Tng quan v ERP

1. ERP l g?
1.1 nh ngha
H thng Hoch nh Ngun lc Doanh nghip (ERP) hoc h thng ERP l mt thut
ng c dng lin quan n mt lot hot ng ca cng ty, do phn mm my tnh h
tr, gip cho cng ty qun l cc hot ng ch cht ca n, bao gm: k ton, phn
tch ti chnh, qun l mua hng, qun l tn kho, hoch nh v qun l sn xut, qun l
hu cn, qun l quan h vi khch hng, qun l nhn s, theo di n hng, qun l
bn hng, v.v.... Mc tiu tng qut ca h thng ny l m bo cc ngun lc thch hp
ca doanh nghip nh nhn lc, vt t, my mc v tin bc c sn vi s lng khi
cn, bng cch s dng cc cng c hoch nh v ln k hoch. Mt phn mm ERP l
mt phn mm my tnh cho php cng ty cung cp v tng hp s liu ca nhiu hot
ng ring r khc nhau t c mc tiu trn.

1.2 Tnh Phn h ca Phn mm ERP

c trng ca phn mm ERP l c cu trc phn h (module). Phn mm c cu trc
phn h l mt tp hp gm nhiu phn mm ring l, mi phn mm c mt chc nng
ring. Tng phn h c th hot ng c lp nhng do bn cht ca h thng ERP,
chng kt ni vi nhau t ng chia s thng tin vi cc phn h khc nhm to nn
mt h thng mnh hn. Cc phn h c bn ca mt phn mm ERP in hnh c th
nh sau:
K ton: phn h ny cng c th chia thnh nhiu phn h na nh s ci, cng n phi
thu, cng n phi tr, ti sn c nh, qun l tin mt, danh mc vt t, v.v.... Cc phn
h k ton l nn tng ca mt phn mm ERP;
Mua hng;
Hng tn kho;
Sn xut;
Bn hng; v
Qun l nhn s v tnh lng.
Cc nh cung cp ERP c cc loi phn h khc nhau v c cc mc tch hp khc
nhau gia cc phn h. Vit Nam, cc cng ty thng bt u s dng phn h k ton
v sau b sung cc phn h khc khi nhu cu s dng ca h tng cao hn.

1.3 Hp nht vi cc Thng l

Tt nht Cc phn mm ERP c xy dng tt thng hp nht cc thng l tt nht
nhiu hot ng tc nghip khc nhau ca cng ty. Do , cng ty c th d dng p dng
cc thng l tt nht thng qua vic ci t mt h thng ERP.

1.4 Li ch ca vic S dng H thng ERP

Sau y l mt s li ch ca h thng k ton v ERP:
1.4.1 Tip cn Thng tin Qun tr ng Tin cy
ERP gip cc nh qun l d dng tip cn cc thng tin qun tr ng tin cy c th
a ra cc quyt nh da trn c s c y thng tin. Nu khng c h thng ERP,

mt cn b qun l cp cao phi da vo nhiu ngun c c thng tin cn thit dng

cho vic phn tch tnh hnh ti chnh v hot ng ca cng ty. Vi h thng ERP, iu
ny c th c thc hin mt cch d dng bng cch s dng mt phn mm ng dng
v trong thi gian thc. Ngoi ra, h thng ERP tp trung cc d liu t mi phn h vo
mt c s qun l d liu chung gip cho cc phn h ring bit c th chia s thng tin
vi nhau mt cch d dng. Hn na, h thng ERP khng ch thu thp v x l khi
lng ln cc giao dch hng ngy, m cn nhanh chng lp ra cc phn tch phc tp v
cc bo co a dng.
1.4.2 Cng tc K ton Chnh xc Hn
Phn mm k ton hoc phn h k ton ca phn mm ERP gip cc cng ty gim bt
nhng sai st m nhn vin thng mc phi trong cch hch ton th cng. Phn mm
k ton cng gip cc nhn vin kim ton ni b v cc cn b qun l cao cp kim tra
tnh chnh xc ca cc ti khon. Hn na, mt phn mm k ton c thit k tt s h
tr cho vic ng dng cc quy trnh k ton v cc bin php kim sot ni b cht
lng.
1.4.3 Ci tin Qun l Hng tn kho
Phn h qun l hng tn kho trong phn mm ERP cho php cc cng ty theo di hng
tn kho chnh xc v xc nh c mc hng tn kho ti u, nh m gim nhu cu
vn lu ng v ng thi gip tng hiu qu sn xut.
1.4.4 Tng Hiu qu Sn xut
Phn h hoch nh v qun l sn xut ca phn mm ERP gip cc cng ty nhn dng
v loi b nhng yu t km hiu qu trong quy trnh sn xut. Chng hn, nhiu cng ty
khng s dng phn mm ERP m ln k hoch sn xut mt cch th cng dn n tnh
ton sai v iu ny gy nn cc im tht c chai trong qu trnh sn xut v do do
thng s dng khng ht cng sut ca my mc v cng nhn. Ni cch khc, iu ny
c ngha l p dng mt h thng hoch nh sn xut hiu qu c th lm gim chi ph
sn xut trn mi n v sn phm.
1.4.5 Qun l Nhn s Hiu qu Hn
Phn h qun l nhn s v tnh lng gip sp xp hp l cc quy trnh qun l nhn s
v tnh lng, do lm gim chi ph qun l ng thi gim thiu cc sai st v gian ln
trong h thng tnh lng.
1.4.6 Cc Quy trnh Kinh doanh c Xc nh R rng Hn
Cc phn h ERP thng yu cu cng ty xc nh r rng cc quy trnh kinh doanh
gip phn cng cng vic c r rng v gim bt nhng ri rm v cc vn lin
quan n cc hot ng tc nghip hng ngy ca cng ty.

2. Phn loi Phn mm ERP

2.1 Phn mm t hng do mt nhm lp trnh vin trong nc vit
y l trng hp mt cng ty yu cu mt nhm lp trnh vin trong cng ty hoc thu
mt nhm lp trnh vin nh bn ngoi vit mt phn mm ERP theo yu cu ring ca
cng ty. Thng thng mc d phn mm t hng dng nh l mt gii php c chi ph
thp, ri ro trong trng hp ny l cao nht v c th lm pht sinh thm chi ph cho

cng ty v sau khi cc trc trc ny sinh. Ngoi tr nhng d n nh v khng quan
trng, chng ti khng khuyn chn cch ny v nhng ri ro ng k ca cch ny.

2.2 Phn mm t hng do mt cng ty trong nc vit

y l loi phn mm ERP c mt cng ty phn mm trong nc thit k theo n t
hng nhm p ng mt s yu cu c th ca cng ty khch hng.
Loi phn mm ny hin nay khng cn c s dng rng ri na trong khi th nhu
cu cho cc phn mm thit k sn li tng cao. Ngi s dng phn mm loi ny nn
xem xt k kh nng h tr trong tng lai t nh cung cp v kh nng c th nng cp
trong tng lai ca phn mm m khng lm gin on hot ng ca cng ty.

2.3 Phn mm k ton/ERP thit k sn do cc cng ty trong nc pht trin

Nhm ny bao gm cc phn mm k ton c thit k sn do cc cng ty trong nc
pht trin v c nhiu khch hng s dng Vit Nam, v d nh LacViets AccNet
2000, MISA-AD 5.0, Fast Accounting 2003, VSDCs ACsoft 2004, BSCs Effect,
Scitecs KTV 2000, Gen Pacifics CAM, CSCs IAS 3.0, DigiNets Lemon 3, AZ
Companys Esoft 2000, v Kha Thi Software Centers KT VAS.
Ngoi phn h k ton, mt s cc cng ty phn mm trong nc cng pht trin mt
vi phn h ERP khc nhng thng h khng pht trin y tt c cc phn h ERP
m cc nh cung cp nc ngoi thng c.

2.4 Phn mm k ton/ERP nc ngoi cp thp

Cc phn mm ny l cc phn mm k ton nc ngoi c bn trn th gii v c
thit k dnh cho cc doanh nghip nh do gia nh lm ch v ch hot ng mt a
im. Nhng phn mm ny thng khng h tr cc phn h c thm vo nhng
chng c th c hiu qu cao cho cc hot ng k ton n gin. V d v cc phn mm
ny bao gm QuickBooks, PeachTree v MYOB vi mc gi ph bin l mt vi trm
-la M. Cc phn mm ny thng khng c nhiu dch v h tr Vit Nam.

2.5 Phn mm k ton/ERP nc ngoi cp trung bnh

Cc phn mm ny bao gm cc phn mm c bn trn th gii v c thit k dnh
cho cc cng ty nh v va. Cc phn mm ny h tr hu ht cc quy trnh hot ng
kinh doanh, v d nh: hu cn, sn xut, k ton v nhn s. Cc phn mm ny thng
c thit k cho vic s dng trn h thng mng vi cu trc khch/ch, trong phn
mm chnh chy trn mt my ch (server) v cho php nhiu my khch truy cp t
mng cc b LAN. V d bao gm: SunSystems, Exact Globe 2000, MS Solomon,
Navision, Scala, Accpac, Intuitive ERP, v Marcam. Cc phn mm ny thng c gi t
20.000 la M n 150.000 la M k c chi ph trin khai, v ty theo s phn h
c s dng.

