS(radiology information system), PACS

692

IHE

2HIS, RIS, PACS

Point-to-Point ( 1A)
3 DICOM

( 1B)

PACS
( 1C) 5
DICOM
PACS HIS, RIS
2 PACS
RIS

RIS
RIS

HIS
RIS
ID
HIS RIS,

7PACS

PACS

HIS
()
DICOM (
HL7(health level 7)) Pont-to-Point

A.
B. DICOM
C. PACS
(
) PACS

PACS DICOM

Point-to-Point DICOM
HL7

2 HIS, RIS, modality, PACS

Point-to-Point
DICOM
3A

Pont-to-Point

CAD, 3D

3IHE

HIS,RIS,PACS
PACS HIS,RIS

DICOM HL

HIS, RIS, PACS

3B

(
)

693

II

81

1
(telemedicine)
(information communication technology)

(MRI, CT )

(teleradiology)

(telepathology)
(telecare)

TV

MRI, CT,
PET

708

1)
(Telemedicine and Telecare)

2)

3),4) 5)

6),7)

20

1997 2003
2011 8)

(inter-hospital electronic patients

record)

PACS

CATV
1971
1990

9)
10)

11)

3)

UNIX

Windows OS

WWW
ISDN
ADSL,CATV

MRI, CT
MRI,CT

DICOM(digital imaging and communication in

medicine) ACR/NEMA(The American College of
Radiology, National Electrical Manufacturers Association)
1993 DICOM

DICOM

1990
1996

2)

20

20 8)
12)
1996
2003

13)

709

II

91

3
(3D position sensing)
(virtual reality)(augmented reality)

1)

1
1
X CT MR
3 3
3
3
X
3

718

1 2.2

9.2

9
1

X CT
MR

3
3
2
2
2

* 2 3

92

1
3 (3D position sensor)
3

3
2
3

LED
LED

1.5mm 10mm
3

2),3)

3 Polaris (Northern Digital

Inc.)

3 medSAFE (Ascention
Technology Inc.)

719

587

EXPAND

ROC

544
151

498

ROC

154

ICP

500

387

686

37

58

140

694

131

37
613

497

29

77

325

619

261

323

113

324

SLSF

285

SSRB

305

FROC
FDK

118

543

199

337

545

417

545

anatomic-MAP

70

129

299

496
430

X
55

73
356

19

255

95

410

95

617

426

237

482

483

144
401

68

147

16

400

514

386

130

14

303

MR

514
25

23

MSRB
412

28

265

MR

23

179

555

385

71

EM

546

224

91

385

98

ESF

87

268

427

228

269

191

50

XYZ

359

439

ECG

499

appearance

97

fMRI

97

132

261

87

460

261

504

233

72

416

592

251

465

329

421

325

299

99

237

504

330

71

PMT

65

265

190

339

253

AFROC

387

444

416

233

Watershed

182

205

374

RGB

368

399

263

305

MPEG

527

753

graph 456

%uptake 656
300

3 dimensional PET, 3D-PET 294

3D position sensor 719

age-related macular degeneration, AMD

autocorrelation function

304

3D-SSP 446

aging 99

autofluorescence

algebraic reconstruction technique, ART

automated image registration, AIR

alias artifact 233

automatic exposure control, AEC

aliasing 21

avalanche photodiode, APD

121

A mode

19

average

32

axial 190

Alternative FROC, AFROC

330

117

132

299

alpha-trimmed mean filter

alternative current, AC

356

446

allowable load 97

4 dimensional CT, 4D-CT 199

147

autocorrelation matrix 33

57

3D-stereotactic surface projection,

465

augmented reality visualization 728

684

2D position map

3D reprojection

attribute selection

affine transform 439

504

axial resolution

324

analytic continuation 71

axis thinning 467

a posteriori probability 307

anatomic standardization 650

azimuth resolution 322

absorbance 373

Anger camera

absorbed dose 164

angiography 177

absorption coefficient 373

angular analyzer

access order 58

angular deviation 294

background known exactly, BKE 153

accumulated histogram 515

anisotropic diffusion 402

backing material

acoustic finding

anisotropic parameter 374

backprojection 41 56

acoustic frame rate 334

annihilation gamma rays

backprojection filtering 42

acoustic impedance

annihilation radiation 293

bagging 427 497

anode 97 129

ball and stick model

65
671
93 322

acoustic lens 326

269

B
B mode

388

133

330
326

608

acoustic matching layer

326

anode grounding system 204

balloon 180

acoustic radiation force

344

anti-Hermite 9

bandpass filtering, BPF

activation 617

apearance

barium-filled gastric radiogram in

active appearance model, AAM 428

aperture

430

496

standing position 555

aperture transfer function, ATF

active collimator 237

active shape model, ASM

222

apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC

428

basis function 27
basis image

27

basis vector 27

266 602
area detector CT, ADCT 191 198

Bayes estimate

actual focal spot

204

area under curve, AUC

Bayes estimation

AdaBoost 497

427

arithmetic mean filter

actor 694

adaptive filter 19
adaptive shape model, ASM

430

adaptive speckle suppression filter

154 500

34
480

Bayes risk 478

18

array coil 255

Bayes theorem 31 68

artifact

Bayesian decision theory 478

atlas

233

Bayesian network

417

atomic attenuation coefficient 86

beam hardening

additive color mixing 543

attenuation coefficient 323

beam waist

adjacent 452

attenuation coefficient map

adjacency graph, Voronoi adjacency

attenuation correction 73 285

667

160

285 310

203 234

368

beamformer
beamline

492

334

385

765

15,000

24 9 15

113-0033 6-2-9 504

()
TEL 03-5684-1636 / FAX 03-5684-1650
http://www.jamit.jp/

2012
ISBN978-4-9906667-0-5
()