Admira

A Filling System Based on Ormocer

Research & Development

VOCO GmbH, Anton-Flettner-Str. 1-3, D-27472 Cuxhaven (Germany)
Tel.: 04721/719-0 FAX: 04721/719-109 e-mail: info@voco.de

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Contents
Page

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2
2. The Development and Range of Indications of Ormocers ......................................................... 2
3. What does the term "Ormocer" actually mean? ......................................................................... 3
4. Definition of the Ormocers used in Admira ................................................................................ 3
5. The advantages of Ormocers .................................................................................................... 5
6. The advantages of Admira ......................................................................................................... 5
7. Biocompatibility .......................................................................................................................... 5
8. Clinical trials ............................................................................................................................... 6
9. Bond strength............................................................................................................................. 6
10. Polymerization shrinkage ......................................................................................................... 7
11. Marginal integrity...................................................................................................................... 8
12. Strength ................................................................................................................................... 9
13. Abrasion................................................................................................................................. 10
14. Handling................................................................................................................................. 10
15. Aesthetics .............................................................................................................................. 11
16. Indications - Admira ............................................................................................................... 11
17. Technical data /Technical data/Donnes techniques/Datos tcnicos .................................... 12
18. Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 13

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

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1. Introduction

Amalgam is becoming less and less relevant as a standard restorative. Patients increased healthawareness, their desire for enhanced aesthetics, continued discussions on amalgam and recent
developments in materials research were all reasons for developing new dental restoratives. Apart from
gold inlays and highly aesthetic, tooth-coloured composite and porcelain inlays, which are very
sophisticated and expensive to fabricate and process, a more cost-effective alternative material must be
found for providing the majority of patients with definitive anterior and posterior fillings. Composite
materials for use with dentine adhesive systems are currently available for fabricating long-term
restorations. This not only involves the use of a different material, but also a restorative technique which
conserves tooth structure. To the benefit of vital teeth, minimally invasive restoration techniques are
being used more and more frequently rather than Blacks classifications (extension for prevention).
The main problems incurred with composite fillings in the posterior region to date have been their
tendency to form marginal gaps due to polymerization shrinkage and lack of strength. Composites are
stressed severely when used as class II filling materials in the occlusal load-bearing posterior region.
Apart from polymerization shrinkage, contact with the opposing dentition also causes elastic deformation
of the filling material which adversely affects its bond strength on the tooth structure. Apart from fractures
in the restoration before it fails completely and postoperative sensitivity, microorganisms may invade the
marginal gaps while they are forming. This is why discoloured margins and secondary caries are
encountered frequently in daily clinical practice. Consequently, the filling has to be renewed and such
seriously injured teeth often have to undergo endodontic treatment.
Admira is the outcome of successful VOCO research in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Silicate
Research Institute at Wrzburg, Germany. Ormocer filling materials have been combined with tried and
tested composite technology to create an innovative filling material Admira.

2. The Development and Range of Indications of Ormocers

Ormocers are employed successfully in many areas of natural sciences and technology [15].
Figure 1: The range of indications of Ormocers, Fraunhofer Silicate Research Institute at
Wrzburg, Germany, 1999
Surface conditioning
Protective layer
Fibres

Coatings

Microsystem technology
Sensory analysis

SOL-GEL-CHEMISTRY
ORMOCERS

Composites
Optics

Fillers
Compact materials

Material for airplane structures

Foils

Electronics

Medical technology

It is interesting to note that Ormocers were not originally formulated for use in dental medicine or dental
technology but have been used in other areas so far. For example, Ormocer materials have been used
for a long time for producing scratch resistant coatings on plastic spectacle lenses.
Plastic lenses are lighter and above all stronger than glass because they do not break or splinter when
dropped onto a tiled floor. Plastic lenses are just as transparent as glass but are also unbreakable. Their
only drawback is that the surfaces are easily scratched. The surfaces of Ormocers can be hardened
easily and cost-effectively. To prevent these polymethacrylate (PMMA) lenses scratching so easily, their
surfaces are coated with a hard layer of Ormocers. Ormocers are innovative materials combining glasslike components with polymer components they are almost as hard as glass and behave similar to
plastics.