2.6 Phn mm k ton/ERP nc ngoi cp cao

Cc phn mm bao gm cc phn mm ERP c bn trn th gii v c thit k dnh
cho cc cng ty a quc gia c nhiu a im hot ng, nhiu chi nhnh v nhiu ngi
s dng cng lc. Cc phn mm ny rt t v nhm phc v cc quy trnh kinh doanh
phc tp vi nhng yu cu hot ng rt kht khe. V d bao gm: Oracle Financials,
SAP, v PeopleSoft. Chi ph cho cc phn mm ny t nht l vi trm ngn la M, t
bit l khi cng c chi ph trin khai.

3. Tng Chi ph S hu
3.1 Khi nim
Tng Chi ph S hu (TCO) l mt m hnh do Tp on Garner xy dng ban u vo
nm 19872 phn tch nhng chi ph lin quan n vic mua, trin khai v s hu cc
h thng cng ngh thng tin trong mt thi gian c th, thng l 3 hoc 5 nm. Cc chi
ph ny bao gm chi ph bn quyn phn mm, chi ph trin khai, chi ph lin quan n
vic nng cp c s h tng cng ngh thng tin, chi ph t vn, chi ph bo tr hng nm
v chi ph hnh chnh ni b. Theo mt nghin cu do Tp on T vn Meta tin hnh,
ch khong 20% cc cng ty trin khai gii php ERP thc s bit c Tng Chi ph
S hu lin quan n vic trin khai h thng ca h. 80% cc cng ty cn li khng hiu
r v mc ca cc chi ph h tr thng xuyn v cc chi ph lin quan n c s h
tng3. Do , cc cng ty ny thng chn cc phn mm t tn km v ngh rng h
tit kim chi ph. Trong thc t th cc h thng cng ngh thng tin c v t tn km da
trn chi ph phn cng v phn mm c th tn km hn khi nh gi n Tng Chi ph
S hu l bi v, chng hn nh, cc h thng ny i hi chi ph bo tr v cc chi ph
khc lin quan n sa i sau ny. Mc d thng khng d dng c lng c Tng
Chi ph S hu, cc cng ty nn xem xt iu ny khi quyt nh mua mt h thng cng
ngh thng tin.

3.2 Chi ph Bn quyn

Chi ph bn quyn l chi ph phi tr ban u cho quyn c s dng phn mm. Chi ph
ny thng c tnh da vo s phn h v s ngi s dng phn mm trong cng mt
lc cng ty khch hng. Vit Nam, chi ph bn quyn cho cc phn mm thit k sn
thng c gi tr t 300 la M n 50.000 la M. Thng thng, cc phn mm thit
k sn r hn nhiu so vi cc phn mm thit k theo n t hng bi v chi ph pht
trin phn mm c th c san s cho hng trm hoc hng ngn ngi s dng.

3.3 Chi ph Trin khai

y l chi ph trin khai h thng ERP, bao gm chi ph phi tr cho n v cung cp
dch v/nh phn phi v thi gian m cc nhn vin ca cng ty phi tham gia vo qu
trnh trin khai h thng ERP. i vi cc d n phc tp, chi ph trin khai c th cao
gp 5 ln chi ph bn quyn nhng Vit Nam chi ph trin khai kh c th cao do mc
phc tp ca h thng cn thp. Cn c trn cc bn bo gi m chng ti c tham
kho v chi ph trin khai cc h thng ERP ca nc ngoi Vit Nam th chi ph ny
nm trong khong t 6.000 la M n 75.000 la M, vi mc trung bnh khong
40.000 la M, tc bng 100% chi ph cho quyn s dng, nhng c th dao ng ng
k. Tuy nhin, i vi cc phn mm trong nc, chi ph trin khai ch khong 15% chi
ph bn quyn v thng c gp chung vo mc gi a ra bi cc cng ty bn phn
mm.

3.4 Nng cp C s H tng ca Cng ngh Thng tin

Cc chi ph khc bao gm s tin phi tr cho vic nng cp c s h tng cng ngh
thng tin ca cng ty, nh ph bn quyn h thng qun l c s d liu, phn mm ng
dng ca my ch, tng bng thng, tht b mng v cc my vi tnh hoc my ch
mi. Cc chi ph ny tu thuc vo cc nhu cu ca cng ty. My ch cp trung bnh
thng tr gi t 3.000 la M n 6.000 la M v chi ph thit lp mng thng vo
khong 200 la M n 300 la M cho mt ngi s dng.

3.5 Chi ph T vn
C rt nhiu d n tht bi do mt s yu t hon ton c th ngn chn c nh xc
nh yu cu ca ngi s dng s si, hiu sai v thi gian v n lc cn thit trin
khai, chn cc phn h khng ph hp, phm li trong thit lp cu hnh, v.v.... Vic s
dng mt chuyn gia t vn phn tch h thng hin ti c th gip ngn nga cc yu t
ny v nh gi gii php ti u v/hoc gim st qu trnh trin khai ca cng ty bn
hoc phn phi li ERP.Khi chn mua phn mm nc ngoi, cc cng ty thng s
dng nhn vin t vn vi chi ph t vn tr gi 20% - 70% trn ph bn quyn.

3.6 Chi ph Bo tr Hng nm

Chi ph bo tr hng nm phi tr cho cng ty xy dng phn mm hay cng ty bn phn
mm l mt khon ph dch v hng nm sa cha cc vn pht sinh. Chi ph bo
tr hng nm thng nm trong khong 8% n 20% chi ph bn quyn ban u, nhng
in hnh nht l 20%.

3.7 Chi ph Hnh chnh Ni b

Mt chi ph quan trng khc l chi ph lin quan n nhn s trong cng ty ph trch duy
tr h thng ERP, h tr ngi s dng v gii quyt cc s c lin quan n h thng.
Mt quy tc ngm nh chung l phi cn mt nhn vin IT ca cng ty cho khong 50
ngi s dng nhng i vi h thng phc tp hn th thng i hi nhiu hn s nhn
vin IT so vi s ngi s dng. Mt yu t khc ca chi ph hnh chnh ni b nn xem
xt l thi gian gi tr ca ngi s dng h thng trong phm vi m h phi tiu tn thi
gian trong vic trin khai h thng hoc gii quyt cc s c ca h thng. Chng hn,
nu mt cng ty s dng mt phn mm k ton t hng v nhn vin phng k ton
phi tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian gii quyt cc li lp trnh th chi ph thi gian ca h
nn c xem xt khi nh gi tng chi ph s hu.

3.8 Cc Yu t Quan trng nh hng n TCO

S c mt ca cc li lp trnh trong phn mm lm tng TCO ln ng k v s tn thi
gian v cng sc gii quyt cc li lp trnh ny. Nhn chung, cc phn mm thit k
sn vi mt s lng ln khch hng hin ti thng c t li lp trnh hn trong khi cc
phn mm t hng thng c nhiu li lp trnh nht.
Phn mm cng phc tp th TCO cng ln v cc phn mm phc tp i hi h tr
thng xuyn ca phng IT nhiu hn rt nhiu v cc s c thng din ra khi s dng
mt phn mm phc tp. M, chi ph h tr thng xuyn cho mt h thng ERP
thng chim khong 40% tng TCO.
Phn mm cng d sa i da trn cc la chn cu hnh hin ti so vi sa i m
ngun th TCO cng thp hn. l do sa i m ngun rt kh v c th gy ra nhiu
li lp trnh v cc s c khc khng lng trc c.
Phn mm cng d nng cp khi c phin bn mi ra i th TCO cng thp. Mt khc,
phn mm t hng l phn mm kh nng cp nht v nhiu kh nng nht l s b thay
th vi mt phn mm khc trong tng lai (thay v nng cp) v do c TCO cao hn
v i hi nhiu cng sc mi khi mt ci t mt phn mm mi.
Ngoi ra, chn mt phn mm m khng nh gi k cng tnh tng thch ca phn
mm vi cc quy trnh kinh doanh ca cng ty c th tn thm cc chi ph khc hoc l

chi ph thay th phn mm bng phn mm khc hoc l cc chi ph lin quan n vic
cng ty phi thay i cc quy trnh kinh doanh p ng cc yu cu ca phn mm.
Mt s phn mm ph hp hn vi mt s ngnh cng nghip nht nh v cc cng ty
nn cn nhc iu ny k cng trong qu trnh nh gi phn mm.

