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    53 views117 pages

    Applied Mathematics For Physical Chemistry 2nd Ed - J. Barrante (1998) WW PDF

    Uploaded by

    AwaisAhmad

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 117
    APPLIED MATHEMATICS ord heey ana E Cad | rong ate nein ace a ae — Pid est Mate 1 The SBN 0-33-783737-3 ‘rane Eau Py Contents Prot vt 1 Coordinate Syetome 1 EL Ineodation 1 4 Spec Polar Coors 5 1S The Complex Plne 7 2 Funsion and Groote 11 22 Grape Repression of Fanesoes 12 23 Roasw Polynomial Batons 20 31 tnrduion 24 32 Gone Propet of Logins 24 33. Common oguiins 25, coments Appendices 12 1 ‘ible of Physical Consus 192 ‘Tadleorfegals 192 1 Thasomato of U0 Sphere Polar Corkinaes 206 1 Sing’ Appeoinaon 208 Index 221 Preface When 1 wrest Sin eon of Applied Mathematics for Pica! Chai in 1934 Liaw ofenly one oer bok fh pe ht na tea aa at witca by Fariagton Dal pubished ry ea enti a ied Mateat ‘csfor Psa! Chey Keb bsg snd aa and hd ey Ile ‘ipeaanced mathematics ded to hase ale odes py el hemi, whch ds guina cemisty omic ad cela uct) spececony, { stashcal mechs had foe fer ecting psi chemise fo fe {Partha he he semesters lls raga for chery mj ‘ete fring pyc chemist was jot a ensigh ater odo hes ‘esti. Moves dean was tangle yale fee {ue tine techy sens ase mh kills Not only wee sets ting ‘he needed ahnced mathemati rm th resi mathematic counes, ‘mary ofthe ad cfcly apg tet ta ey di kw o chen al prblens. woul ie tony tht orth pat ers things av grove id tat stars rus a npepred aya ty were wenty Yea #g0 we? ‘ie iste this took ws posh. There fs sed or wok ich sobs wad slong wi and saplenet he tase oe ce seme Inpysiel cams. Tie the fist elo, his second eon inn way nod reas te ‘aul oues ales pesegusito he pia chemsty cane. Thiet los doit review bok, Whi overs some ars of mais ino etal ‘han ithe Raton, never ences on oly the he Imes ha reed etal isa cbomiry, pares wh tga tafe evel Moree ts thon eto ot pyc emi texto. ‘The eimary concerto hs book bsobelp stulets apply bes w chen ‘pobtens an ie e ist eaiton the pebems athens f techs re 3 ‘Sgnedto tthe sts mathemati by, oth har ably in pyc ‘hemi ay ound at is Book parc sued sat Who ate been ‘ay fom aeons fo seve ers nd ae returig fo tke pel chore Isr. A, sens saring gate Sco, who Poy ot have bad a0 weg ‘eyrton it adranced el, hve fond a bok tobe eal. “Te a le cpr conan en subet a at normal icone in eeu athena cones and shake a evew Whe tempor ‘ow gene and ecard itgton me emphasis has en ced in Ahsediton on ain inal ales or dong dard iegraton Like he st ei ‘Son ane Reagan net mtn gras Kee a ‘um iseg way wna wher pose “oe ater hal afte bok devote those as of mathemati soll ‘otcovred inthe reunites nurses take er pil chemise. Aa {ero chperhavetecn expended ode mii ound nt it eon, ‘tein forte estar athe indy eel or exalt chapter on di Feral quton expand o theses etd of sang terest eqons and inlaes ection on Hemi, Lepente and Lapse polyoma he caper 00 ‘fete ucla mon on Pere anfora tel Peers nora ody in any ses spectoscopy abd he upton tes and eens inloes section en pati maces in digonal frm, maj pe of problem co outed in guns ec, Fully sw caperonnemerical mthed and ope roam ha een ncaa encore senso use pesca compats adhe Sl ig chemical problems. Whe he pograsHuseutd i is chapter lz more ‘pot frm of BASIC hy eal ean be moded to ter praia fuses sochan This new chaper concerts name aod ch Perales, whe terme une showing senso to we pe po [Pome eine numeral poems tat auld rege lng reid of tine sve ‘ih he we of en aang eau Nobnat canbe ype witout inp rm profesor and sade ‘so ther aed he fist edition or woul be cen for using a speed eon Tsgesiteally wish than oe Hite, Chapel HI, Nor Carlin; Wit (Geneon, Lye Univenty, Chap Lyamure A Poy, Vandel Ui ‘ey Jol Res Sc Mite’ Cog: Saafod A Slt Fea Sse Univ Sy; Wiliam A. Web, Univesity a Miser fer he care nd rte = ‘ew ft istdon of et and i many help sggeions forthe sand (oe Aspect aks ae omy fen an colenge Profesor Wiliam Pana ofthe Payses Dearne hr at Sout Comet Sate Univers for ecping my wena haves verse at ry yrs, tank itor John Chalice, eto asian etsy Wiis tl com cept ood KineryKarovch, cope Tee Wogscn she a ‘Gesu at Pete Hal and ETP Haron whose valle Sea and comments fave pe w impove immensely he gual of sock "inal [wis tak my son Stpben Barat, who designed he coves fer ‘tse and sot hesning hn carer in apis dso, wile