,

...

2011


, .
- 1:50, .
, - . ,
- , , , , , .
,
, , .
1. ()
, - - 5
.
,
1.1.
, - - 5 . :

, ,
, :
-
2;
.

.

, ,
, :
-
2;
.

.
...

.1

1.2.

, .
, ,
.
1.3.
hs .
, .
EN 1992-1-2. - 8 cm.

.
,
. k = l/d (/ )
, 1.1.
C20/25 B500.
1.1

, , k = l/d (/ ) .
.
:
l
d min = ,
k
l/d (/ ) 1.1.
, ,

E 2 - 1/250 .
- ,
, , E 2.
,
II
.
...

.2

 , :
d l min 30
;
d l min 35 , ;
d l min 40 ;
d l min 15 .
2
3 cm, - .
1m. : 8, 10, 12, 14, 25 m. 15 25 cm.
2.
, 3 (
). - ,
.
.

2.1. :
;
;
.
.
2.2. :
2.2.1. .1 .2

2.2.2. .3

. - .
2.3. :
2.3.2.
2.3.1.

...

.3


.
.
2.4. :
, ,
, ...
,
.

, k l/d (/ )
C20/25 B500 1.1,
.

, :
1
1
d = l min ;
13 15
1
1
d = l max ;
19 22
1 1
, d = l .
5 6
4
5 cm.
- , . , b
(0,250,50) h,
. 12 cm.
5 cm.

. ,
.
:
) 1 2
) 1 - 2
) 1 2

3.

. .
, 3-6 m. . , ,
- , - .
...

.4

 25/25 cm.
, , ,
. 5 cm.
.
. - .
. ,
1 ,
. . .
:

,
( ), . -,
- - ,
.
4.
.
, : . W1, W2,
.

5.
, .
.
, . , .
. :
H
(n + 1)hst = fl ; hst = 15 17 m;
2hst + bst 62 64 m;
2
hst e , bst e , n e
( ), Hfl e .
:
:

-
. .
.
8 cm.
(
);
...

.5

. ,
hs,st (l/25l/20)l. ( ), .
.
- .
.

fsl fadm.
- . .

...

.6



:
1 m ;
( )
;
,
.
1.
1 S4 50 . 20/25.

1 S3.
cnom
S3 1
c nom = c min + c dev = 10 + 10 = 20 mm ,

cmin ,
10 mm -
c min = 10 mm . -
c min = ;
cdev , c dev = 10 mm .
10 mm c dev 5 mm ,
, .

d = hs a = hs c nom 2 [mm] .

= 10 mm - .
2.
,
.
...

.7


= 0,26 f ctm f yk 0,0013 .

As ,min = bd = 260d f ctm f yk 1,3d ,
fctm e . 2.1;
fyk e .
2.1

- 20% .
200 mm min{3hs ; 400 mm} , min{3,5hs ; 450 mm} .
,
min{2hs ; 250 mm} min{3hs ; 400 mm} .
min{1,5hs ; 200 mm}, min{3hs ; 300 mm} .
, ,
, l bd .
3.
. (
), .

.

:
l = min{l min + hs ; l nom }

...

.8

 ,
.
4. ( )
, 2 . 1 m2 .

50 mm;
- hs;
12,5 mm.
f = 1,35.
04/3
. ()
qk = 3,0 kN/m2. f = 1,50.
, 1 m2 .
5.

.
d VEd.
6.
,
1,0 m. cu = 3,5 ud = 25,0 .

, , As. , , x < xbal =
0,45d .
:
M Ed
,
1) M =
f cd bd 2
f cd = f ck 1,50 e ;
2) M M ,bal = 0,295 ;
3) :
= x d = 1,25 1 1 2 M ;
4) :
f
As = 0,8 cd bd ;
f yd

...

.9

 f yd = f yk 1,15 e ;
5) - ,

As As. min = max 260d f ctm f yk ;1,3d

} [mm 2 ];

6) 1m
n s = As As1 ,
As1 .
7)
N s = n s l max,cl .
,
2.2. 2.2
= 10,4.
:
M Ed
As =
As ,min = max 260d f ctm f yk ;1,3d
mm 2 ;
f yd d

} [

2.2

= bal = 0,45 ,
M ,bal = 0,295
bal = 0,82 .
7.
,
. Vd VRd,c
e
.
,
VRd,c.
Vd VRd,c e
.
2.3. ,
,
vRd,c = VRdc/(bd) ...

.10

 vd = Vd/(bd). , d 200 mm. 20/25. 2.