4. Cc vn Lin quan n Ngi S dng

4.1 Tnh D S dng
Ngi s dng cn lu n tnh d dng trong vic hc v s dng phn mm ERP.
Mt s phn mm n gin hn cho ngi khng chuyn v k thut hc cch s dng v
giao din ngi s dng c thit k theo cch t gii thch trong khi cc phn mm
khc c th kh hiu hn i vi ngi s dng.
Yu t thn thin vi ngi s dng c bit quan trng Vit Nam. Cc phn mm
trong nc i khi c li th hn v mt ny bi v chng n gin v c giao din vi
ngi s dng bng ting Vit v cc phn mm k ton thng c thit k ph hp
vi H thng K ton Vit Nam.
Tuy nhin, ngi s dng nn lu rng yu t thn thin cng c ngha l phn mm
c t chc nng hn.

4.2 Cnh bo
Mt s phn mm ERP hiu qu hn nhng phn mm khc trong vic cnh bo ngi
s dng cc li c th pht sinh do vic nhp d liu sai, chng hn nh vic nhp d liu
hai ln cho cng mt nghip v pht sinh.
Mt s phn mm cng a ra cnh bo cn c vo mt s nguyn tc kinh doanh, chng
hn nh bo cho bit mt hng no khch hng t mua nhng mc d tr trong kho
xung di mc an ton, hoc cnh bo khi mt khch hng no mua hng vt
qu hn mc tn dng cho php.

4.3 Cht lng v tnh Sn c ca Hot ng H tr

Mt trong nhng vn cn cn nhc nht l kh nng sn c ca c cc dch v h tr
vi cht lng cao cho cc phn mm ERP c la chn.
Mt ri ro rt ln i vi cc phn mm ERP thit k theo n t hng l cht lng ca
cc ti liu rt thp, v ri ro rt ln khi cc nhn vin pht trin phn mm ban u
chuyn sang mt cng ty khc, hoc h khng c thi gian h tr cho phn mm . Vic
ny c th dn n nhiu trc trc nghim trng v lm cho ngi s dng nn lng khi
dng cc phn mm ny, c bit l cc phn mm phn mm do ni b cng ty vit.
i vi cc phn mm ERP thit k sn trong nc, iu quan trng l phi xem xt n
kh nng cc cng ty phn mm s tip tc sn xut v bn cc phn mm ny bi v cht
lng v tnh sn c ca dch v h tr cc khch hng hin ti cng s gim st ng k
khi h ngng bn sn phm. Do nhiu cng ty sn xut phn mm ERP trong nc hin
ang b l, c th mt s cc cng ty trong s ny s khng cn hot ng trong tng lai
na. Do , mt iu rt quan trng l khch hng cn xem xt kh nng cc nh cung
cp ERP vn cn tip tc hot ng kinh doanh trong mt vi nm ti. l mt l do v
sao vic mua phn mm ERP t mt nh cung cp ng vng trong mt thi gian di
li hp dn hn.

i vi cc phn mm nc ngoi, ngi s dng cn nghin cu kh nng cc nh phn

phi trong nc s tip tc cung cp cc dch v h tr cho phn mm ny trong tng
lai cng nh cht lng ca cc i l v k nng v s hiu bit ca h v cc sn phm
m h cung cp. Mt s cng ty phn mm nc ngoi p dng cc tiu chun rt cao i
vi cc i l bn phn mm cho h. Ngi s dng cn hi r v nhng tiu chun no
m i l cn p ng nhm duy tr c mi quan h vi cng ty thit k phn mms.

4.4 Ti liu dnh cho Ngi S dng

Cht lng v s y ca cc ti liu h tr rt quan trng cho ngi s dng h c
th s dng phn mm mt cch hiu qu. Hu nh cc phn mm thit k sn ca nc
ngoi u c cc ti liu dnh cho ngi s dng rt ton din. Nhng ti liu ny bao
gm:
Ti liu m t v cc chc nng thit k: m t cc chc nng m phn mm c th
cung cp;
Ti liu hng dn cch ci t phn mm: hng dn chi tit vic ci t phn mm v
nh cu hnh, bao gm c thng tin v cu hnh ca phn cng;
Sch hng dn s dng: gii thiu tng qut v cch s dng phn mm, cng nh
nhng thng tin v vic khc phc cc sai st;
Sch tra cu: lit k cc thng bo li v nguyn nhn gy ra li v hng dn cch
khc phc cc li ;
Ti liu dnh cho ngi qun l h thng: cung cp nhng thng tin v cch thc gii
quyt s c.

4.5 Bn a ho
Mt s phn mm ERP nc ngoi ch c bn ting Anh v y c th l mt vn kh
khn cho mt s cng ty.
Mt thun li ca cc phn mm k ton trong nc l cc phn mm ny hon ton
c thit k ph hp vi h thng k ton v cc quy nh ca Vit nam v c th s
dng bng ting Vit. Cc phn mm ny c th c cp nht thng xuyn khi cc quy
nh v tiu chun c lin quan thay i. iu ny s lm vic s dng v vic thit lp
cu hnh cho ngi s dng h thng ERP tr nn d dng hn.
Mc d c kin cho rng mt s phn mm ERP nc ngoi khng th bn a ha v
iu chnh cho ph hp vi h thng k ton Vit Nam (VAS) nhng cc cng ty bn cc
phn mm ny bc b kin trn v cho rng iu l hon ton c th d rng cn
c nhiu n lc iu chnh thit k h thng ERP nc ngoi cho ph hp vi yu cu
trong nc. Ngoi ra, i vi cc phn mm trong nc, kh nng t ng to cc bo
co ging nh cc mu ca h thng k ton Vit Nam c th s d dng hn.

4.6 Chc nng a Ngn ng

Cc phn mm trong nc cng cn phi hot ng c vi cc th ting khc bn cnh
ting Vit, chng hn nh ting Anh, Hoa v Nht.

4.7 Ch a nhim
Ngi s dng s cm thy d dng hn nu phn mm c th h tr vic s dng nhiu
ca s ng dng cng mt lc. Chng hn nh mt s phn mm cho php ngi s dng
c th m v lm vic trn ca s/mn hnh cng n phi tr trong khi cha hon tt vic
nhp d liu trn ca s cng n phi thu.

5. Cc Chc nng Lin quan n Hot ng Kinh doanh

Nhn chung, cc phn mm ERP thit k sn ca nc ngoi s c nhiu chc nng hn,
cn cc phn mm trong nc c t chc nng hn hn, v cc phn mm thit k theo
n t hng c t chc nng nht. Cng nn lu rng cc chc nng c th rt nhiu v
chng ti ch trnh by khi qut nhng chc nng quan trng khi nh gi phn mm k
ton/ERP.
Ngoi ra, mt im cn lu l cc phn mm thng khng mnh tt c cc chc
nng nhng ni bt bng cch mnh hn cc phn mm khc mt s chc nng nht
nh. Chng hn nh SunSystems rt ni ting v phn h k ton vi c tnh truy sut
ngun gc trong khi MS Solomon IV li chuyn mn ho v qun l sn xut v hng tn
kho.

5.1 Kh nng Thch ng vi Quy trnh Kinh doanh ca Phn mm

Do cc doanh nghip sn xut c cc quy trnh hot ng kinh doanh khc nhau, mt s
phn mm ERP ch c th thch hp vi mt s ngnh nht nh. Chng hn nh mt s
phn mm ph hp vi ngnh cng nghip dt may trong khi mt s khc li ph hp vi
ngnh sn xut dc phm hn. Mt cch nh gi tt l tm hiu xem bao nhiu cng ty
cng ngnh s dng phn mm ERP v ni chuyn vi nhn vin ca cc n v v
mc hi lng ca h khi s dng cc phn mm ny.
Kh nng thch ng vi hot ng kinh doanh ca cc phn mm cn ph thuc vo mc
m doanh nghip phi thay i quy trnh hot ng kinh doanh khi trin khai phn
mm ERP. Nhiu nh cung cp phn mm ERP xc nhn h gp nhiu kh khn trong
vic thuyt phc khch hng thay i mt s quy trnh hot ng, ngay c khi nhng thay
i c xut da theo nhng thng l tt nht. Chng hn nh vic ci t phn mm
ERP lm thay i quy trnh sn xut kinh doanh dn n vic mt s cn b qun l v
nhn vin tr nn khng cn thit v c th mt vic. V vy nhng ngi ny thng
chng li nh ci t phn mm.