Mate snd our famly forth pace a encouragement dog he peprion of hs tok wee orm om th teat an tht hse comms any eas found matte me at baratepestcom 9s R. BaneaneTE Coordinate Systems ‘44 wtRopUCTION ery afl met for dserbing the Fc depen fhe various op er of physicocenical jem to angen ech proper pit long ome $setf ant, clleda corte tem Tne coc of erate seo ce Senet psa wr wil depend areal exet on entre he properties ‘ing descred For example, man Belgs are ver rach "it hone in etang Tarp Look soe sou ante hme 0 anges youse- Therefore sitectsandfuniue dspners usually employ tanga cones inthe wrk. ‘Aon molcues, Rowers ve in "un spice Cenc thy ope nde cil eegy ls tht ae cently Toad ad eee ae bes ee ‘ome frm o-oo ys (lane polar or peril polar eben). Infact mary problem in pliysical ches dealing wih sons x molecules ca sete aed in ear coors Thos a chess, we ned oe fai Wt ‘or swells ears We sal sce, however: things we a aca toned nwsthing inns coon, suchas wanes look ey difert bts When dts in ol oot But once we he cae oes With pol coord ‘as, we Wl nd they a ope ical we ta nea cerns. We begin ur dsussion witha general einen near coordina. 2 chapter cooeinne Systane 112 CARTESIAN COORDINATES. Inthe mid seven eoy te Pench ment René Desens oped 8 med eng ar mabe pos canarias fe, thi ads evmuir Catan conte ts Apel weds anesin ordi consi wo fiery ele torte tc. The vero as eal the one wh eta tas Gale te ate The pit of enantio. {inn ipaing ston tinea nom be ahs pgs {gen ts Tse ton) fen Wc pot wee od sng 8 na lito mate hy cl Sines egies king se setifis ne secede ey Se these wn Th the rand yr he ahve pop col jt an ay be esses or elms rte eng yp a ys var ‘Bist we rnc weber ‘Aaa o's Cts corn yr hts td exe in ys ‘zlehonityiesettin 1-2 How. ont erent i re resect vlan Sie th prs and ‘ote mst spose ner tics ne ee ves fn ie coma synem Ay ve a norman eee Trot! dependence of ee ume td ie ea uncon oe ‘ted in Ger 2) For rani th srw abou foe Gp pe “caution B's ey, PY= od dois mse opto beeen ‘Res voheforanel atThe ego desig ts sive waph Me Ht depot i 5, Section 12 Caran Coontnaton 3 y\ ame! owen wld jot as asi have een writen = & However, a appara inher eq Tne (PU~ Kore =) reat a ts vee elo rarely apes toe ‘eet igh mgr row pes, ab hen only he epee ‘regu i neld consun sakpowedge of fas sch a GCs 0 ‘Satingish te seme ops hem from ht of pee aber.” ‘Cooney ae mt ised a plane sarc We an ext he 10 ‘Smee tangata ontie te dsb above into hee-dmensiona ‘Surdnate yam oetuctinga dass pepe the ypene a pas tng though te cin In fact, re nt ied o Hee deans! corn ‘sen and cn extend he paces to many cools a we wih ned — ‘menor Sora jtensaloogh, we mph eget tbe gape ep ‘eenaontacomes it beyond thes densa. ne we ave estes of Chae dinenaoal spc, For example in wave care, area of ys ‘ering th mechanical blue of waves, we wal desc he ali of Center wate by sigan "eata” cording. Teer fe ample of one diners tnsverse waves. aon the eaxis—isrepeene ang te ‘Ms fo simple sine wave mig 13 (Keep mind tbe wae lf dos ‘oemne nthe drecton. The wet trance seis of stun Sing. nts ce, only down te was We sold ws confuse te mono the ‘tive with te motion of th medion pode te mate) A twodicnsen ttarsvone wave nthe pling sch na wer wate moving arose sure Ike reir hin corsa cl th nani dscbe the mpl ote ‘rarely to epee pagal. and cern wii there of expe ‘nce Many pon nga neve mehan, weve ere nto dere Uce-dinentoal waves. nord descbe pphicaly he spade of hee ‘mensional tanwvere nate, we eed fourth cour. This presen «pole {strstr fie densa pct, amber ngniur wap ave esa ‘vento gst auth poem, One way tue the ent of nome ‘Snewsina graph reeset the ample of the wave 4 Chapter Covent Syatame ia) sts i yee dom ti nary othe coon systems desc tov, tt flo df vey sale ferent volume slemect ede dandy dae. dae oy whl isan al legh lng he has In tee -ineasns (Casi coordinate stem sbown in Pg 4 volume elements singly de ndedy ae 0 +19 PLANE POLAR COORDINATES ‘Mary problems in epi eines cannot be sled octal pce For thse, wend ences io ee he Caen aes ine wha a Seaion 14 Spheral Polar Coordinates ar 5 Fine cone lly are fee oa “oud” or cali” ood, Conse he gra [Bg 15 spose essa vey pm on is vo dinesiona corn ‘stem vie pom properies ef pM wane Noe ae agate of inte tame athe gh of rise bf te wale shoe, a hat the magne) inte tne athe go ie Sac 0) sing =2 and ed ebercot and ysanrsing “ ‘Thefoe, eey pit) ane seid by asining tia vale ee