PRESS Fits In a press fit the pressure py is caused by the interference between the shaft and the hub. ‘This pressure increases the radius of the hole and decreases the radius of the shaft. Section 10.2 described shaft and hub dimensions in terms of tolerance, which results in specific fits. The present section focuses on the stress and strain found in press fits and uses materi- al developed in Sec. 10.3.2 for thick-walled cylinders. Figure 10.9 shows a side view of interference in a press fit. There is a radial displace- ‘ment of the hub 8,5 and a radial displacement of the shaft 8,,. Figure 10.10 shows the front view of an interference fit. In Fig. 10.10(a) the cylinders are assembled with an interfer. ‘ence fit; in Fig. 10.10(b) the hub and shaft are disassembled and the dimensions of each are clearly shown. Figure 10.10(b) also shows the interference pressure being internal for the ‘hub and external for the shaft, The shaft is shown as hollow in order to present the most general case. Figure 10.9 Sido view showing interference in press fi of hollow shof o hub | Ram FundaAmenyacs OF MA CHIE FY LEmENTS - BY HAmROCK , ert ak (aa . Mm GRaw-Hiree 5Figure 10.10 front view showing (a eylindar assembled with an interference ft ond (b] hub ond hollow shof disossembled alto showing interference pressure) 10.5.1 Hus [By making use of Eg, (10.15) the hub displacement is. \ Ba = Lloo-vse,) (10.43) X where Ey .odulus of elasticity of hub material, Pa oisson's ratio of hub materialFor internally pressurized, thick-walled cylinders, from Eqs. (10.23) and (10.24) the radial and circumferential stresses for the hub while letting p,= py r= 7» and 7) (10.44) Bop oe ‘Substituting Eqs. (10.44) and (10.45) into Eq, (10.43) gives be (3 a Bn Lev) 10.46) eae) fens) E ‘The positive sign of 8 indicates thatthe radial displacement of the hub is outward. 10.5.2 SHarr By making use of Eq. (10.15) the displacement of the shaft is. 8n= Lloe-v.0,) where E,= modulus of elasticity of shaft material, Pa isson’s ratio of shaft material ‘The circumferential and radial stresses for extemally pressurized, thick-walled cylinders can be obtained from Eqs. (10.29) and (10,30) while letting p= re= rp and r= ryto give (10.49) (10.50)Because the first term in parentheses in Eq (10.50) is greater than 1 and the Poisson's ratio of any material is less than or equal to 05,8, is negative. Therefore, shaft displacement is directed inward toward the center ofthe shat. 10.5.3 INTERFERENCE Fir The total radial displacement is shown in Fig. 10.9. Recall that outward deflection (expand- ing the ‘inside diameter of the hub) is positive in sign and inward deflection (reducing the ‘outside diameter of the shaft) is negative. Thus, the total radial interference is Rte vw, pte Ble-d) & E(F-a) Bu 3, = 104 = If the shaft and the hub are made of the same material, E= E, = E and (10.51) reduces to 5, Fe (10.52) Furthermore, if the shaft is solid rather than hollow, r; = 0 and Eq. (10.52) further reduces to In these equations, if displacement is known, the interference pressure may be an unknown ‘and these equations can readily be used, 10.5.4 —FoRCEAND ToRQUE ‘The maximum force Pye 10 assemble a press fit varies directly as the thickness ofthe outer member, the Jength of the outer member, the difference in diameters of the mating shaft and hub, and the coefficient of friction .. The maximum stress is Ta = P= Fos Pow (10.54) ani The torque is T= Paty = Dmrflpy (0.55) ‘The axial and circumferential stresses are related to the maximum stress by teeta whereExample 10.7 | GIVEN. AGin-diameter sel satis to have apres ft witha 12n-onsie diameter cast on Tnub, Both the hub and the shaft are 10 in. long. The maximum circumferential stress is t0 be 5000 psi. The modal of elasticity are 30 x 10° psi for stel and 15 x 10° psi forcast iron. The Pois: . son's ratio for both stel and cast iron is 0.3 and the coefficient of friction forthe two materials is 0.12. Thavis, y= Bin E,=30x10° psi, 10° pri 12 10 in. Gee = 5000 psi FIND Determine 4a) The interference 1) The axial force required to press the hub on the shaft ‘¢)_ What torque this press fit can transmit Soletion 1a) From Eg, (10.45) the interference pressure is From Eq, (10.51) the maximum permissible radial interference is [eve bol ee b) From Eq, (10.54) the force required forthe press itis Pau, = 2mrlpy = (2RYO.12\(3}(10)3000) 1 From Eq. (10.55) the