5.2 Tch hp cc Phn h

Mt s phn mm hot ng hiu qu hn cc phn mm khc mc m cc phn h
khc nhau tch hp vi nhau - chng hn nh mc d dng thng tin c th chuyn
giao gia cc phn h v mc d dng ci t thm mt phn h mi vo phn
mm ERP hin ti. Do mt trong nhng mc tiu ca ERP l s chuyn giao thng tin
tri chy trong cng ty, s tch hp d dng gia cc phn h khc nhau l rt quan trng.
Chng hn, bng cch kt ni phn h bn hng vi phn h cng n phi thu, phn h
hng tn kho v phn h mua hng, mt n hng ca khch hng (phn h bn hng) s
c kim tra d dng vi hn mc bn chu ca khch hng (phn h cng n phi
thu), v nu di hn mc, n t hng ca khch hng c th c ph duyt. n t
hng ny ngay sau s tc ng n k hoch sn xut (phn h sn xut) v c i
chiu vi lng hng cn trong kho (phn h hng tn kho). Trong trng hp cn phi
mua thm vt t th iu ny s c phn nh vo k hoch mua hng (phn h mua
hng) do phng thu mua qun l. Cui cng, phng k ton c th d dng kim tra v
i chiu cc giao dch ny trong s sch k ton.
Cc phn mm ERP nc ngoi thng c mc tch hp cao hn gia cc phn h so
vi cc phn mm trong nc. Tuy nhin, mt s cng ty Vit Nam khng s dng ht
nhiu c tnh ca cc phn mm nc ngoi. Cc cng ty Vit Nam do nn cn nhc
k cng chi ph phi tr cho phn mm ERP nc ngoi nu mc tch hp cao hn

gia cc phn h khng lin quan n cng ty.

5.3 K ton v Phn tch Ti chnh

5.3.1 S Ci
y l phn h nn tng ca phn ln cc phn mm k ton/ERP v n cha ng cc ti
khon trn s ci lp bo co ti chnh. Phn mm nn h tr danh mc ti khon do
H thng K ton Vit Nam (VAS) quy nh cng nh cc Chun mc K ton Quc t
(IAS) nu cng ty cn. Ngoi ra, phn mm nn cho php ngi s dng thm hoc chnh
sa danh mc ti khon mt cch thun tin. Ngoi c im ny ra th thng khng c
nhiu khc bit gia cc phn mm lin quan n phn h s ci.
5.3.2 Qun l Tin
Cc c im ca qun l tin thng bao gm d tr thu chi, i chiu vi ti khon
ngn hng, theo di tnh trng ca cc khon vay hin ti, bao gm c theo di v cnh
bo khi n hn tr n gc v li.
5.3.3 Cng n Phi tr v Cng n Phi thu
Cc chc nng thng thng cn thit cho cng n phi tr v cng n phi thu l kim
tra cc khon phi thu/phi tr cha c ho n, i chiu ho n (ngha l i chiu
ho n vi bin bn nhn hng/bin bn giao hng), kim tra cc ho n thanh ton
v cha thanh ton, hch ton t ng trn s ci v tch hp gia cng n phi tr v
cng n phi thu cho khch hng ng thi l nh cung cp. Nhiu phn mm ni bt v
cc chc nng nhc nh ngi s dng v cc khon phi tr hoc phi thu cn phi ch
nh cc khon vt s ngy bn chu cho php hoc gn hn mc bn chu cho
php. Mt s phn mm cho php cc iu khon bn chu cho cc hng ho khch nhau
trn cng mt ho n trong khi cc phn mm khc khng cho php. Tng t, cc phn
mm khc nhau lp s lng v cht lng cc bo co khc nhau nh bo co tui n do
ngi s dng t thit k, s ph ca nh cung cp/khch hng, lit k mua hng v bn
hng, v.v.... Cng ty nn yu cu cho v d v cc loi bo co c th lp c khi nh
gi cc phn h ny.
Vit Nam, mt s cng ty c th yu cu hch ton s tin khc nhau gia ho n v
khon phi tr/phi thu thc t v thm ch s tin ghi trn ho n ca ngi bn c th
khc so vi s tin thanh ton thc t. Mt s phn mm nh MS Solomon V v
SunSystems c th thc hin c iu ny vi chc nng tu bin nhng phn ln cc
phn mm khc khng h tr iu ny.
5.3.4 Ti sn C nh
Phn mm nn h tr vic tnh t ng cc loi khu hao khch nhau nh khu hao
ng thng, khu hao s d gim dn cho c ti sn c nh v ti sn thu v t ng
hch ton vo s ci. Lin quan n a im, phn mm nn h tr theo di lun chuyn
ti sn c nh gia cc a im. Ngoi ra, mt s phn mm h tr nh gi li ti sn
nhng khng phi tt c cc phn mm u c chc nng ny. Cui cng, nhng khng
hn l km quan trng nht, cc cng ty Vit Nam thng lp s ng k ti sn c nh
trn Microsoft Excel cho thun tin v phn mm do nn h tr xut nhp d liu
gia phn mm v Microsoft Excel.
5.3.5 Tin t

Phn mm nn h tr nhiu loi tin t cho tt c cc giao dch, nhng thng lin quan
n cc phn h qun l tin, cng n phi thu, cng n phi tr v s ci. Chng hn nh
mt s hng mua c th bng Euro, mt s khon vay bng USD trong khi ng tin bo
co li l ng Vit Nam. Mt s phn mm ERP ch h tr s dng thm mt loi tin t
trong khi cc phn mm khch h tr s dng nhiu hn mt loi tin t.
Ngoi ra, mt s phn mm nc ngoi Vit Nam khng h tr n v t l n v
c s dng rng ri Vit Nam cho cc giao dch bng ng Vit Nam.
5.3.6 T ng Phn b
Chi ph Qun l Chc nng phn b chi ph nn t ng phn b mt s chi ph nht nh
nh chi ph qun l da trn mt s cng thc nht nh. S chnh xc ca vic phn b
chi ph s cho php phn tch doanh thu v chi ph ca mt lot cc sn phm, cng trnh,
trung tm chi ph v trung tm li nhun. Ngoi ra, phn mm nn h tr cc phng
php phn b khc nhau, chng hn nh cng thc da trn s liu sn xut thc t, phn
b theo phn trm c nh cng nh l phn b theo nhng khon c nh nh l ph
qun l.
5.3.7 Trung tm Chi ph v Li nhun
Nhng cng ty coi cc phng ban nh l trung tm chi ph/li nhun nn xem xt k cng
chc nng ny, mt chc nng cp cao cc phn mm nc ngoi, v n lin quan n
tt c cc phn h. Nhn chung, trug tm chi ph/li nhun c th c coi nh l cc
cng ty n l v phn mm phi h tr d tr thu chi, lp ngn sch, bo co ti
chnh v bo co qun tr v thm ch c hch ton ti sn c nh, cng n phi thu, cng
n phi tr, phn b doanh thu v chi ph, v.v theo trung tm chi ph/li nhun.
5.3.8 Lp Ngn sch
Cc cng c lp ngn sch cho php cc cng ty c th lp ngn sch mt cch hiu qu
v ghi li nhng ngn sch ny trn phn mm tng loi chi ph thc t v doanh thu
c th so snh vi ngn sch mt cch thun tin. Tng loi chi ph nn bao gm t nht 5
loi chi ph bao gm vt t, nhn cng trc tip, chi ph nhn cng gin tip, chi ph c
nh v cc bin ph qun l nhng cng chi tit th vic lp ngn sch cng hu ch. Cc
cng c lp ngn sch cn h tr cho vic kim sot ni b v son lp cc bo co qun
tr c ngha. Cc phn mm nc ngoi thng c chc nng lp ngn sch nhng cc
phn mm trong nc in hnh thng khng c.
5.3.9 Lp Bo co Ti chnh
S sn c ca cc bo co thit k sn, cng nh s sn c ca cc cng c thit k
cc bo co theo yu cu ca ngi s dng l rt quan trng. Mt li th ca cc phn
mm ERP trong nc l c th to ra cc bo co k ton theo mu ca VAS trong khi
cc phn mm nc ngoi c li th l c nhiu cng c mnh m to ra cc bo co
theo yu cu ca ngi s dng.
5.3.10 Kh nng Phn tch Ti chnh
Chc nng phn tch ti chnh ca mt phn mm ERP thng khng ph thuc hon
ton vo kh nng to ra cc bo co ti chnh hu ch, m l kh nng phn loi v nhm
d liu theo cch c ngha. Kt qu l c th to ra nhiu bo co khc nhau theo yu
cu ca ngi s dng. Cc phn mm ERP nc ngoi c xu hng kh tinh vi v im
ny, vi 3 n 10 chiu phn tch do ngi s dng xc nh. Tuy nhin, cc phn mm