anda ‘al for. This peo graphical settn scald plane polar conn ‘rom In hs coo sm, pois ze desig byte botaen (8) Te ‘Equations (1-4) ae Anon a Usfrmaion eouatns hey str he co ‘nts of pon fom pole corier fo Casini) ened Ts ‘me tnfomatoneentons cane funy se Ugoeome. sunt oc #=um(2) as) =o" 08) 14 SPHERICAL POLAR COORDINATES ‘One exes ofthe pln poli odie tem thee dimension eas oe ‘phere! paar sovdinatertem, sown Fig. 1.8. pot i ye © center Coorsinnte Systane Pes Seale ‘rset te ember fe ie of hep te in, eae ‘hth ie makes ih eons and gl hac nO ml ie ot sino on amg sige he length fc is numerical equa tx 109 nd Bos we can rte re acoegrsingcoee sing = rinsing a, sarees ‘The ever eansfomaton equations foun as ows Lafitte ag oe gauet(2) ay rewtayeeeye 0) cab oe bacon! ear ‘ ‘The dfn volume cements polar ordinate to 0. An ingot expel fan tha sed exes in py ‘hemi, ined ints pyc seme as whol, the oe pane ean ‘where th costae a neteniatig, orepeaing decimal ving the va, 0 five sigieant ges, stig eee at he =210 “Tifton silted in Fig 25 Note hat al expec have th pint (1) ‘ncommon, soa = I fr Alo nt that are re 20 the anton, sae the fiction appeaces zo asx apres oo. The expesion Imag ‘neath 1+)" approaches vale of? 7183 ax appoacber andis readin {fe it tx ppoacer sro” The pyc pment wl be ‘dean ia Car “The isa diet rant betwen exponent untons and logic Sanctions. The power of exponent to which th conan as raed in the qpton veny=x em “The logue fnton og, y~ ceils in Fig. 2.6 Noe, anh a of exponen cons, he point (01) is eran ol ogee, ‘Se log, |= Oforany a Lagrts ave any asl popes ud at rae onthe sy of physi chemist, For season he general ropes logan ar revewedin Caper Pier 24 cron ae Section 22 Graphical Repression of Functions 18 Far 6 Oat Cireular Functions. Ailes sine as he lc ofl yin na plane ‘haaremaconstit ance oes Saad pi Clr adeeb the eae CaP Hon bPa aay ‘there and ete coors of th cent of tec the ie est) ands ‘Bera, Ant cil none wiht comer ern and aa ol 0 wi B4yeel em Ces ah rage incr in the ities in Fig 27 Lato ene tee fino sine (Bevin i) wich tle he angle ine te = ‘rds of pom (7), come abreast al int the ‘curds of hep) ad angen (eve un). th a fy ae? cytatde tc ripen 20° Chapter? Functions ond Grape mn cee my 225) “Tse fstions ae called cial tgonomaric fet. Noe tn ons (2.25) juste wsnsfommoe Equations (4) with r=. interesting "pare the ep of fenton sch sin and co nea oot cor ‘tsi wt ltd slong ne) hse in pie polar cont. Con Side for example, tieeqaton r= suf where cosine Sich nein ‘an be asl dese he wate properties op) rom ons in wo dimen ‘on, The futon dependence of rapon can be saen Take 21 When ser Piped ear cordate anew Fg 2-8) 8819 ‘enone carve ests Ontbe er an, wher ess pleted in perce ‘mates anown a F280), he more fia shape of he ori an be sen Tes smpvant owt hat bin graphs ate even th hes ofthe ces de ending mere onthe ice of omits te. 12.3 ROOTS TO POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS ‘Wess inte revi etn that te 20 othe fant theo) ane Fund easly i te oguions rit or send dee ton. But how dow fin te Foas wears ha ae nena rq? Beer tea compris ‘earners simple sk One std ws adhe ots of paypal eatin ‘Sica ungs computers tgp he uacon, er exanple Soaertbe equation yedpeoatiett eercetne pt ae he et. eal gh =A Sexton 23 Rote ToPatynomia Equations 21 oe ae » o eh Gig Amd tn Sr a a pc 1 we plot fncon fom 3 = —3 tox = +3, we cla te graph shown ia Fig. 29 The oor th etn aie vals of for whch) 0. the pois ‘mraph where ths praph roses he at, Cael examination of th rah wil. ‘ow tte se ue r= 208, 4= 0744 = 4007, and = 136 M629 capechyestee aes 22 chapter2Funeons ena raphe ‘Cher 1 we shal ics ame eb of ding roc polo Tons sng compute ‘SUGGESTED READINGS 2 Scuivs Micwt Clee Algebra he, Prete, Ine, Upper Ss Rives Nh ise » Mitts buat ces oa Pe al Ue Sa 4 Neo A Bi Matis Ain ky ig PROBLEMS 1. eines lowing tons toyeses opens 39-6 ig race’ 2 19 pte egy 0) yaar O Payee lo yon sues Dd ro4 sto asa) A (elsnconcme atheegneni) @ U)=Uhe* (ayandtarecontn regent) . fo alae +e @meCeomen) (hme Pant Acoma) 5. Pht exons in Pb ting cob ha pe 6 Bnd fe 1 fr louie (fn fof te a ho= ue apn ues Problems 23 7 Radon dy i fit cnr procs in bch be consent te ane ma (etd Ciera tine co cate" she Cand ae cosa st experts. Gen lowing i tne ‘Aho any page can sach ys ei | ing he gop med tee he fe ow ees wre 3 Logarithms 31 mwrRoDUCTION Inte previo carer we dled arin 8th exponent