Rectifier Circuits: ‘ Theory and Design Johannes Schaefer 1 repose, tn, Nernst, Consecti: 8 ebiry of Rema Watch Coy I: Formerly: LTE, Celt Breaker Co, Philadel, Pomona | 9 rare oozie 9838 JOHN WILEY 4 SONS, INC, NEW YORK - LONDON - SYDNEYCopia © 1965 by Joba Wey & S205 J, AD Rigs Reeve “Tinto oy part thot ut ot eer any that he writen prison he pobier tay of Cones Casog Care Nbr: 61208 Priel inthe Unie St of Arr. PREFACE ‘The fields of rece sce enginserng ee CIRCUIT and COMFONENT isto. While the componest design st a mater of experience, and ie subject to new development, the circuit design is based on accurate Felton betwoen the eectricel quantities ad i therefore qualified for a ‘resentation of permament vals, In view of this the folowing work edited to the design of rete crcl, although tome fundamental information on component design vil be inluded. ‘The wide varity of ctcuts aad of relations between he electrical qurtites usually results ina rather complex and even eonfuing p= featation, Within this variety, Rowever, many connections ft povsely {nto a simple scheme, and it posuble to develop 2 general dn very sccurate philesophy tht canbe applied to any conneation mths etegory. Infact the conditions under whieh connection sa member of thi group ‘an be clearly defined, and neay al connection of practical valve met these conditions. Therefore, 1 haveintnted the era “regular conection?” for these iets and regarded all oes as “oulsders "Furthermore, 1 phase that goes out of opera- tio, teeringto commutation ‘= phase that goor into opers- tin, reeringto commutation Succeeding phase Pulse number ‘= number of sential intervals ‘of opetation daring each Ripple voltage = difrence bexwoun the diet, vollage under regular ot free= ‘operation and the Avg vale o this oltageSECTION A The Connections Selecting the connection isthe fst and fondamentsl sep in the design ‘fact systam. Thus it sem logis to star this work wth pre ‘lation ofthe variousciteuits, Asa survey andarelerenceallcocctions ‘of major importance ar sted in table T and inviualy presented wih the Basie relmtions and dhe current curve nis. -28(in te suplemend, ‘Those relations are calculated with the knowledge of the ar chapters ‘ofthis Book. ‘The quantities g and & are introduced in Chapters 6 and 16 tnd characterize the overall performance of each connection. ‘The ratio PeniolPae expeses the expe of active materi bt into the tans former in lation tothe converted power, and i helpful for a quick comparison between diferent connections. The computation ofthis aio Js demonstrated by several examples throughout the book. Inthe following chapters the various connections wil be systematically introduced and classed in accordance wih ther basic strate into apron conNcTIONS, ‘mmce conssctions, and (the chapten wil be dette to the NaLI Ae NOLRWAY on ‘ow, wich dos 28a ti sche, at tee ee, Which fe wal combinations of brig ot tran transformer Conor. Ths chp wl Ss he operon oh comes Sins and comment on them with regard to prcizlappcations. They tite give fori on ect aad component Gaga at frat ‘ress to patalar cet or group ofcobnecons Chartres hat are more ola common foal consxtions wil be competently treed in Sectons Band ©.Single-Phase Single-Way Connection Wick am imestigaion of the sinless rector comecton the priepls ofa to de conersion wil be outined. ‘Asan approach othe principles of to dconveson west investigate 4 opular we eile vith resistance and indactane in sees connssion (ig .l). Assuming that the eri ix permanent closed, the care curve (curve {ia fg, 1.16) it placed i rlation to the voltage cue (ein ig 1.10) by the phase angle g, andthe ratio ofthe crest values of| voltage and curent i determined by the civuit impedance 2. These ‘qanttie ate defined by ong = 8 sod Z= VRE GE 2X frequency ‘where a = angulae fequene = indctance seslance [At the instant of eosing the ict the indactance forces the curent to art feom zero, regardless of the “steady state” value at tht instant, ‘which the vale that corresponds tote volage care, The unbalance rested by the starting condition is usally conceived as a TRANSIONT {connEnr that i superimposed on the steady state value, Balancing tat the stan of casing the cout and decaying with the tme constant ofthe R sscording tothe LAW OF NATURAL DECAY, here Feng “instantaneous value of transient current “E= nbalane a 0, ignoring polity aneet, Volage an cuenta ace te “Thus the eal caront starts rom zero and gradually approaches the steady slate value slustated by Sg, Ile, Thi gue assumes tat te eect ie being loved atthe instant of voltage reveal, marked by 0", 2 ‘condition that isof special interest sinoe an uncoated diode ini CSralt would star to conduct just a his instant "The situation with «die ie ifrated by Sg. 1.2. We notice that the carrent curve shovtn in sation () is identical withthe eave of the “el 1 Por ths ft restate se fo etme see, Tht the dato ool, If f= fen) soepoeds 9 Be anger, ety tne rope Bo x = at Wat the or el chet age ‘itor me gs eae anemone es exe ical in aes such th ne cosstat Peace Be eo ‘Singe-PhaseSingle-Way Connection s c Ie 1ig12, Votageandcureatin gla len onto ith te6 The Comections current” off cunt a the dode blocks the reverse cree Row. ‘Sccuon ©) shows the wage aoe he foe ert yy abd the vollage facto the reaitancs, IR. Dering the istervel from ov, to a, the diode iscondctng so that the voltage aros the load rout practically equal {to the secondary trasformer Yolisge- The, ffom ory fo the beginning ‘othe nent eondusting period the Voltage i absorbed by the diode, and the load cate "siconnectod” fom the transformer. “The diference between the voltage drop acoss the resistance of the circu, andthe wllage€y appears rors the doductance THs ‘ollage difereace of pil intrest because i corcesponds at any instant To the rate of rie or deray ofthe curret, and because, iterated over & ‘ertin interval 1 tepesets the (lal change of the current during this Sncral. Thus the small dublesrosbatched area coresponds to the ‘urent change Awhile are 4 eproens the total rise AY ofthe uerent from 210 tothe crest vale, scoring to fica ‘ori the a acl (both sides map by 0): [feder= evar [Aces represents the day, and must be of the sane size sine rise and Aecay re in bale, This demonstrates thatthe inductance does not tbsorb any emount of voltage with an average value other than zr, and swecondude: Lal = avg vale of voltage “Avpratuc of voltage across |” seross resistance indbctance and resistance in ay serie connestion angvalve value of fofeureat * resistance “This result establishes a relation between voltage and curent an inductive cirut withou any statement concer the waveshape ofthe otage oe the eureot emt therefore be trae for dscanrinos guan> “ics as wel Inve of he rlton i common practice to expres the ‘Ee quantities in ferme of avenace vas, Ths the fist fundamental rev derived from the operation of single-phase single-way connection "The next point of interest the vokage aross the dee cirut. For the conditions of fig. 1.2 Us voltage i shove in section (ts negative ‘ering he inter fom oo andthe current low ismaintined only by the voltage induced inthe indoctance ofthe cet, This certainly 1 visadvantage Boose the average vale of the det olagesreduced Singl-Phase Single-Way Connection 1 by area D (lig. 1.24) and isa fenton ofthe characteristics of the -c iui. More drastically, the average value of the diet voltage wil be ‘ao ifacoanuouscurent fom is reqs, because then the diode wou hve to conduct permanently” To tvold this, we contact a diode in parallel tothe reler output (D2 in fig. 12). Thi ode bypass the Fe. 1_Vslpe and erent in nlp singe conan wh ee ecg ase ™ oad current daring the intervals of negative transformer era and hus prevents the outpatyltge from seaming negative valves, The renin rvs of voltage and enrent are preseated i fg, L.3 and, During th interval om a to af the caret Now i eased by the ee cre, as already expsined, wile rom oy, o fits raintsned by the inductance ff the load cre, decaying withthe time constant of bypass cist Toad. Agno, tho Hie and day ofthe curent must bein balance, and areas 4 and B (130) must be equal naz, Since no negative voltage ‘appre across the output, the average value ofthe direct voltage‘he Connections \ foal es 14. Aner uta nx gla single eet. ‘Single-Phase Single-Way Connection ° Atermined only by the postive halve of the transformer emf, and is thus inependn’ of the characterises of the load sic This is 8 satisfying rel, and we derive the general conclusion: For continuous current flow aretifer connection needs at least fe alternately conducting branches. The periodic curent transfer fom fone franch to the other ose, called communion, iw fundamental races in the operation ofa restfer connection. Bypass diodes are used aso in conjuction with more complex rstier connection, and with such diode the opertion i ale feeheelng peration. Ici investigated in Chapter 13 ‘A captor also serves as 2 bypass, and the single-phase single-way ‘oanection is frequently used for small powee supplies with a capacitor scrom the de termioas. With a capacitor, however, the situation completely changed. Chapter 14is devoted to this kind of operation. Tn single-phase single way connection with or without bypass ict, the secondary transformer curent is uniiectional an ean be conceived 1 the eombination of an alternating curent and a dict corent. The amperesums enused by the alternating curent re balanced. by the ‘primary amperesarns, whereas the dzetcurent doesnot indacevolage ‘nd, therefore, cannot be balanced, ‘Thus the de componeat causes & saturation ofthe transformer core resulting in anineresedexctingeurtent ‘Ths illstrated by fg. 14. Setions a , and show the secondary aad primary curets andthe unbalance, asuming a 1:1 tu aio un ond Current of constant magnitude (infinite inductance in the load circ) Figures Ltd and iste the situations during the two laterals of ‘peration, proving that there ia permaneat and constant ampere-turn ‘unblanc, Because ofthis unbalance the single-phase sngls-way eonnee- tion is seldom usd excep for small power supptes that demand a simple luansformerconnestion and sll umber of componentMidpoint Connections* point conection are the bllding Blocks ofthe more complex eiler systems. In explaing ther epertin special aitention ‘il bp the ampere alone on th transformer Different names, such at midpoit, wy, double, and starpoint onnes- tion hve been assigned tothe eeu presertedinthischaper. However, thee connections have very uch in sommmen: Ia all thes crits the secondary tanformer windings cary unidirectional exrrent and condct In ucosvion. Actually, these Gzcus are coMDUTATING GnOUT and can tbe regarded a the basic wnit ofthe more complex retiier systems, “ihouth sometimes in sombinstion wth ther commuting groups, e, Jina beige connection, the center polt ofthe transformer isnot need, lind te secondary tranaformee windings are connected in dela or polygon. Th order to acoat these common tats in stractre and performane, all ‘these ects wl he ealled mos CONNECTIONS throvghout this book. Tih Following they wil be individually resented, {se Midpoint Connection In the crit shown ia. 1.3, the fee-wheeting diode bypasses the Load ‘Current daring the negative hal-eycl withowt actively contributing to the verge vale ofthe diet voltage. Fee more eficient use, this diode FRequenly counted to eansormer winding of the opposite polarity, fs ustrated by fig. 21, withthe resule that n second voltage pulse ‘Btvered to the ds cet during each eye, This doubles the average ‘Valve of the direc voltage sod st the same time reduces the ripple. AS a + Accrington ASA tad cater of nations would have 0 eid “isco ern yay ro Hc hs may cone sme fie snes We ccm fra om Thetog bret sd ns te nto wogs rp ‘enor Sethi aro cary ntti! cares The ea nap eos ee ‘Sarthe basses of tse one snd amet be meso, » vot ‘ete Bots ne Midpoint Comectons n Mg 2 phe midi common2 The Connections Tnther advantage, the ampereturas on the tassfoemer caused by the ‘eurrent owing thtough diode D2 are opposite in polity to te ampere turns caused by the current of diods DI. soge the total secondary smpere-turns are symmetial and canbe balanced by the primary current A any instant. ‘Thi avoids satraton of the tansformer sore due 10 lnaerestuenunbslance, “The 2-pule midpoint connection is preseated in more detalii. 2 (Gn the supplement Sioce the seaondary windings ar ile $07 of the lime, on diferenlyilerpreted, carry currents with ude comport rating of the secondary sie ofthe wansformer is relatively high; it i TEST es the converted power (,)- The primary winding doce not cary s1é-ccomponent,apdisthereforeratedony 11 nes, which according, to Chapter 18s the minimum rating for 2-plse performance Despite the high tensor eating, the pulse midpoint connection is feequcnly used for sll ower supplies inet combines simpli (ly two diodes) with the posblty of commonly grounding the enter point ofthe transformer and one side ofthe lad erat. “bPulke Midpint Canneton with We Secondary ‘As the next stp towards a more perfect rectifier ssn, thre phases are ‘employed, as shown ini 2.2. This further reduces the direct vltage Fipple and gives a sytmetrical Ioed to a phase supply system. The ‘rent transfer font one phase to another oarur at soon a8 the potenti forthe succeaing phase eves above that af the preceding phase Hence the phase withthe highest sive (or negative) potent (dcpending on the polarity of the diodes) caries the load current and determines the diet voltage. "The currents inthe primary and secondary transformer windings are showa ing. 22, assuming a 1:1 tra rato and load current withoat Fipple, a obained with innit inductance inthe d- creat. Since each Secondary winding conducts during onechird of a eyele and caries ‘niirectional eurret, each secondary current cootains & de component fof Hp which cannot be balanced by the primary current. Tht Doe UUMIALANCH is represented by th crosshathed areas in fg. 22. Its of constant magnitude and polarity and therefore does not induce vltagein the windings or generate eat in adjacentconstractir pats. Furlermor, ‘Be magnetic Max caused by ths unbelance has the same diretion inal three transformer les as shown forthe interval from wf ay inthe csteuitdlgrum of fg. 22, and must therefore ceturn oui the cor ‘There the “magnetic conductivity” slow, so that the ux remaiss Weak / B“ The Comecions ‘ad does not saturate te transformer cove contiderably—unles a tans former wth a fourth lg oe three singkephase transformers are used. ‘noe this kind of unbalance is sometime tolerated "The primary windings may be connected in wye or deta. In a mye connection thee isn addition to the -e unblance a new phenomenon that mey be called excrration