nh th i khi c nhng thut ng v khi nim khng quen thuc i vi ngi Vit
Nam v cc cng c chnh sa mu tiu chun thng khng thn thin vi ngi s
dng.
5.3.11 Kh nng Truy xut Ngun gc
Kh nng truy xut ngun gc, thng c gi l business intelligence mt s phn
mm, cng l mt chc nng quan trng m theo ngi s dng c th nhp chut vo
mt hng mc hoc m mt mn hnh mi hoc m mt hng mc cp thp hn ch ra
mt con s c th bt ngun t u hoc c tnh ton nh th no. Chc nng ny
gip d dng c c cc chi tit mong mun ca mt bo co, i khi tn cp d
liu u vo. Nhiu phn mm ERP nc ngoi c chc nng truy xut ngun gc mnh
hn cc phn mm trong nc.
Mt s nh cung cp trong nc t nhn rng cc sn phm ca h cng c chc nng
truy xut ngun gc, nhng thng chc nng ny khng hiu qu hoc khng d s
dng. Chng hn nh mt s phn mm trong nc khng th dn ra cc con s dng
tnh ra mt con s tng no trn cng mt mn hnh m thay vo ngi s dng
phi m mt mn hnh khc xem con s tng c tnh nh th no. Ngoi ra, mt
s phn mm trong nc ch cung cp chc nng truy xut n mt s cp t hn so vi
cc phn mm nc ngoi. 5.4 Qun l Hng tn kho
5.4.1 Nhng Chc nng C bn
Nhng chc nng c bn ca phn h hng tn kho bao gm theo di tt c cc loi hng
tn kho ti tng cng on ca qu trnh sn xut, hch ton cc hng mc khc nhau
trong mt bin bn nhn hng hoc bin bn giao hng n l, theo di ph phm, theo
di hng bn b tr li, theo di a im ca Hng tn kho v tng cng on/quy trnh
sn xut, v iu chnh th cng i vi s lng v gi tr Hng tn kho. Ngoi ra, c
mt s chc nng c v nh c bn nhng c th c nh hng ln n qun l Hng tn
kho:
n v o lng: phn mm nn h tr cho vic s dng nhiu n v o lng. Chng
hn nh trong lnh vc kinh doanh dc phm, cng ty c th nhp hng theo kin nhng
li bn ra theo cc n v hp hoc chai cc c khc nhau.
M hng: phn mm nn h tr m hng bao gm c s v ch. Trong nhiu ngnh sn
xut, chng hn nh ngnh sn xut bn gh g, c rt nhiu thnh phn nh c s
dng trong qu trnh to nn thnh phm. Khi mt m c t cho mt thnh phn
nh no th s khng th c s dng li cho mt thnh phn khc.
Cc phng php tnh gi hng tn kho: phn mm nn h tr cc phng php tnh gi
hng tn kho khc nhau nh Nhp Trc Xut Trc (FIFO), Nhp Sau Xut Trc
(LIFO), Gi Bnh qun Gia quyn, Phn b C th hoc Trung bnh Cui K. Cc phn
mm nc ngoi thng p ng c cc phng php tnh gi hng tn kho phc tp
mt cch hiu qu hn cc phn mm trong nc.
Xut thnh phm ngoi bn hng: phn mm nn h tr vic xut thnh phm ngoi bn
hng nh tr li cho nh cung cp, hng mu dng khuyn mi, hng cho khng (hng
biu tng), i hng ly hng hoc cho tiu dng ni b.
5.4.2 D bo Nhu cu Vt t v Thi gian Ch hng
Cc phn mm trong nc thng cn yu hoc khng c kh nng d bo trc c
nhu cu vt t v thi gian cn thit cho vic mua hng.
5.4.3 Danh mc Vt t

Danh mc Vt t l bng lit k cc vt t u vo to ra mt sn phm. Phn mm

nn cho php to ra nhiu danh mc vt t cho mt sn phm v cho php thay th nhng
vt t ny bng nhng vt t tng t.
5.4.4 Theo di Ph liu
Mt im cng nn xem xt l liu phn mm c h tr vic theo di ph phm v vt
liu ti sinh hay khng.
5.4.5 Nhiu a im
Cc phn mm trong nc hu nh c th theo di cc loi hng ho khc nhau (cc loi
vt liu, sn phm d dang v thnh phm) nhng li khng theo di c nhng a
im khc nhau ct gi cc Hng tn kho y. y cng l mt vn cn quan tm i
vi cc doanh nghip c nhiu nh my hoc kho hng.
5.4.6 Theo di Hng tn kho
Phn mm nn h tr vic theo di hng tn kho t khu nguyn vt liu qua qu trnh
sn xut cho n khu thnh phm da trn cc nhn nh s thng, s l hoc s sri.
5.4.7 Tch hp vi Phn h Mua hng v Phn h Hoch nh Sn xut
Mt im cng cn nn xem xt l liu phn h qun l Hng tn kho c th tch hp
hon ton vi phn h mua hng v phn h hoch nh sn xut, trong trng hp phn
mm ERP hin ang c nhng phn h ny.

5.5 Qun l Sn xut

5.5.1 H tr cc Quy trnh ca mt Ngnh Sn xut C th
Sn xut lin tc v lp rp: nhiu phn mm ERP c thit k ch ph hp ring cho
cc ngnh sn xut lin tc hoc ring cho ngnh sn xut lp rp. Ngnh sn xut lin
tc l nhng ngnh trong mt khi lng nguyn vt liu u vo c trn ln hoc
x l lin tc, v d nh sn xut dc phm. Ngnh sn xut lp rp l nhng ngnh
trong nhng phn nh c rp vo nhau to ra mt sn phm hon chnh, v d
nh sn xut g. Chng hn, phn h qun l sn xut ca phn mm MS Solomon v
Marcam c thit k c bit thch hp vi ngnh ch bin nc gii kht, tc l ngnh
sn xut lin tc, trong khi Intuitive c thit k thch hp vi ngnh cng nghip lp
rp hng in t, l ngnh sn xut lp rp. V mt trong nhng quy trnh ny l quy trnh
ch cht ca mt cng ty sn xut, cng ty nn xem xt vn ny tht k lng.
Tnh gi thnh sn xut: cc lnh vc kinh doanh khc nhau i hi cc phng php
tnh gi thnh sn xut khc nhau nh gi thnh thc t, gi thnh tiu chun hoc mt
hnh thc kt hp no ca c hai phng php ny v cng ty nn xem xt vn ny
cn thn. Ngoi ra, phn mm no theo di cng chi tit gi thnh sn xut th cng hu
dng. Ni chung, c th c nhiu vn vi phng php gi thnh thc t hn so vi
cc phng php khc. Chng hn nh mt s phn mm nh Exact Globe 2000 khng
h tr hch ton xut thnh phm khi cha bit gi thnh thc t v do k ton gi
thnh phi i n tn cui thng mi c chi ph thc t (chng hn nh tin cng) v sau
mi c th hch ton tt c cc giao dch trong thng.
5.5.2 Hoch nh Sn xut

Hoch nh sn xut thng l mt trong nhng mc tiu ch cht ca mt phn mm

ERP. Phn mm nn gip cho vic lp k hoch s dng vt t, nhn cng v my mc
c v khi lng v cht lng c th d dng so snh vi s liu thc t. Do , phn
mm nn cho php hoch nh: i) nhu cu cng sut v cng sut hin c p ng yu
cu ca khch hng; ii) tn dng my mc v nhn cng; v iii) ln lch sn xut.
Ngoi ra, phn mm nn lp cc bo co tin sn xut khc nhau v mt chc nng
ca cc bo co ny l cnh bo gim c sn xut mt cch kp thi. Thng thng th
cc phn mm trong nc khng c kh nng thng bo cho ngi s dng khi kch
n mt s gii hn trong qu trnh sn xut mt n hng c th no .
5.5.3 Tch hp vi Phn h Hng tn kho v Bn hng
Phn h sn xut phi tch hp vi phn h hng tn kho, v trong mt s phn mm th
chng kt hp l mt. Ngoi ra, s l hu ch nu phn h qun l bn hng ni vi cc
phn h hng tn kho v qun l sn xut. Chng hn nh phng kinh doanh c th cn
kim tra thng xuyn tin sn xut v cng sut hin c c th truyn t nhng
iu ny vi khch hng.
5.5.4 Bo co tin sn xut
Cc phn mm trong nc thng khng c kh nng thng bo cho ngi s dng bit
vic hon thnh cc giai on nht nh no trong qu trnh sn xut mt n t hng
c th.

5.6 Qun l Bn hng v Phn phi

5.6.1 X l n hng
V mt vic bn hng thng thng bt u t mt n t hng, phn h bn hng nn
h tr v theo di cc chi tit ca mt n hng nh iu kin t hng (chng hn hn
mc bn chu), khi lng v gi tr ca n hng, ngy t hng, ngy tho thun giao
hng v ngy giao hng thc t. Phc tp hn, phn h bn hng c th cn h tr v theo
di nhiu ln giao hng cho mt n hng, ngi bn hng v cng ty vn chuyn lin
quan n mt n hng, chi ph bn hng theo n hng, v.v....
5.6.2 Hch ton Thu Bn hng v GTGT
Phn mm nn c cc trng hch ton cc thu lin quan n bn hng nh thu tiu
th t bit v thu gi tr gi tng khi nhp d liu v n hng hay giao dch bn hng.
5.6.3 Qun l Hng bn Tr li
Phn mm cng nn qun l cc giao dch v lgc lin quan n qun l hng bn b
khch hng tr li hoc hng mua tr li nh cung cp. Chc nng ny nn c cc trng
nhp l do tr li hng v t ng to ra cc bt ton v cc vn bn lin quan nh
phiu bo c gi cho khch hng.
5.6.4 Qun l Gim gi v Chit khu
Phn mm nn h tr gim gi hng bn v cc loi chit khu khc nhau nh chit khu
thng mi, chit khu bn hng v chit khu thanh ton.