or pro wich number ats gets ramfer. era > 0 That ify Den ‘Mad of totes a). Sice ie equtons day ant beay=x ee euivat, we cane hi fet 1 dese eral sf popes hrs 122 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS Proouct Ruts, Thelogri ofthe pad fono mambersmant sequal othe sam of he lars ofrm a lagna +a on, Prof Letm = and = Then, x= agama y= gg .Now maae=a> 0 “aking fe lar othe se Equation (3.2, toguam = log. = += gsm Sesion33 Common Lopartims 28 Quormr Ruut Thelogarit f hequten othe ro mumbersm annie equal ihe diferente egartn of mand. be (2) =toem—toasn 63 Pra etm =e! aadn a Ten gm =o Nowe on Powe Rus, The garth fm asd tthe power nis equal om mu aby he logrionof m eg, (= non os, Proc, etm = then <= Now tomer ry “okingelogarshn oe tase oF ston 3) gives lop in = oat = n= og 3.3 COMMON LOGARTHMS. Inte previous examples we dd wor pet ny parc vle forte be that 1% he nove ules hl fray vale Ia numer elses, bone, Me find hart convient ase otis oth ae sce hey ae cel se we devil nyse of epesing numbers nd also ae ned to what lly me fr sci maton awe we expe mbes in ow ‘eof 10 (eg, 6022 > 10).Stchogartns ar ced common oaths, dae rien np 8 og. The elanchip Between exon fhe me 0 and ‘Shea lar can ee nae 3 25 chopra Logaritns In gene gait composed of vo para manta psive nam berth erates ent la ofthe maber ro 1199989. asa chara tert eral) pone or egatve ud detraies whee edi is plac inthe nabs ts egualea expressing ers in sce neon or example, 1200 ae 129% 10 Te urbe 1228 equiva the Iai fhe logr, a C which ii whet deci pit i placed, {Result oh cute of We ogrtho.In ft if we deere Toguiin of 12900, we sx ta is uo the lam of 12 las el si of 1 og (12200) = og (1.2) fog (10) = 0864+ 4 = 40804 ere, 0086 she mun so ithe charac. impr ce that amie of sign ges number eee tts mans of te prin thu ot he hci he nrmber 1200 bs thes Signin Fane. ‘hemes hat ct The characters 4 the leah sony ttre th deka pos place. “Areraie cares deslates a manber ing a arange 0 << 1.0 evn th fat tt hi loath rade op of megtve tracted a ‘Sonne un nants eter agave he mis sigs pled above he ‘racers. Tvs, log 030 ~ log 20 10 renee 2 S01. Sch og ‘ttm ellel'sherogenou apart, Rx poste 1 combine the mepaie ‘hance wipe Frm omogenen grt Cael for and compas maa do ki Wher the done th ep ini cel in ot of teagan, 29010 =~ 1090. The prance of he ome ena lop apy chemi mst emphasize Agric i {nd coin pyc! ques, such ap ee expesd in honageene for ‘eve gap ses olin nga we expesied in homogsnes fens lgarthm epee i eteogeeons om cul wv De secon ‘icy oa ape Beto the aroha cleo, como oars wer wedge exe sey todo many te of alatns whch olay mone aerial ch ‘Siktemining rot fsb (nd ere at he oe F689 Tiloutthe wie cael Int dtrstng te oath of number isl ‘Pou wading togh ales of amber Bue aula as charged al at, ‘itouy we ens con eteoine th common lg fay mune by simpy pes {Meaty owt aca, We fn, however ta we ay Kr note meas Sry atte mull manber eget oa the os of umber, ‘hoy aa mpotan, sine a ote of important chemical concepts ah hd pte suntance ae died in tei oh corm ce base I SO impr for sett py heat Boame amar wih help key Cd Ihe inverse ratte} cn ei cael. Seaton $4 Noturaltogsrtms 27 4-4 NATURAL LOGARTTHMS Inctaper2 weaved ton t) << seing capone icon par ‘eu npr bey of py, Copan aks ote ¢ ‘ec oe natal geri td re eat ny Bee poet ‘ysl sigs ofthat pst might cose ee ‘mip tween otra cna lpn, Conde egaion e on “oking he pain oh tase 1 Eaton (7) gives logy loge = one os However «=n. Subingtisino Egon) gnes logy =Inylge= tay og 2718) atl (2.718) = 04343, Tero, egy = 043839 o ny =230508 os ‘The phys glance of te a lage can et epi ih teflon eval The alg: ay ue ef em cate writin df here As ese some Ene cage ns Csiro ‘avon tht ges sew vie) Thea cng ee ute heen eval hee case nb atom Alny=iny+ay)—tny =0(52) 7 Dividing ot sides of he auton by Ay gives Be gal-%) = m(ie 2)” ‘28 chapir3 Logue Remember from Chip 2, However, ha the exponetl eis defn Tim ft 8) we ea ayy mee tha tn (ey mage tate : ow AMY ne ary sine n= 1 Rearanging Baton (3-10) gives Mata ea ‘gear te, we coma in ith the chang in any vale vane gy sale etna change nt var les gute chang inthe ana ati of evra kn, (2) ~ Ales on Ego (2-12) cae wed abow anadhervry important propery of mat ra ops Whon he change nny vals ey sal an th of hag te aul ogy ote warble rx coma, et th eo change oh “tule lf oc popatond vo the arable ie. This ype of ehangs i Cle an eponentl inrau