vmatancr, To introduce the problem lt Ussubstte thre identical resistor for the primary transformer windings sh shown in ig. 2 aad lt ue further asume, sine the arrangement Someta, that te centerpoint stays on zero potential. This eases ‘erents that ate proporonal tothe fine-to-eutal voltages and tote ‘ero t aay instant beeaae the sum of thee 120~- a 2 ed “ u.28, ple ipso conto ih gpg onary. Midpoint Comections ” ‘3Pule Midpoint Camsetion with Zipang Secomlary* ‘With secondary zigzag winding »3-pulse midpoint connetion without ‘Se unbalance ean be Bu. Such a connertion x shown in i. 2.. There are ewo secondary windings on each transformer le carrying currents in ‘opposite drestions. Asan example, during the interal font, tow the arent flows through winding of lg t and thraugh winding of leg 2 and can ths be blaneed by «caret inthe primary windings on thee legs. The only disadvantage of thi conocetion is that the secondary ‘ollages are composed rom two 6? phae-shifted components so thatthe Me. 26 Aten ake ina nig wing rerulant is V3 instead of 2 times the voltage ind in one winding (ig. 2.6, This ines the ating othe ondary sie fhe atone ty teseoraVi= Lis, ‘With sepa 10 the ecoaary ampereuras he primary winding may ben ye or delta conection, but the deta connection i petrol since it avoids dhe exciton unlane. Roth ciate are prescted with al base relations by fi. ad? (the supplement) earn ofthe high esonday sformer rating (L71Pq) ahd the fat tat the tne former connection i tlately comple and ail give only pulse tfoanc, this connection i eldom ued. Hower ts of crea Interest ands therefore selsed forthe ellowing spi lesaton example (Equvlen wanaformer ating with sige winding) Compate the ratio Py for the prizary andthe secondary transformer windings and forthe ttl transformer of pulse midpoint connection vith primary dela aad a secondary zigzag winding (connection shown 1 Ti comecton gun ea insrconted ye In aca with ‘open utr, an esi Us ents eh ime sat ‘eu roaghutha bks1s The Comscions in fg. 7). (This computation requires information given in ater chapters ofthis Book) Soltion. ‘The rms valve of the curen n each secondary winding i, secordagto Chapter 8 ul to 4/3, Thevolageacrosseachseonry ing hae Fi fd ete primary othe sconary Tnetoneutl vgs Hen theming ofthe conn see Protr ae lt Be ) weneles en Tams vae of lage [is leo core (@ windings In oder to express, ty Ban compute Ey n= ME Js, ea en = FiJB forq = 3 equation 63) Insetd in ion 2 olen, aaa or the pinay side we compte: “he vlogs ecru each primary wedings V3, ‘The vlogs arn enh sonny windings £3 Hen the tr to 3:1 and thle erent cred by asecondary ‘ining dring seria intra ected othe pny wing at iach rina wicing carn caret pubs er li 23). nce the atc of th imsy cient aosaig 0 Chap Wits “he vokag actos etch primary winding VS This with lation e) Peas on 1h yu Spite ease vi Pentre = 32 LS Bay 12 me yalus of voltage rn value of eurent windings Pe Midpoint Comectons » Alrerate approach. ‘The total vlesmpere input poner of a regular conection, neletng the transformer xsitng current, i according, 10 Chapter 19 equal to (£4) or 3-pulse performance, this is Pog = AP Sioce this power most be handled by the primary winding, the rating wi have the sme ale Pra gen = Pas = 12a should be pointed out tht in certin connections, ofr example in & ‘pulse midpoit connection with dete double mye connected trafornet (Gig. 15, the rang ofthe primary sie i higher than Py, Seonuse the Primary windings cary ational curentraqud by the condiion of lmpere‘trn balance. Ie thse exes the alternate approach jut demon- strated would be incoret, Connestion of this kind are all cieua hat have ampere-tara unbalance (ve unbalance) with a wye primary In Tat, the rato of Pygyy computed For a primary delta Wading, o Py, displays ‘he curenteeuating nthe primary delta winding and ths represents the deproe of unbalance the ecnnecion would hae with & Wye pray. “The equivalent rating of the Lota transformer sun 2 ‘These results acord withthe values sed i 7. Poon = Pam 146s, ‘Pase Midplnt Connection with Dosble Wye Secondary Continuing to increase the aummber of sscondary phases towards the "ideal connection” with ero ripple voltage and situsoidal live eutent, the next tp of practical interests to enaploy sx phase. This is achive with sx diodes and twe secondary windings on each transformer lg, at shown in fig. 27. Agnin the load current is commutsed fom the pre- ‘xing othe suceeding phat a son ss the potential ofthe seseeding ‘hase rss above that of the preceding phase, reulng in the curves of voltage and euvtent shows in Bg, 27. Disegaring any overlap, cach Secondary phase condvets dung j ofa cel aad i idle diag the rest ‘of tetime, Thi eauses te high secondary trasformer rating o LLP. CConoering the ampere-tarm balance on the transformer, there cxrainly no d-2 unbalance, because the ampere-turs caused by the ‘current the two secondary windings on each eg are opposite in pty Sand can thus be blanced by a ajeimetcal primary caren, With &» The Comections deli winding at shown iS. 27, bere is no ober Kind of Tntelats either, ne ach pay wining del coanecel between two sup nce and ean cary» cutee of any wavesape tat pero) Balances the secondary aod the entingsmperotunn With pray wre connstion adn eo condi, however, te oa of al caren {Eb prmcy wide unt be seo at any inant where the secondary etme es . anc Midpoint Conrectons 1m by this unbalance must return otside the ote, whch Keeps it at a eas0n- ble value tat the polarity of the unbalance alemaes with thee tines fhe supply fequency so that with each commutation voagee will be induced in the windings, and heat wil be generated in adjacent tuctral pris In view of these phenomena thir kind of uabalanc, called 4:¢ ‘Uvmat4nce, it sully or tolerated. I en be avoided by 8 THRTARY jo fs f Somers F ey is ” : raat SE at P24 6 pct i pia eon "i216 spent onmton wt et ima, amperesture eguie caren at do ot add up to 2 {ew Kind of unbalane. Ii iustated by fg 28 a plied, Figure 2.8 shows te secondary currents aswel a the primary curents of a pulse midpoint connection with a wye primary and a dochle Wye fecondy,aaniming ail tur rai, The eroeshatced areas represent the unbalance Teas be sen thatthe dietion ofthe unbalance i the ame for all thre transformer legs (marked in the revit diagram of fig. 28 forthe interval from of © a), 30 thatthe mageetie Bux caused. Hence thee i wll now be ex wore in delta connection, Such « winding cartes « cusent that restores the Balance, but aceases the equivalent tensformer rating 3nd Is therfore not economical. A conection with a tertary winding Is resented in Bg 14a the supplement); the ating of tertiary winding ie ‘computed inthe Following example. ample (Feviary dea wind) Determine, in terms of Py the rating of etary winding for a pulse ‘midpoint conection with a wye primary. Soliton. Based on a 1:1 tur ratio the voltage across the tertary ‘winding ofeach gi and there vale ofthe cutent i (aording2 ‘The Connections tog. 28), With expres by Eu aending baa 35, this ess in SS O) windings (6 Pale Milpoit Connection with Fork Secondary “This conseton is preseated by igs. 16 and 17 Gin he supplement). The secondry side ofthe transformer may be regarded asa superposition of two zgaig windings, and since a secondary cureat always Hows ‘windings with an equal number of tus on wo lps, tea be balanced fegardless of waveshaps and condvcting angle, by a caren ina primary sje connection, as seated by fg, 29, Hence, cere is no need or 8 * 1.29, Coentin secondary ot wing Sled ye crel in ye prin Midpsie Conectons 23 Table 2.1, AmporeTure Balance of Midpoint Connections & * Thi cl es ot et the seins fora “rap Goan” Ee in ied eg 8). Prepebes xX bX v primary oe ertary dst winding, except for avding excitation unbalance, ‘Aes farther advantage, the rag ofthe primary transfor windings 1.05?» the minimus for pulse performance, since the windigs do ‘ot have to eary addtional caren to maintain ampere-tura bale, #8 oes, for ample a primary deka winding wth a double wye secondary, ‘Thus with » fork secondary the tassformer eating isthe lowest ofall pulse midpoint eonacetons, This i ot however enough fo make this ‘conection competitive with &pulsesjstemr that const of two pulse ‘commtating groups, either int bridge or in an interphase transformer connection. Therefore, the investigation now ras f combinations of “pulse commutating groups ‘We conclude with table 2, wbich gives «survey ofthe ampere-turn| ‘balance forthe various types of midpoint connetons.Bridge Connections Bridge conection’ const of two commutating growps seres find are very economia cst. The phase bridge connection I widely aed for power coneeson. In a midpoint connection the secontary transformer windings ar ile ‘most of the ime, a fac that resals ina high transformer rating compared withthe converted power. Thase windings can be used more eid if {hey feed a second midpoint connestion ofthe opposite polarity. Tht i Pe, 24Sgetin hi macon rt he i one ‘tustrated fora 2-plse system in fg. 3.1, One set of diodes (stem A) Serves the postive output terminal the ote eystem 8) uss the ngatve polesityof the transformer voltage and is connected to the miaws pole ‘Ths the total oad eel (Wom ato) is supplied withthe vet vltages STEERER Bridge Connections 2s ofthe postive and the negative midpoint connection in series, and the transformer windings carry carents i both diections. ‘This voids de unbalance and reduces the transformer fatng, ia most cases to the minimum rede to deliver the converted power fd to cary the harmonies ofthe carrer, Further, single Toad circa be eon: ied between pois @ and b (ig. 3.1) shipping the center pot of the Torres, tht a secondary tasformer ‘winding without center point can be t—P » ‘wed. This permits us to Ted a Sphase bridge congestion from teansformee tha secondary deta winding nd 6 ‘hase bridgeconnection froma secondary polygon winding More draaly, the {eunsnmer ean be completely omitted, 5 iutrated by fig 42 fora Snglophise and by fp 3.3 fora 3-phase conection ii aot needed for stepping the Yoltage up or dowa, of for wolating the d- rel from the rupply syste, For extn appicatous, however, where the de eeu conists of Fie.A2_ Silene ride com seas — * » Ho 1 » Me AA. sp bg comcon without amore Pestive anda negative section, the center point shouldbe available in onder torigly define te midale potential and wo carry Gert eaten he ‘wo sections are unequal loaded. Sjtems ofthis kind ar called "Sovite systems and are somtimes sed for doc power eistbaton,2% The Connections ‘SinglePhate Bdge Comection “The sngle- phase bridge connection presnted ini. 3 (nthe supplement) isa very economical eel and requety used for smal power Suppl. Iistansformer rating is only LIP, Furthermore, te ripple yllages at the positive aad the negtined- terminals ae symmetrical with fo the canter point ofthe taesformee This permis us oiler both sex swith one coe (with two windings) and one capacitor, as shown ing. 34, th r a3. Sipps big omoson wth eyrmeieal ile ee and thus to provide witha minimum number of components a supply fystem with & postive and a negative output. Systems of this kind are Fequenly wed for electron drei. S-phase Beige Comection ‘More powerfal reser intalations ar wnely supplied fom a phase fystem, and a pulie number higher than 2 or 3 is demanded inorder to Fede the dirt voltage pple as well asthe eitrton of the lernating arent, This is accomplished by combining two 3-puse commutating [roupsina bridge connetion, siltstrated by Hg. 3.5. One set of dndesis Connected tothe postive ovtpt terminal and fumshes voltage represea- {ed by the slid carve of section (), while a second group supplies the minus pole with a voltage sscording to he broken cave. Tas a load Connect from point df point bir roppied wth the tot of the ewo ollages Since the two commuting groups operate with opposite Bridge Conmections ri ( of tmo mye. * nds a vas oon™ The Comecions olny th spe vole re dps and te ol votage shows Epo: Th the mot vole aioe of he Spas tdge ‘Chie Somctinc ie a Seu bp to en nd {She poin oe ese oth rp ote ay amiss wing (Even). Toro lnge oes ‘lon he enly Spe oe Fig e pea ti ahr dec vag wk pes to chet pi she tars neon sho det Notage The es eof inst yt tech tn 3 the ca ete aga set te et fe rolage s2V'e, Te avsage te of tat dit vay once beds highs the reg seo fe diet volage ok os “Ti cura in th vecndary taorswintlog Ae cae by bth ve Fah ye snsuer wits cre uly a sce owe Tleeat plete oppte i pouty, te cents te sony rrr nnn ot fe compet, Tar ey cn Samy the pimry cen Petemere ihn the seo Scr yl coon te sendy eens a tl tam wk fess th he pinay cen at 08920 Gg Kteesttng ere) tie rimny minding may Slay oe May. oy tnt seen het pogo et {Nes rth er can ws With ionamin he Sono ving sens tab ae he ey on so the heh compl ampeom talane, Wye coamedns on eth ss ge tcafon vlc se edi Chap 2. boweee, the sonny winding nn in hn bln econ ead cee inna fhe ecg stun fhe adr 900 ‘Sica by ace seal inte sony Sets wad, “Ther pan ge comecons Wth vadous sonra enone sce pst nor el yf i oa em ha hey {Ein byte espe ft pay curt Sse soe) Sinan stcty nd somgmentan cone wel red, We rmtag of etn sa he waomer 6 C03Pe te nan ot Cepase pace To lw ring ad he inky of te a {elect Emon alee pe eso eon ‘omens cro, wid we or over sup wih phe pa Txample (Phase bridge connection) “The basic tations Between the letra quantities in S-phase bridge convection with « dliacwye conaected tanslonmer ate presented by Bridge Conections » ‘ig. 9, As an exercise, we now compute these relations, (These computa: tions rogue some knowledge of other chapters) "At astat, me real the defitions -B.