Do c quan thu Vit Nam c mt s thay i gn y v cch x l gim gi v chit

khu, phn mm nn h tr cc cch hch ton do ngi s dng xc nh v cc phn
mm trong nc c kh nng p ng tt hn cc phn mm nc ngoi i vi cc thay
i ny. Chng hn nh mt s cng ty thit k phn mm trong nc cho rng phn
mm ca h h tr gim gi hng bn (hoc chit khu hi t) tt hn cc phn mm
nc ngoi.
5.6.5 Phn tch/Qun l Doanh thu
Phn mm nn c kh nng lp c cc bo co bn hng khc nhau da trn cc d
liu nh chng loi doanh thu, doanh thu theo khch hng, doanh thu theo v tr a l,
doanh thu theo nhn vin bn hng, doanh thu theo sn phm, gi bn theo sn phm v
qua cc thi k, hng bn b tr li, cc sn phm giao cho khch hng trong thng, v.v....
C th c nhng th ny rt d dng bng cng c phn loi gip phn loi d liu. V
cc cng ty khc nhau c th quan tm n cc bo co khc nhau, cng c phn loi nn
cho php phn loi theo tiu chi do ngi s dng xc nh.
5.6.6 Tch hp vi Phn h Hng tn kho v Phn h Cng n Phi thu
gip cho vic hoch nh phm vi ton cng ty c hiu qu, phn h bn hng
nn tch hp vi cc phn h lin quan khc. Chng hn, bng cch ni vi phn h hng
tn kho, phn mm h tr kim tra ngay lp tc hng trong kho v cho php mt n t
hng c nhp vo trong h thng hoch nh sn xut do b phn sn xut s dng.
Cc phn mm trong nc thng khng h tr kim tra ngay lp tc hng tn kho, do
a thng tin chnh xc cho khch hng b chm chp. Mt v d khc ca vic phi
tch hp phn h bn hng vi cc phn h khch l kim tra hn mc bn chu trc khi
x l mt n hng bng cch tch hp vi phn h cng n phi thu.

5.7 Qun l Tnh lng v Nhn s

5.7.1 Tnh lng
Phn h tnh lng nn h tr c cc cch tnh lng khc nhau nh tnh lng theo
thng, theo ngy, theo sn phm, v.v.... Phn mm cng nn h tr vic tnh tr cp, tin
thng, cc khon gim tr theo quy nh ca Nh nc (bo him x hi, bo him y t
v thu thu nhp c nhn), tm ngtin mt, chi tr lm ngoi gi v chi tr tin thng,
nu c, mt cch d dng. Phn mm nn lp bng lng, phiu chi tr v cc giao dch
tin lng cho phng k ton. Thng thng d thay i cu hnh ca cc cc phn mm
trong nc tnh lng theo cc cch khc nhau hin ang p dng Vit Nam.
5.7.2 Qun l Nhn s
Phn h qun l nhn s nn lu gi mt s thng tin c bn v nhn vin nh a ch
lin lc, qu trnh hc tp, qu trnh lm vic ti cng ty, cc iu khon ca hp ng
lao ng, mc lng, v.v.... Phn mm cng nn lu gi h s v qu trnh phc v ca
nhn vin nh nh gi kt qu cng vic, khen thng, pht v cc phc li, v.v.... Mt
s phn mm theo di h s ca cc ng vin tuyn dng v h tr cc cng vic hnh
chnh lin quan n ln lch phng vn v lp danh sch tuyn chn ng vin.
5.7.3 Thng tin o to
Phn mm nn lu gi h s v qu trnh o to, cc loi chng ch, v thng tin v cc
k nng ca tng nhn vin. Ngoi ra, phn mm ERP nn c kh nng lp c cc
danh sch hoc bo co da trn nhng thng tin nh cc nhu cu o to, nhu cu o

to li, nhu cu ti cp chng ch, v.v....

5.7.4 Qun l Thi gian
Nhng cng ty s dng my tnh gi nn xem xt tnh sn c ca phn h qun l thi
gian lm vic c vi cch o gi th cng hoc vi my c th v vi phn h tnh
lng v phn h qun l nhn s. Cc phn mm khc nhau c th h tr o gi cc
mc khc nhau v tnh lng nh gim tr do lm thiu gi, tr cp lm ngoi gi, tr
cp lm cui tun v lng cho ca m cc mc t ng khc nhau.
5.7.5 Tch hp vi Phn h K ton
Ngi s dng cn xem xt liu phn h qun l nhn s v tnh lng c th tch hp
hon ton vi phn h k ton. Chng hn nh vic tch hp nn cho php chi ph tin
lng t ng phn loi v nhp vo cc ti khon lin quan trn s ci. Ngoi ra, c
phn h qun l nhn s v tnh lng v phn h k ton nn chia x d liu v tm ng
nhn vin, cc khon trch trc v cc khon gim tr t lng (nh l bo him x hi
v bo him y t). Mt s phn mm trong nc khng h tr iu ny v do cc cng
ty phi i chiu gia phn h k ton vi phn h qun l nhn s v tnh lng v cc
khon bo him x hi v bo him y t phi tr v iu ny rt tn thi gian.
5.7.6 Bo co v Tm kim Thng tin Bt k
Nhng cng ty c nhiu phng ban v a im v/hoc c hng nghn nhn vin s c
mt khi lng ln cc d liu nhn vin v do c th cn mt khi lng ln cc bo
co thit k ring theo yu cu v nhu cu tm kim thng tin bt k. Cc phn mm
trong nc thng xut d liu ra Microsoft Excel lp cc bo co thit k ring trong
khi cc phn mm nc ngoi c th cho php lp trc tip cc bo co thit k ring
trong phn mm cng nh kt hp vi Microsoft Excel.

5.8 Cc vn khc
5.8.1 Hp nht
Nhng cng ty c cng ty con hoc chi nhnh c lp nn xem xt kh nng d dng hp
nht cc d liu ti chnh v/hoc bo co ti chnh t cc cng ty con/chi nhnh. L
tng th qu trnh ny nn t ng hoc d dng cp nhp d liu nh k m khng
phi nhp li d liu th cng. Nhiu phn mm trong nc v nc ngoi Vit Nam
c th thc hin iu ny bng cc cng c xut nhp d liu: cng ty con xut d liu
v/hoc bo co vo mt tp tin gi bng email hoc trong mt a CD v tr s v tr
s nhp tp tin ny vo h thng.
5.8.2 Nhiu a im nhng Khng Yu cu Hp nht
Mt s a im khc nhau c th khng c lp nh mt cng ty con do khng p
dng vic hp nht nhng phn mm nn c kh nng h tr nhp d liu nhng a
im xa xi. Chng hn, cc chng t cc a im c thu thp v nhp vo h thng
tr s. Mt v d khc l cc a im thc hin mt s hot ng k ton c lp (bao
gm c hch ton vo s ci) nhng mi thu chi tin mt c thc hin tr s.

6. nh gi Cng tc Trin khai v K thut

6.1 Thi gian v s D dng trong Trin khai

Ngi mua cn xem xt phn mm c th c ci t mt cch nhanh chng v d dng

nh th no.
Mc d hu ht cc phn mm ERP c th s dng ngay sau khi ci t, vic u tin l
nhn vin ca cng ty cung cp dch v cng ngh thng tin l phi thit lp cu hnh
phn mm c th hot ng tt cng vi cc quy trnh hot ng kinh doanh v h thng
cng ngh thng tin c sn ca cng ty.
Cc phn mm ERP trong nc thng cn 1-2 tun trin khai, khong thi gian ny
khng bao gm thi gian chun b ti liu hng dn s dng theo nhu cu ring ca
ngi s dng. Cc phn mm ERP cp trung ca nc ngoi thng phc tp hn nn
cn thi gian lu hn trin khai. Cc n v cung cp dch v/nh phn phi thng
thng bo cn khong 3-4 thng trin khai nhng chnh cc nh cung cp phn mm
th cho rng ch cn t 2-8 tun.
Cc phn mm thit k theo n t hng c th cn nhiu thng hoc nhiu nm vit
hon chnh v thng d b chm tr ngoi d kin v tng chi ph vit phn mm. Hn
na, phn ln cc d n pht trin phn mm thit k theo n t hng b tht bi v
khng th s dng c li hu qu l s dng thi gian v tin bc mt cch ph
phm.

6.2 Tng hp vi Phn cng

Hin ti Ngi s dng cn xem xt liu phn cng hin ti c kh nng h tr h thng
ERP c chn hay khng. Mt s cng ty khng c my ch hoc mng ni b p ng
yu cu tin quyt ca cc phn mm chy trn h thng mng khch/ch. Mt my ch
cp trung thng tr gi t 3.000 n 6.000 la M v chi ph thit lp mt h thng
mng thng l khong 200 n 300 la M cho mt ngi s dng trong h thng.