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Ormocers are used in many branches of natural sciences and technology. For example, Ormocers are
used for surface conditioning and analytics. The applications range from Christos silver foil covering the
Reichstag to highly precise, heat-resistant machine parts and scratch-resistant, dirt-repelling surfaces
for house walls and trains [16]. Also, a highly flexible type of hollow fibre made of Ormocers has been
developed by the researchers at the Fraunhofer Silicate Research Institute which can be adapted to
various requirements. This material consists of an inorganic silicon-oxygen network with integral organic
cross-linkable groups of molecules. The inorganic, glass-type structures even permit the material to be
spun. The organic segments permit the characteristics of the fibres to be modified easily. The spectrum
of characteristics of Ormocer hollow fibres ranges from glass-like brittleness to rubbery-elastic flexibility
and gas-proof to highly pervious.
Ormocer coatings can influence the surface properties of many substrates (polymers, ceramic, glass,
metal, paper, wood etc.) very positively. Apart from increasing the mechanical and chemical resistance
of the substrates, various additional functions can also be created on the surface. Ormocer functional
layers are demonstrated practically by a wide range of industrial coating techniques as Ormocer
lacquers can be used with virtually all common application processes.

3. What does the term "Ormocer" actually mean?

ORMOCER stands for ORganically MOdified CERamic. It is a combination of inorganic (ceramic) and
organic materials.
Ormocers are advanced filling materials for use in dentistry which, due to their innovative matrix
technology and filler particles, represent state-of-the-art science.
The Ormocer class of materials was developed by the Fraunhofer Silicate Research Institute at Wrzburg, Germany and is patented [15].
The term Ormocer is a registered trademark of the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FHG).

4. Definition of the Ormocers used in Admira

The Ormocer structure consists of a polycondensed inorganic/organic network. Unlike conventional

polymers, Ormocers have an inorganic backbone based on SiO2 and are functionalized with
polymerizable organic units. This produces three-dimensional polymeric composites, i.e. Ormocers. Filler
particles are incorporated into this cross-linked inorganic and organic network matrix as with proven
composite technology.
In other words:
Ormocers are fully polymerized materials. One could imagine an Ormocer unit as being a piece or coil of
barbed wire where, for example, the barbs are made of polymerizable organic units such as
methacrylate groups. The wire represents the SiO2 backbone. Being a coil, the barbed wire is also crosslinked three-dimensionally.
If filler particles are incorporated into this coiled, three-dimensionally cross-linked inorganic/organic
network, as with composite technology, the basic structure of Admira filling material is formed. The
remaining resin matrix is based on a small number of dimethacrylates and minimal amounts of their
allied chemicals.

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Ormocers consist of three main units, each of which influences their properties.
Figure 2: The composition of Ormocer

Organic polymers
Responsible for:
Cross-linking capacity
Polarity
Hardness
Optical behaviour

Glasses, ceramic

Ormocer

Responsible for:
Thermal expansion
Chemical - thermal
stability

Polysiloxanes
Responsible for:
Elasticity
Interfacial properties
Processing

The organic unit (organic polymers) is responsible for the cross-linking capacity, polarity, hardness and
optical behaviour of the Ormocer. The inorganic unit (glasses, ceramic) is responsible for the thermal
expansion as well as the chemical and thermal stability.
The inorganic-organic unit (polysiloxanes) is responsible for the elasticity, interfacial properties and
processing properties.
The composition of Ormocers and their properties can be modified by adapting the individual units.

Why are Ormocers used in dentistry?

Dental filling materials should be mechanically stable, chemically resistant, aesthetic and, above all,
biocompatible. As Ormocers comply with all these requirements, they are indicated for use in dentistry.

What is the difference between Admira and conventional Composites?