o decece is pelo what ely a Grane ra proces Te ae change of te pata lg ofthe arabe ‘lms h/t, wee is time, Ts we cn ams - Sein Sr Eon 1, eae BScrar7* mau thee Ate cores the of change ofthe vile . ‘SUGGESTED READING 1 Bet, Gans Ly an So, Kat Cat, Piel ne, pe Sue 22 Suan Misin, College Algebra 46, Pree Hal Upper Sue River NL, Prctiime 2 Yan Baas ow. Co, en ep le River, NI, 1997, om pnostems 1. Teapot en anon canddy nin g= lo nd sean foe og wha mo (9 ee a ory = Lave @ arcana (ea) = saeco (Oras tow im a= aa 2 iene twig anes rte pet pd te wing ln om (a p= 7855 aha 2409 fo) pie ame (0 pit= 593 (ates 3. Bd pt ot asta fH wh i concen 10 1 “4 Theva dn tema verses someinn al eso vole Fsvohine oper eeganse % eens te mabe ms te a. ee iat = 8314 Kad? [Ste hse emer nd te ec ene eer ene of {otro ep 3K ena ola of or soe 16.0 Mem Tomy cane ail wth apn or cope deg ge tyeemaee as=ncvte® nein! hist membe fm epithe be cy om lee, ‘Tt detente Vibe we Pads cog ap etn iceman ie C= toute tienen ee (6 twee dt be tng cop fc ali eee cgmio ene tsrsequlioa, Une ttn Genito Sf tempers ea SSO ony sn ae c= Ya 7 Reds ys irene poss whilst ined gion heist sosrarlon oA atime Wyte cine ofA t= hn ‘una ample woth om i sip woe 0868 Row ‘Ste wont sent 130 10 y rebee Differential Calculus 444 tRopuctiON. hy cums icine exe he fit at hanno ‘lu fuente sr ete ye Force tow ‘Vilschngc ine peut em tyme orem? ‘toca meme ea ge ss pany ‘nt mien cneptnoen sere Teds t ate Sibremsetna tart vey monte atoton of ce Bo in Bee wher Ayn ent shang nh ly and epi Ts Tener mesos singly crs nyt weer change Ihnimen chang ns hone gy al I) wns cto teva decor tebe) ir mperom engine wi abs pb ot testicle ub be vane aon ee en Scag ct pends ame othe ee de ‘weet osm ener nce nn de ae Trego Steet cepa dg an wie rows nde efs icp tying sn pata [Mra oe nate ae okamand oneal esses Foret ‘Sms niten rene tel onset expert iby pao tr anagem ip 3 asa sn eta pe wD 2» sure an bse ums peste proces. ag deal rer, xpd ft cons erperatus, ie pesue hist change (Byes aw Torun ea a, “Therein fenton dopenicae betwen the exter pes the pe the mranng) an th vane fhe ps gf tense), No drain ee ‘Only he very piace of te reverie enpesion or snes fs hich we will discuss ina subsequent seco, an hy be eld then eal ay “The derive of fenton may be taken moran nce ging ise second, tn and higher desvatives, denoted yd dy and oo, eect. Nee That seuond vate, forests, sh et deriva oe Bet dete £(8)-% wa) - ae he tint vive ete ist deste theses einai, 3(8)-3 sn 0. The rocking dete of econ ld renin “here re many ns orient eas in pcal ces hower ‘ef ong mo ese, sin evi ecco terete. Te ‘onal dependees of he variables of yer my appear a may iter {fi or secend ere equation goes nto a gains oe eit finns. Fors eson, coer eave fh eso fe ons awe selenite cena, Alo cued ne below ‘sees or difecating su, por, od qt In soe css, eam ‘Bo ghen onder illumi be pple ppc gets {42 FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE VARIABLES 0, whe any quand nt dependent cox her ny quantity ot dependent 3: Leey en, whe nisny al ner i 32 Chapters Diorama! Caleulae Section $2 FunstorsofSinglevarsbiee 22 Baonples Fsanpies fo paban TS A.2%, where A, and mae constants The consi f= =T. were All, and ae contin doe) _ a m Z-(wr rere consent | cam wy i | (©) y= Asin v9, where and wae constants & = pamionenn 8 Lew a=-rtnes, whois Ho CES | ethene hana eet I} emo 1 Leyace, steven chapters OMeramloCaleuus Section 3 Functions of Sever! Variblen—PartaDarvatver 38 8) y= Art, where A and ate coms Lawn ai Haze eo ate“! = tas Ae™ oad“ 0x) = 20 wd ymsnm aot a 4 [ts a “] eteds bia He, wher a:b. an cae const Oa ast a ae | dade Baap: InP = val sent a tt ge Hy ep lye 2 ye Ha m m 4 aioe a 7 4 #8 seal 1. Ase a00) = soft sao a ae ae 4 (fn) _ sn -sooet ar yeinae™, whee mia constant san) CS Letflo=sinx and g6xha Example: aS oor ut Stone Leyfedesine and he) cous s Da nsinse sons “ 4s 2 Lncas sad Mf a—sns _constonn tiannaian 1 wore nna cones = Dns) a cts {43 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES—PARTIAL, DERIVATIVES. 