6.3 Kh nng Tu bin theo Yu cu ca Khch hng

Ngi s dng cng cn xem xt mc d dng thay i cu hnh phn mm. Mt s
phn mm nc ngoi nh MS. Solomon IV t ni bt so vi cc i th cnh tranh bng
chnh phn h Qun l Tu bin (Customization Manager). Khng nn ln ln gia kh
nng tu bin ny vi vic thay i m ngun theo ngi s dng m rt nhiu cng ty
thit k phn mm vn thng lm Vit Nam. Thay vo , phn h ny cho php
ngi s dng c th tu chnh phn mm vi nhng thay i n gin m h thng c
th cho php, hoc ngi s dng c th to ra nhng thay i phc tp hn m phi do
lp trnh vin hoc mt nh t vn c kinh nghim mi c th thc hin c. Kh nng
ty bin c th thc hin trong nhng trng hp nh sau:
Trin khai nhng thay i cho mt ngi hay mt nhm ngi s dng hoc cho tt c
ngi s dng trn ton th gii;
Che khut mt s trng, mc;
Sp xp mn hnh nhp d liu cho ging vi dng mu trong ti liu m ngun;
Di chuyn mt s trng nhm to ch trng cho cc trng mi, hoc cung cp cch
b tr ging vi ti liu gc hn nhm lm tng nng sut nhp d liu;
Thm mt s trng vo mn hnh nhp d liu. Ngoi ra, ngi s dng cn c th
thm vo nhng hp k t, hp kt hp, nhn tn, nt n, khung, bng, tabs hoc cc
mu biu;
Thit lp v thay i gi tr mc nh cho bt k mt trng no trong phn mm;
To ra hoc chnh sa cho nhng mc nh s in thoi, m s thu; v
Ch cho php mt s ngi c quyn bo mt thch hp c php s dng chc nng
tu bin ny.

Mt s phn mm trong nc cho rng phn mm ca h c chc nng ny, tuy nhin, c
mt khong cch ln gia phn mm trong v nc ngoi do kh nng tu bin ca phn
mm trong nc i hi phi thay i m ngun.

6.4 Thit k v Cu trc

Phn mm Cng ty cng nn xem xt kh nng ca cng ty thit k phn mm trong vic
phn tch v hiu cc quy trnh kinh doanh ca khch hng v h tr cc quy trnh
theo cch thc d dng nht bng thit k v cu trc phn mm. iu ny c bit quan
trng i vi cc phn mm thit k theo n t hng cng nh mt vi phn mm ERP
trong nc bi v nhiu ngi vit phn mm khng bit phn tch hoc h tr cc quy
trnh kinh doanh ca khch hng mt cch hiu qu.
Cu trc phn mm l c s nn tng cho vic t chc h thng ERP, bao gm: cu trc
phn h, phn mm c s d liu, cu trc c s d liu, giao din vi ngi s dng v
ngn ng lp trnh. Nhng vn ny thng kh phc tp i vi ngi khng chuyn
v IT nhng rt cn thit hiu cn nguyn ca nhng vn c th pht sinh lin quan
n cu trc phn mm.
6.4.1 Cng ngh S dng
Mt s nh thit k phn mm Vit Nam thng s dng cng ngh li thi nhng
d s dng. Chng hn, mt s phn mm trong nc thng vn hnh trn nhng c s
d liu nh FoxPro v Microsoft Access trong khi cc cng ty thit k phn mm khc,
c trong nc v nc ngoi, thit k phn mm ca h trn nhng c s d liu cao cp
hn, nh Microsoft SQL Server l mt h qun l c s d liu c kh nng pht trin
hn na trong tng lai. Nhng cng ngh tin tin ny thng d m rng v h tr
nhiu chc nng hn.
Mt vn lin quan n cc phn mm s dng Visual FoxPro lm c s d liu l tnh
bo mt yu bi v d liu khng c m ho v d dng c truy cp t cc phn
mm tng thch vi h thng kt ni c s d liu m nh Microsoft Excel. y l mt
ri ro ln cho ngi s dng phn mm ny.
6.4.2 Chc nng Truy cp t xa
T xa i vi phn ln cc phn mm k ton/ERP cp cao nh Sun Systems, ngi s
dng c th truy cp t xa thng qua cc h thng truy cp t xa nh Citrix hoc
Terminal Services, iu ny rt cn thit i vi cc chi nhnh hoc cng ty con ca cng
ty. Mt s cc phn mm nc ngoi c chc nng truy cp t xa c thit k sn.
Trong khi , cc phn mm trong nc cha pht trin chc nng ny.

6.5 Li Lp trnh
Ngi mua cng cn xem xt phn mm c th c bao nhiu li lp trnh. Ni chung,
nhng phn mm cng c nhiu ngi s dng th cng c t li lp trnh. Chng hn nh
mt phn mm ERP nc ngoi vi khong 10.000 ngi s dng s c t li hn cc
phn mm c pht trin trong nc vi mt vi trm ngi s dng, hoc phn mm
vit theo t hng cho mt ngi s dng. Phn mm no cng nhiu ngi s dng th
cng d pht hin li v sa cha chng.
Cc nh cung cp phn mm nc ngoi c nhng tiu chun xc minh, kim tra v
theo di cc li lp trnh mc cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc n v pht trin phn mm

trong nc Vit Nam. iu ny cng c ngha l cc nh cung cp phn mm nc

ngoi c kh nng pht hin li trc khi a sn phm ra th trng, v c kh nng c
mt quy trnh c t chc tt theo di v sa cha cc li lp trnh do khch hng
thng bo.
mc thp nht, cc phn mm ERP cn phi c vit bng cch s dng cng c
kim sot cc phin bn, cng c ny l mt h thng c t chc theo di m ngun v
cc tp tin lin quan ca cc phin bn khc nhau gip cho ngi vit phn mm c th
bit mt cch chnh xc v m ngun ca mt phin bn c th. iu ny cho php phn
mm c th c sa li lp trnh v c nng cp nhng hn ch ti a s gin on
cho ngi s dng. Vit Nam, mt s n v pht trin phn mm thit k sn thng
thay i m ngun cho tng khch hng, khin cho vic qun l phin bn rt kh khn
v do vy vic c th nhn din v sa cha li lp trnh cng kh khn hn na.

6.6 Tnh c lp vi Nn My tnh

Tnh c lp vi nn my tnh ch tnh tng thch ca phn mm vi cc phn cng, h
iu hnh v phn mm c s d liu khc nhau. Chng hn, nu c kh nng cng ty s
i t h iu hnh ca my ch t Windows sang Linux, th cng ty nn xem xt liu
phn mm c th c chnh sa hot ng trong Linux, hoc liu c sn mt phin
bn khc c th chy trong Linux.
Tuy nhin, ngi s dng cng cn lu tng chi ph s hu cho Linux c th s cao hn
tng chi ph s hu cho Windows. Nguyn nhn l do c th chi ph qun l mt h
thng chy trn h iu hnh Linux hoc chi ph thay i mt s phn mm c th
chy trn h iu hnh Linux s cao hn.

6.7 Cu trc Trin khai

Cng ty cng cn xem xt cu trc trin khai c thch hp hay khng. Mt s cu trc
chnh la chn bao gm cu trc mng bnh ng, mng khch/ch, mng nhiu tng.
Thng thng, cu trc mng khch/ch l thch hp nht vi cc cng ty Vit Nam,
bi v mt my ch l cha c phn mm ERP. i vi mng nhiu tng, mi
thnh phn khc nhau ca phn mm s c ci t cc my ch khc nhau.
Mt vn lin quan quan tm l my khch c chy c trn web hay khng (ngha l
c th s dng mt trnh duyt web chng hn nh Internet Explorer ca Microsoft
chy cc phn mm trn my khch) hoc liu mi mt my khch phi c ci t mt
phn mm ring (iu ny lm cho vic qun l kh khn hn). My khch chy trn web
c c thun li ln bt li. Thun li l d trin khai v cp nht hn do khng cn phi
tc ng n cc phn mm ci t trn cc my khch. Bt li l c s h tng truyn
thng mt s tnh Vit Nam khng tt v c th tn nhiu thi gian hn d kin
vn hnh h thng v i khi tht bi din ra.

6.8 Cu trc D liu

Vn cu trc d liu thng pht sinh khi c nhiu a im v vn ny cng lin
quan n cu trc trin khai. Nhn chung c hai cch t chc d liu: tp trung v phn
tn.
Trong trng hp c s d liu tp trung, tt c cc a im chia s cng mt c s
d liu, v thng Vit Nam l t tr s trong khi cc a im khc c th truy cp
c s d liu thng qua h thng my ch-khch chy trn web.