= primary or secondary lineto-neuteal voltage, assuming & 1:1 ‘all of vllge trnaformation, re value ‘= current in deca, ag value “Then we compate the dist voltage sep by ep: Line tone voltage, ams value = V3, ‘Line-to-tine voltage, erst value = /3/3E, Dinet voltae, fy = VNR, Diet tags it lh, = Sant = 2 iin ame (cation 63) Dirt voltae, Fg, “The arent re ‘Loud circuit, avg value Diodes, avg value = Hf Diodes, rma vaive = Vile Secondary transformer = ‘windings, rms value Primary transformer windings, es value Primary supply foes, = He vale (6 diodes share 1) (Chapter 18) il, (ee. ae vdd by J) (5 tines caret in wings) “he voltampere input power i according to Caper 19 the total ofthe modts olage X erat ofthe ce phase (ans vale Fo SE file (neleting ransfarme xsiing sues) With rf 3 V5 ated for Band Pfr Ey hiss ia Pou 2 Par 3 “The factor n/3 also represents the ratio Paya/Pa foreach side ofthe transformer as well a or the total transformer, ince no wining ett a component or @ current required ony for maintaining amperes Tausce» ‘The Comections ‘6Phase Bridge Comecton ‘he lst pargraph aves te sre conection of two 3p commutalng goupe Ins salt manner to epube commuting {Boups maybe combined for more etien use ofthe scondry tase {Gomer wings Again te deceit can bconneced det betwee te postive an he negative opt ermal ro thst a neta point of the Secondary tsformer iadgs ot needed Furthermore since tout si cmmutte in rynehonion, the oud curtent alvays Rows rng throng te econdaryanaorer onneton, antes separ, {ing ndings my De wedi eas tothe deat showa in 8 “Ph pvormne ofthe conserion of fg 16 very Sie otha of theirs of fg IS, Sine a conncton between the eter poi ofthe secondary cusforer ndings (aed nig. 18) dos ot bate any intucrey che adtonal et of aioes js pcides the ober hal ofthe diac vltage and maker the cures ithe sendy asformer Sindings smc. This avo the dc componets ad thus reuces the ratio Pigs ofthe scandy windings by the tor V2. The rmary tl ein 128? sine the condition of ape balance {ands crrent eating the primary deta winding. Thiscureat Spot need ia fork connestion i etd forthe secondary side. With 2 fork connection, Howes te ost es conomiel and therefore ot presenta ‘ue the bre conesion doe not equi earl poate secon dary windings say e i poygon, a8 show Ia fg. 9. This free {elute ating of he pray andthe coder windings. The vale {oe the primary ie hen L172 iting tt sil sal cet teed to mttan peer bala 50 that peimaywyecometion ‘wuld nt gie complete tae, because the input power for Gpule Peformance only 1.057e. “Asa coneuech of he nmiteneouscommuations of bah sides, the pte numeri al = 6 altlough the cut h much move empec {han phe bilge Eonnestion, For ths esion Gane bidgecomne: tons have ite rst meaning andareteefre not artecnves aed Interphase Transformer Connections Tivowgh an mtorphane transformer two or mere rctser ystems with dpleced ripple voltages are poral. The interphase Inansformer absorbs at any. nsont the difeence between the het vologesaf he nda sats and matt be designed forthe tine integral of this voltage. Tas quantity il be graphically presented for varius operating condor. ‘Two or more batteries canbe connected is paral if their voltages ace ‘qual Otherwise, a current wil crate inthe loop ofthe paalled batteries, For ectier systems the stuaton is more eomplex anus the rec voltages are fstuating. Sach stems can be paralleled without any culating current onl i thei ect volages ar alo ny Instant, izythe average values are equa nd the ripple voltages colncde, Under {i condition eter instulations for very high ewrent ratings ar some ‘mes built of several simutsoeousty commuting and diet pralled ‘groups. Usually however, cis eater desired thatthe ripple voltages not Eoincide but be so dispited that the combination results ina system with 8 higher pulse number. The pars coasecton mast then be made in Such a manner that it does not affect the operation of the individual ‘roup. This is accomplished With aa iTERHASE TRANStONNE ‘To demoosrate the station, let us combine two 180" phaxeshited “pulse commutating groups. Figure 41 shows these groups discly Daraliied, andi ean be sce that te combination is ental witha 6: pulse midpoint conneetion. Hence the condcting ange ofall diodes i Teducd fom 120 to 60°, and the load cureat is perodil transfered from one wye to the oes. In fig, 42 the ditectcarrents are combined through an interphase transformer. This wansformer absorbs at any instant the voltage difereace between the individual groups and thut Imaitains independent operation ofthese groups.2 The Comections Re Ot [re Oar el = ems Mg. 43. To pe comotainggowp Wh plc aerate set pr “The Principle of Operation of am Interphase ‘Transformer With respect othe voltage irene oe absorbed the wo windgs of Uheintpise former of 42 rin ee cometon Thus the ote neta yoni nts wig jt sn a repr ensfnmer the vsageimpeae on the rimery ‘ining set ted of, Hwee dug heb nf neds a changig magne fx and eastng ampeetums. The ‘elngeare of esr eestorme taken rome pinay pe Ierphase Tronformer Connections 3 line; the exiting current ofthe interphase transformer isthe difeence of the direct currents to be combine, Siice these curents passin opposite Ve 45, Tine neal of wlge arb by interphase combing ‘We 60 pln! pile © Voc ape seo ™ Interphase Transformer Coomectons ” voltage so he interpasetasormer is Tine ng of oi ened by intrpa 2 nnaraer transformer, « = 0, sf i “ [oe] -26-9) For practical wse we substitute (2n/3V3)E,, for Fq (Chapter 6), and Invocea = 2 ¥e fe'l asenins apy Reger eee Tinsinepal of voage te peel. Sega = 2pa tie fanormer e = O4= 895 tase) an fe ‘Wigs conrolanda eta contain hevaisnceted oye sow mune y dah cea ie eee the an shoo tha eet icon a th ee ‘ohage cd by pe ema onion: ass ee te cst dell bom he Boca speak pe Nees ‘Siemon ae ely Sendo sos ele auc ype sone tad sen Baad Adin to sie ftegrat oF voltage aborted hy lotepbasetanstoxmer, pulse pecformance = (E+ BD » duration of eele ‘This a changes a soon as + wexcends 30" a stated by fig 4.4, here for a +1 a valve considerably larger than 30° i selected. Again, the area ean be determined by iteration, but the eel wll be more complex as before. ‘Therefore i is graphically presented by fg. 4, for ‘convenience ina rather unique way" "The rest ih i faction of land is presented asa function of the renin diet velage with the reactive voltage drop Fas parameter, both quantities expeesed in fers of. This is possible since, (which ncades the resstvevollage rope dined according Bum By BB nd singe presi relation exist between «and wand the coresponding voltage reductions E, and Thos lations are derived and explained in ‘Chapters 6,7, and 8, and With thee knowledge the results ae cometied into the curve off. 4.5. In acandance with other presentations, the8 ‘The Comectons ottge sales been stnned on the yrtical ai otha the voltagetime Jntegeal an be take fom the horizontal sae. -Bxample (Computing bse ealue for interphase transformer design) ‘Two pulse midpoint connections are praled through a Interphase assformer, Ey = 250 V, phase contzl ftom 10 Vt0250 ¥, Iaadsition| therein 2 6% rentve voltage drop at fll load. Determine the croseseo- onal cove ates ofthe interphase traesformer assuming single furs and a ‘minut AB of 120,000 iesin.® ‘Soliton. At no loa the lowest value By i 150250 = 06. For this value we ea ftom the sold care of hig. 45a volagetime integral of 256 ome] X Bay. With Eq = 250V, tis esl in 2.56 sec] x 250 [V] = 640 mex] “Ath oad the lowest ale of E/E is 06 ~ 0.06 ~ 0.54, For this value Athecurve Eq ~ 6% pves a voltage ime integral of 248 [see] x Eye ‘This eos han the no-load value. Hence we design the interphase tans- Tormer for 640 miVeee. With relation (41) and with 2 = 2 (one tum for each ide) and AB 120000 10-4Vsefin§L uals 10 Vise, we ily compute = tae arin (nt vl A= setae) Ate Oo) since 1 “Time Tegra of the Absorbed Voltage, Combivation of Two 6¥ulse Systems For more powerful reste installations 12pulse performance is dese ‘This s acomplshed by combining, though an inesphase transformer, foo Gpuloe systems operating, Wath 2 displacement of 30". Various Sntiatons ofthis Kind are present a Chapter 5, The direct voltages ofthe two ystems ae thown de hg 462. Compared wih ig. 43, the time {egal of the voltage to be absorbed by the intesphase transformer Considerably small bona the fuctations ofthis voltae are smile, Shu the frequency is st Hines te soppy Fequency. This reslts in 3 Salles interpre ansformer. "Phe voltage aorss the interphase traaformer is plated over stright tine in fig 4.6, and the amplitudes ofthe sine curves that envelop the ret under eosideration ate specied, 0 thatthe area can be computed Inerphase Transformer Connections » gt Ara coreg tne ie fog burt y itepisetamorer {Teonthing wo Spuicafuoms x's = fs fonction ofan Let ws Git ce he amps of thse ‘ine curves, Starting toy the envslping curve represent the ference Tetween the to sine functions that deveribe th det oltgse daring this interval, These fo sine functions are placed by 0" an each hes a crest value of Bq. Hence the ampiite of the enveloping curve is oeording to fg, 47, x 2sin 1S This quale " nae 14s inlA. Ding ove ei ded bya nie sve ‘th the erst value ato. At this point there ean intersection with the ‘ure jst defied, fom which we coaclude that the erent valve most Be Boe as 1 Pa Xn 1S 143 ec ad« The Comections <4 eA2. Aviary Se or computation. red Ana tetsting nine ae tered nerpase tafrmee [eontining wo opus tenn 15 Anerphase Transformer Connections a “This isthe vue shown ing. 4.65, With these data We now compute for «= Oandu=0) Time integral of voltage stsorbed hy interphase transformer, «= 0,0 = 0 ee - Beste -ein Azsin we express by By according to By = By x w/ forg = 6, ad irodace «= 2% 6 ep ering in ‘ime integra of voltage 28 wy Mee) ; Noe enr |~ TRS Feanset om) cpus aeeee Sano = 81 = 0098 fase x Ea, a ‘With phasecontrolanda certain commutaing angle thie valuisincresed Upto e + u = 15% the addition is £, + £, tines the duration off eye (similar tothe relation derived for two 3-pueesyrems). Beyond the station i illuseated by fig. 48, aad the atea most be computed by Iteration. ‘The results wil be obtained a function of «and u, bat We ‘ill presen thom aka Tonetion ofthe divest voltage Zand ofthe vllage reduction B, both quanti related to Buy This sade to the char of fg. 48. eae (Compig te gl of ge aod by mete ‘Check the vale shown in fig. 49 for EE = OSand Fy = 6%, (This ‘requires knowledge of Chapiers 6 7, snd'8) Solon. First, we determine «0d, wing equations (83) ane (8.4) cnn ep Ben Sees renting i: ane eeuses 1se The Connections alg os ae Fea gg eg peas be OO "tgs gE re) = Fe 9. Tine gl fw tre aie ante i ohig Te aagieel CR gent abe clamp cae. “Then we ed from Bg 8: Votagetime nop Bal BO not dat + oe Shall aa wat Eesf 2 _fooe a 4 — 157) — cone + 15 Ba [a gleste hw ~ 18) cone + 19) eptog bine t sna tap t pte ta sina} With the aes f «and sere, and 2X en] subtuted for hires tage negra as shown inthe car, 50 mss] ie Votage Across the D-C Cireit ‘As akeady exlnined, the diference between the dct vllages ofthe ‘iv stern absorbed bythe fterpase transformer. More precisely, this cfleence is balanced by the volage induced in the winding of the Inerphase Transformer Conectons “ Pe 440, Voluge aon de crebl= = O.4=0, imecpase easform, nd i oth wining ae inked wih te sme magni fn, eval ference uly sv bern thm. ‘Ths de de svat gen potent tat, any nan tbe men ‘ale ofthe det yolage ofthe nie sytem For ‘hii lente! by Bp 410. “Toe aver val fll tape tr the sam, marked by Fs th Se, wet the Roan te ipa, and te cmbnsdon of he wo pe comeson fen 2 em with pe pie voltage arom the reco, These os te he i oa sd onan bows ratio [fh ieet for ope ad fr pub performance oe Ail ttt station wih pase este to commuting ange I Gaines thatthe care reping Me-Aat. Voluge sc echt hpi ola oem,“ The Comections across the de circuit shaped prvisly a8 it would be shaped iit were Furnished by any eter 6-palse rete connection operating wth he same angles of phase ctrl aad commutation and withthe same Yale of Fy D.C Balance ‘The caren in the two windings of the interphase transformer excite ‘ath es inthe same dvecton, causing a magnetic fax tbat must return ‘outside the core. Hence his fix remains weak and doe nt increase the ‘Buc density in the two legs considerably. Actually, the return palma bo conesived ab large a gap which a¥oids saturation of the core. This ‘Staton is very favorable but requires that the wo cutens be of equal faverage values. Any unbalance would cause a magnetic Hux within the ‘lowed magnetic path ofthe core, aad an unbalance of afew percent i ‘usualy enought sutratethe core completely. The consequence would be fn icteae ofthe excting current the interphase transformer neds for trorbng the diference between he two direct voltages, Such situation lsraed by fig, 4.12. Thee the voltage across the interphase cans former has been integrated because the itera value i proportonl tthe Allenating magnetic fix, Then the cure has boon refkcted at he ‘magnetic characterise of the itesphase transformer in order to obtain the curve ofthe easing current. The pinto teresa that even small, ‘&e component, ay assumed fo Fig #12 cases considerable asymmetry fof the eurve ofthe exsting eure tnd high etrent peaks in one direction ‘These peaks are ia the forward diction inthe sjtem with the higher current wile reducing the errent inthe sytem withthe lower average ‘value. Sometimes, especially tlw load, these peaks make the curent of this system temporary zero, which may inte other undesired pen mena and even insta. iA certain degree of ulance x usally inevitable and it may be asked ‘wht methods wil avid saturation ofthe oore of the interphase tans Tormer, ‘Tho answers are: 1, Ani ap ia the oor linearize the charctersic. 1k “rftens” the peaks ofthe exeting current undee balance and reduces them to fower valu but it iereses the exciting cureat under balance boots the air gap needs additional excitation. Thus the gin in one field loss i the other. 