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I.
INTRODUCTION
1069
70
5000
Hypoid 80W-140
EP 75W-90
Fluid E
4500
60
4000
3500
Power losses, [W]
Speed [km/h]
50
40
30
20
3000
2500
X: 3
Y: 1687
2000
1500
X: 3
Y: 864.1
1000
10
500
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Time [s]
5000
6000
7000
Fig. 2. Bus speed cycle used in dimensioning of the electrical machine [8].
P=
4 2 r 3l 2
(1)
X: 3
Y: 486.9
1.5
2.5
, [mm]
3.5
1070
2p
q
kw
LCM
0.5
0.46
0.866
12
kw
LCM
12
0.5
0.46
0.866
18
kw
LCM
10
0.25
4.8
0.866
12
0.2
26
0.5
30
0.375
1.2
0.945
72
0.3
2.4
0.945
90
0.5
0.46
0.866
24
12
14
16
0.142
53
0.5
42
0.125
22
0.866
48
0.214
0.46
0.617
126
0.188
71
0.328
144
0.4
0.96
0.933
60
0.286
2.9
0.933
84
0.25
4.8
0.866
48
0.5
0.46
0.866
30
0.357
1.4
0.951
210
0.313
2.1
0.951
240
0.43
0.83
0.902
126
0.375
1.2
0.945
144
0.5
0.46
0.866
42
0.438
0.8
0.89
336
0.25
4.8
0.866
36
a)
Harmonic Winding Factors
18
kw
LCM
0.5
0.46
0.866
36
0.9
X=7
Y = 0.902
0.8
0.7
Winding Factor
15
kw
LCM
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
21
kw
LCM
0.2
0.1
0
24
kw
LCM
0.5
0.46
0.866
48
10
15
20
25
30
Harmonic order
35
40
45
50
b)
Fig. 4. a) Geometry and winding structure of 18/14 machine and b)
harmonic analysis of the winding function. The operational harmonic of
the machine is the 7th one.
T=
3
p ( s i s ) ,
2
(2)
where
3
p ( d iq q id ) ,
2
d ,
q , id
(3)
3
p{ PM ( )iq + (Ld ( ) Lq ( ))iq id }+ Tcog ( ) ,
2
(4)
1071
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
0.016
Time [s]
0.017
0.018
0.019
a)
250
200
150
100
50
10
15
Harmonic order
20
25
30
b)
Fig. 6. Calculated permanent magnet induced voltage a) waveform b)
harmonic spectrum. FEA results.
1.5
1
Air gap flux density [T]
Fig. 5. Flux density plot of the 18/14-machine at the rated operation point.
0.5
-0.5
-1
0
500
1000
1500
Electrical angle [rad/s]
a)
1072
2000
2500
0.35
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.25
Cogging torque [Nm]
0.4
0.3
0.15
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.1
0
0.2
10
15
20
25
30
Harmonic order
35
40
45
50
b)
Fig. 7. Flux density normal component waveform analysis a) comparison
of the air gap flux density curves at no load and at the rated load b)
harmonic spectra at no load.
15
Harmonic order
20
25
30
304
0.3
Torque ripple [Nm]
303
0.2
0.1
0
302
301
-0.1
300
-0.2
299
0.214
-0.3
0.033
0.034
0.035
0.036
0.037
time [s]
0.038
0.039
0.215
0.216
0.217
time [s]
0.218
0.219
0.22
a)
0.04
2.5
a)
2
-0.4
10
b)
Fig. 8. Cogging torque a) waveform b) harmonic spectrum.
0.4
1.5
0.5
10
15
Harmonic order
20
25
30
b)
Fig. 9. Torque ripple at nominal speed and torque (1.7 % peak to peak) a)
waveform b) harmonic spectrum.
1073
TABLE III
MACHINE LOSSES AT NOMINAL SPEED
Computed
Calculated
Analytically 2 D (rated)
0.43
Stator slots
18
Poles
14
75
444
336
138
0.02
0.84
140/280 Hz
Rated current
67 A
Rated voltage
400 V
P copper [W]
991
991
180
186
117
100
103
86
150
48
2.2
P mechanical [W]
400
400
400
1000
800
600
400
200
0.8
0.8
Efficiency
Calculated
2D (No-load)
3
4
5
6
Number of magnet pieces
Fig. 11. Permanent magnet losses due to eddy currents as a function of the
number of permanent magnet pieces.
0.75
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.65
0.2
1000
0.6
800
600
400
1000
200
Torque [Nm]
1500
2000
500
2500
0.55
0.5
0.45
Fig. 12. Torque as a function of speed for the 18 slot 14 pole machine.
Rated operation is shown and it can be seen that it is about 1/3 of the
maximum torque capability provided by the inverter. Parameter in the
figure is output power of the electric motor.
1074
V.
CONCLUSION
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
VII.
BIOGRAPHIES
1075
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