-

1990 :
1991:

, , CEN/TC250/SC1
, , .

, 2011



. .
. ,
. .
. .

/
. .

.
.


.................................................................................................3
1990,..........................................................................................6
1990, ...................................................................................................6
1990 10 ....................................................................................7
.................................................................................................7
..............................................7
..........................................................................................................7
..........................................................................................8
1990 20 .............................................................................8
..............................................................................................8
............................................................................9
.................................................................9
.............................................................................................................9
......................................................................................11
................................................................................14
...................................................................................................16
1990 30: 16
...................................................................................16
..........................................................................16
.............................................................17
1990 40: ...........................................................17
...............................................................................17
........................................................................18
......................................19
........................................................................20
........................................................................................21
1990 50: ............21
1990 6 ..........21
.. (EQU)................................................................................21
.. / (STR GEO).........................................21
()..........................................................23
() .........................................................24
... ( ) ..............................26
( ...28
...............................................................28
..................................................................29
...................................................29
.............................................................29
... ............................................................................29
1990 : ..................................................30
..........................................................................31
.............................................................34
1990 : .....34
1990 :
......................................................................34
.....................................................................34
... .........................................36
1990 : ...............................40
1990 ...........................................................................................41
......................................................................................41
3

 3 ............................................................................43
1991: 1-1: ,
, ...............................44
1991-1-1: 1: .........................................................................45
...............................................................................................45
............................................45
1991-1-1: 2: ..................................45
.......................................................................................................45
........................................................................................45
1991-1-1: 3: ...........................................46
..................................................................................................46
........................................................................................46
.....................................................................................47
1991-1-1: 4: ....................................................47
1991-1-1: 5: ...................................47
.................................................................................47
..................................................................47
1991-1-1: 6: ................................48
.................................................................................48
.............................................................................................49
( , ) .................................49
( ) ............................................51
................................51
( ] .........53
................................................................................................................54
................................55
1991-1-3: ...........................................................................................57
1991-1-3: 1: .........................................................................57
1.1
..................................................................................................57
1.2
. .................................................................................57
1.3
......................................................57
1.4
...................................................................................57
1991-1-3: 2: , .......................................57
2.1
..................................57
2.2
..........................................57
2.3
....................................................................58
2.4
...................................58
2.5
. .......................................58
2.6
- . ..58
1991-1-3: 3: ...........................59
3.1
..................................................59
3.2
. .....................................................................59
3.3
. .........................60
3.4
....................................62
3.5
...........................................................................63
3.6
.................................................................................66
1991-1-3: 4: ..............................................................66
4.1
1 ......................................66
4.2
2 ....................68
4.3
3 .......................................70
1991: 1-4: .......................72
1991-1-4: 1: ................................................................72
4

1.1
..................................................................................................72
1.2
..................................................................................72
1.3
...................................................................................72
1.4
, ......................72
1991-1-4: 2: ...............................72
1991-1-4: 3: , ........................................72
3.1
, vb,0............................................72
3.2
, vb..................................................................74
3.3
........................................................................74
3.4
.........................................................................74
3.6
....................................................................................79
3.7
...............................................................................79
3.8
.............................................................................80
3.9
.....................................80
1991-1-4: 4: . .......................................81
1991-1-4: 5: ...............................................................84
5.1
1 ...............................84
5.2
2 ................................91
5.3
3 ........................................100
5.4
4 ....................106
5.5
5 .........117
5.6
6 30m .......123
5.7
7 .......................................132
1991: 1-5: ..135
1991-1-5: 1: ..................................................................135
1991-1-5: 2: , ......................................135
1991-1-5: 3: .............................138
1991-1-5: 4: 142
1991-1-5: 5: . ....................142
5.1
....................................................142
5.2
..............................143
1991: 1-6:
.......................................................................................................145
1991-1-6: 1: ..................................................................145
1991-1-6: 2: ...................................................146
1991-1-6: 3: .........................................147
1991-1-6: 4: ................................................149
1991-1-6: 5: .........................................149
..................................................................................151
........................................................................................154
............................................................................................154

 1990,
1990,
.
CEN (=30 )
89/106/ . CEN.
CEN, , ,
, , , .
.
10 . (1990 ,
1991 , 1997 1998 )
(1992
1996 1999) (
, , , , ).
,
, , .
(). 58 .
1990 ( )
(
) (basic
requirements), (principles), (application rules)
1 (notes) (
).

( , Nationally Determined
Parameters NDP).
. ,
, .

( ,
National Application Document) .
2 1990
- ,
, (
) .
1990
(, ,
).

,
.
.
2
, 1990.. (
1990),
1990. EC0 EC1 EC
EuroCode, 0, 1 1990, 1991 .

1990 10

1990, ,
. ( .. 1998-3:
,
).
,
[1.1(4)].
.
()
.
1990, ,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, .
1990
, .. , .

1990 (Principles, (P)
) ,
, .
,
(.. )

,
.
,
.

, 1990,

, ,
.
1990, , .

1990 :
-

, , ,

1990
1991 1999 ,
.

, ,
(.. ) .
( 1990,
) /

.
()
. [1.3(1)].

(
ISO 2394, ISO 3898, ISO 8930, ISO
8402). ( 1990
1999) [1.5.1] :
[1.5.2], [1.5.3],
[1.5.4], [1.5.5]
[1.5.6].

1990 20

,
,

: (resistance), (servicibility),
(durability), (robustness).
(reliability) .
:
(resistance),

(strength),
(...), ,
( , ..
).
( ...).
:

 .
- ,

[2.1(1)P]
- , [2.1(2)P]
-
[2.1(3)P]
- .. ,
, [2.1(4)P]

, ,
,
(
). ,
, (
)
,
.


:
-
-

-

1991-1-2, ,
1-2 ( 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996 1999).
:
- (
..)
-
-

,
(..71/88).
,
.

[2.1(5)P] [2.1(6)P]
,
. :
9

,

: ..:

( )
(
)

(,
, ).
: ..:
,
, EN 1992 EN 1996
(..
)
,

, ,

,


: ..:
, ,
( )

- ()

, ,

: ..:
, -
( )

:
-
-
- , ,
.
10



1990,
.
. [1.5.2.17]

(.. , ),
. .

, [2.2(3)] :
-

/ (..
)
,

(
)

1990 (reliability classes) RC1, RC2 RC3,

.
.

(RC2).

/
[2.2(4)].
,
.
1990 ,

[2.2(5)]:
) ( ,
,
).
)
-
-
)
)

11

)
-
- ( )
- ,
-

-
-
() ,
1991 1999.
()
.
()
.
[1.3]
:
(CC) (RC)
() () (DSL)
() (IL) ( -
)

:
[. 1]

CC3

CC2

CC1

,
,


,
,



,

,

(..
)

,

(..
)


(..
), .

:
( CC4)
,
.
12


, . ( ,
)
, .
(RC),
, ,
.
:
, .
, ,
.
RC1, RC2 RC3
CC1, CC2 CC3.

( ) [. 2]

RC3
RC2
RC1

1
50

5,2
4,3
4,7
3,8
4,2
3,3

: 1990
1 1991 1999,
3,8 (
) 50

, RC2,
:

RC3
RC2
RC1

..
..

1
50
1
50

2,9

1,5

1,5 3,8

,
KFI
, F
13

 (. ),

KFI [. 3]
KFI
RC1
0,9

KFI

RC2
RC3
1,0
1,1

: RC3,
, FI. O KFI .

(Design Supervision Level - DSL),

.
.
(DSL) [. 4]


(DSL)
DSL3
RC3

DSL2
RC2

DSL1
RC1

,

:
O

-:

: ..
DSL1 ( DSL2
,). DSL3 ..
.
, (Inspection Level IL),

.
(IL) [. 5]

(IL)
IL3
RC3
IL2
RC2
IL1
RC1

14


([. 2.1] )

1
2

()

(1)

.x.
3
25

4
50

5
100
,

(1) .
10
25

15


1990

, /
.
,
, ,
.
1990 30:
1990 (...)
(...) [3.1(1)P].
,
9 .) [3.1(2)]

.
,
, [3.1(3) (4)].

(.. ), [3.1(5)].


,
[3.2(1) (2)] :
-

(persistent), .
(transient),
, .. .
(accidental),
, .. , ,
.
(seismic),
, .

/ ,
, [3.3(1)P (2)]
, , ... [3.3(4)P 6.4.1]:

16

( EQU, : equilibrium),
,
/
() , ,
, ,
, (
STR, : structural GEO, : geotechnical),
/ ( , )

( FAT, : fatigue).

... ,
. :
-

( )
(.. ) ( UPL, : uplift)
,
( HYD, : hydraulic).

, :
-

( , .. ,
)

(
) :
-

( .. )

...
( ).

1990 40:

:
:
-

(G), .. , ,
, ,
.
17

(Q), .. , ,
, .
(), .. , , .

:
[4.1.1(1)].
, ,
/ , ,(. 1991
1998) [4.1.1(2)].
, /
, ( ..
,
) [4.1.1(3)].
:
:
/ :
.

(Frep)
, (Fk)
(Fk), [1.5.3.20].
Fk
, , ,
, ..
1991 [4.1.2(1)P].
(.. G, P ..)

.
5% 10%, . , Gk,sup
Gk,inf,
G [4.1.2(2)P (3)].
(),
/
.
(.. ,
). , ,
t, Gk,sup(t) Gk,inf(t).
... Pm(t). [4.1.2(6)].
,

18

 ,
. ,
[4.1.2(7)P]..
d
[4.1.2(8)].
AEd
AEk [4.1.2(9)]..

:
(
),

[1.5.3.16]. 0Qk (0
1) ,
( ) ,
, ,

[1.5.3.17]. 1Qk (1 1)

.
, ,
, [1.5.3.18].
2Qk, (2 1)
,
.
.
: ,
0,01 .
, .
, -
0,50 .

. ,
.

.

19

 Q
Q

0Q
1Q

2Q

( Designer guide
Gulvnanesssian, J-A Calgaro M Holicky)

to EN 1990, H.

1990 - ,
1,infQk (1,inf 1)
,
.
: - (. 19912), (. 1991-1-5) ( . 1991-1-4),
.
, ,
( : 1
1,inf 0).

( )
, .
,
(
5% , ,
95%, ).
,
.
,
,
[4.2(4)P 5].
(.. , )
( ,
) [4.2(8)].

20


(.. )
(.. ).
1990 50:
5 1990
,
.
,
.
1990 6
6 1990 ,
,
. (
)
.
1990
... ... ,
- .
1991 1999 [6.2].
( ...)
. [6.4.2]:
.. (EQU)
:

E d ,dst E d , stb

[. (6.7)]

E d ,dst
E d , stb
,
,
.
.. / (STR GEO)
21

E d Rd

[. (6.8)]

Ed

, .
Rd

:
, . ..
(effects of action) [1.5.3.2} ,
.
.
(resistance) [1.5.2.15] .
,
( .. ),
..
, , .
Ed Rd
, .
,
.
: F Fk Fd Ek
: k d Rk
Ed Rd
( J-A Calgaro, EN 1990 Eurocode :Basis of Structural
Design, 2008):

22

 ()
Fd F :

Fd = f Frep

Frep = Fk

[. (6.1)]

Fk

Frep

1,00 0, 1, 2

: 0Fk , 1Fk , 2Fk , ,

- ( )
, ED

1998.
, , ,
(Ed)
:

E d = Sd E{ f ,i Frep ,i ; a d }i 1

[. (6.2)]

:
d

(. )

Sd

: ()
.

:
E d = E { F ,i Frep ,i ; a d }i 1

F ,i = Sd x f ,i

, (G,inf G,sup).

23

 - (.
),
:
-

,
F ,
:
Ed = E(F Fk ), .. Ed = E(G Gk + Q Qk ), G =Sd g Q =Sd q.

, F

, :Ed = F E(Fk ), .. Ed = Sd E(g Gk ; q Qk ).

()
Xd
:
Xd =

Xk

[. (6.3)]

:
k

,
,

,

()

,
, m (. ).
:
fcd = acc fck / c fctd = acc fctk, 0.05 / c , .
(.. )
:
d = nom

[. (6.4)]

, (..
)
(.. 2 )
:
d = nom

[. (6.5)]
24


/

, , ,
Rd
:
Rd =

Rd

R {Xd,i ; d} =

Rd

X k ,i

R i
; d i 1
m,

[. (6.6)}

:
Rd

,
( (6.3.4(2))

d, i

i.

: ( 1991 1999)
,
Rk , , ..:

() (.. -), Rk
-

() , -
(
)
() , , ..

:
X

Rd = R i k ,i ; d i 1
M ,

,i = Rd x m, i

[. 3] :

25

, ( )
:
(i)
,
, :
Rd =

Rk

(ii) -
,
,
:

Rd =

,1

m ,1
R 1 X k ,1 ; i X k ,i ( i 1)
; d
m ,i

,
.
... ( )
, ,
(d)
.
() / [6.4.3(1) (2)].
(
),

, ,
[6.4.3(3)].