The most important differences are:
Ormocer constituents
The constituents of Ormocer (organically modified ceramic) should not be confused with the glassceramic fillers in conventional composites. Like all composites, Admira also contains conventional
filler particles made of glass and ceramic etc. These three-dimensional polymeric composites, i.e.
Ormocers form an innovative resin fraction and replace a large part of the organic resin matrix of
conventional composites.
Minimal shrinkage
Admira filling material is based on Ormocer and undergoes 1.97% by volume polymerization
shrinkage which provides for high marginal integrity and thus prevents secondary caries. Ormocers
are fully polymerized - due to this as well as their preformed structure and extremely high molecular
weight they undergo considerably less shrinkage than conventional composites or compomers. The
remaining shrinkage caused by the polymerizable residual resin matrix can be neglected.
Biocompatible
Owing to their cross-linking and chemical structure, Ormocers play a part in ensuring that the Admira
System is much more biocompatible than other filling materials such as amalgam, composites or

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compomers. Among other things, this is due to this filling material releasing less monomer. Lower
amounts of monomer or even none at all mean that less or even no monomer can be released.
Bonding agent based on Ormocer
Admira Bond dentine/enamel bonding agent contains special adhesive Ormocers with calcium
complexing functionality which enhances the bond strength on tooth structure. As Admira Bond
dentine/enamel bonding agent contains the same constituents as Ormocer, all the described
advantages already apply during the bonding stage.

Exactly the same processing procedures are employed for Admira as for conventional composites.

5. The advantages of Ormocers

Ormocer materials are currently considered the most promising development involving modern dental
filling materials with plastic contouring properties.
Their advantages compared to conventional composites are: outstanding biocompatibility, minimal
shrinkage, resistance to masticatory loading and aesthetics resembling those of natural teeth. It is
virtually impossible to differentiate between teeth filled with Ormocers and caries-free, non-filled natural
teeth - this is especially advantageous in comparison to gold and amalgam filling materials.
Due to their organic and inorganic elements, the structure of Ormocers closely resembles that of a
natural tooth. Their coefficient of thermal expansion also approximates that of natural tooth structure,
which is very practical. This means that in the mouth, which may be exposed to considerable
temperature fluctuations, no stresses are recorded between the tooth structure and filling material in
extensive cavities.

6. The advantages of Admira

During the past few years, VOCO GmbH have successfully refined and enhanced the materiological and
processing properties of minimally invasive restoratives. More and more sophisticated and durable
fillings have been developed employing working techniques conserving increasing amounts of tooth
structure. The development of enamel and dentine bonding agents together with modified preparation
techniques have lead to a breakthrough in the quality of resin fillings. It would be impossible to imagine
modern dentistry without these state-of-the-art filling materials. Ormocer filling materials combined with
well tested composite technology have reduced the polymerization shrinkage considerably and resulted
in excellent biocompatibility. In addition, the Admira System is a stable, highly aesthetic restorative
system.
Ormocers are decisive constituents in both Admira filling material and Admira Bond dentine/enamel
bonding agent. Like this, the advantages of Ormocer already take effect during bonding. Admira Bond is
the first dental adhesive to be based on ORMOCERS.
The innovative, Ormocer based Admira filling system has gone a long way toward fulfilling dental
professionals wishes for a filling material indicated for all classes of cavity.
Admira is considered an alternative material to all filling systems. The Admira filling system comprises:
Admira
Admira Bond

- light curing, Ormocer based filling material

- one-part dentine/enamel bonding agent with special adhesive
Ormocers

7. Biocompatibility

The discussions involving the biocompatibility of dental restoratives, in which composites are becoming
more and more involved, should not be underestimated especially coming from patients. Ormocer
materials provide interesting perspectives in this respect.
Due to their cross-linking and chemical structure, Ormocers ensure that Admira is a highly biocompatible
filling material.

