the nodal voltages for a given load and generation schedule

known real (P) and reactive (Q) power injections

known real (P) power injection and the voltage magnitude (V)

known voltage magnitude (V) and voltage angle ()

must have one generator as the slack bus
takes up the power slack due to losses in the network

slack bus (swing bus)

generator bus

load bus

Types of network buses

The utility wants to know the voltage profile

Power Systems I

Power Flow Solution

= ( yi 0 + yi1 + yi 2 + L + yin )Vi yi1V1 yi 2V2 L yinVn

j =1

j =0

*
i i

ji

Pi jQi
Ii =
Vi*

ji

n
n
Pi jQi
= Vi yij yijV j
*
Vi
j =1
j =0

Pi + jQi = V I

Power Law

= Vi yij yijV j

I i = yi 0Vi + yi1 (Vi V1 ) + yi 2 (Vi V2 ) + L + yin (Vi Vn )

KCL

Power Systems I

Power Flow Equations

find an iterative improvement of x[k], that is: x[k+1] = g( x[k] )

a solution is reached when the difference between two iterations is
less than a specified accuracy: x[k+1] - x[k]

make an an initial estimate of the variable x: x[0] = initial value

take a function and rearrange it into the form x = g(x)

{there are several possible arrangements}

x[k+1] = x[k] + ( g( x[k] ) - x[k] )

can improve the rate of convergence: > 1

modified step: the improvement is found as

acceleration factors

method of successive displacements

iterative steps:

A non-linear algebraic equation solver

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel Method

x = 19 x 3 + 69 x 2 + 94 = g ( x )

9 x = x3 + 6x2 + 4

Step 1. Cast the equation into the g(x) form.

Find the root of the equation: f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 4 = 0

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel Example

x[8] = 4.0000

x[ 7 ] = 3.9988

x[ 6 ] = 3.9568

x[5] = 3.7398

x[ 4 ] = 3.3376

x[3] = g ( x[ 2 ] = 2.5173) = 19 (2.5173)3 + 96 (2.5173) 2 + 94 = 2.8966

x[ 2 ] = g ( x[1] = 2.2222) = 19 (2.2222)3 + 96 (2.2222) 2 + 94 = 2.5173

x[1] = g ( x[ 0 ] = 2) = 19 (2)3 + 96 (2) 2 + 94 = 2.2222

Step 2. Starting with an initial guess of x[0] = 2, several iterations

are performed.

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel Example

Power Systems I

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

0.5

Initial Value

1.5

Iterations

2
x

2.5

3.5

x = g(x)

Solution Points

g(x) =-1/9x +6/9x +4/9

Matlab Results

Gauss-Seidel Example

4.5

x[ 2 ] = 2.2778 + 1.25 [2.5902 2.2778] = 2.6683

g (2.2778) = 19 (2.2778) 3 + 96 (2.2778) 2 + 94 = 2.5902

x[1] = 2 + 1.25 [2.2222 2] = 2.2778

g (2) = 19 (2) 3 + 69 (2) 2 + 94 = 2.2222

x[ 0 ] = 2

Starting with an initial guess of x[0] = 2.

Find the root of the equation: f(x) = x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 4 = 0 with

an acceleration factor of 1.25

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel Example

x[8] = 4.0005

x[ 7 ] = 3.9978

x[ 6 ] = 4.0084

x[5] = 3.7238

x[ 4 ] = 3.1831

x[3] = 3.0801

Additional iterations

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel Example

Power Systems I

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

0.5

1.5

2
x

2.5

3.5

x = g(x)

Solution Points

with acceleration factor: 1.25

Initial Value

Iterations

g(x) = -1/9x +6/9x +4/9

Matlab Results

Gauss-Seidel Example

4.5

xn = cn + g n ( x1 , x2 , L , xn )

x2 = c2 + g 2 ( x1 , x2 , L , xn )

x1 = c1 + g1 ( x1 , x2 , L , xn )