26


Fk,i

ad

Xk

Fd,i = f,,i Fk,i

Xd,i
= i /m,i Xk,i

(f,,i Fk,I)

( Designer guide
to EN 1990, H. Gulvnanesssian, J-A Calgaro M Holicky)

27

 (

() ,
, :
G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
j1

[(6.10)]

i>1

STR GEO,
:
G, j Gk , j "+" "+" Q,1 0,1Qk ,1"+" Q,i 0, Qk,i

i >1
j 1

j G, j Gk , j "+" "+" Q,1Qk ,1"+" Q,i 0, Qk ,i

j 1
i >1

(6.10a)
(6.10b)

:
+

...
...
G

: () , [. (6.10)]
() ,
(. 0), ,
. [. (6.10],
,
, 0,85 1,00. [1.2()]
[1.2()] .
, (
)
. [. (6.10)],
[.(6.10) (6.10)], -
- ()
,
(
3,8 4,4 ,
3,8 4,1 , 0,85 0,95). ,
.

:
G k , j "+" P"+" Ad "+" ( 1,1 2,1 )Qk ,1 "+" 2,i Qk ,i

j1

[(6.11b)]

i>1
28

 : , 1,1Qk,1
(.. , ) 2,1Qk,1
.

:
Gk , j "+" P"+" AED "+" 2,i Qk ,i
j1

[(6.12b)]

i1

() ()
( )
1991.
( 1992 1999).

:
Ed Cd
:

[(6.13)]

Cd

Ed

,
,
.

, , , ,
. ,
1991 1999.
...

:
- :
G k , j "+" P"+" Qk ,1 "+" 0,i Qk ,i
j1

[(6.14b)]

i>1

29

: -
.

- :
G k , j "+" P"+" 1,1Qk ,1 "+" 2,i Qk ,i
j1

[(6,15b)]

i>1

:
.

- :
G k , j "+" P"+" 2,i Qk ,i
j1

[(6.16b)]

i>1

:
.

, 1,0
1992 1999. [6.5.4]
1990 :

(1), ,
.
,
, .

()
1.1 [1.2.2]

0
1
, (
1991-1-1)
0,7
: ,
0,5
0,7
:
0,5
0,7
C:
0,7
0,7
D:
0,7
1,0
E:
0,9
F:
0,7
30kN
0,7
G:
0,7
30kN < 160kN
0,5
0
:
0
( 1991-1-3)*
, , ,
0,70
0,50
CEN
0,70
0,50
> 1000 m
CEN
0,50
0,20
1000 m
( 1991-1-4)
0,6
0,2
(-) ( 1991-1-5)
0,6
0,5
: .
* , .

2
0,3
0,3
0,6
0,6
0,8
0,6
0,3
0
0,20
0,20
0
0
0

: 1990

30


(...)
:
-

:
1.2() (EQU ) , 1.2() (STR/GEO ) 1.2() (STR/GEO
).
: 1.3

1.2() 1.2()
,

[4.1.2(2)].
(EQU)
1.2().
(STR)
1.2().
( , , .)
(STR), (GEO)
, ,
, 1997:
-

1:
1.2() 1.2()
. ,
1.2()
1.2().

2: 1.2()
.

3: 1.2()
, 1.2()
.

/ .
2 () 3.
1997 (
).

31

 1.2() (EQU) ( )
( ).

(*)

(. 6.10)
Gj,supGkj,sup
Gj,infGkj,inf
Q,1Qk,1
(*) 1.1

(*)
(
)

Q,i0,iQk,i

1: :

Gj,sup = 1,10
Gj,inf = 0,90
Q,1 = 1,50 (0 )
Q,i = 1,50 (0 )
2:
1.2() 1.2(),
, , 1.2(),
.

Gj,sup = 1,35
Gj,inf = 1,15
Q,1 = 1,50 (0 )
Q,i = 1,50 (0 )
Gj,inf = 1,00,
, .

1.2() (STR/GEO) ( )

1.2() ,
6.10 6.10. 6.10.

(. 6.10a)
(. 6.10b)

(*)

(*)

Q,10,1Qk,1

Q,i0,iQk,I
Q,i0,iQk,I

Gj,supGkj,sup
Gj,supGkj,sup

Gj,infGkj,inf
Gj,infGkj,inf

Q,1Qk,1

32

(*) 1.1
1: :
Gj,sup = 1,35
Gj,inf = 1,00
Q,1 = 1,50 (0 )
Q,i = 1,50 (0 )

= 0,925
1991 1999 ,
.
2:
G,sup , G,inf
. ,
.
.
3: , G Q g
q SD.
SD 1,05 1,15 .

:
1,00 0,85, . = 0,925 (. )
1.2() (STR/GEO) ( )
( )

(*)

(. 6.10)
Gj,supGkj,sup
Gj,infGkj,inf
Q,1Qk,1
(*) 1.1

(*)
(
)

Q,i0,iQk,i

: : Gj,sup = 1,00, Gj,inf = 1,00

Q,1 = 1,30 (0 ), Q,i = 1,30 (0 )

1.3

: ,
2. 2,1Q,1 1,1Q,1.
1.3 .

(*)
Gkj,sup
Gkj,inf
d
(. 6.11/)
(.
Gkj,sup
Gkj,inf
D
6.12/)
(*) 1991-1-2.
(**) 1.1.

(**)
(
)

21Qk1

2iQki
2,iQk,i

33



1,0 1991 1999 [1.4.1].
1.4

Gd

Gkj,sup
Gkj,inf
Gkj,sup
Gkj,inf
Gkj,sup
Gkj,inf

Qd

Qk,1
0,Qki
1,1Qk,1
2,iQk,i
2,1Qk,1
2,iQk,i

, .
, 2
.
1990 :

[2.2]
.
,
.
1990 :

, 6 .

. :
-

,
, /

,
( , )
,
34


.
,
[3(2)]:
i)
.
:
.

ii)
,
.
ii) i),
,

,
. - .
[. 1]
(
) .
1 (First Order Reliablity Methods FORM ),

FORM
( )

( )

-
( )

b
c

35


Ps = (1 - Pf), Pf
.
P0, -.

Pf :

Pf = ( )
.
:
Pf [. 1]

10-1
1,28

Pf

10-2
2,32

10-3
3,09

10-4
3,72

10-5
4,27

10-6
4,75

10-7
5,20

...
Pf
g g>0
g0, :
Pf = Pr ob( g 0)
g = R E , R R, E g
.


( ),
.
R E ( g) .
:

g
g

:
g
g,
g
,
: g g = 0
:

Pf = Pr ob( g 0) = Pr ob( g g g )

:
36

Ed

Ek

Em + k E E

Em

()

Cd

Df

:
Ck

Rd =

Cm
Ds
M

Ed = F Ek

Rm

Rd

Rk

Rk

Rm k R R

( Designer guide
Gulvnanesssian, J-A Calgaro M Holicky)

F Ek

Rk

to EN 1990, H.

() R
E.
() ,
R E.
, ( ), Ds,(Domain safe) (
, ), Df. (Domain of failure).
,
(),
(.. ). (..)
:

R (> 1, . )
E

.. .
Cm.
(-)
,
, () (
) .
R E, ,
:
37

VR =

VE = E
R
E

R E
+
2
R

2
E

1
V + V
2
E

2
R

g
g

= f ( )

,
,
(, )
, ,
, .
, ,
Rk Ek (
5% 95%, ),
() :

k ==

1 k RVR
Rk R k R R
=
=
1 + k EVE
E k E + k E E

- kR R + kE E, ,
.
Ck, :
Ek Rk
, ()
,
Cd ( ) .
Rk
F M k
Ed Rd , F Ek

,
FORM,
(g=0)
(
) [7(2) .2]:

38

(S) g=R-E=0
P
1
(FORM)
.

d Rd
:

P ( E > E d ) = (+ )
P ( R R d ) = ( R )

[.(.6)]
[(..6)]

( 6)

R ||1

FORM.
,
.

R 0,7 0.8 , :
0,16< /R <7,6

[(..7)]

R
, . :

P ( E > E d ) = ( 0 ,7 )
P ( R Rd ) = (0,8 )

[.(.8)]
[.(.8)]

[.(.7)],
=1,0
=0,4.
39

 , [.(.8)]
.
:

P( E > E d ) = (0,4 x0,7 x ) = (0,28 )

[. (.9)]

: =3,8 [. (.9)]
0,90.

[. 3] ,
(- Gumbel).
0 [.
4].
1990 :

.
.

40

1990

.
ANDBOOK 1, BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN, Guide to Interpretative Documents for
Essentaial Requirements to EN 1990 and to application and use of Eurocodes, Leonardo da Vinci
Pilot Project CZ/02/B/F/PP-134007, Garston, Watford, UK, 2004

: (6.10b ) = 0,85
, =0,925,

41

 . (6.10)
(6.10a) 6.10b).

42

q2 3
q3
g : g1 = 30 kN/m , q1, q2, q3 = 18 kN/m

q1

5m

5m

4
3

5m

. (6.10)

-180

-180

-63.75
-63,8

-63.75
-63,8

2
1

-15
2

46,5

4
3
46,5

75,9

148.5

148.5

43

 1991: 1-1: ,
,

1991-1-1
,
:
-

:
-

(
), ( )
( )
..

, ..
,
,
,

1991-1-1 1990,
1991 1992 1999 .
1991-1-1
1991-1-1:
-

2.2(3),
5.2.3(1) 5.2.3(5),
6.3.1.1 ( 6.1),
6.3.1.2(1) ( 6.2),
6.3.1.2(10) & (11),
6.3.2.2(3),
6.3.2.2(1) ( 6.8),
6.3.4.2 ( 6.10)
6.4(1) ( 6.12)

44

1991-1-1: 1:

1991-1-1,
.
.
6
160 kN.
160 kN
. 1991-2
.
( )
1991-1-7 1991-2, .
1991-3.
1991-4.

[1.3] 1990
.
1991-1-1 . [1.4] .
[1.5].
1991-1-1: 2:

(. 1990, [4.1.1] [1.5.3])

, ( )
.

.
,

,


.
, ,
, .. () , [6.3.1.2(8)],
,
.

45

 ( )
, , - [2.2(1)].

,
1991-1-7 [2.2(2)].

[3.3(4)],
[2.2(3) (5)],

[2.2(4)].

1991-1-1: 3:

1990, [3.2].

-
(. 1990, [ .1.2 (), .
3]),
- ,
.
,
.


(.. , , ),

[3.3(1)].
: (single-source
principle),
.

[3.3.2] :

.
, 1990,
[ 1990, .1.1] n
[6.3.1.2(11)].

46


,

, .
Gumbel,
( )
( ) .
1991-1-1: 4:

.
,
.. , .,
[ 1990,
4.1.2], [4.1(1) (3)].
1991-1-1: 5:

, , -

[5.1(1) (2)].
- [5.1(3) (4)]:
-
-
-
- , ,
- ,
- /
-
- (/ ), ..
, --,
, ,

,
[. 5.2.2(2) 6.3.1.2(8)].

47

 (..
... , , ,
..) [5.2.2(1)].
1991-1-1: 6:

,
(, , ,
). (.. , ,
.)
/ [6.1(4)].
,
[6.1(3)],
[6.3].

-

, , (4
: A, B, C D)
(2 : E1 E2)
( , 2 : F G)
(3 : H, I K)

()
( ) [. 6.1]

1)

(


,, D1))

.
.
, .
C1: .
.. , , , ,
, , .
C2: ,
.. , ,
, , ,
, .
C3: , ..
, o , .
, .
.
C4: , ..
,
C5: , ..
, ,
, , .
D1: ,
D2:

6.3.1.1(2), C4 C5. 1990

. , 6.3
1 6.3.2 .

48

 qk ( ) Qk (
) [. 6.2]

qk
[kN/m2]

Qk
[kN]

2,0
3,5
5,0

2,0
2,0
3,0

C
- C1
- C2
- C3
- C4
- C5

3,0
5,0
5,0
5,0
7,5

3,0
4,0
4,0
4,0
4,5

D
- D1
- D2

5,0
5,0

4,0
4,0

Qk
[6.3.1.2(3)].
,
qk
. 6.2.

:
- 1,0 kN/m : qk=0,5 kN/m2
- >1,0 kN/m 2,0 kN/m :
qk=0,8 kN/m2
- >2,0 kN/m 3,0 kN/m :
qk=1,2 kN/m2.

[6.3.1.2(8) (9)].

( , )


.
, ( ).
qk . 6.2,
,
, ,
[. (6.1)], C D: 0,6 :

49


5
a A = 0 + 0 1,0
7

[ 1990, 1, 1.1]
0
= 10,0m2
A

:

. . .1

,
( 1991-1-1)
: ,
:
C:
D:
:
F:
30kN
G:
30kN < 160kN
:

( 19911-3)*
, , ,
CEN
> 1000 m
CEN
1000 m

0,7

0,5

0,3

0,7
0,7
0,7
1,0

0,5
0,7
0,7
0,9

0,3
0,6
0,6
0,8

0,7

0,7

0,6

0,7
0

0,5
0

0,3
0

0,70

0,50

0,20

0,70

0,50

0,20

0
0,20
0,50
( 1991-1-4)
0,6
0,2
0
(-) (
0,6
0,5
0
1991-1-5)

, 0 = =0,7,
0 = 1,0.
1,00
0,95
0,90

=0,7
=1,0

0,85
0,80
0,75
0,70
0,65
0,60
0,55
0,50
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

(m 2)

50

 ( )
,

, A D
. 6.1 n
[. (6.2)]:

an =

2 + (n 2) 0
n

:
n
(>2), ,
.
0
[ 1990, 1, 1.1]

:


( 0 = 0,7)
n .
DIN.
n
n ( 0 = 0,7)
1
1,00
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
1,0
2
1,00
3
0,90
1991
0,9
DIN 1055
4
0,85
0,8
5
0,82
6
0,80
0,7
7
0,79
8
0,78
0,6
9
0,77
0,5
10
0,76
(n)

[. 6.3 6.4]:

:
qk = 7,5 k/m2 Qk= 7,0 kN
2

51

 ( ,
)
.
.,
1991-4 ( ),
.