rorgue is a = (67 86013) =208 600 tbf-n,GIVEN A whe! hh pre on 0-rmdaneter so shat Te cece o isons | Rxemple 10.8 "Tam he band shat el wl! 1080 ste The hb ot dame 1 nat “ds 120 me ral nerence evens ode a Spe sean 130m ager nae nie ae fea) Fam "en vce cea dean he ah Solution Equation (10.53) gives the lationship between radial displacement and pressure 2ripynt (20.0525), (0.080) (0085) (6510 ee) ~ onxio™ (0080; py = 72.96 MPa The axial force necessary to dismount the hul is P= up) =(0.11(72.96)10" )x(0.105)(0.120) 10.6 Sunink Fits I {In producing a shrink fit it is common to heat the outer component (hub) in order to expand it beyond the interference and then slip it over the inner component (shaft). Cool- ing will then contract the outer component. Temperature change produces a strain, called thermal strain. even in the absence of stress. Although thermal strain is not exactly linear with temperature change, for temperature changes of 100 or 200°F the actual variation can be closely described by a linear approximation, According to this linear relationship the {emperature difference through which the outer component (hub) must be heated to obtain the required expansion over the undeformed solid shaft is where 4 = coefficient of linear thermal expansion (sce Table 3.5 and Fig. 3.14) Equation (10.56) can be expressed in terms of radial strain as 8 Ft, (10.57) ‘ ‘The deformation is 5 H e177 =H Migr (10. ‘These equations are valid not only for shrink fits of shaft and hub but for a wide range of thermal problems, as illustrated by the following example.‘The strain due to a temperature change may be added algebraically to a local strain by using the principle of superposition. The principle states that stresses and strains (at a point ‘on a given plane) due to different loads may be computed separately and added alge- braically provided that the sum does not exceed the proportionality limit of the material and that the structure remains stable. The method of superposition for different types of loading was covered in Sec. 5.4. Thus, the normal strain due to normal load and tempera- ture effects is (10.59) where c= strain due to normal stress ¢,, =strain due to temperature change ‘Thus, the general (triaxial stress state) stress-strain relationship developed in Appendix B, Eq, (B.44), may be expressed while considering thermal strain as vo, +0.)]+7 41. 0, -V(o. +9,)] #0 Ot 1. £6,)] +7 Ay (10.60) GIVEN A 10sin-long stet tube has a cross sectional area of | in? that expands by 0.008 in. from ‘stress-free condition at 80° F when the tube is heated to 480°F. FIND The load and stress acting on the steel tube Solution From Table 35 for ste! alloy 1 x 10°F, From Eg. (18.57) Because the measured expansion was only 0,008 in. the constraint de to compressive normal load- ‘ng must apply a force sufficient to deflect the ube axially by the following amount = Ph, pA aE T From Table A. the modulus of elasticity is 30 x 10° ps. Therefore, 10 ‘This then is the compressive, normal, axial load being exerted on the stel tube.GIVEN A block of aluminum alloy is placed between two rigid jaws of a clamp, and the jaws are brought up su. The temperature ofthe entice assembly is raised 250° C in an oven. The cross-se- ‘ional areas are 65 mm: forthe black and 160 mm forthe stainless stel screws, FIND How much sess is induced inthe serews and the block? Solution Figure 10.11 shows the block-and-screw assembly as well asthe forces on these components. From force equilibrium {20 nm ® ® Figes cctng Block ploced between hwo rigid jaws of clan 0} ond frees Here subseript a refers to the aluminum block and subscript s refers tothe stainless stel serews. Compatibility requires thatthe length changes ofthe block and the screws be the same, oF 8, ey “Thermal expansion will induce an axial force as shown in Fig. 10.11. The displacements ofthe block and screws are 4 P, . 8,-3.1 Oty Ee ta co)‘Substituting Eqs. (a, (), and (4) into Ea, (b) gives From Tables 3.2 and 3.5 ‘We are given that A, = 65 mm? and A, = 160 mm?. Substituting these values and the above into 18g (e) gives the force acting on each screw as (250428-17)10-*) 7 z UsHLIO* LE0(10) * O{10* 6510) 3708 N ‘The force acting onthe aluminum block is Pp ‘The axial stresses ofthe block and serew are 7416 emo) Pa=23.18 MPa “The stress acting onthe alorninum block is compressive, and that acting onthe serews is tensile