2. Designing the interphase transformer for a higher voltagetime integral seus in saller changes ofthe Bix density in the core ad Inmore "distance towatds the saturation level This reduces the Interphase Tansformer Connections s ‘exciting current under balance as well as under unbalance, butt isa rather expensive sation. ‘Unuly both methods are combined. However, the “est combination is a matter of many more considerations and the sizeof this book does ‘ot permit closer investigation = ee sag eA Operation of eras tefomer we dublin Voltage Rise at No Lend owas shown in fig. 4.1 that without an interphase tansformer the con- ducting angle of eich phase reduced from 20 to 60" if two 3-puse ‘system re paaleled, because the lad curenti pecodaly transferrod fomonesyrem tothe other; dre interpreted, thetvo commuting ‘groups operate assingle pulse midpoint connection. The samesitation fas if te exciting current for the Jnterphase transformer cannot be furnished snd the interphase transformer is torefore unable to absorb the diferenoe between the direst voltages—and ths cours at to load “This phenomenon changes the average valu ofthe det voltage (equation 63) fom yg vale, pulse performance, Min, aom,‘The Comections ang value, 6pulse performance, a= Ouno 7 luseated by fig 4.13e. Between these two conditions the interphase ttunsfoomer loses contol a soom at the instantaneous value of the ‘relingearent reduces the load oitrent of oe system to 2er. AE thi vio ese rt, "acta pc “og rence "eps sre ptan len, Vote oon casa by operon of rene none instant, the voltage aeros the d- vit swings othe dr voltage of the ‘other system, a8 shown ing. 4.13. The breakin the operating charac terisicis ata load at which tbe average vale ofthe direct crreat of enc fystem equals the peak value af the exciting current of the interphase ‘cans. ‘With the ftephase tasformer going out of operation, not only is 25 changed, but ois the voltage reduction cased by phase contol, Ea, ithe rectifiers magnetically comtold. ‘To explain ths, let us assume ¢ docbleswye eonnecton with interphase transformer and control reactors in series connection wis the dios, and let ws assume tat these contol Tedctors abuorb a getain te integral of voltage Belore they permit & Interphase Transformer Connections ” current flow. This ime integral of voltae i withheld fromthe circuit tee times per eee ifthe two wyes operate independently, paralled trough the interphase transformer, whereas tis witheld sixties pet ‘yee the interphase transformer i inefecv, and the cut pects 86 pulse midpoint connection. (This ix demonstrated with « sample ‘aleulation ia Chap 7) DDouble-Wye Comecton with Interphase Transformer ‘Two pole midpoint connections ste fequonty paralleled through a Intecphase transformer inorder to double the lea eurrent ad to obtain Gpulspesformance. This requres 180" phasehifed tansocmer Winding Tor the two wyes and’ thus rnuts in a connection with ix secondary windings, as presented in detil by figs 12 and 13. Each ‘secondary winding conducts during fof a eel, athe wcondary rating [Stherfore as high a fora single pulse migpoine connection; i Is TL48P,. Refecied tothe pimary ie, the curtents in the tno windings ‘on eat leg are opposite and 180" displaced, and they can be perfectly balanced by a symmetical primary cament, rgardles of the primary leaasfermer conection, Sine the primary sid eres the euvent pulses ‘of both wes, te windings areas eealy used as in a Soph bridge ‘conection, andthe rating is L03P,, the minimum for pulse perform ance. For the primary side dels winding is usualy preered sine avoid excitation unbalace, as sted in Chapter 2 Th figs. 12 and 13 the iterpase transformer is shown betweon the to center points ofthe transformer windings. Thie position giver the same eet usa conection Between the center points ofthe diodes, Dut Sometines permits simpler bus bar arrangement, especially if both transformers, the power andthe interphase, ae placed ina common el tak, ‘Comparing the doubleaye connection with with st ital he 3 phe bridge conection, we Bid erp transformer 1. The dies of one leg ofan interphase transformer connection have tw handle wice the voltage but only half the cutent ofthe dhods in ‘ne log of bridge conneeuon with the same vals of det voltage fand cliren. This is besause the commutaing groups operate in ‘allel the interphase easformer conneton, sind seri nthe ‘ridge conection. The higher voltage rating is usally no problem nd docs nol in general, proportionally increase the price of the Aiodes (ery high voltages excepted), Buc the lower curent values The Comectons Foduces the number of parallel connected diodes inclding all ‘sociated components suchas fuses, bus bars andeoolingequipment, fand is thesetore «great udvantage, 2. The (otal power losses are smaller in an insrphase transformer connection bacause the core it eatied by 2 mailer number of lod in sree connestion, ‘The reactive volage drop cause bythe bus bars ean be made smaller in an interphase transformer connection since the curent 19 Be ‘commutated i only half of the crrent commotated in a bridge ‘oaneton, andthe commutating voltage sevice as high. For these resons the interphase transformer connection is competitive with the phase ridge connection in certain voage-curent range, ‘dest the relatively high transformer rating andthe problem of voiding Saturation ofthe interphase transformer core due o Garret wnbalanes. ‘Example (Doublewye comtecton wih nterphaveironformer) {Asan exercise, let us chek the values ard relations shown in fg. 13 Sine his toques knowledge of ether chapters ofthis book, some efer- ‘ence notes ae ive, ‘With the deatons A, = primary or secondary tineto-neutal volags, astuming 8 1:1 {ato of voltage transformation, rms value [a= cureat in & ert avg value vecompute Linetonetal vols, cst vane = V3, Dincvolagectooewye Ey SS hi Boyt Dinette onewpetigyly = Zein = 243 (geatonsa) NG Diswet voltage, Ea, = yea, (tht vu i the sume for each wye and forthe combination) Curent in the deceit, cvevalie 7h Curent through dios, Je (6 ides or groupe of avg vale 7% dios share) CGarest though diodes and a secondary transformer ~4 na MB ‘windings ms value Iirphaze Transformer Comnctons ” GANG > se carent. V3 takes care of cond wye, U3 = ‘ura ato) Curent trough primary 1 ‘transformer windigs” ~ 33 kon Primary ine arent, rns value = “(5 times erent in wind y RS ings) achsecondary winding is designe for the voltage F, and the current 14203, and 6windingsexist, Henoe the equivalent rating of the secondary ide ‘We substitute Ey, m/2/3V3 for E, and then Py, for Eyl, and find ousting _ ee xn pry ch wining dee fr VB, re of Jg302, resulting in Buin rung_ 5/8844 5 Sonim ae Et snd his aio the total input power Py neglecting the excing catent ofthe transform Interphase ‘Teanformers with Thee and Four Legs “The operating principle ofan interphase transformer js not retisted 10 the combination of two syrems. Wath a core wth thee legs thre sper can be paralleled as shown in 4.14, and with even more legs moze ‘Sslems can be combined. The Basie concept it in any case taal lege ‘ofthe islerphase transformer are excted inthe same cirestion so tat the ‘main portion a the d-e ampere-ues i absorbed slong the return path of the magnetic Bux outside the ore ‘With an interphase transformer with thee les, tee 2-pulseconnse- tions canbe combined to system with Spuiepeformanc the ripple voltages are "displaced. Te individual volags und the voltage arose the common ¢- eet are shown i i, 4.14, ard the ie integra ofthe voltage abeorbed by one winding ofthe interphase transform ie repre= ‘ented by the eosshatched area The voltage across the de ei eb etermined a any instant by the arth mid oF the individual dctFed Tae 2p system pall aug an epi tram, ollages. This ean be easly prove if ey ad «represent the instant neous vals ofthe voltages dedi the tre winding of the aterphase transformer, and eye and e the individual dzetvolages. With these ‘efitons the folowing must he tue at any insta: atase arene Furthermore, + 6+ ¢ au equal 2ro at any instant, boone the {otal of al fox changes inthe thre legs i cro. Hence: eka 3 ‘Incrphase Transformer Coonectons 5 ‘as steed above. For reser systems with a high erent, the winding of the interphase transformer are fequettly just ane ture each, adi this exe itis more economical to use thee advidoal cores, which may be toroidal 3s showa in ig 418, The effect ithe same sine, with yey ‘epreseting the voltages induced inthe bus bars surrounded by these ‘Sores, the following at he eve aterase Pe At5 Tee sect ine pid gh te gle ep Adding altace expressions, acttote which accords with the result caleulated for the threleg interphase tansformer, Combinations of three 2-pulse eonnetions are presented fnfigs 20 and 2, ‘Aninerphase ransformer wit four legs is sometimes wed for pralel= ing four 3-pulse commatating groups in 4 2p sytem. Sich sytems (th thre separate interphase ansformers) are shown in fis, 24 and 35, “Again, the polarity of the windings mast be ue thatthe doc ampere-aTae ‘ase mugnetic Max of te same direction in each leg so tha the total ‘ux must return ouside the ore and thus doesnot cause saturation, Each ‘winding absorbs the difereace between the voltage across the de circuit and che diet volage of one system. The Voligeacrom the deco, at aay instant, the mean value of al four direct voltages nd fuctuates ‘wid pale pple2 The Comectons Example (Combination of three pe midpoint emeetion) “he conmscton peice in dei nf 29 i «combination of ce 2p point connections, pra tough an ierphase an Tormer wit thes eg Chock thereon shows ia this gue. Soto, (0) The dice eutent of each 2pube group is ip The conducting ale 10" eos he ceri each secondary tasformer ‘nding ir as shows 8 9, marked by). The oon ins primary ‘inding lnc te aera oh tna secondary nding on cach Yee Shee» pimary winding bas 3 tes as many ua ya ondary nding, the magnitude 1/3 ia each dein, a shown in 20, Thur by @.Corrnt Die 120" leading, and te bee cent is @ =. To coren an ear hap sic 5 he ln caret of Sate ester connection with a repuar die volage and wih no Spee rn unbalance {Oy The duet noon volta incu the vl Ey ofeach? pabe ayoup. Thin ered to woe) ‘itn relation (63) this rests in co (6 The rating ofthe vsondarytansfrmer windings is Poa 683 [Ems aa of amet vale of vlage (6 wowonday windings With relation (4.4) we compute = Eas Pose = EF Sh (2 Focthe rir ewe cal Penn 03, LSI at ot olage = peat irs “The mean vale ofthe two ratings ie 41ST + LU Interphase Transformer Connections s (6) The rms value of the line eureat “te head Ceres ony tere tne fea tesla of ureats and Gb Hence the toa input power i Poa Ele (0) The rst vale ofthe sine cri defining the sep ofthe prnary line caret 24 ioe “Thiam (gh mpi ofthe samen of he curent ene the vaio the Rodan 14 ne ttn 29" ‘Wid hea the appacet power ofthe fundamental canbe eerie: se, oe ale ‘Thiers was expected since inthe regular mode of operation P equals Pay 8 stated by elation (7), auivlet Rating of the Interphase Transformer When desgoing the interphase transformer, it useful to now the ‘Sinusoidal voltage of apply feguency tha eases the same fax swingin ‘the iatephasetranstormer atthe voltage that has (be absorbed ring ‘eter operation. The ime latpral of tie vltgeto be absorbed, divided by Bos grap presented as a function of the operating conditions bythe charts of fgy 45 and 49. Ive denote this valve, singe its mese sred in milloeonds, By fang abd the rs value of the equivalents The Comectons voltage by Hy ca be cast proved that Fest 0.13%be a ‘With this tltion the equivalent rating ca be determised. Recognising that each winding of the lterphane transformer absorbs only half the ‘alte diference of the paralleled systems, and carte nly Hal he load ‘rent, and thatthe cote area histo Be inerese inthe sme rato fn tic the fax swing ha fo he reduced with regard othe higher fequncy td to partial uturaon, we find Pagar 0133 yin a0 Pa & SBisee eo Bquations (4) and (4.6 are independent of the supply regency as tone tthe equivalent tig refers othe same supply frequency fr which the Tester connection hat to be designe. Applied to an ntexphase rae {omer that parle wo 2pule systems at ro phate contd and 127 reactive voltage drop, we fea fTom ig. 4 the Yalu fang = 14 and ‘ompute assuming a AB ratio of 2:1, Prin = O093P, | | | Twelve-Pulse Systems Large etter installation usual conse of seteral independently ‘commutating wits tha are phase sifted in such @ mame tht he {otal pale umber {12 even higher, The mot commonly sed combovaion Wil be presented an dicuced (Chapters 15 and 17 show thatthe rpple ofthe dre voltage andthe distor. tion ofthe alternating line curent ate lower the higher he pulse number ‘This is of minor importance for small power supplies where simplicity is the st requirement hat te the lading actor whee sling he some tion fra large vectiferinsalstion. Ta some fastances such insallations te spit into smal ie to provide spare capacity In eae of a flues im other theistlation i ull of several commetating groups in oder to reduce the current fo he commutated ina single group and thos to chive smaller reactive voltage drop. In oth sass it doer not con. Siderblyincrese the pie of the total instalation, butt does improve the performance, if thse unis are phase sited. The foal input power ‘Fis, aesording to Chapters 18 and 19, 1.05P, for pulse pecformance cad LOL, for 12-palepecormance ‘The theoretical optinum is |.00Py, Hence heels a conser mprove- rent the poke numer is increased fom 69 12, bot not mach more if its further increased, The only reason for occasionally using higher ue number i Yo seduce interference with ether letra systems, fOr ‘example, communication sjstems, caused by the harmonics ofthe ater rating cuteat Therefore oaly 12-puibesyrems will be investigted in this chapter, “The individual units are wally pulse commotating groupe which prove to be the mot economical building blocks for large eptems, feast under the considerations that apply to semiconductor reeling ‘ements. The combination of two such groups in a beige ora ater pase transformer connection hat sendy Deen inverigated in Chapter86 The Comestons Sand 4. Hence the only problem reserved for this chapter sto combine two phase ridge conaetions or two doubloyeconaectious wih ater hase transformer, cltber inv series o 2 parallel connection. ‘The combination af wo plase-shfed stems is ivestiated in Chapter 16, There it ie shown that the combination results in new reglar connection if the tndividual sytem ace complementary. Two 6-puse systems sy this condition if they are equal im power and 30" phase hited. Such sombitations wil now be stds Combination of Two 3-Phuse Bridge Conections with WyeData Secondary ‘A transformer with a primary wje anda secondary delta winding, or vce ‘era, caress phase shift of 30°, Hence two complementary 6-puse systems can be Bul ono given a wyesye oe dlta-delea somnected Gunsfome, and the ober one a myedets oF 4 deionye connected lronsformer. Even one transformer sliiont Ut has to Secondary ‘indings,oneinwye and onein delta conection, provided that the rete ‘rns are bridge connections which do not requie a seeondary neutral point This seule in the cet shown in fig, 22. Since the 30" tra 8 Schoved witha very simple transformer conection and without increase ofthe equivalent sting, this circu very economical. However, there {sone point to be given attention: In order to obtain egual secondary ‘tags, the number of tur ofthe two secondary windings mst bein 2 ratio of 19/3, and sine thier an rational rai, it ca only be approxi tated. Good approximations achieved with small oumbers of tm are 35 4% 0) 47 0%) Tin O%o) “Thetwo syst may be seis or parle connected. The fest method, itastrated by fig. Sa, seldom sed since each bridge connection it slready a eerie connection of two palie commuting groups. 