,
.
, ,
(.. .),
1991-3.
( ) 1991-1-1
(Clark ...),
6 FL 1 FL 6 [. 6.5 6.6.]
, , ,
:

FL 1
FL 2
FL 3
FL 4
FL 5
FL 6

[kN]

[kN]

[m]

b [m]

l [m]

21
31
44
60
90
110

10
15
25
40
60
80

0,85
0,95
1,00
1,20
1,50
1,80

1,00
1,10
1,20
1,40
1,90
2,30

2,60
3,00
3,30
4,00
4,60
5,10

Qk
[kN]
26
40
63
90
140
170

.
110 kN .

52

 Qk
[.(6.3)]:

Q k , dyn = Q k

:
Qk , dyn

Qk

= 1,40
= 2,00

30% Qk. (
).

,
o (, .).
, .

( ]

1991-1-1
, [.
6.7 6.8], :

(F)

(
30 kN 8
)

:
qk = 2,5 k/m2 Qk= 20,0 kN
(G)

(>30kN, 160 kN
, 2 )

:
qk = 5,0 k/m2 Qk= 90,0 kN

,

,


( 160 kN
)

53

 ,
.
100 mm F 200 mm G:
a

: F ( 6.8) 100 (
6.8) G 200 .

,
[. 6.9]:

-
.

D
,

I
( ) .
[. 6.10
6.11] :
( < 20)

qk
Qk
[k/m2]
[kN]
0,5
1,0

: qk
, , 10m2 .

Qk qk, . (
)
1,5 kN 50mm.

, ...

54

 Qk
.

=1,40
Qk,
.

Qk

HC 1
HC 2

Q 20kN
20kN < Q < 60kN

Qk = 20kN
Qk = 60kN

(m x m)
0,2 x 0,2
0,3 x 0,3

qk
( 1,20)
[. 6.12].


C1
C2 C4 D
C5

F
G

qk
[kN/m]
0,5
0,5
1,0
3,0
2,0

1: .
qk ,
.

( )
(
), :
F ( kN)
1,5 ,
, (.
):

F = 0,5mv 2 /( c+ b )
:

m
v
c
b

(kg)
( m/s)
( mm)
( mm)

55


2500kg, F:

m= 1500kg
v= 4,5m/s
c= 100mm .
150kN (

200

c=50 mm

F [kN]
100

c=100 mm
c=200 mm

100

200

c

2500kg,
F:
m= ( kg)
v= 4,5m/s
c= 100mm .

56

 1991: 1-3:
1991-1-3:
1991-1-3: 1:

1.1 .
(
) .
1.2 .
1500m.
1500m .
1000m.
:

.

.
.
.
(..: .)
.

1.3
,
.
,
.
1.4 .

( . 3.3 2 )
1991-1-3: 2: ,
:

2.1 .
2%,
.
2.2 .
,
.

.

.
?

:
57

 , smax,
, sk,
, 1.5
.

1 .
hmax=107cm
( 50cm).
98.2cm.
, hk=67.3cm. hmax/
hk=107/67.3=1.59>1.50 107cm .
Station METAXAS
lat=40,05o long=21,58o Alt=1040m
10,0000

Reduced variable Y

8,0000
6,0000

98.2cm

hk=67.3cm
4,0000

hmax=107cm

2,0000
0,0000
0
-2,0000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Snow height (cm )

1.

2.3 .

(
, ).
.
2.4 .

,
.
2.5 .

..
.
2.6 - .

.
58


.
1991-1-3: 3:

3.1

( )
. ( )
(
/ ).
, .
, s, , sk,
( kPa)3 :
9 ( , ),
9 ( , Ce)
9 (
, Ct).
:
s = iCeCtsk
3.2 .
1990, :
4
5
6
7

, (
) ( )
(. ):

(, 1, 2 3)
:
o : s=iCeCtsk
o :
s=iCeCtsk

(
)

Persistent design situations

Transient design situations
6
Accidental design situations
7
Seismic design situations
5

59

 :
o :
G,jGk,j "+ " PP"+ "ss"+ " Q,i0,iQk,i
j1

i>1

o :
G,jGk,j "+ " PP"+ "Q,1Qk,1 "+ " s0,ss"+ " Q,i0,iQk,i
j1

i>2

, (1, 2 3)
:
Gk,j "+ " A d"+"P"+ "1,12,1Qk,1 "+ " 2,iQk,i
j1

i>2

Ad :
o 1:
: Ad=s=iCeCtCeslsk
:
Ad=s=iCeCtCeslsk
o 2:
:
Ad=s=isk ( )
o 3:
: Ad=s=iCeCtCeslsk
:
Ad=s=isk ( )
Cesl=2.0
0, 1 2
:

1500m > H > 1000m

1000m > H
3.3

0
0,70
0,50

1
0,50
0,20

2
0,20
0,00

, sk,
.

, , .
.

.
, , ,
.
:
: , , ,

: , , , , ,
:
, ,
,
.
60

 :
=

sk

A 2
0,420
*
Z
0,030

(
) 1 +

917

:
m,
1, 2 4 , .
:
A 2
s k = s k ,0 1 +

917

:
sk,0
0.4, 0.8 1.7kPa , .
m 100m
( 2 1).
1000m, ,
sk
8 ( 20 )
() .

1000m ( 1),
.

1400

(m)

1200
1000
800
600

400

(A<1000m)

200

(>1000m)

0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
2

sk (kN/m )

, ,
,
98%. ,

(Gumbel), :

FS (s) = P(S < s) = e

s u
b

u b
sk=u+3.90b

61

 2 , sk,
.
1. , sk,
.

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.57
0.63
0.70
0.79
0.88
0.98
1.08
1.20
1.33
0.40

0.81
0.84
0.89
0.95
1.04
1.14
1.27
1.41
1.57
1.75
1.95
2.17
2.41
2.66
0.80

1.72
1.78
1.88
2.02
2.21
2.43
2.69
2.99
3.34
3.72

(m)

0
100
100
200
200
300
300
400
400
500
500
600
600
700
700
800
800
900
900 1000
1000 1100
1100 1200
1200 1300
1300 1400
1400 1500
1500

3.4

.
, Ce,
, Ct.
Ce=1,
Ce 20% .
2. Ce

Ce
9

0,8
10
1,0
11

1,2

Ce
, :
,
0,8 ,
1,0.
: Ct=1.
Ct
, ,
9

,
, , .
10
,
, , .
11
,
/ .

62

 .

(..
, )
.
3.5

. :
.
60o, ,
.




( )
, ,
5.3

.

.

3.

63

ls<b2

ls>b2

4. : (i) (ii)

64

1
2 h

ls

b2
b1

1=min[2h/sk, 2b3/(ls1 + ls2), 5]

1 2 ??
, ,

1=min[2h1/sk, 5], 2=min[2h2/sk, 5]

1=min[2h/sk, 2b/ls, 8], ls=min[5h, b1, 15m].

5.
3:
, , .

0115
15<130
30<1<60
601
1
3
3{[30-1]/15}
0
0
2
3
3
3{[60-1]/30}
0
: 3=min[2h/sk, 2b/ls, 8], bmax[b1, b2], ls=min[5h, b1, 15m].

65

 .
,
( ).
3.6
,
: ) )
, .

se=k*s2/,
1=0,8
k=3/dd,
0,8 2=*h/sk 2,0
3
=3kN/m3
=2kN/m , 5mls=2h15m
6.1:
6.2:

6.

1991-1-3: 4:
4.1 1
.

6.

( ),
310m. ,
,
:
Ce=Ct=1.0
310m, 1 sk=2.02kPa
:
1:
2: .
4 ( ) 7.
3:
1=40o 1=0.53 s = iCeCtsk=0.53*1.0*1.0*2.02=1.07kN/m2,
66

 2=30o 1=0.80 s = iCeCtsk=0.80*1.0*1.0*2.02=1.62kN/m2,

=(1+2)=35o 2=1.60 s=iCeCtsk=1.60*2.02= 3.23kN/m2,

6. :
1
2

, 7:
1
1.07kN/m2

1.62kN/m2

1.07kN/m2

1.62kN/m2

2
3.23kN/m2
1.07kN/m2

1.62kN/m2

7. ( )

67

4.2

: 1.1
450m.
= 30. .
: .

30
30

h=3m

b2=10m

b1=5m

2.1

EN 1991-1-3
2.1 , sk,0 :
O . sk,0 = 1.7 kPa
2.2 , sk :
100m
. , =300m.
:
sk = sk,0 *[1 + (/917)2 ] = 1.7*[1 + (300/917)2 ] = 1.88 kN/m2
2.3
:
= 30 1, = 0.8
:
1 = 0.8
2 = s + w ,

s
= 20>15 s = 0.5* 1, = 0.5*0.8 = 0.4

w
w = (b1 + b2)/2h = (10+5)/2*3 = 2.5 h/sk = 2*3/1.7 = 3.53
0.8 w = 2.5 4, . w = 2.5 .
2 = s + w = 0.4 + 2.5 = 2.9 .
2.4 , ls :
ls = 2h = 2*3 = 6m
5 < ls <15m . 6.
b2 = 5m < ls = 6m -
1 2 .

68

 b2 = 0.8 + (2.9-0.8)*5/6 = 2.55

2.5 , Ce:
: Ce = 1 .
2.6 , Ct :
Ct = 1 .
2.7 , s :
:
s1, = 1, * Ce * Ct * sk = 0.8*1*1*1.88 = 1.54 kN/m2
:
s1 = 1 * Ce * Ct * sk = 0.8*1*1*1.88 = 1.54 kN/m2
s2 = 2 * Ce * Ct * sk = 2.9*1*1*1.88 = 5.45 kN/m2
sb2 = b2 * Ce * Ct * sk = 2.55*1*1*1.88 = 4.79 kN/m2
.
/ (i)
(ii).
(i)

(ii)

1.54

1.54

0.77

1.54

1.54

0.77
(i)

1.54
5.45

4.79

(ii)

30
30

b2=10m

h=3m

b1 =5m

2.2

69

4.3

: 2.1
800m. .
: :
a) /
b) .

h=0.9m

b1 =5m

b2 =4m
3.1

EN 1991-1-3
3.1 , sk,0 :
O . sk,0 = 0.8 kPa
3.2 , sk :
100m
. , =800m.
:
sk = sk,0 *[1 + (/917)2 ] = 0.8*[1 + (800/917)2 ] = 1.41 kN/m2
3.3
/ :
1 = 0.8
2 = h/sk = 2*0.9/0.8 = 2.25
0.8 2 2.0 . 2 = 2.0 .
:
> 1 m2
h = 0.9 < 1m. , .
1 = min (2h1/sk , 5.0) = min (2*0.9/0.8 , 5.0) = min (2.25 , 5.0) = 2.25
2 = min (2h2/sk , 5.0) = min (2*0.9/0.8 , 5.0) = min (2.25 , 5.0) = 2.25
3.4 , ls :
/ :
ls = 2h = 2*0.9 = 1.8
5 ls 15m . ls = 5m - ls
= 4m .
:

70

ls1 = min (5h , b1) = min (5*0.9 , 5.0) = min (4.5 , 5.0) = 4.5m .
ls2 = min (5h , b2) = min (5*0.9 , 4.0) = min (4.5 , 4.0) = 4.0m .
3.5 , Ce:
: Ce = 1 .
3.6 , Ct :
Ct = 1 .
3.7 , s :
/ :
s1 = 1 * Ce * Ct * sk = 0.8*1*1*1.41 = 1.13 kN/m2
s2 = 2 * Ce * Ct * sk = 2.0*1*1*1.41 = 2.82 kN/m2

: s1 = 1.13 + (2.82-1.13)*4/5 = 2.48
:
s1 = 1 * Ce * Ct * sk = 2.25*1*1*1.41 = 3.17 kN/m2
s2 = 2 * Ce * Ct * sk = 2.25*1*1*1.41 = 3.17 kN/m2
.
/ (i)
(ii).
2.82
(i)

2.82

1.13

2.48
1.13

l s =5.0m

3.17

ls' =4.0m

3.17

(ii)
ls1=4.5m

b1=5.0m

ls2=4.0m

h=0.9m

b2=4.0m

3.2 ( kN/m2)

71

 1991: 1-4:

1991-1-4: 1:

1.1
(
) .
1.2
200m, 200m.
1.3

.
1.4 ,
(.. ).
1991-1-4: 2:

.
.
, ,
.