2.3

8.
, .. ,
,
. .
,
, 250 mm.
hs 150
mm, :

lbd

l bd = 1 2 l b,rqd l b,min ,
lb,rqd e l b,rqd = ( 4) f yd

(2,25 f ctd );

f ctd = f ctk ,0,05 1,50 e ;

f ctk ,0,05
5% . 2.1;
1 , cd, 2.4;
2 , cd, 2.4;
lb,min :
l b,min > max 0,3 l b,rqd ;10 ;100 mm ;

(
)
l b,min > max(0,6 l b,rqd ;10 ;100 mm ) .

cd

2.4

...

.11


(lbd /) 2.4 500.
fyk /500. cd .
2.5

:
l b,req = l bd As ,req As , prov ,
s,req As,prov .

...

.12


1.

: .
- 1/30 .
* ( )
. ,
eff :
h
b
l1 = l1,min + s + l1,nom ;
:
2 2
b b
:
l 2 = l 2,min + + = l 2,nom .
2 2
* ( )
,

, , .
:
l1 = l1,min ;
:

l 2 = l 2,min .

, .
2. ( )
1 m2 .

5 cm;
- hs;
1,5 cm.
g = 1,35.

04/3 EN/1990

...

.13

 . . q = 1,50.
. qk =
1,20 kN/m2 2,0 kN/m, 3,0
kN/m. q = 1,50.
3.

.
d VEd.
*

- ,
.. q d g d 1,0 , . ( ) gd + qd ,
gd .

. , 100 (l 2 l1 ) l 2 20% ,
. 15.22
2 . :
M Ed max = [ 1 g d 2 ( g d + q d )] l 2 ;
min

...

.14

VEd = [ 3 g d + 4 ( g d + q d )] l;
1, 2, 3 4 .

B,max l = max(l1 ; l 2 ) .
*
p d = g d + q d .
.

M 1, Ed = 0,086(g d + q d ) l12 ;

V1A,Ed = 0,40(g d + q d ) l1 ;

V1B,Ed = 0,60(g d + q d ) l1 ;

M 2 ,Ed = 0,063( g d + q d ) l 22 ;

V2 B,Ed = V2C,Ed = 0,50(g d + q d ) l 2 ;

M B,Ed = 0,086(g d + q d ) l 2 ;

M C,Ed = 0,063(g d + q d ) l 22 .
B,d l = max (l1 ; l 2 ) .

4.

, 1,0 m.
.
, , ,
, .
( ) ,
. d
= M Ed M Ed = M Ed (C Ed b g d + q d ) b 2 8 ,
M Ed
d , Cd , b .
, -
, -, -
, .
.
b
b2
= max(M Ed
,l ; M Ed
,r ) = M Ed V Ed + (g d + q d )
M Ed
,
2
8
d , V Ed = min (V Ed ,l ; V Ed ,r ) -

, b .

...

.15

, xu d 0,25
- 50/60, xu e . .
5.
10
.

- 0,3l - .

5N6/m, lbd,
0,25l.

...

.16


1.

.
:
.
* ( )
:

;
,
;
;
,
.
(hs/2)
(b/2) . - .
x -
y -.


...

.17

* ( )

, . .

, .

, .

, .
2. ( )
1 m2 .


( );
- hs;
1,5 cm.
g = 1,35.

04/3 . B ()
qk = 3,0 kN/m2. q = 1,50.


5 cm;
- hs;
...

.18

 2 cm.
( )
;
2 cm;
.
g = 1,35.

04/3 . ()
qk = 3,0 kN/m2.
( )
04/3. () qk = 0,5 kN/m.
q = 1,50.
3.
d
VEd.
*

,
.
.
,
.
( )

M Ed , x = x (g d + q d ) l x2 ,

M Ed , y = y (g d + q d ) l x2 ,

x y 4.1
= l y l x . ( M )
.
4.1 9
. :
.

, (R ML).
.
:
V Ed , x = x (g d + q d ) l x ,
V Ed , y = y (g d + q d ) l x , ,
x y 4.2
= l y l x .
4.1.
( ) .
,
, ,
ggk. , , .

...

.19


- ,
.. q d g d 1,0 , -

...

.20

 .

pd g g k
p g gk 2
+ x0 d
M Ed , x = x g g k +
lx ,

2
2

pd g g k
p g gk 2
+ y0 d
M Ed , y = y g g k +
lx ,

2
2

x0 y0
( 4.1), pd = gd + qd e .

( 20%
- ).
, , . .
, (..
).
, (.. ).
- , ,

.
.
,
:
...

.21


pd = gd + qd;

ggk = 1,0gk :

* ( )
.
, 45,
- , : Mx, My,
Mxl, Mxr, Mysup Myinf. .
,
, , . .
y , ly - lx . p d = g d + q d .