5 Inalte cases ven ove th fons th weeded iodo one Indepeter val Mont pajseochenl sys, howere, oral’ oni ‘or than ove independent able For exam. the peste of a es a ‘Sltaneousl a foston ofthe epee ofthe gen he volume of the © Bat gin, shee tesomi Sat ens a Last a a= fo 7.08 we 35 Chapters tert Cleios here ic constant Since bh vals can change oer mo 2810 St with apct Vat const Ten be deed (F),- aS “ ath pti deste oP with spc to Tt const Vine isd | (25), =p tesEnasen us ‘The sal abr Fan Vint exressions( and rime wih vals etobe ld contr, "Tales fr aria ferentiation eth same those footy ee tion fund in Secon 42, te adon ht he varies Pld const te (reve th sme athe er const ina egeon, Hees, a coast T a soe at coms rat, (2) 28 ao ct so ome ie ply oe da cme opera tg ssa had tn ie eats, For example (30)),-(@2), (C2))-(@5) we am 8 addr cin die att nse is Janes ae ingealed od cons proper) semaly Tred wo phen anal, thn ened pr Second devas ae eal. “eG @), © Sewion 64 TheTouDierensal 37 (err)- (rs) oo ‘oils tapi iesettin inf, no mer complied tha inary dere, cose te Folowng examples. teh SE # 0 ven: (2) ton (8) ant G8), (£09) (GE) -r(es) o (28) =7(28), <2, ome Pa pn Tk the davai of # wih epetto Tat cont V ‘Since oth T nd (83) ar aon. eter ithe ex pression mast ileretited upc. (s(5),), =" (ar Ge),) + (8), 2), weer) C8), C8), Wer onsite conse in wich independent vrais fase ay be aren te eet ofthis on he dependent aie. Tn the preven secon me ‘lowed ony one ware to cane a's ine te ths secon me shal cose he wing al varias changesruaacounly. Coser asin be xa Be PF.) Let Pepe chage in pressure bouph bn by asia {atcous charge a rgentue ad ae, 38 Chapters Deron! Coetus pasts anv avy —fEY) en, Alng an sbsting (V+ AV) Fagin 4-11) ed APafT-+AT.V+AV)~ fv +AY) FTV EAM) FTV) Mpg the fine wo terms sn Equa 412) by ATFAT and te secu 80 fsomaby AVIAY gives em or 413) 3 ‘The tes nt rackets jut the prtldrvtes PMT) aed (POV Re ping AP. AT: nd AV th dP 7a Vt ict anistingy sal cng, ano(t2) ar (8) a ais ‘hase the expeson dP epee te ol diel of. The ems (OPT) od PPV yA ae called poral efron Te combine pt feels a dierent fe fanton, In ere the, ele Sleety Db ys epee ara! en tu ()... ane(H) sos (HE). day tos 16) ‘oilset thepyscal significance of gation 416), conse the ello» ingexamle The volume of cyt function fb the aus the ide "inh eight feelin and sven byte eqn (eby=274 an tin a yc 0 ten Me int re Section TheTotslOMerenial 39 Any eng in itr ror wl in change in V. Te tl iri of V, “ Cha wm ‘ets exaine what ea ee ne expression means py Far ea ee mest cps iny chor he dhe ame changes However. he manera ‘he velume changes with fem fr th rane a wich change wh We ees by diferntiaing Equation 17 par (2), mB) =n av =2ern or 22 em We se en, tat the ae ues wo sa consider the vue of te colindr an changes nat volume The quay 22rd the volume of allow ‘lind of hice dr stow ni. The tl wae Ue inde can be “fought os summing taper enn clint of vote 2h dr tem ‘ius ris eid Meee, ay change the ae yd wl et te vl le by alia or strcng concent inde On the ote tan, easy depress the lume ohn pita thcknes dh shown nig. Ta he a vole othe cnr a ca "oe of suming roger hes las ul he gt his ached Any change inte ght wil ai volun: by adn saber ples Theva of hss ‘woes es ee aa cange inthe wou ofthe pnd Heace, Fr tet ie tse 49 Chanter lean! Cabulus {+5 DERIVATIVE AS A RATIO OF INFINITESIMALLY SMALL CHANGES. In Seton 41 we diet eit of ~ a wih espect ti of the Change ny ne change ins rte large econ ashing smal. We might {Ska spin wy chal cans ate so portant 0 tl of phy ‘Soy, Whats pyielisienneo he dra? "Temp ane! hese tes cone te fon eam. The eral ‘nrg ofa te tnown oe afin of te epee oth sey ha inate We su in Char hat nen we graph vara sch ver 7 Theat ttecn changer het tras asm p (ET) eth fur nen byte spe finn gett the crve ta pit. Thi {atop on on verte curve cle te Beat xpi of te sys ands fed byte sya The sabre Vs esa. eens mend that Ea 8 anson af ts vlan Vand frie Gcsson we ae coneting Vio he 3 cme San Thos, the heat cc) a cnsat volume y the slope Fhe agent ie Sawa othe vor Tee athe pin (E). ‘Conn snw ite change menrgy AE ~ B ~ B, with spect 8 frit hn i epee AT, ~ Ty A iti express wil hom ws ht the change in ecg rapt he cange i enpcrare wil present the pe ath corve iy hen than beeen Fan isa, 8 Sow Tig 4), Unde tes ceomsances cst ce cons with rte We find ctpermenta'. Howove htc ey cost wih eget Tein tlre, AZ/AT i poor approximation wie ope cue wen thes ary nen th persre stent Fig 20) Nee tht the ao ‘SEIaT. give ty ten ah ute ea fom th ange the cave athe Dim denowed as the lope Wess, ph, ats we alow A to become hat sal tera EA. pventy tes ab as, anda appcaches Atespeof cure pony esa Fg 2) natin in ht ST lcstovto thao AB/ATensel equ be slope he carve atts pit a Bt sist th