.
.
, qp, :
, vb,0,
( ), ,
cdir
( ), , cseason
( Venturi),
, co(z)
, cr(z)
, z,

:
, cpe, ,
,
o , cpe,10,
o , cpe,1.
, cpi,
, cp,net,
, cfr,
, cf
1991-1-4: 3: ,
:

3.1

, vb,0.
72

 () (World Meteorological
Organization, W.M.O.),
:
10m ,
( ),
12

0.02 (
, 50 13).
, , vb,0,
10 , 0.02,
, 10 m .
vb,0 (. 1)
10km vb,0=33m/s
vb,0=27m/s.

1: .
12

,
. (
). , 3s 50%
1h, 10min 5% 1h.
.
13
, p, , , : T=1/[1-p].
, , p, n , , :

T=

n
ln (1 p )

, p,

1 0.2 ln( ln(1 p))

.
1 0.2 ln( ln(0,98))

: c prob =

1991-1-6
, ..
10 .

73

3.2 , vb.

( , cdir) ( )
( , cseason).
.
vb=cdir*cseason*vb,0
3.3
(
) . (profil)
. 5 (0, , , , V).
1:
.

0: ,
I:

II:

(, )
20

III:


20 (
, , )

IV:
15 %

15 m

3.4

( , cr(z)) (
, co(z)).
74

vm(z)=cr(z)*c0(z)*vb

() ( zmax=
200m). ,
, cr(z).
, cr(z), (. . 2):

z
c (z) = k ln
r
r
z
0
c (z) = c (z
)
r
r min

zz

min

zz

max

min

kr :
z
0
k r = 0,19
z

0,II

0,07

z0 zmin 1
.
, ..


. 2

.
1:

0

(, )
20

20
( , , )
IV 15%

15m.

zo (m)
0,003

zmin (m)
1

0,01

0,05

0,3

1,0

10

II

75

z (m)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0,00

0
I
II
III
IV

0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
cr(z) (
)

2: , cr(z) (
z ). :
,
, ce, ( )

.
, vm(z),
( , vmf(z):
c0(z)=vm(z)/vmf(z)

3: .

3.5

.
.
(.. ),
, ,
vm. 4 , ,
.
: z=10, 20 40m. ,
76

27.0m/s, 29.3m/s 34.3m/s.

v=1.0m/s.
40

v (m/s)

38
36

z=10m

34

z=20m
z=40m

32

vm=27.0

30

vm=29.3

28

vm=34.3

26
24
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time (min)

4: .
, : 10, 20 40m. ( )

z, ,
, 3.5 v:
v=vm+v= vm+3.5v= vm(1+3.5v/vm)

.
, q, v :
q=v2/2

q N/m2,
1.25kg/m3
v m/s
:
q=v2/2=[vm+3.5v]2/2 vm2/2[1+2*3.5(v/vm)]14= qb)*cr(z)*c0(z)*[1+7Iv(z)]=ceqb
:
I v (z) =

v
1
=
v m (z) co (z) ln(z / z 0 )

I v (z) = I v (z min )

z min z z max

z < z min

ce

z
(. 3):
ce=cr(z)*c0(z)* [1+7Iv(z)]
qb= vb2/2.
vb=27m/s qb= 1.25*272/2=455N/m2=0.455kN/m2=45.5kg/m2 (. 4,
c0(z)=1)
vb=33m/s qb= 1.25*332/2=681N/m2=0.681kN/m2=68.1kg/m2 (. 5,
c0(z)=1)

14

, [3.5(v/vm)]2

77

100
90

z (m)

80
70

60

II

50

III

40

IV

30
20
10
0
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
ce(z) (
)

3: , ce(z) ( : )
z .
100

z (m)

90
80

70

60

II

50

III

40

IV

30
20
10
0
0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

(kPa) vb=27m/s
( )

4: z
vb=27m/s ( ) c0(z)=1
(qb=0.455kN/m2).

78

100

z (m)

90
80

70

60

II

50

III

40

IV

30
20
10
0
0,00

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

(kPa) vb=33m/s
(N )

5: z
vb=33m/s ( ) c0(z)=1 (qb=0.681kN/m2).

3.6
z (. 4 5).
, .

. :
, ze, , zi.
.
3.7

.
:
, cpe, , ,

o , cpe,10,
o , cpe,1.
, cpi,
, cp,net,
, cpe,
.
.

( 1m2) .. .

( 10m2). cpe,1>cpe,10.
(. 6):
cpe=cpe,1-(cpe,1-cpe,10)log10A ( m2) 1m2<A<10m2

79

 6:

1m2
10m2.

, cpi,
.
, cp,net,
, , .
/ ,
, , , , .
3.8
(.. , )

, ( )
( )
.
,
, ,
3.9

,
cscd. :

, , cs.
,
, cd.

,
cscd ( cscd=1).
. ,
cs cd,

cscd cscd
Structural15 factor cscd.

:

cpe,

: cscd
.

15

( )

80

1991-1-4: 4: .
:16
1.
, vb,0.
. 4.2 (1)P (. 1). 33m/s
27m/s .
2. , vb, . 4.2 (2)P, 4.2.
. 4.2 (2)P
2 3 . : vb=vb,0 ( 1)
3. , qb, . 4.5 (1) 4.10.
qb=0.681kN/m2 qb=0.455kN/m2 .
4. . 4.3.2, 4.1 1
2.
5. , ze zi
7 8
6. , c0(z), . 4.3.3 3
7. , ce, . 4.5 (1) 4.9 ( 4.2)
8. , qp(z), . 4.5 (1) 4.8
9. ( )
13, (
, ) 10
10. , cp,e,
, cp,i, 7
11. , we, . 5.2 (1)
5.1 , wi, . 5.2 (2)
5.2
12.
.
.
13. , cs, , cd, 6
,
14. , , , cf,
7 8,
17
15. , Aref, 7 8
16. , Fw, . 5.3 (2) 5.3 5.4
.
17. , we,
, wi, 11 , Aref, 15

18. , cfr,
, Afr, . 7.5
19. , Fw,e, , Fw,I
, Ffr, . 5.3 (3) 5.5, 5.6 5.7.
.

16

1991-1-4

81


vb,0

4.2 (1)P, . 1

vb
4.2 (2)P, 4.2

qb
4.5 (1) 4.10

4.3.2, . 4.1, / 1 2

ze (.) zi (. )
. 7, . 8

c0(z)
4.3.3, / 3

ce
4.5 (1), 4.9, . 4.2

qp(z)
4.5 (1), 4.8

cs
cd
. 6, / ,

;

cp,e (.) cp,i (.)
. 7

we (.) wi (.)

cf
. 7, . 8

we (.) wi (.)
5.2 (1) 5.1, 5.2 (2) 5.2

Aref

Aref

. 7, . 8

. 7, . 8

Fw

( )

5.3 (2) 5.3, 5.4

cfr

Afr

5.2 (1), 5.1, 5.2 (2) 5.2

7.5

Fw,e (.),
Fw,I (.) Ffr ()
5.3 (3) 5.5, 5.6 5.7

82


qp
vb
ze

qp
Iv
vm
co(z)
cr(z)
, .. ,

cpi
cpe
cp net
: we=qp cpe
: wi=qp cpi
, ..

: cscd
Fw

Fw

4.2 (2)P
7
4.1
4.5 (1)
4.4
4.3.1
4.3.3
4.3.2
7
7
7
5.2 (1)
5.2 (2)
6
5.3 (2)
5.3 (3)

83

1991-1-4: 5:
1

5.1

: .
: 16.5*15.0m, : h=7.5m,
hp=0.75m, II, 50
:
(=0) :
d=16.5m

hp=0.75m

b=15m

h1=7.5m h=8.25m

= 0

d=16.5m

1.1

1.2
EN 1991-1-4

1.1 , vb,0:
10km
, vb,0=27m/s .
1.2 , vb:
cdir = 1.0
cseason = 1.0
vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1*27 = 27m/s
1.3 :
,
(, )
20 .
1.4 :
:
b=15.0m h = h+hp = 7.5+0.75 = 8.25m
E h=b : ze= h = 8.25m
: ze= h = 8.25m

: ze= h+hp = 7.5+0.75 = 8.25m

1.5 , cr(z):
II z0 = 0.05m zmin = 2m.
zmin = 2m < ze = 8.25 m < zmax = 200m

cr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.19 * ln(8.25/0.05) = 0.97

kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.05/0.05)0.07 = 0.19
1.6 , c0(z):
c0(z) = 1.0
1.7 , vm:

4.2 (1)P* +
2.3

(4.1)

7.2.2(1) +
. 7.4
7.2.3(3) +
. 7.6
7.4.1(2)
. 4.1
(4.4)
(4.5)
4.3.1 .1*
+ 2.8

84

(4.3)

vm = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb
vm = 0.97*1*27 = 26.19m/s
1.8 , qp(z):

qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm2(ze)/2
(ze) = kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)] = 1/[1*ln(8.25/0.05)] = 0.196
qp(ze) = [1+7*0.196]*0.00125*26.192/2 = 1.02 kN/m2
= 1.25 kg/m3 = 0.00125 Mg/m3

(4.8)
(4.7)
4.5.1 .2*
+ 2.17

1.9 , cpe :
1.9.1 :

. 7.5

e = min(b, 2h) = min(15, 2*8.25) = min(15, 16.5) = 15m

e < d = 16.5m
h/d = 8.25/16.5 = 0.5

. 7.5

h=8.25m

e/5=3m
e=15m
d=16.5m

1.3

-0.5
-0.5
-0.5

+0.8
+0.733
+0.7

+1.0
+1.0
+1.0

cpe,1

-1.1
-1.1
-1.1

cpe,10

-0.8
-0.8
-0.8

cpe,1

-1.4
-1.4
-1.4

cpe,10

-1.2
-1.2
-1.2

D
cpe,1

1
0.5
0.25

cpe,10

h/d

cpe,1

cpe,10

B
cpe,1

A
cpe,10

. 7.1

-0.5
-0.367
-0.3

1.1 cpe
:
> 10 m2
AA = 8.25*3 = 24.75 m2
AB = 8.25*12 = 99 m2
> 10 m2
2
> 10 m2
C = 8.25*1.5 = 11.375 m
> 10 m2
AD = AE = 7.5*15 = 112.5 m2
cpe = cpe,10 .
D E 7.5 m

7.4 .
1.9.2
(
) :
L = 15m > 4*h = 4*0.75 = 3m
= 1 16.5 m > h =0.75m
qp(ze) = 1.02 kPa ze = h + hp = 8.25m

. 7.2

7.4

7.4.1

85

0.75

0.3h = 0.225m
2h = 1.5m
4h = 3m
L = 15m

1.4

A
B
C
D
cp,net
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.2
qp(ze)
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
we
2.14
1.84
1.43
1.22
1.2 cp,net

. 7.9

.
(
) (hp = 0.75m)

cp,net,s = s * cp,net
s = 1 ( x/h = 16.5/0.75 = 22 = 1).
,

1.2 .
1.9.3 = 0
e = 15m < d = 16.5m
hp/h = 0.75/7.5 = 0.10

. 7.6

e/4=3.75m F

b=15m

. 7.6
e/4=3.75m F

e/10=1.5m
e/2=7.5m
d=16.5m

1.5
86

.7.2

cpe,1

-1.8

-0.8

-1.4

-0.7

-1.2

cpe,1

cpe,10

-1.2

cpe,10

cpe,1

cpe,10

hp/h=0.10

cpe,1

cpe,10

+0.2
-0.2

1.3 cpe
:
AF = 1.5*3.75 = 5.625 m2
1 m2 < AF < 10 m2
AG = 1.5*7.5 = 11.25 m2 > 10 m2
> 10 m2
AH = 6*15 = 90 m2
> 10 m2
A = 7.5*15 = 135 m2
F cpe :
cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
G, I cpe = cpe,10 .
cpe
.

cpe

cpe

A
-1.2
F
-1.35

B
-0.8
G
-0.8

C
-0.5
H
-0.7

D
+0.733
I
0.2

7.2.1(1) + .
7.2

E
-0.367

1.4 cpe

1.11 we :

:
we = qp(ze) * cpe

:

cpe
qp(ze)
we

cpe
qp(ze)
we

A
-1.2
1.02
-1.22
F

B
-0.8
1.02
-0.82
G

C
-0.5
1.02
-0.51
H

D
+0.733
1.02
+0.75
I

-1.34
1.02
-1.37

0.8
1.02
-0.82

-0.7
1.02
-0.71

0.2
1.02
0.20

(5.1)

E
-0.367
1.02
-0.37

1.5 we

87

1.22

0.82

0.51

0.75

0.37

0.51

0.82

1.22

1.6
.
-1.37
1.37
A

0.71

A'

0.20

A-A'

-0.82
G

B
-0.71
-1.37

0.82

0.71

B'

0.20

B-B'

0.20

1.7 .
1.12 , cp :
(
)
, , '
, cpi, +0.2 0.3.
. , ,
,
: cpi=-0.3. ,
,

: cpi=+0.2.
.