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

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The reduced rate of release of residual monomers in comparison to conventional composites which, if
not polymerized thoroughly, may be washed out in time, is an additional important advantage. Thus,
concerns about the minimal amounts of monomer usually released by resins can be virtually ruled out.
Tests completed at the Hanover Medical College, Germany proved the outstanding biocompatibility of
the Admira filling system [2].
Figure 3:

Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation count using 3T3 fibroblasts;

Source: G. Leyhausen, Hanover Medical College, 2000, unpublished

Vitrebond
Solitaire
Z 100
Dyract AP
Definite
Admira
0
100
not toxic

10

20
80

30

40
60

50

4060

% cell growth

70

80
20

90

100
0

highly toxic

8. Clinical trials

Admira has proven its clinical capability in numerous clinical in-vitro studies. In-vivo clinical tests, some
of which are long-term, are currently in progress at German and other international universities. For
example, an in-vivo evaluation of class I and II fillings and the Admira filling system is running at the
University of Wrzburg under Prof. B. Klaiber [17].
In-vitro tests covering marginal integrity, shrinkage and bond strength etc. are currently in progress at
several German and international universities, simultaneous to the long-term clinical studies [3, 5, 7, 8].

9. Bond strength

Stable, high strength bonding must be achieved between the filling material and tooth structure to
prevent a marginal gap forming around the restoration. The bonding agent plays an essential role in
creating a strong bond because it undergoes adhesive bonding with the filling material and tooth
structure. For this reason, Admira Bond dentine/enamel bonding agent contains special adhesive
Ormocers with calcium complexing functionality for enhancing the bond strength on tooth structure. Due
to its chemical affinity, Admira Bond bonds firmly to both the tooth and filling material. During dentine
bonding tests carried out at the University of Erlangen, Germany under Dr. R. Frankenberger, the
Admira-System produced the best result of all materials tested [3].

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

Admira
Figure 4:

Bond strength on dentine; conical ejection test using filling materials based on
Ormocer and composites with one-part (one bottle) bonding agent
Source: R. Frankenberger, University of Erlangen, Germany, 2000 [3]

MPa

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Admira/
Synergy/ One Prodigy/ OptiSureFil/ Definite/ Etch& Spectrum
Admira Bond Coat-Bond
Bond Solo Prime& Bond Prime 3.0 TPH/ Prime&
NT
Bond 2.1

Tests involving the shear bond strength on dentine and enamel carried out at the University of Mnster,
Germany under Professor Dr. K.-J. Reinhardt confirmed the outstanding bonding properties of the
Admira restorative system.

MPa

Figure 5:

page 7 from 13

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Shear bond strength on dentine;

Source: K.-J. Reinhardt, University of Mnster, Germany, 1997 [4], 1999 [5]

Admira/ Admira
Bond [4]

Tetric Ceram/
Definite/
Spectrum TPH/
Syntac SC [5] Etch&Prime 3.0 [4] Prime&Bond 2.0
[5]

The Admira System achieves shear bond strength values of 25.5 MPa [5] on dentine and 27.6 MPa on
enamel. Even after being exposed to extreme stresses (thermocycling) this material continues to exhibit
bond strength values far in excess of the minimum requirement (20 MPa) [6]. After thermocycling the
bond strength is still as high as 27.6 MPa on dentine and 25.8 MPa on enamel. The special calcium
complexing groups enhance the adhesion of Admira Bond on dentine and enamel to enable Admira to
bond to tooth structure very firmly.

10. Polymerization shrinkage

Apart from amalgam, numerous tooth-coloured restoratives are available including compomers,
composites and ceramics. However, polymerization shrinkage is a serious problem when using
compomers and composites. Contraction during polymerization may cause gaps along the margin of the
filling which promote secondary caries. Reducing polymerization shrinkage is therefore a major issue
when developing new dental materials.
Reducing polymerization shrinkage was another important aspect for the VOCO Research and
Development Department while developing tooth structure conserving restoratives. Thanks to the threedimensional structure of Ormocers, the shrinkage, which takes place while Admira is polymerizing, has
been reduced considerably. This reduces the polymerization shrinkage by up to 50% in comparison to
conventional composites. The shrinkage values and unsurpassed quality of the Admira System have
been confirmed by polymerization shrinkage experiments carried out at the University of Manchester,
Great Britain.