defnon fhe evar. That ear ‘tone a ne we papery fe dee tat pe bee eecmaniledoontgmece) pmo, enone a ea of eng ine emi aia sna Suntec wry Aerie eco tn ‘orient sce cy cum de jc eth sect ta ot calle pce wt me ee resets st se kp mh iiateh letra son nese sg psa ne Secon 43 Dervativa6 8 Rao a nftesimaly Smal Changes 62 nem cs hain epee ‘esol att rong face dot dine eps a. he ‘mea lo un aid oe ike ‘eT thre hi ote snp cpl Sapp we ba Site wih pel oft leo tev oan gee Py YT ws ye Sopp at Scencralpenre tl pr peso ly be See Dn pclae ee pecs sey dag arwoees ‘ene pret wept any pein pce pe lg pS mean wildoncenin momen "Pa = 708 aon te serene ‘eae tein sit an ear a a {ane tole om pum ne sane dae Fe {BS peo e ap e nero menor wk det Seas Teaver te Vy, and Ts, » Bees * 42 Chamtardoiferanta! Cteios Femts Symon Bote Stage We above pcs wer evr the a dt se compres he asta bc Vcc sng eye sate a fre Secon ice Te clan he cer compe De te ‘une cee bean pes ws ses emer eh Seer cot mess And uot PY rk deeds on exer es ‘ek we warn er cone tne on eo Shed ty Be pt wen pT cory mut eeperis stpcen ng th tre the eT emer es wen {Schone meV beg ur war bef tee epuson tak dice The toe not eds gm ste ne cess trv, Inst mpur enone expan thie ee ote a he selene ones sey port sep ol its ‘Sen be ps pss Tat Poe PtP ‘orale prposes, min consider ht tougout th expansion th ter fal per eal te gs pss. Ane ges xpd er vole V1 ae 1 gas pers wil dp frm 1 aospere 0 0. ano as i ine Kae ccnp To eternal pene so Wl be same ev it Inthe cagusibn, Moreover snc cvtermal prose and te gases die ya fins ou, henson sbul tk ab nie non of Sine {ike pce along eqaltum i be sblsbed at each ot in he exansion. ‘Reining th te lide elite rm the surangas teger ‘tare wil ep tose sb ale 7 (bch at hse th Ts abe) ‘lane or he werk an bythe ps he saounings as expands. Tree te froces nem copes a os cna alae yma the external rs ‘econ ifs ager hu hg pres. Tet Paget oP ‘Becaseh enenl sre at each ot in the compresin ier oly nites lly osc pes ath pit nth epson the ek. doen co Section 4 Geometric Propales of Oervaties 48 resin he ps ie ea eq, ut oposite, the work done bythe as ia dhe ‘expumina Upon reihing be orginal volume Vth operate ofthe as vl be ‘sored ot rg tempera The pte xine toi erga se and the proves italy eerie. Tas by employing infin sal henge ‘onpbost procs, ac ited ep ialloved a eacheqib a te owes ‘46 GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF DERIVATIVES Jats prov ston we tata eles hin ening eet eave ‘roan a tannoo change ee vse asec 77) ploed wa ones Cann tte ait Se pectin caveat ay poe ea ean Whi expen ene {nye = enn so te noe dee wer sens Bylating ate eae oso) end sein, Snse ‘hier be un song Sern te wou arog Fophe fctn I yin. eae sce I ee ‘pit en (neuen arson Cott fn ach pu Po ens of ssh a ctw ag 43h hn cert minum te oo {ets Dict aan eed Gamo et or ps ‘cae whee mating cing os Sts esperar eee ese ot etna omer For camps ep sawn ing ets yt eatin " yore a2 eg 44 Gp te Crepe Diferentatcaeaus weds apttyn2e tee “Ding efit deriomive gives Bans Seng he fet devin ul oad sovng for weave 4e-220 aed Sting ino eon. wet = 0875. hich ese min Imam porto i cove Te detnfo whe cee atna 3 ‘munis pat ata ing sctym rpc wean st aes tetas pensar 0°S ands gue rea snd fut the ur oy Aone wy wt he con ra maine ma fn a coo dee te feston evane t e pt vos *y 1 2 co, stone fnstanisamasinas J then he foci iim ston pit of ltestinn oscar. (A pit of ection i 2 ‘hang om ave Wate 3 simu ace hat “abies minimum orc esa) Sesion 48 domi Propetae of Darna 48 Conier be cai oeton how in Fig 45. yet 6042 ‘iking heft dra ing zee ies Baet—620 @ 2-100 ‘mich nde tha there ae to values a fr which the slope eal o a0 Solving this equation, we see ats = "41, Taking the scond dee of he ‘sbi enn gies y Sam Fora +1. 