1.13 wi :
cpi=+0.2: wi = qp(zi) * cpi = 1.02*0.2 = 0.2
cpi=-0.3: wi = qp(zi) * cpi = -1.02*0.3 = 0.31
zi = ze = 8.25m

88

0.20

0.31

1.8 .
1.14 w :
:
Fw,e = cscd * we *Aref
:
Fw,i = wi *Aref

.
cscd = 1 :
Ftot = Fw,e - Fw,I = cscd * we *Aref - wi *Aref = (we - wi)*Aref =
w*Aref
,

.
w = we - wi

D
E
+0.75 -0.37
+0.20 +0.20
+0.2
+0.55 -0.57
cp
wi
-0.31 -0. 1 -0.31
-0.31
-0.3
0 31
w
-0.91 -0.51 -0.20 +1.06 -0.06
1.6 .
1.42

A
-1.22
+0.20
-1.42

we
wi
w

1.02

B
-0.82
+0.20
-1.02

0.91

0.71

0.55

0.57

1.42

1.02

(a)

C
-0.51
+0.20
-0.71

0.71

0.51

0.20

1.06

0.06

0.91

0.51

0.20

(b)

1.9 (z = 0 7.5m)
(a) cpi=+0.2 (b) cpi=-0.3
z=7.5m 8.25m o
89

 1.2,

1.6 .

F
G
H
I
we
1.37
-0.82 -0.71
0.20
wi
+0.20 +0.20 +0.20
+0.20
+0.2
w
-1.57 -1.02 -0.91
0.00 -0.40
wi
-0.31 -0.31
-0.31
-0.3
0 31
w
-1.06 -0.51 -0.40 +0.51 +0.11
1.7 .

cp

-1.57
1.57
A

0.91

A'

0.00

0.40
A-A'

-1.02
G

1.02

-0.91
-1.57

0.0

0.91

B'

0.00

0.40
B-B'

-0.4

F
(a)

-1.06
1.06
A

0.40

A'

0.11
0.51
A-A'

-0.51
G

0.51

B'

B
-0.40
-1.06

+0.11

0.40

0.11
0.51

B-B'

+0.51

F
(b)

1.10
(a) cpi=+0.2 (b) cpi=-0.3
1.15

4
(
).
2*16.5*8.25 + 16.5*15 = 519.75 < 4*2*15*8.25 = 990

5.3(4)

90

5.2

: .
: 12.0*12.0m, : h=30.0m,
0, = 0.8 , 50
:
(=0) :

b=12m

h=30m
ze =18m
ze =12m

d=12m
d=12m

2.1

2.2
EN 1991-1-4

2.1 , vb,0:
10km
, vb,0=33m/s .
2.2 , vb:
cdir = 1.0
cseason = 1.0
vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1*33 = 33m/s
2.3 :
0,
.
2.4 :
:
b=12.0m h=30m > 2b
:
ze = b = 12m
ze = h-b = 18m
ze = h = 30m
: ze= h =30m
2.5 , cr(z):
0 z0 = 0.003m zmin = 1m.

2.3
(4.1)

. 4.1
7.2.2(1) +
. 7.4

7.2.3(3) + .7.6
. 4.1

zmin = 1m < ze = 12 18 30 m < zmax = 200m

cr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0)
cr(12) = 0.156 * ln(12/0.05) = 1.294
cr(18) = 0.156 * ln(18/0.05) = 1.357
cr(30) = 0.156 * ln(30/0.05) = 1.437

(4.4)

kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.003/0.05)0.07 = 0.156

(4.5)
91

2.6 , c0(z):
c0(z) = 1.0
2.7 , vm:
vm(ze) = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb
vm(12) = 1.294*1*33 = 42.7 m/s
vm(18) = 1.357*1*33 = 44.8 m/s
vm(30) = 1.437*1*33 = 47.4 m/s
2.8 , qp(ze):

2.8
(4.3)

qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm2(ze)/2
(ze) = kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)] = 1.25 kg/m3 =0.00125
Mg/m3
vm(ze)
ze
(ze)
qp(ze)
12
0.121
42.7
2.10
18
0.115
44.8
2.26
30
0.109
47.4
2.48

(4.8)
(4.7) + 2.17

2.1 , qp(ze).
2.9 , cpe :
2.9.1 :

. 7.5

e = min(b, 2h) = min(12, 2*30) = min(12, 60) = 12m

e = d = 12m
h/d = 30/12 = 2.5

h=30m

:
AA = 2.4*30 = 72 m2 > 10 m2
AB = 9.6*30 = 288 m2 > 10 m2
AD = 12*30 = 360 m2 > 10 m2
AE = 12*30 = 360 m2 > 10 m2
cpe = cpe,10
. 7.2

e/5=2.4m
d=12m

1.3

h/d

5
2.5
1

-1.2
-1.2
-1.2

-0.8
-0.8
-0.8

+0.8
+0.8
+0.8

-0.7
-0.575
-0.5

. 7.1

2.2 cpe

2.9.2 cpe
, .

92

e/4=3m F

b=12m

. 7.6
e/4=3m F
e/10=1.2m
e/2=6m
d=12m

2.4 .

cpe,10

cpe,1

cpe,10

cpe,1

cpe,10

cpe,1

-1.8

-2.5

-1.2

-2.0

-0.7

-1.2

cpe,10 cpe,1
+0.2
-0.2

2.3 cpe .
:
1 m2 < AF < 10 m2
AF = 1.2*3 = 3.6 m2
1 m2 < AG < 10 m2
AG = 1.2*6 = 7.2 m2
2
> 10 m2
AH = 4.8*12 = 57.6 m
> 10 m2
A = 6*12 = 72 m2

. 7.2

. 7.2

F G cpe :
cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
I cpe = cpe,10 .
cpe
.

cpe

cpe

A
-1.2
F
-2.11

B
-0.8
G
-1.31

D
+0.8
H
-0.7

E
-0.575
I
0.2

2.4 cpe

2.10 we :

:
we = qp(ze) * cpe

:

(5.1)

93

cpe
qp
we
qp
we
qp
we

12
ze

A
-1.2

18
30

B
-0.8

D
+0.8

E
-0.575

+1.68

-1.21

+1.81

-1.30

+1.98

-1 43

2.10
-2.52

-1.68

-2.71

-1.81

2.26
2.48
-2.98

-1.98

2.5 we .
2.52

1.68

2.71

1.68
B

1.21

1.81

1.30

B
1.81

2.71

z = 0 - 12 m

z = 12 - 18 m
2.98

1.98

1.68

2.52

1.81

1.98
B

2.98

1.43

B
1.98

z = 18 - 30 m

2.5 .

cpe
qp
we

F
-2.11

G
-1.31

H
-0.7

I
0.2

-1.74

0.5

2.48
-5.23

-3.25

2.6 we .

94

5.23

-5.23
A

1.74

A'

-3.25
B

-1.74

3.25

B'

1.74

0.5

A-A'

0.5

B-B'

0.5

1.81

2.6 .
1.12 , cp :

h/d = 30/12 = 2.5 > 1.0 = 0.8

. 7.13

cp = -0.3 .

1.13 wi :
: wi = qp(zi) * cpi .
zi = ze .
.

12
zi

18
30

zi

30

cpi
qp
wi
qp
wi
qp
wi
cpi
qp
wi

(5.2)

-0.3
2.10
-0.63
2.26
-0.68
2.48
.74
-0.3
2.48
-0.74

2.7
.

0.63

z = 0 - 12 m

0.68

z = 12 - 18 m

95

0.74

z = 18 - 30 m

2.7
2.14 cscd :
h = 30m < 100m h < 4*d = 4*12 = 48m, cscd = 1.
6.2(1) )
2.15 w :
cscd =1

. (.
2.16)
w = we - wi

0-12

12-18

18-30

we
wi
w
we
wi
w
we
wi
w

A
-2.52

B
-1.68

D
+1.68

E
-1.21

+2.31
+1.81

-0.58
-1.30

+2.49
+1.98

- .62
-1.43

+2.72

-0.69

-0.63
-1.89
-2.71

-1.05
- .81
-0.68

-2.03
-2. 8

-1.13
-1.98
-0.74

-2.24

-1.24

2.8
1.89
A

2.31

A
1.89

2.03

1.05

B
1.05

z = 0 - 12 m

0.58

2.49

1.13
B

A
2.03

0.62

B
1.13

z = 12 - 18 m

96

2.98

1.98

2.72

0.69

B
1.98

2.98

z = 18 - 30 m

2.8

F
-5.23

we
wi

G
-3.25

H
-1.74

I
.5

-0.74

-4.49

-2.51

-1.00

+1.24
+0.24

2.9 .
-4.49
A

4.49
A'

-2.51
B

F
-4.49

2.51
B'

1.00

1.24 0.24

1.00

1.24 0.24

A-A'

B-B'

-1.00
+1.24 +0.24

2.9 .
2.16 :
:
Fw,e = cscd * we *Aref
:
Fw,i = wi *Aref

.
cscd = 1 :
Ftot = Fw,e - Fw,I = cscd * we *Aref - wi *Aref = (we - wi)*Aref =
w*Aref
cscd 1
.

.
:
AA1 = 2.4*12 = 28.8 m2

(5.5)
(5.6)

97

AA2 = 2.4*6 = 14.4 m2

AA3 = 2.4*12 = 28.8 m2
AB1 = 9.6*12 = 115.2 m2
AB2 = 9.6*6 = 57.6 m2
AB3 = 9.6*12 = 115.2 m2
AD1 = AE1 = 12*12 = 144 m2
AD2 = AE2 = 12*6 = 72 m2
AD3 = AE3 = 12*12 = 144 m2

A
-1.89
28.8
-53.28
-2 03
14.4
-29.23
-2.24
28.8
-64.51

w
A
F
w
A
F
w
A
F

0-12

12-18

18-30

B
-1.05
115.2
-120.96
-1.13
57.6
-65.09
-1.24
115.2
-142.85

D
+2.31
144
+332.64
2.49
72
+179.28
+2. 2
144
+391.68

E
-0.58
144
-83.52
-0.62
72
-44.64
-0.69
144
-99.36

2.10

FE3

D
A

FE2

FD3

FA3
FB3

FE1
FD2

FA3
FB3
FA2

FB2

FA1
FB1

FA2
FB2
FA1

FD1

FB1

2.10

(. 2.10)
, . .
:
AF = 1.2*3 = 3.6 m2
AG = 1.2*6 = 7.2 m2
AH = 4.8*12 = 57.6 m2
A = 6*12 = 72 m2

-4.49

-2.51

-1.00

3.6

7.2

57.6

I
+1.24
+0.24
72
98

-16.16

-18.07

-57.6

+89.28
+17.28

2.11 .
FF
FF
FF

FG

FH
FI

2.11 .

:
F = 332.64 + 179.28 + 391.68 + 83.52 + 44.64 + 99.36=1131.12kN
z0 ,

z0 = [(332.64+83.52)*24 + (179.28+44.64)*15 +
(391.68+99.36)*6]/1131.12 = 14.4 m

-
0.906 (
h/d =
2.5 ).

7.2.2(3)

:
F = 0.906*1131.12 = 1024.79 kN


4
( ).
2*12*30 + 12*12 = 864 < 4*2*12*30 = 2880

99

5.3

: .
: 16.0*10.0m, : 5.7m,
10.0m, =15,
,

III,

50

:
:
- =0
- =90

15

= 0

h=10m

b=10m

5.7

d = 16m

d=16m

3.1

3.2

67m
H = 150m
83m

x = 200m

Lu = 500m

3.3

EN 1991-1-4
o , vb,0:
10km
, vb,0=27m/s .
3.2 , vb:
cdir = 1.0
cseason = 1.0
vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1 *27 = 27m/s

3.3 :
: ze=10.0m
:
=0
b=10.0m h=10.0m h=b :
ze=10.0 m
=90
b=16.0m, h=10.0m h<b :
ze=10.0m
3.4 , cr(z):
III z0 = 0.3m zmin = 5m.
zmin = 5m < ze = 10 16 m < zmax = 200m

2.3

(4.1)
7.2.4(2)
7.2.2(1) +
.7.4

. 4.1
(4.4)
100

 = 0:
ze=10.0 m : cr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.215*ln(10/0.3) = 0.754
= 90:
ze=10.0 m : cr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.215*ln(10/0.3) = 0.754

kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.3/0.05)0.07 = 0.215

3.5 , c0(z):
= 0:

= H/Lu = 150/500 = 0.3

X = 200m < Lu/2 = 250m.
0.3 IXI
Lu/2,
0.05 <
Le = Lu = 600m.
x/Lu = -200/500 = -0.4 z/Le = 10/500 = 0.02
s z/Le < 0.01 s
s = *e(*/Lu)
= 0.1552*(z/Le)4 - 0.8575*(z/Le)3 +1.8133*(z/Le)2
-1.9115*(z/Le) + 1.0124
A = 0.975
= 0.3542*(z/Le)2 -1.0577*(z/Le) + 2.6456 = 2.625
s = 0.34
0.05 < 0.3
c0 = 1 + 2*s* = 1 + 2*0.34*0.3 = 1.204
(i) = 90:
= 0.
c0 = 1.0

(4.5)
.3(1)

.3(3)

..2
.3(5) ) +
(.4)
(.5)
(.6)
(.2)
(.1)

3.6 , vm:
vm = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb

0
90

ze
10.0
1 .0

vb
27 0
27.0

(4.3)
cr(ze)
0.754
0.754

c0(ze)
1.204
1.000

vm(ze)
24.51
20.36

3.1
3.7 , qp(z):

(4.8)

qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm(ze)/2
(ze) = kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)]

0
90

ze
10.0
0.0

kI = 1.0

(4.7)

c0(ze)
1.204
1.000

vm(ze)
(ze)
qp(ze)
1.00
24.51
0.237
0.78
20.36
0.285
3.2

101

3.8 , cpe :
3.8.1 = 0 (. 7.5)

e = min(b, 2h) = min(10, 2*10) = min(10, 20) = 10m < d = 16m

h/d = 10/16 = 0.625
d=16m

b=10m

. 7.5

3.4 ( , = 0)

6.25m 5.71m

8.4m

10m

e/5=2m
e=10m
d=16m

3.5 ( , = 0)

cpe,1

cpe,10

cpe,1

cpe,10

E
cpe,1

cpe,10

C
cpe,1

cpe,10

B
cpe,1

h/d

A
cpe,10

1
-1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
-0.5
+0.8 +1.0
-0.5
0.625 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
-0.5
+0.75 +1.0
-0.4
0.25 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
-0.5
+0.7 +1.0
-0.3
3.3
:
AA = (5.71+6.25)*2/2 = 11.96 m2 > 10 m2
AB = (6.25+8.4)*8/2 = 58.6 m2 > 10 m2
C = (8.4+10)*6/2 = 55.2 m2 > 10 m2
AD = 5.71*10 = 57.1 m2 > 10 m2
AE = 10*10 = 100 m2 > 10 m2
cpe = cpe,10 .