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

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Figure 6:

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Polymerization shrinkage;
Source: D. C. Watts; University of Manchester, 1999 [7]

3,5
3

Vol.%

2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0

Admira

Definite

SureFil

Tetric Charisma
Ceram

Z 100

Pertac II Solitaire

Admira undergoes 1.97% by volume polymerization shrinkage which is the lowest value recorded so far
for a resin-based filling material [7]. Apart from the volumetric shrinkage, the linear shrinkage of Admira
and other common filling materials such as Definite and Tetric Ceram, was tested at the University of
Geneva, Switzerland under Prof. I. Krejci [11]. These tests also confirmed that Admira undergoes
extremely low polymerization shrinkage.

11. Marginal integrity

The combination of a low shrinkage filling material which bonds firmly to dentine and enamel produces
restorations with no marginal gaps as shown by the in-vitro tests carried out by B. Haller [8] and N.
Krmer [14].
In-vitro tests involving various class V cavities [14] indicated that Admira margins seal 100%.
Figure 7: In-vitro evaluation of various class V cavities;
Source: R. Frankenberger; N. Krmer; University of Erlangen, Germany; 2000 [14]
enamel, initial

perfect margins [%]

100

60

dentine, 3 months immersion

in water at 37C

40
20
0

enamel, 3 months immersion

in water at 37C
dentine, initial

80

Admira/ Admira BondDefinite/ Etch&PrimeDyract AP/ NRC,P&B

3.0
NT

The University of Mnster, Germany carried out cavity loading tests simultaneous to the shear bond
strength studies [5]. The dye penetration test carried out later indicated no signs whatsover of marginal
gaps in any of the cases. Even after 3,000 thermocycles, Admira showed no signs whatsover of forming
marginal gaps [5].
Admira is a filling material for all classes of cavity. The marginal integrity of cervical class II fillings in the
dentine and enamel areas is perfect both immediately after placement and 6 months later before and
after thermocycling [8].

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The class II fillings located entirely in enamel all (100%) had smooth buccal and lingual
junctures both before and after thermocycling.
Of the cervical fillings located in dentine, 100% had smooth junctures before thermocycling and
98.7% afterwards.
The morphology of the filling margin was not changed significantly by thermocycling.
Viewed under a scanning electron microscope, the majority of margins showed no gap
whatsoever .
The results of these tests showed clearly that the Admira System produces very high quality margins.
For example, applying Admira prior to thermocycling (TC) produced perfectly smooth junctures along the
cervical dentine margins.
Figure 8:

In-vitro evaluation of the marginal quality produced by the Admira/Admira

Bond restorative system in class II cavities;
B. Haller; University of Ulm, DZZ 55 (5), 331 (2000) [8]

bukkal, lingual
zervikal
margin

100
80
%

60
40
20
0

enamel-

zervikal dentine-

enamel-

zervikal dentine-

limited

Both class II and class V cavities can be filled with Admira without forming marginal gaps. A perfect
margin prevents bacteria penetrating the restoration and causing secondary caries. Admira is a general
purpose restorative system for all class I V cavities. Admira can be used for restoring all cavities in the
anterior and posterior regions.

12. Strength

The compressive strength of 410 MPa (ISO 7489) and transverse strength of 143 MPa (ISO 4049)
indicate the high strength of this material. When compared to other composite filling materials Admira
exhibits the highest three-point flexural strength value even after being exposed to extreme stress, e.g.
thermocycling.
Figure 9: Three-point flexural strength tests as described in ISO 4049;
Source: VOCO GmbH in-house recordings, 1999
24h, 37C immersed in water
3.000 thermocycles; 5/55C

150

MPa

100
50
0

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

Admira

Definite

Tetric Ceram

Spectrum TPH

Charisma F

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13. Abrasion

As the constituents of the Admira resin matrix and fillers are matched optimally, it is highly abrasionresistant. Consequently, Admira fillings are long lasting. Admira is indicated for unlimited use in occlusal
load-bearing posterior regions.