15 more economiesl to employ diodes with higher veltge rating parallel the te bridge connections ax shown ng 5.18. However, this equites an intrphae rasformer, snd the two currents must be well belanos in order to avoid saturation ofthe core of the interphase ras former, With respect to this condition the unequal secondary vltages sre great diadranlage "The primary windings may be sither in delta or in wye, Ta both eases the phase shift angle ofthe total connection, a wel the waverhape of ‘wel Pulse Systems =e @paatconcion f L Coobinaan a no 3 pasted hae bigesometon,Ey The Connections the alieating Une carent ae the same, This ie because the phase sift angler of a nye and «dela connection der by 30% which ‘omesponds t9 the dation of one fal ple. ‘The primary delta con. rection avoids “excitation unbslaee™ (6e Chapter 2) and is therefore ‘mostly ued, The complete sytem presented by hg, 22, andthe following ‘example demonstrates ho to compte the vaice show i hi ite Example (Transfirmer current the conection off 2) Detennine the waeshape snd rms vale ofthe cutrents in the transformer windings of the cel shown in Og. 22, (This rquires knowledge of Chapters 16 and 18) ‘Solution. Curreat (D (22) the regular secondary line caret of a Siphase bridge connection, There ae two current pulses, each with "20" draton and witha valve off, eau it isaxsumed thatthe dest ‘eurrent equally shared among the two bridge conaetions. ‘Curent 2 has the same wave shape a curen (D, but is 30” lagging because bridge connection B operates wth 30” day ‘The fundamental of cueent si phase wih the fundamental of ‘earrent{D) but reduced by the factorof 3. The eps caine with hose ‘of curve @. The steps of curve @ are defaed by s sine curve with the ‘rest value of bi, divided by cos 6, that is, J4h/3. Hence the exes value ‘ofthe correspon sine curve for erent i Ma. This rests inthe ‘aus shown for curve Gia. 2, ‘Current isthe total of() and V3 times (because ofthe turn et) "This lends to the values shown or curve, ‘cuEcK. The fundamental of must bein phase wid the Furdamenta ‘of because both cuzents os trough stright windings om the se teausformer eg. ‘The valve ofthe highest stop of erent Hence (05+ 29205 times fe ist vl of then eae ening the stp ia 42, pat? BE vm uno Get “The ample ofthe funnel of the cuent asoding to Caper 16th vale times F/ Fy for L2-pue partons ating a2, NEL ot NS, as “Bri ens ati org = Bes Se etning steps ht Toeee Pale Syteris 2 ‘eck. The apparent power of the fundamental, according to tit with 62) ‘hires in Raw ‘The rms vale ofeaent oF is VE “The ms valu of utenti aie divided by V3 became ts he linen component withthe sine harnie composition ame pls im). “The rs value of ecrent Dis aconng to Chapter 16, gu othe sw vai a the sine carve ding te eps. With rain (1) this val is (/3+ 1125 times GUck From the rs ale of carat) we compat theo inp rover: : vi 4 ae Pos = 3B, te With elation (5.2) this ends to aie), Pm OO, Te torg = 12 “This values othe ating ofthe primary tansformer windings since they have to handle just his amount of power, The secondary ratings that of 1 slagle pate beige connection Combination of Two 3-Phase Bridge Connections with Secondary 18° Zigag Winding ‘We mevoned previously that the conection shown in 6.2 employing "ssindary nye aad Sesondary da wining does native precy quel secondary ylages and therefore aot wel su fo preg the two sys though an ifrphans tunfonmer, The conneston “esrb in thi seston etre sole wt SNR Beton the two ryrtams ecnae both are phe sited by the same ules, ne inthe forward and one inthe revere detion, and at fst glee io The Comectiont soms that there should be no problems of balance, However, since ‘ne system is phase sited forward and one reves, there i HECTHICA. "To explain this phenomenon, two 415° phaseshifted 3-pulse groups are shown i ig, 2. Thane may bo the positive sections ofthe two Bridge Fig. 52. Voluge induce desing common in to 415 pase ple [poops (Commun Ine (0) Canetti tan ‘connetons presented in Sig 28, Tho negative sstions st wells he lod ‘Greil are omitted in fi $2 for the sake of simplicity. Section (2) ‘somes commutation between phases Porto with whisk the commatati Fndictance ofthe various windings that ae par ofthe committing oop. “The leakage fax aso pases through otber windigs onthe same Ira former leg, and th polarities with which voltages ae indced in phase | ‘of sytem B, which scondctng at that time, are shown atthe right. A ‘Sula tution i ilustated in section (), assuming commetation in ‘oeke Pale Systems a system B while phase 2 of sytem 4 is conducting. Comparing both ‘stration, t canbe seen thatthe voles ined in the “Vong” and in the “shot” windings have diferent pola inthe two cases, increasing the diet voltage of onesjtem and reducing he direct voltage ofthe other. ‘This the station inthe postive yes. Voltages are slo induced in he windings conducting atthe negative sid, and it depends onthe leakage inductances between the various windings whether both bridge connsetions wil hae the same reactive voltage drop and hence balined los ourent “Wats I ae eeu Frans ° o Me 52. Geemerlitions fhe 5 Despite these problems the connection of ig, 23 i occasionally sed, and since tho 15" zigzag i alo employed forthe cet of Hg. 24 (which reeds all four secondary neutral pois and therefore cannot have a ‘iyedelta secondary), the base rations forthe 13° torn wil now be derived. ‘The restions between the varios voltages ace ilusrted by ‘ig, 53a. This dagram ean be ferther developed into fig. 53, wing the sins in(4S* — 30°) sin 45° on 30° — cos 45° in 30" b ry aE ; and x sere cas ey SEL =a ‘The Comecions ‘The renuant represents the secondary net-neutal voltage By, The voltage ares te Tong winding is, according CoH, 5.38, VEE, = 0816 5 6s, “The voltage across the shore wing is Botp 56) BB ta, 60 ‘Therating af the secondary transformer windings increased as compared vith straight wye connetion, bythe Factor fe on “The turn ato between the short and he fog windings ia (/3-— 1:2. ‘nupproximated by ‘ 38 4%) 411 3% 0) 719 (08% 08) All further details of ths connection are presented by Hig. 28. They are ‘erived in usar manner ax demonstrated withthe ast example fo he ‘cit of fi 22 Combination of Two Interphase Transformer Connections wlth Secondary 15° Zigrag, Windies [idgeconnestions are very cconemieal cet as far a the transformer is conerned, Ina cenain range of diet voltage and curent, however, Interphaoe transformer connections off other advantage, ar expsined In hapter 4, and are therfore pofered--deyplt the higher wansformer ‘ting and the problem of saturating the interphase transformer core under ‘nblanced Toad. The combination of two pulse commuting groupe ‘vat invertigated in Chapter 4 T resulted in the crus shown in igs. 12 land [1. For [pute performance wo such 6:puie connections have to be paralleled through aa latepbase transformer, and a diaplacment of 4a" etween these comnetion® is required Sie the newtal points of Al four commalating groupe are needed, the placement caanot be ‘bis with some windings in wye and eters in dels, unless this is ‘Sone atthe primary ie, sling in two separte transformers (Bp 2) Rather, eis ocesury to phase shi all yes with 1° zigzag windings. Twit Pale Stems 6 ‘This tothe conection presenta pM. The easier cones Sion af scot gute comptes ahd te secondary sores ang 168Psq ater high Thi pay Beonte the stondary turret ‘ind cry eurents wih aes component, a besa the valage is composé of two phaseahifed portions Actually, the fatr 168 the rot of =, representing the dxrtion of « Spake currents 2, repesenling the fates of the ke components and (3 + DIVE counting forthe 15 tre, cording to equation (5:2. “The nea rnsormer maybe ranged betwen ihe nevirapine of the mansformer wings, a shown in 28, oF between the Ce Poin a the diode groupes ‘Te primary afore windings may fein ‘ys ovina conevon, In Both ets the pas ft ane te ‘otal ystem andthe naeshpe of the primary Un erent are te sme Since the pase tangle aa wye anda dea winding cfr by 30, {heangle fon pile of operation gue 2 presets conecon with he berets and hc csrent core fist thefollowingsampecaslation deren thereat Showa inp Example (Fransformercurens i the conection of i 24) Datsmine the waveshaps of te caret inthe various transformer windings and compute ic cialent transformer ting forthe conreton we Seon The cuseatin the loa cet, fs shred among our pe onmutang groups. Hens th cen in ech sendy transom ‘inding const of 120 pes withthe vale fy as showe for curent Dy Ths curren is eed ito the banca Cree ote alo i according to. 538. ta dition, ther ta contin ofthe Suivent ofthe stcodng phate ofthe sane sommstsng group. THis caret i 120 lagging nd i ete othe rary sd th Oppose olay, and reduced in the ratio (3 = 16, acer to i 3.3 ‘With the conrbton ofthe ter cman roxp of sstem B which ae oppote in pay a 180 place, hn df the caren cre invig 26 ited", contibaon of system "Tom thi cre We séecrmine the conbation of stom A. The fundanstals of both ‘ontiutns must be eq in mpd and mst be “n pie” tet ‘oth sjtums repent the sme Rnd fond waa he maga of the caret andthe displacement ofthe Findus in lon to the Yeliage ar concocd, The only isa ht the plas of operon Ze dipiced Thi las othe cure showa a he “Sontibon of ‘pate A Bot a up fo he otal caret6 The Comecions “With primary deta connection this current i reduce by 1) Beene ‘ofthe turn rato, but waneshape and value ofthe fine cerrent must be the sume ee determined for curently, because both curents have the fave pulse number andthe same angle However, current @ is 30" Tagging asa consequence ofthe dla connection. "Te ans value of current (Dis Hy divided by V3, teense the current pulses ener only } ofa eye. Hence we compute te equivalent rating Dt the secondary side ofthe transformer as panne fic votage volige carrent of casen of cove long winding one short winding, (omsvalvs) (ems values) (12) phas with Insect, eis esis in i+) Pease Pa NE “his vale ested ing 28, Forte primary wide we compute (assuring ‘ye comseetion): The value of the hghed step of the eacent care 8 (3-4 1/26 times J. This elo the crest vale of the sine eure that dines the tes, and sezording to Chapter 18 the ms value ofthis eave uals the eee vae ofthe total corrent, becware both vals ate Ea, tines the rime valve of the Tusdamentl, Heer, the ms yale of this current in (/3-+ DAV times Jy as shown in fg. 24 resulting in an ‘aulvalent rating of +4), Protrgom = SEES With & exprosed by By this results in A540» 5B a By forg = 12 Pent som ‘Twele Pulse Systems « Phase Siting Trassformets A diferent method of phase siting a sectisereonnetion it to provide ‘a addtional wansformer between supply line and reir connection, {transformer that causes the desized phate shift without changing the Woltage level For iostallatons consisting of several eter unite thi has cern advantages 1. Allis can be built identaly 2. Common leakage inductance, a source of exrrnt unbalance between the individual units, avoids 3, The individual uit can be operated independent Howover, the phiseshiting transformers are an additional expense. If jst two systems bave to be phase shifted spsinst each oer it would {heorstially be sufiient to phase shift only one system and to conneot the other one trough eactorto the supply line that preset the leakage Inductee ofthe phase-shifting transformer of the other nstem. How ‘er, to pase shit beth systems in apposite dion, each by bal the angle in usally x better solution, It fegires two phase-shifting Wanse former of approsimately half the sie of ane dexgee forthe Fil angle ‘and provides perfect symetey. "The phase siting taasformere may be i fork or polygon connection “Theron convecron is showa i fig. 4. With p repeating the Phase ~~ reson Me Sa. Paeatting ante i fk sometn,“ The Connections shitangle between incoming nd ovgoig ines, and withinpat and outpat ‘ottage having the sime vale, we ead from ti uses, asited by Tg. 550 Voltage serost - ‘ tone winng 9 aap ace - Sire inig 69) “The short windings cary the lie current ‘The Fong winding eats the diferene of fo line currents that are displaced by g. Hence the ” o i. $8. Massing tanner in Fork cooeton, (a) Vag Sgr.) (Caen gro ‘earreot ofthe long winding i, according to Bg 5.55, ‘Current cared by long winding rom these sltions we ca eet ig a1, «2nd 6.19) 1, x2sing alee Selon) 24 ieee (ee L. — ison “ Ponts = Bln X Fes +sin(eor—2)]- Gan Fox presented ing. 59 wel Plo Stam o Deriving reston (5.10), we ignored the fact tha the currents are not ‘Sinuoidl but “stepshaped.” To demonstrate that this dost not aloe the results long asthe operation is regular so chat the step are died by @ sine ume, the curens D, @, and Gof fg. 4 are shown in 4g. 56, assuming p = 30”. Currents) and @ have the same rms vale. “Eence the seps ofthese currents are defined by sine curve ofthe sane yee -0-@ 1h Fe S06, Gromer dition 0p” een, amplitude, the sine curve for curent being 40 lagging, ‘The sine uve fo the diterence ofthe two cores, (ye determined by the vector diagram in ig. 56 Its amplitude is that ofthe ether sine curves times 2sin 15% and this eurve ie 78" leading in rention to the tne curve for ‘earrent (D..‘The pulses of operation coincide forall currents since the hageove from one to another pu occurs at welhdeined instants,“ The Comections “This determines the individual steps. The ms values ee, according to Chapter 16 eal to thers vals ofthe sige curves iat define the sep, ‘Sd can therefore be dicey computed from the vetor diagram without ‘egard of tie fact tht the curents are “ep shape.” rf ig 87. Panhiigandorme in plo cmeson “The rovvoon conarcT0N is shown in ig, 5:7. Ta fact, this connection ‘is more economia! than the fork connection and is therefore most fommonly used. te sine, and th equvalest rating is, fore certain ‘hse shift angle lower than that ofa fork connection. From the vollage ‘iagram shown ing. 5.8 we deve Volage zoe sp 2 4 Tog ng = 152% Fes" —$) a Yo 9.90 toe p 1° WaT = Vo Saat oy ts for p= From the condition of ampereturn lance betneen the long and the short winding om each leg we further conclu _oltageasrost short winding short winding ~ vollageaevos Tong winding ©") Tree Pe Systeme « ‘These elatons andthe fact that the line Curent ff the total of the creas in shoe winding and a ong winding led fo Curent in 2 tong wieding ~ 1% 7 si9 a5) curctin Sort winding 619 Me $8, Phasing amformer i plyonsonseion,yoge dg. With these results the equivalent rating canbe ompated Pogue =x 301) Asin? x sin(«or — $ ) + fant xenfer—9)] Tong winding ahr winding pes crore “This can be ter develope ito Pagar = 3g, A =) 6m Pog prosented in ig. 59 “The equilet aig teed to the “eOUghRVA™ is graphically resented by i. 5.9 forthe two types of phase-shifting teansformers and 'we notice thatthe polygon connection i superior. Besides, as 8 com sequence of equation (514, the short andthe lng windings of polygons ‘connected phase-shifting transformer have the same ratiog Walch I a8 advantage forthe transformer design.” The Comections ted YL A s = a a a =e ssh ands» 4g 59. Egle ring phases eso, Concluding thee paragraphs we should mention that a polo ‘connected phase-shifting transformer has been selected for 2 snp ‘aeultion of the feakage inductance in Chapter 8. Example (Computing cures phase hifing transformer) Determine the curt (wave shape and rms vale) i the windings of polygon-connected phase-shifting transformer, Tocding a 3phase bridge onnection, Astume a phase shit ange of p ~ 1°. ‘Souon, The curerts wil be