. 7.1

. 7.2

3.9.2 = 90 (. 7.5)

e = min(b, 2h) = min(16, 2*10) = min(16, 20) = 16m > d =10m

h/d = 10/10 = 1.0
cpe .

102

d=10m

b=16m

. 7.5
3.6 ( , = 90)

h=10m
5.71

e/5=3.2m
d=10m

3.7 ( , = 90)
:
AA = 3.2*5.7 = 18.24 m2 > 10 m2
AB = 6.8*5.7 = 38.76 m2 > 10 m2
AD = (5.7+10)*16/2 = 125.6 m2 > 10 m2
AE = (5.7+10)*16/2 = 125.6 m2 > 10 m2
cpe = cpe,10 .
,
:

. 7.2

h/d
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,10
0.625
-1.2
-0.8
-0.5
+0.75
-0.4
0
1
-1.2
-0.8
+0.8
-0.5
90
3.4
.
3.9.3 = 0

15

F
cpe,10
-0.9

cpe,1
-2.0
+0.2

cpe,10
cpe,1
-0.8
-1.5
+0 2

cpe,10
cpe,1
- .3
+0.2

. 7.3

3.5 ( = 0).

103

e/4=2.5m

b=10m

. 7.7

e/4=2.5m

e/10=1m
d=16m
1.8 ( = 0)
:
1 m2 < AF < 10 m2
AF = 1*2.5/cos15 = 2.59 m2
2
1 m2 < AG < 10 m2
AG = 2*5/cos15 = 5.18 m
AH = 15*10/cos15 = 155.3 m2 > 10 m2
. 7.2

F G cpe :
cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
cpe = cpe,10 .
cpe .

F
G
H
-1.54
-1.21
-0.3
cpe
+0.2
+0.2
+0.2
3.6
( = 0).
3.9.4 = 90
e/4=4m

Flow

e/4=4m

b=16m

. 7.2

Fup

e/10=1m
e/2=8m
d=10m

3.9 ( = 90)

15 -2.4 -2.9 -1.6 -2.4 -1.9 -2.5 -0.8 -1.2 -0.7

3.7 ( = 90).
:

cpe,1

cpe,10

I
cpe,1

cpe,10

H
cpe,1

G
cpe,10

cpe,1

Flow
cpe,10

cpe,10

cpe,1

Fup

.7.3

-1.2
. 7.2
104

1 m2 < AF < 10 m2
AF = 1.6*4/cos15 = 6.63 m2
1 m2 < AF < 10 m2
AF = 1.6*4/cos15 = 6.63 m2
2
2
AG = 1.6*8/cos15 = 13.3 m > 10 m
AH = 6.4*16/cos15 = 106 m2 > 10 m2
AI = 2*16/cos15 = 33.13 m2 > 10 m2
UP

UP

LOW

LOW

FUP FLOW cpe :

cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
G, cpe = cpe,10 .
cpe .

cpe

Fup
-2.49

Flow
-1.74

G
-1.9

H
-0.5

I
-0.7

3.8 (
= 90).
3.10 we :

:
we = qp(ze) * cpe

:

cpe
qp(ze)
we
cpe
qp(ze)
we

90

A
-1.2
1.00
-1.2
-1.2
0.78
-0.94

B
-0.8
1.00
-0.8
-0.8
0.78
-0.62

C
-0.5
1.00
-0.5
-

D
+0.8
1.00
+0.8
+0.8
0.78
+0.63

(5.1)

E
-0.4
1.00
-0.4
-0.5
0.78
-0.39

3.9
0.94
1.2

0.8

0.5

0.8

0.4

1.2

0.8

0.62

0.39

0.62

0.5

0.94

0.62

3.10 ( = 0 90)
= 0 :

F
G
-1.54
-1.21
cpe
+0.2
+0.2
qp(ze)
1.00
1.00
-1.54
-1.21
we
+0.2
+0.2
3.10 ( = 0).

H
-0.3
+0.2
1.00
-0.3
+0.2
105

-1.54
+0.2 A

-1.21
+0.2

-1.54
+0.2

1.54

0.3

1.21

0.3

A - A'

A'

-0.3
+0.2

B'

0.2

0.2

B - B'
0.2
0.2

3.11 ( = 0)
= 90 :

cpe
qp(ze)
we

Flow
-1.74
0.78
-1.36

Fup
-2.49
0.78
-1.94

G
-1.9
0.78
-1.48

H
-0.8
0.78
-0.62

I
-0.7
0.78
-0.55

Flow

-0.62
-1.48

-0.55
I

B'
1.94

A - A'

Fup

-1.94

1.48

-1.36

1 .3 6

A'

3.11 ( = 90).

1.94
0.62

5.4

0.55

B - B'

3.12 ( = 90)
4

:
: 4.0*8.0m, : 6.0m,
7.1m, ( : tan=1.1/2.0=0.55, =28.8 30.)
: , , II, =0.8,
50 .
:
:
- =0
- =90

106

30

b=8.0m

d=4.0m

4.1

h=7.1m

h1=6.0m

d=4.0m

4.2
EN 1991-14

4.1 , vb,0:
10km
, vb,0=33m/s .
4.2 , vb:
cdir = 1.0
cseason = 1.0
vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1*33 = 33m/s
4.3 :
II,
20
.
4.4 :
: ze=h=7.1m
:
=0, b=8.0m, h=7.1m h<b
: ze=h=7.1 m
=90, b=4.0m, h=7.1m
b<h<2b :
- 4.0m ze=b=4.0m
- 3.1m ze=h=7.1m
4.5 , cr(z):
II z0 = 0.05m zmin = 2m.

2.3
(4.1)

. 4.1

7.2.5(2)
7.2.2(1) +
. 7.4

. 4.1

zmin = 2m < ze = 4.0 7.1 m < zmax = 200m

cr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0)
cr(4.0) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.19 * ln(4/0.05) = 0.833
cr(7.1) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.19 * ln(7.1/0.05) = 0.942
kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.05/0.05)0.07 = 0.19
4.6 , c0(z):
c0(z)=1.0
4.7 , vm:
vm(ze) = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb
vm(4.0) = 0.833*1*33 = 27.49 m/s

(4.4)
(4.5)
(.1)
(4.3)

107

vm(7.1) = 0.942*1*33 = 31.09 m/s

4.8 , qp(z):

qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm2(ze)/2
(ze) = kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)] = 1.25 kg/m3 =0.00125 Mg/m3
vm(ze)
ze
(ze)
qp(ze)
4 0
0.22
27.49
1.23
7.1
0.202
31.09
1.46

(4.8)
(4.7)

4.1 qp(ze).
4.9 , cpe :
. 7.5

4.9.1 = 0

e = min(b, 2h) = min(8, 2*7.1) = min(8, 14.2) = 8m > d = 4m

h/d = 7.1/4 = 1.775

b=4.0m

d=8.0m

4.3 ( , = 0)

6.88

h1=6.0m

h=7.1m

e/5=1.6m
d=4.0m

4.4 ( , = 0)

-0.5
-0.5
-0.5

+0.8
+0.8
+0.8

+1.0
+1.0
+1.0

. 7.1

cpe,1

-1.1
-1.1
-1.1

cpe,10

-0.8
-0.8
-0.8

cpe,1

-1.4
-1.4
-1.4

cpe,10

-1.2
-1.2
-1.2

D
cpe,1

5
1.775
1

cpe,10

h/d

cpe,1

cpe,10

B
cpe,1

A
cpe,10

-0.7
-0.54
-0.5

4.2
( = 0).

:
AA = (6+6.88)*1.6/2 = 10.30 m2
AB = (6+7.1)*2/2+(7.1+6.88)*0.4/2 = 16.90m2

> 10 m2
> 10 m2

. 7.2

108

AD = 6*8 = 48 m2 > 10 m2
AE = 6*8 = 48 m2 > 10 m2
cpe = cpe,10 .
cpe .

A
-1.2

cpe

B
-0.8

D
+0.8

E
-0.54

4.3
( = 0).
4.9.2 = 90
e = min(b, 2h) = min(4, 2*7.1) = min(4, 14.2) = 4m < d = 8m
h/d = 7.1/8 = 0.89

. 7.5

b=4.0m

d=8.0m

4.5 ( , = 90)
1.10m
2m
A

h=7.1m

4m

e/5=0.8m
e=4m
d=8m

4.6 ( , = 90)

-0.5
-0.5
-0.5

+0.8
+0.8
+0.8

+1.0
+1.0
+1.0

. 7.1

cpe,1

-1.1
-1.1
-1.1

cpe,10

-0.8
-0.8
-0 8

cpe,1

-1.4
-1.4
-1.4

cpe,10

-1.2
-1.2
-1.2

D
cpe,1

1
0.89
<0.25

cpe,10

h/d

cpe,1

cpe,10

B
cpe,1

A
cpe,10

-0.7
-0.67
-0.5

4.4
( = 90).

109

 :
1 m2 < AA1 < 10 m2
AA = 0.8*6 = 4.8 m2
2
2
> 10 m
AB = 3.2*6 = 19.2 m
2
> 10 m2
AC = 4*6 = 24 m
2
> 10 m2
AD = 6*4 + 4*1.1/2 = 26.2 m
2
> 10 m2
AE = 6*4 + 4*1.1/2 = 26.2 m
A cpe :
cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
B, D E cpe = cpe,10 .

. 7.2

cpe .

A
-1.26

cpe

B
-0.8

C
-0.5

D
+0.8

E
-0.67

4.5
( = 90).
4.9.3 = 0
e/4=2m

e/4=2m

. 7.8

b=8m

e/10=0.8m
e/10=0.8m
d=4m

4.7 ( = 0)

30

. 7.4
cpe,1

cpe,10

I
cpe,1

cpe,10

J
cpe,1

cpe,10

H
cpe,1

cpe,10

cpe,10

G
cpe,1

-0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5

-0.2
-0.4
-0.5
+0.7
+0.7
+0.4
+0.0
+0.0
4.6
( = 0).

:
AF = 0.8*2/cos30 = 1.85 m2
AG = 0.8*4/cos30 = 3.70 m2
AH = 1.2*8/cos30 = 11.08 m2
AJ = 0.8*8/cos30 = 7.39 m2

> 10 m2

1 m2 < AF < 10 m2
1 m2 < AG < 10 m2

. 7.2

1 m2 < AJ < 10 m2
110

AI = 1.2*8/cos30 = 11.08 m2 > 10 m2

F, G J cpe :
cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
I cpe = cpe,10 .
cpe .

F
G
H
J
I
-1.23
-0.93
-0.2
-0.4
-0.5
cpe
+0.7
+0.7
+0.4
+0.0
+0.0
4.7
( = 0).
4.9.4 = 90
e/4=1m

. 7.8
F
H

b=4.0m

G
H

e/4=1m

e/10=0.4m
e/2=2m
d=8.0m

4.8 ( = 0)

30

. 7.4

cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1

-1.1
-1.5
-1.4
-2.0
-0.8
-1.2
-0.5
4.8
( = 90).

:
< 1 m2
AF = 0.4*1/cos30 = 0.46 m2
2
< 1 m2
AG = 0.4*1/cos30 = 0.46 m
AH = 1.6*2/cos30 = 3.70 m2
1 m2 < AJ < 10 m2
2
> 10 m2
AI = 6*2/cos30 = 13.86 m
F G cpe = cpe,1 ,
I cpe :
cpe = cpe,1 (cpe,1 cpe,10)*logA
I cpe = cpe,10 .

. 7.2

cpe .

F
G
H
I
cpe
-1.5
-2.0
-0.97
-0.5
4.9
( = 90).