12, which ines tat he carve nium his pie, d= 12, chines that caves mar at pe ‘Note hat poi tno osc ats 0. Examples 1. The otal volume in ies pacosewate solo is in by the Vo 1001.93 + 115282n +0646? ere sth my ofthe aan, The tl molar ole of css, Sra the op a Versus carve (Vin Fide pal ee vel gues 0.100 sltion of coca water Soaion Taking dervasive othe Vversas mca gives rd onan = = 115282 1.290 Sebsiting the conenton = 0,10 ios goto give he pai uli of gone uae = LAST mt 2 Tepes igang sn alcTaetpeay aoe nes ates dente (siz) enoree tm aha otis Fa pein metre = ‘ctor Dire Caeis Solon, The ws robe spend cas athe pit where the proba ‘ty stun fen Pes sina. Ths to dove fe mk ‘rouble geod. ne mst mimi he eatin P, with respecte pnte(sip)emate “aking te devas of with reps cud Sting tego zssogves 2 nae( 2p)" I wr ag scene )] =0 We in divide tagh te caution by 4ein/acer eM" 9, si eaves Indie cwseeuive ston A> B > € the olarcancentaton of Bf. ‘ere (Ae the inital concerto of Aan ie spe te costa Uru crt Find he ae o Formic (same Solin. Ting he diva oF (wit eect o an seting egal oaew gies 4 Dividing tw by Ads), weave bet =e “king atu! logarithm fh equates feds —bet=Ink ir Inte Ine = —be tenn ml a yer he ‘Secon £7 Contrainad Mani angMinima 47 47 CONSTRAINED MAXIMA AND MINIAA ‘Thee ae «ste of poe in phyla chemise for which it meer mani (ei) facon andr spec ete colton Fe uae Dis stppse we whe w mua me fenton fs) bt othe ston tht ater eto of andy. gc 9) bay ql eo. We ad iby rth own as Zagangr' mad of endrmined mallee os Ine) by hs i, cone eal eres r=() se+(24) 0 20 2p, (Since $9) = 0p =0) Eaton (420) and 21 can Be cmb by ‘elving Esaon (21) ford and susitaig das kro Equation (20), Bene, ‘ote sa this prostneetcelyremores the expt y-depenfene in gs ‘ion (23; ne. the funcon fan mow be aed a con thigh va ables Ths. the ancien eachesemainum th ps wher d=, Tvs oe oe ere scott called unripe Rearanin Basaton 6-2, echuin woeqostons = m0) 48 Chapter Dire Calelus 25) wich along wih ution kx; 3) =, allows us to deme he pit fe "Wein om expen ht he extension of Lagrange mato 1 ine re han ve eso eres ht hse ms be at esto mn ndependet ‘bl thon the ett Ths, for more thon esi, wehve Pls y480) PUY) HME I) = Bole ye) er fli tention tobe maximised 2. and 2) Tre th eietons, ud tl ar uneteried tits The comdon fo om- ied matimiatono imation £7). ar, 425) °, Fag Fao am Bamps 1, indie dinesons of aectanglir ae for which fe reais maim tie conference eal, Soiuion. The wen ofa rectangl fA ~ ab The ccumfrece of thoes C= 2a), We wih masinie Awe we mize CL Ge ia 8) 0 Trt, Haun (26) or ths robles Fla, b)=ah— 29 = ab AC + 231046) andthe cotion formalin a is wo ow ‘hing ui eve ay ate Fay atean But since Cis a minim, 2a = 2H =O. Therefore, we cae wrt +2. =Omnde+24=0 ob “Tae ectngulr sage with he nin ars and th iim ia ference fn qu Sexton £7 Constined Maxi andMinima 2 A problem in tical mechanics eges maximizing he acon stan Sonne lama) sujet the conn hat Dean ad Deki Soin, Let minum = Dna ny msm. = Ee Tas, Fonummadenan Soman —a(D es) ~a(Sne-2) who rand a udetaign iis. The conden for oti notin a “Tag the devine of F with pect cack in the a nang ‘hats ny ste ioe ara pod an atmand econ, wetae a~ 86, ‘Ting be ago is equaon ges But = Sony heer, Sitibton anton 0 °F which gives Blumur’s 50 Chptard Osteretin Coktas “The fusion nan E 1 Bata, Gt Len Ses Kan J Ck, Peo Ic, Upper ae PROBLEMS. 1. ieee filing cons ating ones eee he a Gycwer ie lire i) weNta—mnn ovine (0 9289-8 ro seene ® fw yave ” i raasnsoos o ori @ Oy yet —ersnse M puininpetoT [oFT FTE rei vapeatos SE “2.18, seers? (0 71a oo 80 SK T= 04 10 we P= 3K TAMIR Bat 30K, where AH 5020 R= A314 il, aie ar Tate, whee Wy = OOIM ant A= $08 10H He Dane hte ech fhe fling on ni mini ae, in| ‘she rbot Fst cnn hing mar mi oe Pei Spc ay pan of incon Wo yotensers (fea se (9 yaande Fo Integral Calculus 51 mwrRoDUcTION “Thor a basillytwomor pouches otras. One apench is © ‘sien mon ndetstve and neato, he reef aking te (passin vas of eretaon, Te eb aprsch so couie the neg Sty au of many silat ifinesima kent Ths As approach allows so nema geoeancrals Tesco ppoich llr ast ain = {ttmaning ihe ga lntodacory cuseton egal caer peta we Stare fine fhe aprosc, sch the vasious med fr pr fring igele While if tmporsnt, and psp a se Pit sboeld be leueds npc ie ly at ut fu feng ables of ips 0 forsee. Tu next ne allem ing tees tere fe forming th cans of inepration, However same geca and pei mets ‘mgpion seine, pearly een some functions re nealmasina em found mie egal es, Inte pres caper we od the mathe asked wh ing funcional ntl part ad deter eee cence Incl changes evra of he aeons hater we sal cone be ever roves: Kooning th tof he nian changes we nso eters Te overlelstof adding nether thee changes sac ha su eel ie ‘hunge Before conseing te phys spnience nd he applies feel ‘alle, tu by eet peel and pecal ethc inept Sesion 52 Generel Methods of tegration 58 152 INTEGRAL AS AN ANTIDERIVATIVE 1 Chapt we considered te deen ofthe fncton y=), syed by tte aton ay _ au £8

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