Rearrange each equation for one of the variables

f n ( x1 , x2 , L , xn ) = cn

f 2 ( x1 , x2 , L , xn ) = c2

f1 ( x1 , x2 , L , xn ) = c1

Consider a system of n equations

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel for a System of Equations

0
2

0
n

k +1]

, x2[k +1] , L , xn[k +1]

in the Gauss-Seidel method, the updated values of the variables

calculated in the preceding equations are used immediately in
the solution of the subsequent equations

(x[

find the results in a new approximate solution

0
1

(x[ ], x[ ],L, x[ ] )

assume an approximate solution for the independent variables

steps

Power Systems I

Gauss-Seidel for a System of Equations

Power Systems I

j =0

n
ij

Pi jQi n
+ yijV j
*
Vi
j =1

j i Vi[ k +1] =

The Gauss-Siedel form

ji

Pi jQi
Ii =
Vi*

n
n
Pi jQi
= Vi yij yijV j
*
Vi
j =1
j =0

*
i i

Pi + jQi = V I

The equation

Vi =

The Power Flow Equation

j =0

ij

Pi jQi n
[k ]
+
y
V

ij j
Vi*[ k ]
j =1

ji

ji

ji

for generation the powers are positive

for loads the powers are negative
the scheduled power is the sum of the generation and load powers

the real and reactive powers are scheduled for the load buses
that is, they remain fixed
the currents and powers are expressed as going into the bus

n
n

* [k ]
[k +1]
[k ]
[k ]
Qi = Vi Vi yij yij V j

j =0
j =1

n
n

[k +1]
[k ]
[k ]
* [k ]
Pi
= Vi Vi yij yij V j

j =0
j =1

Rewriting the power equation to find P and Q

Power Systems I

Power Injections

j =0

n
ij

ji

n
n

* [k ]
[k +1]
[k ]
[k ]
Qi = Vi Vi yij yij V j

j =0
j =1

n
n

* [k ]
[k +1]
[k ]
[k ]
= Vi Vi yij yij V j
Pi

j =0
j =1

Vi [k +1] =

Pi [sch ] jQi[sch ] n
[k ]
+
y
V

ij
j
Vi*[k ]
j =1

ji

ji

The complete set of equations become:

Power Systems I

Solution by Gauss-Seidel

n
* [k ] [k ]
[k +1]
[k ]
= Vi Vi Yii + Yij V j
Pi

j
1
=

j
i

Qi[k +1] = Vi*[k ] Vi [k ]Yii + Yij V j[k ]

j =1

j
i

n
Pi [sch ] jQi[sch ]
[k ]

Y
V

ij
j
* [k ]
Vi
j =1, j i
[k +1]
=
Vi
Yii

Rewriting the equations in terms of the Y-Bus

Power Systems I

Solution by Gauss-Seidel

the voltage magnitude and angle must be estimated

in per unit, the nominal voltage magnitude is 1 pu
the angles are generally close together, so an initial value of 0
degrees is appropriate

Since both components (V & ) are specified for the slack bus,
there are 2(n - 1) equations which must be solved iteratively
For the load buses, the real and reactive powers are known:
scheduled

System characteristics

Power Systems I

Solution by Gauss-Seidel

[ k +1]
i

= Vi

[ sch ] 2

(
fi

[ k +1] 2

Vi = ei + j f i

the real power is scheduled

the reactive power is computed based on the estimated voltage
values
the voltage is computed by Gauss-Seidel, only the imaginary part is
kept
the complex voltage is found from the magnitude and the iterative
imaginary part

For the generator buses, the real power and voltage magnitude
are known

Power Systems I

Solution by Gauss-Seidel

V1 = 1.050

0.01 + j0.03

0.0125 + j0.025

0.02 + j0.04

0.452 pu

1.386 pu

1.102 pu

2.566 pu

Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor

values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3, accurate
to 2 decimal places

Power Systems I

Example