Figure 10: Three media abrasion test (ACTA 200,000 cycles),

Source: VOCO GmbH in-house recordings, 1999
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Admira

14. Handling

Apart from the materiological aspects, dentists also concentrate on the handling properties when
selecting a filling material. Optimum timing and costs also have to be taken into account of course.
Admira also provides a sensible solution in this respect as well as being practical to manipulate.
Due to the synergistic effect of VOCO composite technology and the properties of Ormocer, Admira is
firm, condensable and very easily contoured. The practical handling properties enable operators to
fabricate optimum restorations in even the most complex of cavities. Admira adapts to tooth structure
very well it only sticks to the tooth and not the instrument.
Admira and Admira Bond are used with the proven adhesive technique. Once the tooth has been
prepared using minimally invasive techniques and etched totally, a single coat of Admira Bond is applied.
After light curing only once, the Admira filling material is used like a composite. The fact that this material
condenses well yet is easily contoured is just one of its advantages.
Figure 11:

Evaluation of the application and contouring properties of Admira after treating 1876
anterior and posterior teeth

very good
73%

medicore
21%
laborious
6%

The straightforward finishing properties of the material after curing and its excellent polishability are very
beneficial for class I or II fillings. The optical properties of this restorative are also impressive. Admira is
very well indicated for use in the anterior region.

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

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15. Aesthetics

Admira is an aesthetic filling material with tooth-like properties. The Ormocer constituents provide for a
high degree of shade stability. The patient is very pleased with the aesthetic restoration.
Figure 12: Shade stability of composites
Shade difference E according to DIN 6174
Source: VOCO GmbH in-house recordings, 1999
25
20
15
E
10
5
0

Admira

Definite

Tetric
Ceram

Charisma
F

Degufil
Mineral

Ariston

Z 100

Admira complies with all the requirements expected of an aesthetic, practical filling material. The
outstanding properties of the Admira filling system provide for long-term stable, aesthetic restorations
which restore the masticatory functioning and natural appearance of the tooth. The VOCO Research and
Development Department has produced a biocompatible, aesthetic and lasting filling system which rules
out marginal gaps completely.

16. Indications - Admira

Fillings in class I - V cavities

Restoring all cavities in the anterior and posterior regions
Building up incisal edges
Restoring traumatized anterior teeth
Procedures for enhancing the aesthetics (diastemas, enamel hypoplasia, eroded areas etc.)
Repairing porcelain or acrylic facings

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17. Technical data /Technical data/Donnes techniques/Datos tcnicos

Biegefestigkeit
Transverse strength
Rsistance la flexion
Resistencia a la flexin

143 MPa
143 MPa
143 MPa
143 MPa

ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049

Druckfestigkeit
Compressive strength
Rsistance la compression
Resistencia a la compresin

410 MPa
410 MPa
410 MPa
410 MPa

analog ISO 9917

analogous ISO 9917
selon ISO 9917
segn ISO 9917

Abrasion (Acta 200.000)

Abrasion
Abrasion
Abrasin

9 m
9 m
9 m
9 m

Schmelz-/Dentinhaftung mit Admira-Bond

Adhesion to enamel and dentine with Admira-Bond
Adhsion l'mail et la dentine avec Admira-Bond
Adhesin a la dentina y al esmalte con Admira-Bond

27,6 / 25,5 MPa

27,6 / 25,5 MPa
27,6 / 25,5 MPa
27,6 / 25,5 MPa

Schmelz-/Dentinhaftung mit Admira-Bond nach Thermocycling

Adhesion to enamel and dentine with Admira-Bond after thermo-cycling
Adhsion l'mail et la dentine avec Admira-Bond aprs thermo-cyclage
Adhesin a la dentina y al esmalte con Admira-Bond despus de ciclo trmico