designated according to fig 5.10. This figure also shows the veetor diagram which apis tothe fundamental © S 2 S to ie “ Fe S30, Vero agen or ape nso, Twele Pv Sytem n ofthe cuenta wel as 10 the sine curves that define the steps ofthe cuteat cures, beens thee sie curves are “in pase” vith the Fonda menial. We notie the 15” phase ahi betwcen the incoming curren) sod the ouiging eurent @. Curent isin phase with curent because the amperecurns caused by both curents mist be in balance, Current is equal to current) but 139" lnging, “With the farther omit that the ratio of the values of @ oF to he rxirocal tothe rallo ofthe vstagesacrost these windings se previoly explained i tht shaper, we find the directions end the lengths of vectors and fam ® SA). hx gee wel Gaerst ® — ex penne Fie, $11. Conon ia » polgorcnece peshitingtandoome feng & ‘perry ss = 30 Passi gp *n The Comecions According fo the vector diagram we nw plot the sae curves hat define the steps ofthe current carves The rs value of these curves ae eu to the rms alos ofthe rel current curves, as explained in Section C- Hence the eet wales of) and are V2, Curve) is reduced inthe rato sated by relation (5.16) for = IS", and carve Gs reduced inthe fail expressed by relation (815) The phase angles showa in fg. 5.11 Conespond tothe vector dingram, Theil step sto determin the loci fiom ofthe pulses of operation. Curent shown av the line curren of 2 vetier connection with £ = 30° (Compate with Hg, 1, or 12). The Dales ofthe other current curves coincide with those of eurent @. Korine the potion ofthe sepr and the eet valve ofthe ine curves that define thee steps, the curent values oral steps can be eal com- puted. ‘This wil be demonstrated forthe intrval ftom a a Current fie x sin 3° 8291, Curent @: “ ity, x sin 60° = 3221, Caneat 1a M2 1, x sin 28" x sn 67S" 1.201, BE 1, x in 8 ooo: 1a BE a, x in 75° x sil 25) = 0471, 245 fx a7 si —52.8) ueex D+0-@-0 “The rs value ae qual to the rms values of the sie curves that deine the steps and are shown al th right of fig, 5.11. With these values and the vollages computed with eatons (5.12) and (313) the design of the ‘phase shin transformer can be stated. SECTION B D-C Characteristics 1 this section the rectier cireut is conceived as SOURCE OF Dic Youtaat, and the ovrPUT cuanactunscs of this soure, such a8 Ce ‘tions between voltage and caren, ae investigate ‘Thedect cotageis computed from the no-load valve nd the rections ‘caused by pha contol, commutation, and the resistance ofthe cite. ‘The nolbad eae is function ofthe atenating voltages and ofthe pulse ‘nambers iti compated in Chapter 6. The reduction cased by phase ‘intro s fonction of the phase contol angle, derived in Chapter 1. ‘herent eoltage dop i caused by the perngi current transfer, called “commutation”; Chaper 8 computes thi voltage drop frm the vals of indutane, and explains how to derive these values fom the physical ‘serangement ofthe transformer windings and the bus bare, The reiisine ‘olage dap haste ialuence on the operation of the refer connection Ad is included in the remaining drt ‘valle ‘The relations derived in Chapter # are valid only up to a certain Toad. At higher curents novel phenomena occur and diferent tlaoaa exist between voliage and cutrent Thos are investigated ia Chapter IO, wate ‘We Toad characteristic is derived foe the entire range from no-load to shot eit “The shore cra current i of epi ntcst forthe design ‘of the ret pie ands therefore more closely invested in Chapter 1. ‘Spsil attention is paid to the tansient component, which eon ently incre the fol Tad to be aed Hythe dd ur te ‘A picture of tverteroperaron derived in Chapter 12. Other “special” ‘modes of operation ae feeanecling operation tadied in Chapter 12, and persion wih capaclee oad, tested in Chapter I. The perforthance of rectier conection under such condions is explained, and new relations between yltage and current are drive“ DC Characteristics “The reife isnot ony 8 sours of diect voltage; it ao geneestes cettin ripple vole, which may be regarded a bing superimposed on @ ‘iret voltage of conatant value. The voltage ripple aga causes fue tions ofthe eurent, dopending on the sharactortia of the de cat ‘Those rlationsareinventigated nd pecsented a fuetin ofthe operating ‘condion in Chapter 5, No-Load Voltage ‘The direct cotage ofa rece eommecton vith zro phase control, ‘and no internal voliage depts clearly dined by the eltemating tolages and therefore selected fr general sltage reference. A femal for cempuing this faniamental value wil be device na retfer conection the de cre is petioialy“sitehed around” among points of aerating potential, With open output there Is Ho ‘usrent and consequently no voltage drop. Hence he diet voltage st 10 Toad must equal at any instant a certain combination ofthe altsrating voltages a for example, the sam or the difeeace ofthe alternating ‘ollges of two phases Ire further assume that he alternating voltages are undistorted, which i 4 general assumption for all investigations in ‘this book, the sum oF the diference i also sinusoidal vottage ao that, ‘ring each interval of operation, the dct vellge i deserve hy ane faction. During one ejle thee are sever intervals of opetion, ‘epending upon the recite connection. Thus the cave ofthe direct voltage no Toud consists of a many ential section of sine cures pet ‘ces there are ntenals of operation, and ithe transition from one ‘sine curve to the other isnot delayed by phase contra, eat action fs ‘symmetial wth respect to the crest pint af the sine curve, The mimber (Of sections is called the use wuntost, dexgnatd by 4, because the intervals of operation are comparable to pues." For vaioas pole ‘umbers the curves ofthe det voltage are shown ing 6 Sige the shape of thle curve is so imple and is only a function ofthe pale ‘umber, and since the mapitude is clay defined by the alternating voltages, the average value ofthe dec volage at no load and zero phase ‘contol s used a a general VoUTAGE nEzMRENCE. tx symbol i Eye and allocher voltage quantities ae preferably expressed in terms of Ey ‘The quantity isa theoreti! figure since i dirpsnde the fact tat ‘even a Small Current, as requied forthe proper operation of certain ‘omestons, ease «voltage drop sero the diodes of several hundred “The ue mer 9 soa not be mbaen for he meer of phates fhe ly saponin antarcnncn, X6 D-C Characteristics from the alterating voltages, that the retier conection proper operation of the crcl. Applied to an inerphas transformer Prnmecton, Zeer to te direct volage with te interphase transformer ‘Nrormmanon although the rel modond vellage is higher because the Tneepase transformer docs not work at no Tad (ee Chapter 4), The ime considerations azo apply to B, a the ees vale ofthe no-oud voltage. NorLoad Votoge ” Components of F, Under load and with phase control the diet vote fers from the Aorcial value fy. Te is educed as a consequence of phase coatrl ad ‘ommaton, and By the resistive voltage dop. ‘The reductions cased by [hie contol and commutation are denoted by E, and E, whereas the fesinvevokage dop is wsually conceived as part ofthe direst voltage and Js combined with the voltage eros the londcicat in the theoretical ‘quatty Furthermore, al voltages and vollage reductions are repe- sented by thee average vale, beats ofthe fandamental restion (11), nd ean therfore be ade scoring to E+E +E on 2 ne hee ig est int voige With 20 phase contol and 0 “ote op, vz ae = tdton of ie lig aed by ps otal yg ee 2, = econo die vgs aed oma, eg ae 2, = inst volageindigeieylge deo, an vate 0% in erm of Ean, Be 6) Computation of Eu For computing Ey the direct voltage at no oul and zero phase contol ‘ust be integrated over a certain period of time, andthe rel must bo id by te length of this period. Since tere ae g ideal intervals er ye, and each intervals symmetiea by ite the range one pation ‘an be reduced to one halfiterval, and the average valve can be deter ‘mined fom the crosbatshed area ia ig 62 Crosshatsbed area a cos ot dot where Ey = crest alu of drt voltage at no lod and zero phate cont Provided the sections of the sine curves follow each oer entnaol, hich exclades y = 1 (Gee fg 6.1, the erowatehed area also equalszB DC Characterintice Nedoad Voltage » (ri)Ban and the computation ess in Sotuton. (0) For g = 3, WI x = 2D fin, 2 x 1178, ea, he feafin™) gat 6 TE, ofeach 3-pulse system equals ‘re value af lineornentl oltage “Tiss fundamental form, Its exctusiely bated on the tar ofthe vo yes operate in series iat votage curve and therefore doesnot need any statement concerning, trees, pam 2 A= 138/, Ta, of 6 pus system equals crest ‘tle of lnetorinevaage (ot) gut ‘Te rst are dental, ofcourse p62. Ar eroning Rae the congestion, ‘The connestion only dene By in relation to the aller ‘ating voltages, Forth poke numbers of intrest we compute Fe 2 0637 org =2 ia a = Ba owrorans (64) 30955 fog a yr -2 aaeo ‘ org = {the ratios one-ao the value compute forg = 2sine every second puke i omite. Example (Eg of @Sphae bridge conection) Compute Ey of a3-phase bridge conneetion asa fueton ofthe aterating Tineto-netral voltage, i two a (@) Imerpret the conection as to 3-pulse iets operating in srs. (6) Treat the conseation as 6pulse unitPhase Control Delaying the euron tans from the preceding to the succeeding hae reduce the average tue of the diet vologe. The delay 4 accomplahed By controled dade, of by reators it eres connection with regular diodes. The voliage reduction il be ‘Spat from te tone ster ofthe withheld cote, and fm the angie of delay ‘With regular diodes the current transfer brween to phases tars 28 som ts the penta of the soeveding phar ies above tht ofthe peeling hse. Thu the dc ies is pen the highest posible potential at any ant andthe dct voltage isa maximum. If, however, the wansion is delayed, the dvs voltage is termined by slower potential during & Certain period of ine, ard the average vale i reduced. Thi illstated by fig. 7 where at tg the potential of phase 2 exceeds tat of phase nd the voltage across the diode of pase 2 shown in seton(e shanges o ‘olge n3-p mieit omeion peti th pe oa. Phase Conrot a from the reverse to he forward direction, A regular diode snot absorb forward yoliage and would immelitly start to conduct, However, devices such as controled diodes, thyratons, oF meteiry are rctier ‘hve tobe “ire before they conduct, so thatthe euvent transfer ean be delyed. Reactors with a strongly marked transition from te uasatrated to the strated state ar len abe to cause such 2 delay Comparing the Voltage Reduction fem the Time Integral of the Wahid Votage Dring the ely of the current transfer a cerain ime integral of voltage is witeld from the de cic. It corresponds to the erosthatched area 1g. 7b, an sient withthe time Integral of the voltage that sorbed by the reciying lament or Ue control reactor while delaying the transfer (Tepresented by the crosshathed arcs in Ng. Tle). This voltage-time intgeal can also be regarded asthe source of the voltage reduction during a certain interval and i Wherefore qual tothe average ‘Yale ofthe rduction, fy multi’ hy the dration of hi interval AB “nexampl ina 3-pulseankpoint connection i, 7.14) such ala oscurs ‘hee times ding each eyes, Hence for a pulse midpoint connetion, uration of _ time integral of wotage wthld fom 4) Feyele ~ de creult during one delay Bx ‘This elton permits the compuation of om he ale fh ite ‘The ame relton cn be app fo cach comntting group of phase ‘niger doubinye cometon wth nteptetrsfrmer. Th the {wide conccon two bp commuting groupe operat in sees ad {he cect ogo wel the reuston hae be ade, whereas in an otrphane transformer consstion the commutaing groupe are elle and the dct voles a wel the volage cedtions are {Resa forth nial rope oor he whol stem. “This meted of computing the otage reduction canbe sed ithe delay is ae by devs such cota reactors ht sub cvs slg ‘ier sre a vlsecond) Before they erm he current ow. 2 dierent approach 8 wees) i he retlyng element ae “el it atin angle of delay, ba tis wb expand er Example (Votoge reduction na magnet contd biephase transformer connection Ins meprtcaly controlled doublowye connection with interphase rans farmer vetag time inter of 200'mVece is avorbed By the rele2 Dee Charastriics hing cach dey. Compute te voltage eution Ey, asuming that fm Oleps and tat a a (2) Te iephse aor operation. (8) The interphase Uasorer i eo option bce the fad uel too sal oc he cone ovina wanna: Soto. (0) We compute fr ech commaating grup, acorn relation (7.1), ™ aad Y 1 By = mola = 200 (Vie) 180 fe) = 361V) “This represen the eductn foreck group as wells the estion for he wok system, beste the wo pou ar perl. {@) Wih the interphase tearteemer nt fa operation the vlagetime Into 20 Vee wit om the cei tines aing each ‘yee. Hence B=RM From his we cote tht he onl character changes at curen eve beet interphase tnsfomer loss ian Facet its influence, This should be considered A, ‘hen aging ie coal ten, Cenping th Vets Het on aby Inman est ota fine (one y a asus ag te seeming peel secs fein a he BR Aerts ar arcana Sarre dint asf ~ Asan ese bsp es cing Se eS ts nat 6 oe eee a ecto ye ceccied te nig fi ang at ae reel ccteetsirt apticaginiecd Seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees ce eatin ena elo) - Fd] Phase Control ® Wit afew conversion thi reat ia Fug B 8 sin eno = Fr (tation 63) eon} get 2) uepisingly simple, 1 i iestrated by Hg 73; with an aon | Uy g.73, Dat vatiage wth pa cntl accurate ele the cosine curve of ig. 7.3 is presented inthe chat of ig 44. Equation (7.2) is valid for any pulse number except q = I and does not need any statement concerning the connection slog athe operation vega Inacae ofthe D-C Circuit ‘Relation (7.2) was derived under the assumption that hed cc stays ‘on the potential ofthe conducting phase unt the transfert thesucoeeding ‘phase cocurs. This condition slid under eal gperation wher he {ndoctance ofthe load cei issued infinite so tht the eurent ow ‘is mulntained while the ect voltage sssumes instantaneous values of ‘opposite polarity. If, however, the inductance is aot nite, the curoat Kom x 1 5 nit = he RE * NIS+ Die bo Tame = hh ‘which eed othe same result as metho (2) since Jy = 2, Computing Inductance trom Short Cicat Test Frequently, the comutatng inductance is determine by a short ict test withthe folowing procedure. (o) Shor ict ‘na single-phase connection, al scondary windings; jin a connection with pulse commotating groups, ‘uncously commutating groups jn a connection with & 6 oF 12-pube commatating group jst ‘hee 120"-displaced secondary phases. I there more thin one group, short cteut also the eoresponding pases of all otber Smullaseouslycommotatng groups,106 DC Charactrties (QF this instrvtion asks you to short circuit