4.10 we :

:
we = qp(ze) * cpe

(5.1)

111

ze

7.1

cpe
qp(ze)
we

A
-1.2
1.46
-1.75

B
-0.8
1.46
-1.17

C
1.46
-

D
E
+0.8 -0.54
1.46 1.46
+1.17 -0.79

4.10 ( = 0).
1.75
1.17

1.17

0.79

1.17
1.75

4.9
= 0.

4.0

90

ze
7.1

cpe
qp(ze)
we
cpe
qp(ze)
we

A
-1.26
1.23
-1.55
- .26
1.46
-1.84

B
-0.8
1.23
-0.98
-0.8
1.46
-1.17

C
-0.5
1.23
-0.62
-0.5
1.46
-0.73

D
+0.8
1.23
+0.98
+0.8
1.46
+1.17

E
-0.67
1.23
-0.82
-0.67
1.46
-0.98

4.11 ( = 90).

112

1.84

1.55

1.17

0.98

0.98

0.82

0.73

0.62

1.17

0.62

0.98

0.73

1.17

1.55

0.98

1.84

z = 4 - 7.1m

z = 0 - 4m

4.10
=90.

cpe
0

qp(ze)
we

90

cpe
qp(ze)
we

-1.23
+0.7
1.46
-1.8
+1.02

-0.93
+0.7
1.46
-1.36
+1.02

-0.2
+0.4
1.46
-0.29
+0.58

-0.4
+0.0
1.46
-0.58
+0.0

-0.5
+0.0
1.46
-0.73
+0.0

-1.5
1.46
-2.19

-2.0
1.46
-2.92

-0.97
1.46
-1.42

-0.5
1.46
-0.73

4.12 ( = 0 90).
= 0 .
F, G H
I J.
.
= 90
.
-0.29
-1.80
A1

-0.58

-0.73
A'1

0
1 .8

9
0.2

0 .5

. 7.4
.1

0 .7
3

A1-A'1

-1.36
G

I
B'1

B1

6
1 .3

9
0 .2

0 .5

0 .7
3

B1-B'1

F
-1.80

4.11 = 0
1

113

-0.29
-1.80
A2

+0.0

+0.0
A'2

0
1.8

9
0.2

A2-A'2

-1.36
G

I
B'2

B2

6
1.3

9
0.2

B2-B'2

F
-1.80

4.12 = 0
2

+0.58
+1.02
A3

-0.58

-0.73

A'3

8
2 0.5
1.0

B'3

58
2 0.
1.0

0.5
8

0.7
3

+1.02
G

B3

0.5
8

0.7
3

B3-B'3

F
+1.02

4.13 = 0
3
+0.58
+1.02
A4

+0.0

+0.0
A'4

58
2 0.
1.0

A4-A'4

+1.02
G

I
B'4

B4

58
2 0.
1.0

B4-B'4

F
+1.02

4.14 = 0
4

114

A'7

A'6

A'5

2
2. 9

-1.42
-2.19

2.1

2. 9
2
2.1

-0.73

A5-A'5

F
H

I
1.4

-2.92

1.4

G
H

-2.19

A6-A'6

F
-0.73
A7

A6

A5

-1.42

3
0. 7

0.7
3

A7-A'7

4.15 = 90

115

5.5

: .
3.
: 16.0*10.0m, : 5.7m,
10.0m, =15, III,
50
: =0.

EN 1991-14

b=10m

(i)

16m
d=64m

15
h=10m

5.7m

(ii)

6.1 (i) (ii)

6.1
3 = 0 :
ze
10.0

vb
27.0

cr(ze)
0.754

c0(ze)
1.204

vm(ze)
24.51

qp(ze)
1.00

5.1 3.
5.2 , cpe :
5.2.1 = 0 (. 7.5)

e = min(b, 2h) = min(10, 2*10) = min(10, 20) = 10m < d = 64m

h/d = 10/64 = 0.156 < 0.25
D

E'

E'

E'

b=10m

(i)

16m

. 7.5

h=10m

(ii)

e/5=2m
e=10m
d=64m

117

 5.2 (i) (ii)

h/d

A
cpe,10

B
cpe,1

cpe,10

C
cpe,1

cpe,10

D
cpe,1

cpe,10

E
cpe,1

0.25
-1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
-0.5
+0.7 +1.0
5.2
:
AA = (5.71+6.25)*2/2 = 11.96 m2 > 10 m2
AB = (6.25+8.4)*8/2 = 58.6 m2 > 10 m2
C = (8.4+10)*6/2 = 55.2 m2 > 10 m2
AD = 5.71*10 = 57.1 m2 > 10 m2
AE = 10*10 = 100 m2 > 10 m2
cpe = cpe,10 .

cpe,10

cpe,1

-0.3

0.8*

cpe,10
0.32

. 7.1

0.6*

cpe,10
0.24

cpe,10
h/d
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,10
0.4
0.156
-1.2
-0.8
-0.5
+0.7
-0.3
0
5.3
cpe,10
3.4 .

c pe > 0
1.2

0.8

0.8

0.5

0.4

1.2

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.3

.7.10 ()

0.5

5.3
(cpe>0)

118

c pe < 0
1.2

0.8

0.5

0.8

0.32

1.2

0.24

0.24

0.3

0.5

0.8

5.4
(cpe<0)
5.2.2

F
H

G
F

b=10m

e/10=1m
16m
d=64m

5.5

F
G
H
-1.54
-1.21
-0.3
cpe
+0.2
+0.2
+0.2
5.4 ( = 0).
3.10 we :

:
we = qp(ze) * cpe

:

cpe
qp(ze)
we

-1.2
1.00
-1.2

-0.8
1.00
-0.8

-0.5
1.00
-0.5

+0.7
1.00
+0.7

-0.3
1.00
-0.3

-0.4
1.00
-0.4

0.8*

-0.32
1.00
-0.32

0.6*

-0.24
1.00
-0.24

-0.4
1.00
-0.4

5.5

119

c pe > 0
1.2

0.8

0.8

0.5

0.4

1.2

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.8

5.6 (cpe>0)
c pe < 0
1.2

0.8

0.8

0.5

0.32

1.2

0.8

0.24

0.24

0.3

0.5

5.7 (cpe<0)
cpe > 0 :

F
G
cpe
+0.2
+0.2
qp(ze)
1.00
1.00
we
+0.2
+0.2
5.6 (cpe > 0)

H
+0.2
1.00
+0.2

-0.4
1.00
-0.4

120

c pe > 0

c pe

-0.4

-0.4

-0.4

(i)

F (+0.2)

II

H (+0.2)

-0.4

-0.4

II

-0.4

(ii)

G(+0.2)
F (+0.2)

0.2

0.4 0.4

0.4 0.4

0.4 0.4
0.3

0.8

(iii)

I-I
II - II

5.8 (cpe > 0).

cpe < 0 :

F
G
H
cpe
-1.54
-1.21
-0.3
qp(ze)
1.00
1.00
1.00
we
-1.54
-1.21
-0.3
5.7 (cpe < 0)
c pe > 0

c pe

0.8 c pe

0.6 c pe

0.8*H
-0.24
1.00
-0.24

0.6*H
-0.18
1.00
-0.18

0.6 c pe

(i)

III F (-1.54)
IV

III

H (-0.3)

H (-0.24)

H (-0.18)

H (-0.18)

IV

G(-1.21)

(ii)

F (-1.54)

5.9 (i) (ii) (cpe < 0).

121

1.54
0.3

0.32 0.24

0.24 0.18

0.24 0.18
0.3

0.8

(i)
III - III

1.21

0.8

0.3

0.32 0.24

0.24 0.18

0.24 0.18
0.3

(ii)
IV - IV

5.10 (cpe < 0).

122

5.6 6 30m
. .

30,0m,
.
.

,
0,70m 0,22m.

1,70m2. 13,98 kN
5,39 kN.

30.00m

:
o
: vb,0=33.0m/s
o
:
o
:
=1.25Kgr/m3
o

cdir=1.00
o
cseason=1.00

, 5m.

. ,
.
Excel ,
1991-1-4 ,
.

4,00x4,00m, 0,50m,

2,00x2,00m, 1,60m.
2,00m ,
0,10m
.

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130


, :
ws=10.29+29.33+42.99+51.48+54.51+51.78+192.15=432.53kNm
:
Vws=4.19+3.91+3.44+2.94+2.42+1.88+6.40=25.18kN
:
G=13.98+5.39=19.37kN
:
Gfoot=(4.00x4.00x0.50+2.00x2.00x1.60)x25+(4.00x4.00-2.00x2.00)x(2.00-0.50)x20=720kN
:
=19.37+720.00=739.37kN
Vs=25.18kN
Ms=432.53+25.18x2.10=485.41kNm

131

5.7

: , ( = 0).
: 15.0*30.0m, : h=10m,
12m, ( =15, II, 50
: =0.
15

b=30m

h=10m

d=15m

d=15m

7.1

7.2

EN 1991-1-4
a. , vb,0:
10km , 4.2 (1)P* +
2.3
vb,0=27m/s .
7.2 , vb:
cdir = 1.0
cseason = 1.0
vb = cdir*cseason*vb,0 = 1*1*27 = 27m/s
7.3 :
: ze= h = 10m
7.4 , cr(z):
II z0 = 0.05m zmin = 2m.
zmin = 2m < ze = 10 m < zmax = 200m

cr(ze) = kr * ln(ze/z0) = 0.19 * ln(10/0.05) = 1.007

kr = 0.19*(z0/z0,II)0.07 = 0.19*(0.05/0.05)0.07 = 0.19
7.5 , c0(z):

c0(z) = 1.0
7.6 , vm:
vm = cr(ze)*c0(ze)*vb
vm = 1.007*1*27 = 27.21m/s
7.7 , qp(z):

(4.1)
7.2.3(3) +
. 7.6
. 4.1
(4.4)
(4.5)
4.3.1
.1* +
2.8
(4.3)

qp(ze) = [1+7*(ze)]**vm2(ze)/2
(ze) = kI/[c0(ze)*ln(ze/z0)] = 1/[1*ln(10/0.05)] = 0.19
qp(ze) = [1+7*0.19]*0.00125*27.212/2 = 1.08 kN/m2
= 1.25 kg/m3 = 0.00125 Mg/m3

(4.8)
(4.7)
4.5.1
2.17

7.8
=15 =0 maxcf = +0.4 mincf = -0.8 .

. 7.7
132

7.9
F+ = qp(ze)*maxcf*d/2*b/cosa = 1.08*0.4*15/2*30/cos15 = +100.6 kN
F- = qp(ze)*mincf*d/2*b/cosa = -1.08*0.8*15/2*30/cos15 = -201.2 kN


.
F+

F+

F+

F+

d/4=3.75m

d/4=3.75m

F-

F-

F-

Fh

7.3(6)
. 7.17

7.3
7.10
=15 =0 :

max
cp,net
min

qp(ze)

A
+0.9
-0.9

B
+1.9
-1.7

C
+1.4
-1.4

D
+0.4
-1.8

. 7.7

1.08

max
+0.97
+2.05
+1.51
+0.43
min
-0.97
-1.84
-1.51
-1.94
7.1
:
we = cp,net * qp(ze) .
.
we

7.3(5)

133

b/10=3m

b=30m

b/10=3m

d/10=1.5m

d/10=1.5m
d/5=3m

b=15m

7.4

134

 1991: 1-5:
1991-1-5: 1:

1.1
, , , , ,
,
.
.
1.2 .

.
.
1991-1-2,
.
1991-1-5: 2: ,
:

.

( "
Stevenson")

( )
:
, 1:
, ()
( 1.a)
: z-z ( 1.b)
y-y ( 1.c),
-
( 1.d)

1:
135

 .
.
:
(.. , , , ),

, (x) x
, :

2: .
T ( x ) = Tin

R( x )
( Tin Tout )
R tot

in

out

Rtot

R(x) x (. 2).
(2)
Rtot R(x) [m2K/W]

ISO 6946 (1996) ISO 13370 (1998):
R tot = R in +

ii

+ R out

(D.2)

:
Rin
Rout
i
hi

[m2K/W]
[m2K/W]
[W/(mK)],
[m] i
R( x ) = R in +

ii

(D.3)

136

 ( )
x (. 2).
: Rin = 0,10 0,17 [m2K/W] (
) Rout = 0,04 ( ).
i ( 21 25 kN/m3) i = 1,16
1,71 [W/(mK)].
1:
4 , h, :
: h=2cm, =0.16 W/(mK)
: h=3cm, =0.025 W/(mK),
h=25cm, =1.5 W/(mK)
h=2cm, =0.16 W/(mK)
Tin=25oC
Tout=-20oC.

( 3)

1
2
3
4
5
6

(m)

0,02
0,03
0,25
0,02

(C)

0,100
0,125
1,200
0,167
0,125
0,050
1,767

0,16
0,025
1,5
0,16

0,32

22,5
19,3
-11,3
-15,5
-18,7
-20,0

(o C)

o
Tout=-20 C

15,0

20,0

25,0

Tin=25oC

30,0

10,0
5,0
0,0
-0,05
-5,0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

0,35

-10,0
-15,0
-20,0
-25,0
(m)

3: 4 .
137

1991-1-5: 3:
,
.