25,8 / 27,6 MPa

25,8 / 27,6 MPa
25,8 / 27,6 MPa
25,8 / 27,6 MPa

Polymerisationsschrumpfung
Polymerization shrinkage
Rtraction de polymrisation
Contraccin de polimerizacin

1,97 Vol.%
1,97 Vol.%
1,97 Vol.%
1,97 Vol.%

Rntgenopazitt
Radiopacity
Radio-opacit
Radiopacidad

220 % Al
220 % Al
220 % Al
220 % Al

Transluzenz
Translucency
Translucidit
Translucidez

hoch
high
haut
alta

Polierbarkeit
Polishability
Polissage
Pulido

sehr gut
very good
trs bien
muy bueno

Farbbestndigkeit (24 h)
Colour stability
Stabilit de la couleur
Estabilidad de color

keine Entfrbung
no discolouration
aucune dcoloration
ninguna decoloracin

ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049

Tageslichtbestndigkeit
Sensitivity to ambient light
Stabilit contre lumire ambiante
Estabilidad a la luz natural

entspricht
corresponds to
correspond
corresponde a

ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049

Wasserlslichkeit
Water solubility
Solubilit dans l'eau
Solubilidad

< 0,1 mg/mm

< 0,1 mg/mm
< 0,1 mg/mm
< 0,1 mg/mm

Dr. Hartmann, 010503

ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049
ISO 4049

Admira

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18. Bibliography
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

H. Wolter, W. Storch; Hydrolysierbare und polymerisierbare Silane, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

sowie deren Verwendung; Kompakte Ormocers und Ormocer Komposite H. Wolter,
Fraunhofer Silicate Research Institute at Wrzburg, Germany annual report 1995, S. 56-63
G. Leyhausen; Cytotoxicity, cell proliferation count using 3T3 fibroblasts; Hanover Medical College,
2000, unpublished
R. Frankenberger; Bond strength on dentine; conical ejection test using filling materials based on
Ormocer and composites with one-part (one bottle) bonding agent; University of Erlangen, Germany,;
J Dent Res 79 (IADR Abstracts), 197 (2000)
K.-J. Reinhardt; Shear bond strength on dentine; University of Mnster, Germany, Phillip Journal 3-4,
101 (1997)
K.-J. Reinhardt; Shear bond strength on dentine; University of Mnster, Germany 1999 unpublished
R. Frankenberger, University Erlangen, oral announcement 1998
D. C. Watts; Polymerization shrinkage; University of Manchester, 1999 unpublished
B. Haller; In-vitro evaluation of the marginal quality produced by the Admira/Admira Bond restorative
system in class II cavities; University of Ulm, DZZ 55 (5), 331 (2000)
K. Moll, B. Haller; Randqualitt und Haftfestigkeit eines neuen ionenfreisetzenden Fllungsmaterials
(Ariston pHc); Jahrestagung DGZ/DGZMK Bremen 15.-17.10.1998
J. Manhart et al.; Randqualitt von Ormocer- und Kompositefllungen in Klasse-II-Kavitten nach
knstlicher Alterung; DZZ 54 (2), 89 (1999)
I. Krejci; Polymerization shrinkage; University Genf; unpublished 1999
U. Soltsz; Polymerization shrinkage;Fraunhofer Institut Freiburg; ZM 89 (7), 58 (1999)
Ormocer is a trademark from Fraunhofer Gesellschaft in Germany
R. Frankenberger; Bond strength on dentine; conical ejection test using filling materials based on
Ormocer and composites with one-part (one bottle) bonding agent; University of Erlangen, Germany,;
J Dent Res 79 (IADR Abstracts), 197 (2000)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft FHG, Institut fr Silicatforschung Wrzburg, 1999
INM, Institut fr Neue Materialien, Saarbrcken 1994
B. Klaiber; In-vivo Klasse-I und -II Studie des Restaurationssystems Admira; Universitt Wrzburg,
unpublished 1999

* VITA is a registered trademark of Vita Zahnfabrik

Dr. Hartmann, 010503