no all secondary ‘wings, the rule i to repeat the test with ater sets of windings ‘Shor etcute, and to take the mean vale ofthe measurements) (6) Increase the apply voltage om zero toa value at which the peimary line current equals the rated cureent. (This causes more than the ‘ated load ia the short creed secondary windings sf aot all of thin ate short circuited, To avoid damsgs, the test miy be per formed at reduced values of voltage and eurent) (© Measure the supply voltage at ths condition and refer it to the rated voltage. The rato i 2, Spl Z,, into be components Ry and X. Thisrequires knowledge ‘ofthe pase angle o ofthe rsistanes, which can be determined ‘rom a separate los measurement. IF R'&< X, the approximation Ayu Zo ay say. (Compote Tom Ky (bic aso represents X, the primary value ‘of wb, according to Cobar ate = Fe ‘ted primary lineto-neuteal voltage Tated primary line eurent (f) Traosiorm the result to the secondary side, If more than one group js thot circuited, the result represnts the reactance of all these troupe asi they were connected in paral Instead of using (6) and (/), X-ucam be directly converted into wl of «ach indvidal group scoring fo “otp= x, ft secondary lineto-nutra voltage = %ereGesondary Tine erent under shor iret codon with rated current at primary side em (opting omic foo ea) 1 cae cmt npn ante 9) ben 3 Une gle tnt sop a: Piya ins = OA Seon wots wg = SE Soman ‘et aigedtnoemer of thse Fartermoe ay snorce he aeprtre ‘i omer ben ceed. Reactive Voltage Drop wr Daring short ete est, one secondary wye was short creed and ‘withthe supply vlage reduced from the rte value of 290 V (ine toing) (o40 ¥, ulneeurrent of 50 A was measured. Determine the coatrbution ofthe transformer Co the reuctive voliage drop at sted lon, se 801) oh 635 0 aie apm 7 Sat Ben tom sma ane ODA V5 HENS. Cheat sample sloston Solution. (@) The fest value we need ithe pimay line current. load. With tur ratio onthe tansformer such that he pitary tit neutral voltage sequal to the secondary i-to-neutal voltage this vale would be where {2 is08 DC Characteristics ‘Bat cis 150 Y, Hence the rated primary line current is 101 JE jaa a) = rma = HOM A ota) = 2818 (6 As an alterat, the same valu can be computed from the total input power acording to Chapter 19 Pos fora = 6 Pra 3 Bp, 280(¥) = x 150¥] « 2000 4 x 30) - 2st eRe 20 Wi A (0 With this value we determine Z,_. With 40V applied to the input, the primary ine curent wae 580 A. Tene, for rated current an inp voliage of a ns 23 x gol = 0 ‘50 *M= 00 ‘is noesary, and the ratio of rection, which equals Zp is = ML 2 = BN = 02 (4) This reslt must now be split nto the resistive and the restive component The resistive component is defined by the power losses, lowever the lower are spied for nema operation Whereas Zyy W18 measured with on short creuied sevonéary wye. Therefore, me fist Compute the real values of resitance, For the primary sde we find {Githoot repucd ofthe rel (atsormer connection) Primary inet 1OIKWL 6 35 neutral resistance" 3¢rsfape 7 ©2501 “The resistance ofeach secondary line is Secondary tne. 1S = SET ss neutral resitance-~ Gigon aljgar~ SES “This value must now besefered to the peimary side ony Eoeoncunl tee 18 «yc 95 2 rst) ~ 9st referred to primary side Reactive Voage Drop ry Since during the est only one wye was shot circuited, this valu can be Aiety aed to the primary resitunce. With OIA TASTA} ve thon tnslate the sum ato the per-iit syst and find 2 6.3510] + 0.5 ] imo] Row = 199 (m0) 08 Xpa = VE pt — Ryo = 0.183 (© From this value we compate with ration (16 the eative voltage rap at rated load: 18s 2-8 n= 7M Indactenc of the Supply System Mhasbeenshown howto transform a eta ale of resistance, reactance, or impedance into « perunit system, and we discovered thatthe esl is the same whether the transformation is made atthe primary or secondary Side of a tanformer, as longa the primary and secondary power atings fare oval Since tht fs not always teue for reciertransformet, the ‘rimaryeatings ave ben solested forthe transformation, The nex stop [stoextend this method tothe varios portions af resitnce and reactance ‘ofthe supply stem. In fat these portions ee usually already expressed in perant system; however, thay are based on the power rating ofthe parler transformer or generator which the bong to, and The eting ‘may be many timer the rating of the cetier ination, Therefore, ‘nde lo combine these per-unt values directly with thos ofthe retifer system, tis acesary to Flat all of them to the same reference quantity, tnd nothing s more obvious than to use the reference quantity already ‘Sefned forthe recite convecion. Thi require simple transformation “The perunt values tht are based on other power ratings have to be ‘multiplied by the ratio ofthe inpat power ofthe rater syst to the ‘ower they ae refered fo. This preciced withthe following example xample (Inductance of he spp syne) ‘Transform the resultant vlus of resistance and inductance of the supply system showa a 8. 10int the perunitsystem ofthe retferiasaliatonno Doe Characteristics Sotuton. ‘There ae two power inputs he bus bars a. The vales sand Ry of the generator are based on 2 MVA, whens th inp power ofthe Fetier with & sight nscsarey,secording to Chapter 18, Pag E Pay LOSIMVAY 2 | someneieiny a 40 Ara os ply sytem ‘Therefore, we convert these two vals into ps = 225IMVAI 904 = gant 2IMVA) LOSIMVAI 945 0 zpava) O01 = 008 “The valve of jy of the transformers based on SMIVA and i converted Xu — LESIMVAD 9.96 = o.0125 SIMVAI ‘The “power” af the input lise spacifed by the “short crit power” of 100 MIVA. This information sayrthat the internal inspodance sbvocbe the apparent power of 100 MVA ithe ine short ciated or, ferentty Reactive Volage Drop m Anterpeeted, that Zyy = 1, based on 100 MYA. If we assume that there no resistance, we find onthe basis of 1.05 MVA that = MISIMVAI _ goi0s 100 MV} “The other loads connected to bus ars caae only an aditional voltage ‘cop; they do not change the internal resistance o Feaetace of te soppy system. Therefore we ate aot eonoetned about them. Hus burs are connected to the rete through a eable witha total reactance (ine-tor esta value) of = 20018] x 50 [0 = 10 fn “This valu is Gotetionaly at expresed inthe perunit seen. There fore we compute the reference value fortis point. rom te input power of heretier and the line-totine vote of 500 V (ig, 810), we determine the ated fine eaten, f= MEIMYAL a) and finally the reference quantity tated lineto-neutal voltage ‘aed line current ~ MM. a0 (m0 TRIOTAL Buen Tm tens ofthis quantity, the eactance ofthe cable 10 {0 240 (m8 All pest nus areshown inthe equivalent diagram atthe ight off. 10) Hach one represents a ceria valu of resistance or eactanes, and ae based om the same reference quantity. Therefore, they canbe ‘sometially add jst as regula valce of resistance and eastance, resting in yg = 0.002 X= 008 Forfurther calculations hese values have to becombined wih those ofthe twansformer and the bus bars ofthe retferrystem, based on the same efeence quantity.m2 DC Characteristics ‘Leakage Inductance ofthe Transformer, Compete from fhe Energy Stored inthe Leakage Field Athos computing te age ntti of tsfonme it mot 2 ‘ete pec itil be though eed sins han via pat ofthe cet dein tnd omens not well nde arte, ‘he “coment method computing inden Frm the nds tote conor be cnly apd othe singe incest ‘ngs othe ake at nly portal ed ith th ining Tne ty we ll compat Kaas dete fom te cy ored i the inage fs «etd tha mpi fhe computations onside, eel if he range! of the windings rahe copie TAS te fin sep we ase tat an arangment of condi of ay ing wh the lo of inductance and ith nea lon stent Cerrnt and ox nse cant in sey Scare Strong the rita the caret days mth thee conan 7, eta cory sited in terete of he et wa [Urea wit this ead to weal’ oma eval tai 2, He a wt 82 welt ean [As the second step we assume ¢ homogeneous magnetic fd, for ‘example, in a toroid coil where the magneti uk i surrounded by turns carrying the current. The inductance is = 1, and the eneay stored inthe magnetic eld is, according to relation (8.21), wa SH Since = 4B and N= HT wire A= erosetona aenf the Beld 1 length of he Bld aus the energy also ‘where V= volume occupied by the eld the ids not homogensous, this flation can be ‘nargy can be deterained by Sina ae 62) 1 we aly combine this relation with (8.21), and inset B = a, we find r= 8 [irae (829) ‘This i the fundamental relation for computing the value of indvtance rom the energy stored inte magnetic eld. To pve proper understanding, 10 tis elation let us pat meaning ino words "For comping the inductance ofan aztangement of conductors of any ‘coniguration with the only condition that the relation between caszeat tnd mngncti fox must Be ear, assume thatthe arrangement carries the cureat / and determine (6) For each intemal wnit of volume, the magnotc eld stength thats cased by the assumed currents (@yFercach uit the value Himes the volume of the units (6) The total ofthe contributions ofall units gecupied bythe Bek. “Thon multiply the vale of (6) bya! The res the inductance ofthe arrangement, referred tothe Grout ia which the current was assumed. ‘OF course, the summation i ade by integral calcalus; for this purpose Ary expel aha Tanto fone ote aries that the ‘fs transformer. Inthe windings of a transformer volages are induced G) Asa consequence ofthe exciting cueat, () As aconsequence ofthe load current nhs chaper we are only concerned about the voltages that are induced Tn the transformer windiags y the change of the lod currents Sing ‘commutation. ‘Therefore We completly itegad the main excitationm4 se Characters “Thisispermisible since the mal Box oceapes the core while the leakage fx antaiy squeezes throveh the windings and the gap between the ‘windings, tha theres paca no influence betwees the two Tegel Thaes Ife then asumesocordingtotherulejurt derived thata constant ‘erent of the value / lows through the path for which the inductance isto be determined, we mut slo sume that this cute is balanced by lmmpresurns nother windings us asthe load curtent is balanced dung Festiler operation, het Balancing arypeetaens ate actualy a diret ‘Consequence ofthe assumed curen,and the laageindectance mist be ‘Somputed from the magnetic energy tht i commony setup by ie current andthe balancing ampere-urs Figure &.11istrater the station for 3 singlephase transformer oF fone leg ofa 3-phase transformer assuming ¢ 1:1 turn ratio. In order 10 take he balaning amperes into account, the pinay and secondary windings have Seen connected i series, and the indvtance ofthis lop ‘viously represents the ldkags inductance Under consideration. In ig {LIlb's more realistic tagsformer is shown where the windings ostapy a ‘cetain volume. The otal excitation of al primar or secondary windings IsINi It is absorbed maily along the dimension since the path ofthe leakage fluc is clos through the coe of the transformer where the “Inagetic resistance’ is much lower han in as. Starting rom the inside ofthe inner winding, te field strength increases linearly since more and ‘hore tums contribute tothe exetaton. Tis constant inthe gap and then Gecreases nc, ago, singe more and more tars contibate with ‘opposite polarity” Along the éimeason , and stound the ciramfeence the field Strength is nearly constant, so tht integra caletus is needed ‘only for adding the ifrtesnal contributions along the dimension + of fig. 611d. With relation (8.28) his leads to Latte ar (32 “The vals ofthe integral repeesnted by the crosshatched area cam be eal determined sce the curves of se and decay of epreseat Squared function pre (es ee (625) Reactive Voltage Drop us mene “irs sey Fe S11, Lesage hewn pity end ssn enone winding Forse gut aangement of he windings he cue of te felt renga mss eet span ae sve a Mumia ving eect tos al acy flex’ abet soy at nuh te wading the Seve wig Taye a a ee aap tots pra te el hav emule by creo oe of approximately 0.9. ae Steet tay oer arangemenst wing welcome conmation aches sega, soy sow hie tas owes spy this on pc olen,us DC Characteristics Fe, £12. Leake induise of pa sangeet of taomer nts (Sea eects oaks pa) rat) oy ou wotnde(ntete. +.) xample (Leakage indvetance ofthe manyformer computed rom the energy ‘stored the leakge fed) Figur £13 gives erossnctionl view through the windings om one leg ‘ofa phase transformer. Determine th conbution a the wanaformer leakage inductance to the leeonesral commotating indtance 1, for ‘he following conditions: (a) The two secondary windings om each leg are connected in sis, snd the winingr ofthe three phates in ye, fling & Spulse ‘midpoint eomneston (© The transformer feds a double-nye connection with interphase transform. + 4 seta protien ert a ample ecliion i Caper 1, The he Indie at be cnn potion he eget sreseuaely Sears este Vaage Dro ww ° © if - 0 oy uy Teaco Moro cnet » 7s eA, Arrangement of rere widing fr sample etn, (2) Tic two windings on each eg are used for to separate but sul taneously commutating S-phase bridge connections, (@) The two windings on each leg ace in vigrag, feeding a 3-pube midpoint connection Solutions, (0) We assume that both secondary windings cary dre ‘current of the value and that these ampere-taras are bulanced by the Primary ampereturns. Under this condion, the Held svegth as @ Finetion ote varible ris presented by th carve of fg. 8 13H, The square ofthis value, again asa function of, showa in Bg. 8.13¢. The rose hatched ase represents [noes QUES]us DAC Characters ‘With cis expression and with (624) we finally compute Laanane = AAAI} 4000 x 3fin Ein}, 2.54 fem lenin) Tin = 20s) = 3048 Since it was assumed thatthe current Fis cat by both secondary ‘windings, the result refers tothe secondary sde of the transforms with the two secondary windings la series connection. Since the windings are ‘onncctd from line to neutral, and since there are only thse secondary ‘hist, the result represents the contin ofthe tnormer leakage vdctane othe lne-to-netrlcommutating intone, just a deed. should be pointed out that no assumption was nsesary concerning the Primary number of turns or the connection of the primaty wiadiags. It ‘yas sutient that the primary anipereturs weasel in balance with the secondary ampereturns. (@) In this case only one ofthe two secondary windings sata certain time, engaged in a commutation. Thovfore we assume that only one secondary winding cree the current and that this cere i balanced by primary ampere-urs, Hence he Bed stength is debuted as shown, in ection () 8.12, and we comput daar dee 24] « [sts] = 187401 Since the two wyes commute independent, this rele represent the contribution of the transformer leakage inductance tothe line-t-neueal ommtating inductance of exch Wye (©) Under this operating