Trong trng hp c s d liu phn tn, tng a im thng c c s d liu v phn

mm ring. i vi nhiu phn mm Vit Nam, d liu v/hoc bo co cc a im
khc c hp nht vi tr s chnh thng qua cc cng c nhp/xut d liu. ng b
ho l mt la chn khc nhng him khi s dng Vit Nam.
C s d liu tp trung hay ng b ho c s d liu phn tn cng lin quan n vic
chn mt gii php mng thch hp trong s cc gii php quay s (thng thng hay
ng thu bao s bt i xng (ADSL)), mng cc b (LAN), v ng thu bao vi
mc chi ph rt khc nhau.

7. H tr cho Pht trin trong Tng lai

7.1 Kh nng Pht trin
Kh nng pht trin c ngha l phn mm c th c pht trin mt cch d dng, c v
s lng d liu v s ngi s dng khi mt cng ty pht trin. Phn mm c th h tr
nhiu ngi s dng cng lc thng d m rng hn cc phn mm khc.

7.2 Thit k Phn h v Kh nng Nng cp

7.2.1 Phn mm Thit k theo n t hng
Phn mm thit k theo n t hng thng v cng kh nng cp, bi v rt c nhiu
kh nng l m ngun khng c lu gi theo tiu chun quc t, v kh nng nhng
nhn vin trc y thit k phn mm thay i cng vic v khng cn lm vic cng
ty sau mt vi nm. Do , vic nng cp cc phn mm thit k theo n t hng
thng gy ra nhiu gin on ng k v chi ph cao cho cng ty. Bn thn yu t ny
cng l mt l do chnh ng trnh s dng cc phn mm thit k theo n t
hng mt khi doanh nghip c th c s la chn khc l cc phn mm thit k sn.
7.2.2 Mng Khch/Ch
Trong trng hp phn mm c thit k da trn mng my khch/ch hoc mng
nhiu tng, phn mm phi h tr cho vic nng cp dn cc my khch v my ch khc
nhau m khng gy nh hng n ton b h thng.
7.2.3 Nng cp Phn h
Trong trng hp phn mm ERP l mt h thng cc phn h, phn mm phi h tr
vic nng cp mt s phn h c th nhng thi im khc nhau m khng lm gin
on c h thng.
7.2.4 Kh nng c sn v Tch hp ca cc Phn h
Mt vn quan trng l kh nng c sn v tin ch ca cc phn h khc c thit k
bi cng mt cng ty pht trin phn mm hoc bi cc cng ty pht trin phn mm
khc. Cc phn h ny c th c thm vo h thng ERP ban u.
7.2.5 Tnh Linh hot trong vic tch hp
Chn phn mm ERP ta cng nn xt n kh nng la v chn nhng phn h khc
nhau m c th hot ng tt vi nhau cng l mt vn quan trng. Nh trnh by
trc, cc phn h nn hot ng tt d l c lp hay tch hp trong mt h thng.

7.3 Kh nng Kt ni vi cc Phn mm Khc

Cng ty nn xem xt liu phn mm ERP c th kt ni vi mt phn mm khc ca cc
cng ty thit k khc hay khng. Chng hn nh nhiu phn mm k ton c kh nng
kt ni vi cc phn mm to bo co khc nh Crystal Reports hoc FRx. Mt khc, mt
n v pht trin phn mm ERP trong nc c th pht trin phn mm ca h sao cho
c th hot ng tng thch vi cc phn h do cc nh cung cp ERP nc ngoi pht
trin.
Mt chc nng kt ni m hin nay cha ph bin Vit Nam nhng cc cng ty Vit
Nam nn cn nhc cho s pht trin trong tng lai l liu phn mm ERP c kt ni
c vi phn mm thng mi in t no khng, cng ty c th d dng nhn n
t hng qua internet. Hin ti th cc phn mm k ton/ERP thit k sn trong nc
cha c chc nng ny.

7.4 Ti liu Lp trnh

i vi cc phn mm thit k theo n t hng, vic ghi chp tt cc ti liu v cu
trc phn mm v qu trnh pht trin (phn tch v yu cu kinh doanh, thit k, trin
khai v kim chng) rt quan trng v iu ny cho php nhng ngi s thay i m
ngun trong tng lai c th d dng tm ra nhng nguyn nhn gy li v c th thay i
m ngun m khng gy thm cc nh hng nghim trng no.

8. Cc yu t v bo mt
Phn mm ERP nn h tr mt s vn bo mt nht nh nh sau.

8.1 U quyn cho Ngi s dng C th

Phn mm ERP nn c kh nng cho php nhng ngi s dng khc nhau ch c th
truy cp nhng chc nng c th hoc nhng thng tin cn thit cho cng vic ca h m
thi.

8.2 M ha D liu
Phn mm nn h tr cc lu giu cc d liu di dng m ha cc phn mm khc
khng th truy cp c nhng d liu .

8.3 Tp tin S ghi

Nn s dng cc tp tin s ghi ghi li tt c hot ng ca ngi s dng phn mm.
Cc tp tin s ghi rt quan trng i vi cng ty mun theo di cc li giao dch v chnh
sa v ai l ngi mc li v chnh sa. Ngoi ngi qun l h thng ra, ngi s
dng khng c php sa i nhng tp tin s ghi ny.

8.4 Ngn chn Truy cp t bn Ngoi

Nn thit lp mt h thng bo v tt c kh nng ngn chn vic truy cp tri php t
bn ngoi vo phn mm v c s d liu ca phn mm, bi vic truy cp c th ph
hoi d liu hoc l ra ngoi nhng thng tin tuyt mt.

8.5 Bn sao D phng

Nn c mt h thng lu tr tt c tp tin vo nhng a cng d phng hoc nhng

cch thc lu tr khc nhm bo v khi vic mt d liu do h cng, trm my vi
tnh, hoc nhng tai ha khng lng trc c nh l lt hoc ha hon. Cng nn gi
mt bn sao d phng mt ni khc vn phng cng ty.

9. Cc Vn Khc cn Xem xt trong Qu trnh nh gi

9.1 Xc nh cc Vn Mu cht cn Gii quyt
Cng ty nn xc nh r rng cc vn mu cht m cng ty mun gii quyt bng cch
trin khai phn mm k ton/ERP v nn nh gi kh nng ca tng phn mm trong
vic gii quyt cc vn . Trong thc t, cc cng ty c th b ln ln v cc vn
m phn mm c th thc s gii quyt c v nhng vn ni b cng ty m phn
mm khng th gii quyt c.

9.2 K vng R rng v nhng Thay i Quy trnh Kinh doanh trong Tng
lai
Cng ty nn xem xt cc k hoch pht trin trong tng lai lin quan n bt k hot
ng kinh doanh no v xc nh liu phn mm k ton d nh mua c h tr cho
nhng thay i trong tng lai khng.

9.3 Quy trnh R rng

Thng thng cc cng ty Vit Nam bt u vi phn h k ton trc nhng phng k
ton ca mt s cng ty Vit Nam khng c quy trnh k ton r rng. c th
chuyn sang s dng phn mm k ton mc thun li nht c th, cng ty nn c gng
vit tht r rng cc quy trnh k ton trc khi chuyn i sang s dng bt k mt phn
mm k ton no. Tng t, cng ty nn vit r rng cc quy trnh kinh doanh khc nu
mun ci t cc phn h cho cc quy trnh kinh doanh . Khi bt u trin khai cc quy
trnh, mt iu quan trng i vi cng ty l c gng t truyn t cng r rng cng tt
cc quy trnh kinh doanh cho cng ty bn phn mm phn mm c thit k chnh
xc.

9.4 Bn giao
Mt s vic trin khai phn mm k ton hoc ERP tht bi do khch hng chp nhn
vic bn giao phn mm thm ch khi n cha c cng ty bn phn mm thit k chnh
xc. Do , khch hng nn nh gi phn mm tht k cng v yu cu nhng sa i
thit k cn thit trc khi chp nhn ln bn giao cui cng.

9.5 B nhim
Trng ban ERP v Ban ERP c Nng lc Cc cng ty nn b nhim mt Trng ban
ERP gim st qu trnh nh gi cc phn mm khc nhau. Thng thng th ngi
ny t phng IT hoc phng k ton. Trng ban ERP nn c mt ban ERP gm t nht
mt k ton cp cao ca phng k ton v mt nhn vin cp cao ca tng phng ban
khc c tham gia s dng phn mm ERP sau ny.
Trch nhim ca ban ERP l:
1) nh gi cc phn mm k ton khc nhau;
2) gim st qu trnh ci t; v

3) m bo ngi s dng cc phng ban ca h chp nhn phn mm v cam kt thc

hin.
Mt iu cng quan trng l ban ERP phi c nng lc nh gi tt tt c cc vn lin
quan, chng hn nh nhng vn trnh by trong bo co ny. Nn xem xt vic thu
mt chuyn gia t vn cho qu trnh nh gi nu cng ty khng c mt ban ERP cha
trnh .
(Mekong Capital)