, ,
M0
Mx =
;
M y = cM x ;
2 + m xl + m xr + 2 + m xsup + m xinf c

+ q d ) l x2
(3 1) ; = l y l x .
12

M
M
m xl = xl = 1,0 2,0;
m xr = xr = 1,0 2,0;
Mx
Mx

M 0 =

(g d

m yinf =

M yinf
My

= 1,0 2,0;

m ysup =

M ysup
My

= 1,0 2,0;

c = M y M x = 1,0 0,2 = l y l x = 1,0 1,5

c = M y M x = 0,5 0,15 = l y l x = 1,5 2,0 .

1,50, :
c = M y M x 1 2 .
Mx My
:
M xl = m xl M x ;
M xr = m xr M x ;
M yinf = m yinf M y ;
M ysup = m ysup M y .
...

.22

 mi Mx.
-
.
; -
-.

M 0 (M xl + M xr ) M yinf + M ysup
Mx =
;
M y = cM x ;
2 + m xl + m xr + 2 + m xinf + m ysup c

mi.
:
;
,
;

c,k ggk = 1,0gk,

, . .
-
.
- ,
, . ,
( ) , . , .
*
,
- .
.
, ().

hp e , 1,0 m, Hp,d e .
4.
, ,
. ...

.23

 , -
- .

:
*
d1 = hs c nom 2 [mm] ;
* d 2 = d1 [mm] ,
cnom e .

, . , , ,
, , .

.

.
5.
hs > 15 cm,
50%
, :

.
- 0,3 .

...

.24


1.
1.1.
, , .
bs = 400600 mm.
lst = Lst + bs/2 + b/2.
1.2.
, .
lsl = Lsl + bs/2 + b/2.
1.3.
l = 2lcl + bcl + b.
2.
2.1.

1 m2
. , . 1 m.

:
tg = hst bst cos ,
hst bst .
2 cm 0,02.22 [kN/m ] ;
. 2 cm 0,02(hst bst + 1)20 [kN/m ] ;
hsl hsl .25 cos [kN/m ] ;
.. 0,5.hst .25 [kN/m ] ;
1,25 cm 0,0125.10 cos [kN/m ] .

0,60,9 kN/m.
:
g p = (0,6 0,9 ) l cl , kN/m.

g = 1,35.

04/3, a qk = 3,0
kN/m2. q = 1,50.
...

.25

2.2.
1 m2
.
3.
3.1.

/ :
1
M Ed , st = (g st ,d + q st ,d )l st2 , kNm/m R Ed , st = 0,5(g st ,d + q st ,d )l st , kN/m .
8

3.2.
/
:
R Ed , sl = 0,5(g sl ,d + q sl ,d )l sl , kN/m .
3.3.

:
1
M Ed = (R Ed , st + R Ed , sl ) l 2 kNm V Ed = 0,5(R Ed , st + R Ed , sl ) l kN .
8
,
.
4.
, hs,st 1,0 m. .
lcl.

.

, hs bs. ,
,
7 m.
: d = hs c nom 2 , cnom e -

, S4 1 cnom = 2,5 cm.

5.
VEdf d .

.
2.3. , , vRd,c = VRdc/(bsd)
vdf = Vdf/(bsd), bs . ,
d 200 mm.
20/25. 2.

...

.26



.
6.
-

...

.27


I.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
3.
4.
5.

.
............................................................................................. 1
() ........................................................................................................ 1
.................. 1
..................................... 2
.......................................................................... 2
........................................................................................................................ 3
............................................................. 3
...................................... 3
.................................................... 3
............................................................................................... 4
..................................................................................................................... 4
.......................................................................................... 5
................................................................................................. 5

II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

......................................................... 6
................................................................................................... 6
................................... 7
.................................................................................................... 8
( )...................................................................... 9
.......................................................................................... 9
....................................................................................... 9
.......................................................... 10
............................................................................. 11

III.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

................................. 13
.................................................................................................. 13
( ).................................................................... 13
........................................................................................ 14
..................................................................................... 15
............................................................................. 16

IV.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

..................................... 17
.................................................................................................. 17
( ).................................................................... 18
........................................................................................ 19
..................................................................................... 23
............................................................................. 24

V.
1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
4.
5.
6.

.................................................................................... 25
.................................................................................................. 25
................................................................................................... 25
....................................................................................... 25
................................................................... 25
( ).................................................................... 25
................................................................................................... 25
....................................................................................... 26
........................................................................................ 26
................................................................................................... 26
....................................................................................... 26
................................................................... 26
..................................................................................... 26
.............................................................. 26
............................................................................. 27

...

.28