condition both secondary windings cary current as if 'they were connected in parle Therefore, we assume 4 current of 12 in each winding, and’ fad a value of inductance of 30 us = 75 yl, This rters to the ect mich the curent he the value Ji the parle connection of the two windings. Hence the ( vwltage absorbed during commattion hy the lin-fomeutal leskage Inductance ofthe transformer is 7.5 [ul] times th rate of change of the ‘ora ofthe currents inthe two windings, oF 15 fl] times the ale of ange of one ofthese caress. From thie we conde tat the conti bution of the transformer leakage inductance to the line-to-petral commutating inductance Z of ech individual phase bridge connection ‘S15 ak Reactive Voltage Drop ww (however, Ly was intypreted as the lineto-nevtea commutating {inductance ofa “st of commuating groups.” the rest would be 75 WH.) (With secondary zigzag winding, the tution is arated by 8 81K. Siace the current of etch secondary phase causes a leakage fx fon oo legs we investigate a situation where two phies cary caren, Justa they do during commstation. For this conn the curves of he fel stength are showa in Sg. 8.4. The curent ows in the sme het tig BALE e814, Leakage in lg wig a icetion through the two secondary windings of leg 1, whereas on le 2 ‘only secondary T and om lg 3 only secondary I iscondveting, ‘The aess roarkel by erosshatcing represent the result of the eureeat of phase 1, land the energy computed from these areas defines the lnto-nestral leakage inductance ofthis phase: ttl AO yg Late = Os NIE 4 5 +5] = Mat) eam aakge ce of lar sfing meme i prc (One more example will be presented in order to give sufieat under standing to the method of computing the leakage indactanoe of the ‘tansfrmec rom the energy stored in the leakage fl and to demonstrate ‘that this method is not uel i is logcslly applied. ere isthe problem: Determine the lineto-novtalIakageinduttace of phase ‘Shing transformer in polygon connection (ig 8.152). Assume ‘Long windings = 41 turns Short windings = 1S tree mean ccamerence ay = 25%n and the phyical dimensions shown in fig 15,0 DC Carvers Soluton. We assume that a earrent flows fain point 4 to point B (fg, 8.152), representing the commutatag current ofthe rectifier connec: tion. For is carne the primary suppy lines ae short cinuted ab indicted by the thee connections made to point C, Bosnise we have to take the balancing ampere turns into account but we ate permite’ es > y gt o e808 Arangenent of tanner Winding ape asion 1 gore the main excitation. Then we determine th eurents ia the indvadual windings. For thie porpore we designate the tin ratio as ‘and find from the condition of amperetar Balance For point Tahele For point &: Tale th Both rations revalt in 7 and halt = 1 ‘Tho turn ratio is spcited as «= fh. (This eto gives, very seca, a 30" form and is therefore selected for this example) With this rao we compute noo and = 030 Reactive Volage Drop mt nd forber conclude, based on equations (6.21) and (6.22), amperes cate tm Bet aoa] [2M] + mapa ocigy wore iniabge 7-603) avert ~eeelesee T+ ETE Wah the given values, his revats in x 10-"fse] 25 fin) At If} x 0.17 L = 2 fem) 0 males “This isthe total leakage inductance ofthe two commutating phases. The Tine-to-netral vale i oer of hi, fom pat Inductance of Boe Bars {in retier system or high current and low voltage the bs bar contribute considerably to the toil commutating inductance. Therefore, a bret eoduetion wil be given into the calculation of bus bar inductance. lower, oly rough approximations canbe presente since bus bars are usualy rather compler arrangements. Actual the bus bars have to be "idealized," and itis matter of “tecrical feeling” to slet proper dimensions forthe abate, ‘Two stich Mealized areagementa will tow be investignted, starting with the loop of PARALLEL TUDE CONDUCTORS ‘shown in ig. 816. There ast one tur and no iron. Hence the induc. tance i defined by ® My wher represents the total Bx encircle bythe oop and ease bythe ‘Stent 1 Bowing inthe lop. Ife now sve tht ony condor | are erent, the fines of the field are concent, andthe feng of Tine withthe radi ris rah ine sensed bythe ae. Hencem ” « DC Characteristics | Bats ‘Mg A Magut fel inno of opal he contacter, Reactive Volage Drop ry the eld strength Has fanction ofthe distance r fom the evade af the conductor is 1 ae) =e and the Max density 1 m= nage ‘raphy protented in 8.168, The total ox ensred by the loop ie infinitesimal area marked in 8162 ove ffeamotar Ti pig hatin ttf Lay tal ant tn celta = tll dnd inn) “This ux is reposted by the aren enveloped by the henry line in fg 5.16 if this aren i malted hy, the length ofthe azrangement. A simile development determines the Mux eaused by the curent in cone fuctor 2 wll, 9 = and tory ‘The rea! oxis the rum ofboth and the inductance ofthe loop is this sun divided by : ta 029 4 int or with For tm d xo [2S] sex asatem ind =o [i] aan should be nosed thatthe inductance per unit ofength snot a function ofthe rel dimensions but of the rato ofthe dimensionsms DC Characteristics “The second arrangement under consideration is a pie of wanausst, ‘Lar 9u5 mans showa in ctoss-setional view in ig 8:17. If we assume thatthe distance betwee these bars is small a comparison to thet height, ‘we shal fd thatthe magnetic field is vey sme tothe leakage Held between two transformer windings In both ease the excitation is uni formaly spread over rectangular ea and balanced by en opposite ex citation and in both ese the Mx sqacezed between the two Conducting bodies. Furthermore, he leakage Rx ofthe transformer eeturns through ‘the fom core andthe Mux ofthe bus bars eturas trough a space of wide “roxtsetionsl areas that in hoh cases the main potion of te exation Tpabsorbed along the path ofthe fx between the two eondocting bodies Therefore, we lize the results obtained for the leakage indvetance between transfer windings oF ‘computing the inductance of parallel, at bas hare Weyustsobstiate the length ofthe bas bats, J, forthe mean circumference of the windings, dys ad the eight of the cone ductors, fOr the beight of the windings, ‘esgnaied by 1, Ths, with thesymbol of, LIT, we develop relation (25) no Inte pet tb be Leelee.) aay re 617 iagmicag” TRIE FOE of engl Sogo eM La oats [Ht] t24)/a 29 “This elation disregards the seta pth of the magnetic Mux and it therefore a rough approximation, expel i tho distance betweon the th bars ie considerable in comfrison to thei height More accurate ‘akuations ae very comple, and the results are usualy presented by ‘Shri Such ehart, modi fom Hlecrical Coils and Condctrs, HB Dwight isshown ini 18. Rt gives esteud of Land refers to single prs of bus bars; butt can be ase also for mliphase rectifier connec and proper formulas or charts may not be available. Taen the bus bats ‘hol! be compared with interleaved transformer windings, a a relation slr to (6.28) ean be deve, This wl e proceed wih the conluding example Reactive Volage Drop ms ase shes ing pir of ects condor 6c, Rerows ca Clan Conny, Mer New Yor, 1S, fom HB Dwg Be ‘yt mois) Bxample (Undone of itera bus brs) Datei the ndctane pe ot af tho he abs shown inthe srosssectonl view fi, ‘So. The equ ale of indutane resto the oop consis of eonucton and tin parle an, athe rtm path condos? aad $n paral. Tn oder to compute the inctance fom te eety stored in the magnetite some tht a eurent pases hough the loop “This geste caret 2 cach condor and rent inte curve of Ue26 Doe Characeriticn enim in Me 8, brine reg eon. Seid sengh shown in 19,1 the rtm pth dpa. We omoute m aad enti tnd tind With he gre aes fH $8), 288 [om] #¢Sfin} 3 +3) Resistive Voltage Drop The ressive voltage drop wil be computed from the ‘ower losses ther case a reduction ofthe dec voltage ‘Coretons for measurements made wih short-cireated ‘he terminal il be dase. aie Relations “The power loses in a rece system can be classi ito 1. Losses that increase the primary current, 2 Comes that roe the dret voltage, Loses ofthe fit kind are the “no-load” lusts withthe oore loses of| the tansformer a8 the main portion; loses ofthe second category are the "loud losses," caused by the Now af the oud curtent. Quite obviously, the Jad loses must equal the product of the direst eurrent times the resistive voltage drop. Henge this voltage drop can be competed fom the Tose: scoring > =e oe em Lis now a logical step to conesve all values of resistance, which are actualy spread over the entire roster system and represented in fi Sa by the resistors inthe thre vecondary puss, 24 being concen lusted in one resistor in sries withthe load exit. Tis resistor, Rin fig. 9.15, cartes the loud eure, and the voltage drop acros this resistor 4B, Thus the restive vllage drop is eliminated from the rete ‘connection and i included in the direst voltage Ep which siplies the investigations. This concept the more Justified since with instantaneous commutation R=, eenuse the Tosd current pases l any instant through one of the reo phass, and it does not matter whether the ‘estamos fin ths phase ori he de circuns eC Chavacternics ‘With cetan commtating angle the station s change since daring commutation the load current shared by two peice and the reslaat value of resistance is smaller than Ta fet, commtation redes the rs yale of the eueent in the aio ef, graphically presented 4 ‘o o a. 9. Reva of held bts ant ted eh «conection factor in Hg. 2.5. The loses are reduced by the square of ‘his rato. rom this we conclude wen ey oa (Phi elation ignores the ft thatthe coretion factor for the ems valve ofthe current sin some cares diferent forthe primary and the secondary uments, whereas and A represent the combined resistance of bot sides.) “The main soures ofthe power loses are the tansformes, the diodes, and the bas bars. ‘Transformer designers usally know how to compute the losses, and the losses in the diodes are specie in he datasheet fo vari condusing angles as funetion of the average value of the curent. For compating {he loses in the bus bass many sul contibutions have to be regarded, nd ii sometimes more convenient to eompate thir tot, a & rough ‘Spproximation, fom the average current densty for which te ination |S designed, and from the total amount of copper or aluminum that is Resative Voltage Drop ne sed. For this purpose the losses per pound of capper or suinum are shown in fg 92 ata Tanction ofthe current Sensi ‘The power losses are usualy measured with short iced de terminals at redtced input voltage. However, under such condition the waves shape ofthe currents Inthe various brmaches and sometimes aso the Soo) ar ae ase ‘i eye) — Me, 98. Chart for computing persis fs om he cet ey. temperature, fers Grom tht under regular operation aad he results need correction. Tis may be demonstrated bet with an example xample (Computing poner les from short ict est, corvetons) ‘The losses ofa rece in 3-phse bridge conection hve been measured with short eruited de terminals, Resa ‘Total losses = ASW ‘messured at the av input, with a euret ia the short circuit path of| = 1000 A, and ata tenperature of 20°C,ry Dec Characteristics ‘Determine the loses and the resistive volage drop at regular operation with J, 1000 A and at atempecature of 79°C. Assume a diode charac terse as shown ia fg. 93. Disegard aay temperature coticient of the formard vohage drop ofthe diodes, and father assume that all ‘lus of impedance are como forthe two commuting groupe. catia a, 93, sid ode caacri fr anple akunon inenus value. Solution, We frst temie the messurd loses. (@) Lonses caused by th conan! sltage drop aeror the dnd ‘These losses are 2 0.9 [VI x 1000 [A] = 1.8 [RWI {fctor 2 takes postive sand negative system ato account). (@) Losses cased by the intra resitanc of the diodes, For compat- ing this portion we have Co compute the rms value of the euerent Fg 94, Curent rough ee ring sat ca tt (nly commen impede), cried by the dodes under the short circuit conition, and to ‘determine the equivalent resitance of the dies, The wives ‘ofthe short citi curent is investigate in Chapter I in fig. 94. Since thre Branches contribute to the cure path the average yale ofthis current ie I ane te eest ale {sy times this value. "With this knowledge the rms vale ca be competed: lout ee, ome Ht Aw 52814) Irae = x ok ta [each second halwave is omited — ims valve of ful sine curve Resistive Yologe Drop Pa From the slope ofthe diodo characteristic (fig, 9.3) we determine ‘he equivalent resistance: une = 251M, Rann = SUL» 96a} ‘This ends to the loses of al sx branches 6 x (S241A]#06 fn} = Lo KRW) pl) PHP KW) a rie orn the afore and the bat Under regular pertion the rss value ofthe erreat is 1 in the fade tha carry B Unidirectional current leon cr Pome Sa vag commana es “This rises the loses in 2kWto Ay instead off, 6 transformer windings and bus bars from 2IRW) x (11 1.22-= 295 1W) ‘The loses caused by the constant voltage drop actos the odes willbe unckanged (under Yhe ited sumption) ‘The loses eased by the intern seitance of the odes ate iereased from TW to 1B x {hap 90 RW] = 121.) Toa: S96 R00) ‘This causes resistive voltage drop at f= 1000 {A} of = 59610 s "1000 [A] seat10 Load Characteristic This ohapir imexiates the operation of a recifer conection under extreme Toad condtont ad deries the relation bercen ‘he dec colage and the caren for varus types of connections Jor the entire range from na food io short cet “The load characterise of voltage Source sepretents the outpt votage ‘as fonction ofthe cute. The outptvolge ofa retifer connection iy Fas teduce by the eeactve and the reise Vollage drop (regarding phase conta) The reise voltage rap i, according to Chapter 6, ‘oncsived as prt ofthe oatput vallage Hence, only the reactive lags “rop determines the “slope of the load charsctrty and this voltage ‘drop wil now be computed forthe eotie range fom no lad to short iru. IC proportional to th current, 2x long asthe commutation focus in the manner deseribed in Chapter 8, This is because te tine egralof the vole absorbed. duriag commutation by the lineto- ‘oval commutating inductance ofthe seseedng phase represents bath (© The val of the commuated cureat, because the voltage-time {integral equals ttes the curent rise Tom zero to ths valu, () The reactive voluge drop, Because the wolagetine integral is witht rom the de ici. Beyond a certain fond, however, novel phenomena oer: 1. The individual commatatios overiap, 2. The commutation between two phiser delays the pickup of the” third phase ‘These phenomena afc the relation bstwsen the recive volage drop. and the current. Hence we must investigate ther inorder to preset the load character for the entre range. The investigations are rather comples and will therefore be ress to opertin with iit

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