:
,
,
, .,
:
, ( )
,

,
/

(.. ),
, ( )


.
, (
):
, Tmax,
0,02 (
50 ), .
, min,
0,02 (
50 ),
.
,
1.
: .
.
0.65oC/100m. 1 0 (
). ,
0.65oC 100m
.
1,
4 ( ) 5 ( ).

50 , p=0.02.
, p, (.. ),
2
p.

138

0,8
-2,0
-4,6
0,2
1,0
4,8
-3,4
1,5
2,2
1,8
5,8
6,0
5,0
-4,8
-4,2
1,6
-9,4
0,0
6,0
4,2
-0,2
-0,2
-4,6
3,2
5,8
-3,8
3,2
0,6
5,6
2,2
3,0
-3,0
7,6
1,6
-5,2
6,0
4,0
4,8
-1,4
-0,6
-4,6
-7,4
1,0
-3,4
-9,4
7,6

:
tmax
tmin
m

t50 50 (= 2% )
t0,50 (
=0,65 C 100m )

t0min,50

45,8 -4,5
1,7
47,5 -5,0
1,9
39,9 -8,8
2,6
41,3 -2,7
1,2
42,9 -1,6
1,3
42,3
2,2
1,2
44,1 -7,4
2,5
48,0 -1,8
1,5
43,6 -0,4
1,3
45,0 -0,7
1,5
44,3
3,0
1,2
41,9
2,5
2,1
45,2
2,8
1,3
47,5 -8,4
1,8
39,6 -9,8
4,7
45,0 -1,6
1,6
48,6 -13,6
4,0
42,6 -2,5
1,2
44,3 -2,5
1,9
41,8
1,7
1,6
39,4 -3,2
1,4
46,9 -3,8
2,0
47,9 -8,9
3,3
42,6
0,4
0,4
44,8
1,7
1,9
43,5 -7,6
2,4
42,0 -0,8
1,8
48,3 -2,2
1,6
38,9
2,6
1,6
42,3 -1,1
1,6
39,8
0,1
1,5
45,9 -4,4
0,9
42,3
2,0
2,5
42,0 -0,5
1,3
44,8 -8,7
3,0
42,4
3,1
1,5
42,4
0,5
1,6
45,2
1,8
1,4
47,6 -5,3
2,9
48,0 -4,4
2,0
48,9 -8,6
3,1
46,9 -14,9 -14,9
42,0 -1,8
1,3
40,7 -6,6
1,9
38,9
min:
48,9
max:

maxt min

t,min

34,5
34,6
32,4
32,2
33,8
30,8
34,0
35,0
32,6
34,4
33,0
30,2
34,0
29,6
31,5
32,4
33,4
32,4
31,2
34,4
30,8
37,6
35,4
30,8
31,0
34,0
34,2
34,5
28,8
33,0
31,8
37,6
32,8
34,2
35,0
32,2
31,6
35,5
35,2
35,0
32,8
31,4
32,0
33,0
28,8
37,6

m t,min

44,8
46,2
39,0
39,8
41,2
40,6
41,6
48,0
42,0
42,2
43,6
39,4
44,0
42,4
38,1
42,6
41,6
42,4
41,0
39,0
39,4
46,5
45,2
41,0
41,6
42,0
40,4
45,0
37,4
41,3
37,4
43,2
42,0
40,4
42,8
40,6
42,5
44,5
46,0
48,0
43,0
40,8
40,6
39,0
37,4
48,0

t0max,50

2,1
2,8
1,5
1,6
1,9
2,3
1,8
2,7
2,1
2,3
2,2
2,1
2,1
2,4
1,4
2,2
2,3
2,1
2,4
1,3
1,7
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,6
2,5
1,7
1,8
1,4
1,7
2,1
1,6
2,0
1,8
2,4
1,8
2,3
2,5
2,2
2,1
1,9
1,6
min:
max:

mint min

39,3
39,1
39,3
36,3
37,2
35,2
37,5
39,9
37,3
37,4
37,6
34,9
38,9
37,0
34,7
38,2
36,6
36,5
36,0
36,5
33,8
40,2
40,7
35,0
37,1
37,4
37,1
40,0
33,6
36,9
35,1
40,1
36,0
37,1
38,4
36,1
35,2
38,8
39,9
39,2
37,9
36,1
35,9
35,0

mint max

42
42
47
39
43
28
22
40
44
16
44
24
42
42
29
42
18
43
43
17
24
28
43
42
27
39
43
44
43
43
27
18
43
20
27
38
43
40
41
42
41
37
25
14

maxt max

1956-1997
1956-1997
1951-1997
1959-1997
1955-1997
1970-1997
1975-1997
1958-1997
1955-1998
1982-1997
1955-1998
1974-1997
1956-1997
1956-1997
1956-1984
1956-1997
1980-1997
1955-1997
1955-1997
1981-1997
1974-1997
1970-1997
1955-1997
1956-1997
1955-1997
1959-1997
1955-1997
1955-1998
1955-1997
1955-1997
1971-1997
1980-1997
1955-1997
1978-1997
1971-1997
1960-1997
1955-1997
1958-1997
1957-1997
1956-1997
1957-1997
1961-1997
1973-1997
1984-1997

t,max

25
15
3
15
12
22
104
31
15
8
39
37
10
484
65
11
661
4
167
129
5
17
74
52
165
5
5
138
10
1
4
11
12
7
35
116
18
152
140
235
652
695
4
5

m t,max

HMNO

672
665
627
682
687
685
607
718
716
719
754
744
756
642
625
726
614
641
743
742
650
675
648
734
738
622
667
701
732
689
643
724
749
723
606
757
684
746
699
715
710
613
706
624

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

(m)

1 ( )

-7,8
-9,8
-14,0
-5,0
-3,8
-0,4
-13,8
-5,0
-3,2
-4,0
0,2
-2,0
0,0
-13,0
-23,6
-5,0
-22,4
-4,6
-4,3
-1,2
-6,0
-7,0
-21,6
-3,6
-2,0
-14,0
-4,4
-5,8
-1,0
-4,5
-3,6
-6,0
-4,0
-3,4
-17,6
0,5
-3,6
0,0
-16,6
-8,8
-17,0
-21,4
-4,0
-11,0
-23,6
0,5

-9,4
-10,6
-16,4
-6,2
-5,5
-1,4
-14,7
-6,1
-4,3
-5,9
-0,5
-4,0
-1,1
-10,8
-24,4
-6,3
-22,6
-6,1
-2,5
-2,9
-7,7
-10,0
-18,6
-3,9
-2,9
-14,6
-6,1
-6,1
-1,9
-6,0
-4,6
-7,4
-5,6
-4,8
-18,0
-0,6
-4,1
-1,5
-13,1
-8,6
-13,5
-21,2
-6,0
-13,2
-24,4
-0,5

139

 4: , Tmax.

140

-5C
-10C
-15C
-20C

5: , Tmin.

141

1991-1-5: 4:
:


,
5, 6
7
1991-1-5: 5: .
(
)
/
, .
:
:

: ,
.

.
.
:

:
o , u,
T T0.
o ,

, (
).

. ,
p, .

5.1

,
, Tin,
, Tout (
) (. . 2
D ).
142

5.2

, Tin, -
.
, ,
,
, (
).
,
.
??? in

, in, (oC)

20

25
, Tout, :
.


( )
( )
( )

:
5.2: out

0,5

0,7
0,9

out C
max + 0
max + 18
max + 2
max + 4

max + 30
max + 42
min

max
min, . 3 ( 4 5 ).
:
5.3: out

1 m
1 m

1 m
1 m

out C
8
5
-5
-3

143

 2:
, , To=15oC
. : Tin=25C out=-20C.
1 :
-11.3C -15.5C.
=0.5*(-11.3-15.5)=-13.4C
, 6:
u=T-To=-13.4-15.0=-28.4C
M=15.5-11.3=4.2C.

To=15.0C T=-13.4C

Tu=-28.4C

TM=4.2C

h=25cm

TM=4.2C

6: 25cm.

144

 1991: 1-6:

1991-1-6: 1:

1991-1-6

:

- (, ,
)



, ,









:

, .. (

)

, .. /

1991-1-6
( )

145

 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1990, EN 1991

EN 1992 EN 1999 .
1991-1-6: 2:
,
, ,
[4.1.1] EN 1990
( ) [. 2.1],
[. 2.2]

(/)

/ .

.

EN 1991-1-1

4.2

4.3

EN 1997

4.3

EN 1997

4.4

EN 1990

EN 1991-1.5

EN 1992, EN
1993, EN1994

4.5
4.6
4.6
4.7

4.8

4.9

4.10

4.12

4.13

/
/

().

(*)

EN 1991-1-4

(*)

EN 1991-1-3

/

/ .


/
(*)

(*)

(*)

EN 1990, EN 1992
to EN 1999

EN 1990
ISO 12494
EN 1990, EN
1991-1-7
EN 1990 (4.1),
EN1998

(*): , .

(. )
(Qc).

146

4.11
4.11
4.11
4.11
4.11

4.11

(
)

EN 1991-1-1

( /
)

EN 1991-3

EN 1991-2,
EN 1991-3

/ .. EN 1991-1-1

EN 1991-1-1

, , ,
,
.
, (..
) .
,
. (: ),
,
,
.
1991-1-6: 3:
,

[3.1(1)].
, (.. , )
.

, ,
[3.1(4)].

.

(.. ) [3.1(5)].
1991-1-6 ,
[. 3.1] :

147


3
3 ( > 3 )
1 ( > 3 )
> 1

()
2
5
10
50

, ,
.
,
. .

.
.

3 EN 1991-1-4 20 m/s
:
(T) (.. )
(p) (t) (..
t ) :

T = - t / ln (1-p) t / p
.. 1
t = 50 ( ) p = 0.05 :
T = - 50 / ln(1-0.05)= - 50 / ln 0.95 = - 50 / (-0.0513) 975
T t / p = 50 / 0.05 = 1000
, ..
.. -
(.. 50 ), (.. 2-3 5
), ,


. ,
.. ..
(, , )
50 ( ) ,
k, (. EN 1991-1-5, EN
1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4):
Qk,t = k.Qk,50

148

 k
:

( t)
2
5
10
50

p
0,50
0,20
0,10
0,02

Tmax, t
Tmin, t
sn, t
0,80
0,45
0,64
0,86
0,63
0,75
0,91
0,74
0,83
1,00
1,00
1,00

vb,t
0,77
0,85
0,90
1,00

:
,
[3.1(7)].
(. .. EN 1990,
[3.5(3) (7)] EN 1991-1-6, [ 2]),
, ,
[3.1(8) 1].
1991-1-6: 4:
1990
,
50 .
EN 1990 [6.5.3(2)].

[3.3(5)] :

-
: ,
.

,
,
[3.3(2)].
[3.3(6)].
1991-1-6: 5:

EN 1990, EN 1991, EN 1997 EN 1998 [4.1(1)P].
:
.
,
.

149

 ,
/ .
(Qc)
[4.1(2)].

.
[4.1(3)].

(.. ),

[4.1(4)P]..
, ,

.
.
-
[4.2], EN 1991-1-1,
.
EN
,
,
EN 1997 [4.3].
,
,
.

,

(.. ).
[4.4].

.
, , -,
, .., (
,
) [4.5].
(
,

, [4.6].
EN 1991-1-5.

150

 , 2

.
,

. ,
QW
EN 1991-1-4 [4.7].
, ,
..
.
1991-1-3. [4.8]
, (Qwa),
/ ,
[4.9].
.
,
(.. ),
,
(). .
[4.10].

(Qc)
(. EN 1990), , ,

. /
- .

[. 4.1].
, 1991-1-6 .

A1 1991-1-6 2 EN 1990.
, ,
,
.
.
,

(Qca), (Qcc) (
Qcf) [4.11.2].
, EN
1991-1-1 [. A.1]. (..
151

 - )
,
.
[. 4.2]
.

.

152

 (Qc)

Qca ,

Qcb

,
..:

,
,

- Qcc

Qcd

Qce

Qcf

-

:
- (.. ,
, , ,
)
- (.. ,
,
)

qca

.

1: qca,k


.
2:
1,0 kN/m2. . . 4.11.2.

3:



.

:
qcb,k = 0,2 kN/m2;
Fcb,k = 100 kN

qcb

Fcb.

:

qcc

Fcb,k

.

. EN1991-1-1.
4:


.
,


qcc,k = 0,5
kN/m2.

CEN, .
EN 12811
. EN 12812.

,
(..
, , ,
,
, ,
)

EN 1991,
.

(..

,
)

,
(
)

5:

, ..
,
,

(
)
(..
)

,


(..
,

,
)

. . 4.11.2
.

,
,
EN 1991-2.


EN 1991-3.

153

 4.2 :

kN/m2

()

3 m x 3 m (
, )

10 % ,
0,75 1,5
Qca Qcf

()

0,75 Qca

()

(Qcc)
(Qcf)

,
,
, , (.. /
) / ,
- .
- /
.
, ,
,
, 2.
,
- .
, :
2,5 kN 200 mm x 200 mm,
( )

6,0 kN 300 mm x 300 mm,

.

, , .

EN 1998,

( ),
..
154