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Unit I Introduction
Unit I Introduction
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
1. INTRODUCTION
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Major considerations in Electrical Machine Design Electrical Engineering Materials-Space factor - Choice of
Specific Electrical and Magnetic loadings -Thermal
considerations - Heat flow -Temperature rise - Rating of
machines -Standard specifications.
DESIGN may
Cost .
(ii)
Durability.
(iii)
Design Factors
Mechanical force required for movement in
rotating electrical machines can be produced both by
electrostatic and electromagnetic fields since both the
fields store energy.
MODIFY
ASSUMPTIONS
7
A
PERFORMANCE
CALCULATION
NO
YES
PRINT DESIGN
SHEET
STOP
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Limitations in design
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Saturation.
Temperature rise.
Insulation.
Efficiency.
Mechanical parts.
Commutation.
Power factor.
Consumer specifications
Standard specifications.
10
10
SATURATION:
The maximum allowable flux density is to be determined by the
Saturation level of the ferromagnetic material.
TEMPERATURE RISE:
Life of the machine depends on the type of insulating
material used.
Life of the insulating material in turn depends upon
the temperature rise of the machine .
Proper cooling and ventilation techniques are required to keep
the temperature rise within safe limits.
INSULATION:
The
insulating
material
should
withstand
electrical, mechanical and thermal stresses produced in the
machine.
EFFICIENCY:
MECHANICAL PARTS:
Construction
of
a
machine
numerous technological requirements.
should
satisfy
COMMUTATION:
POWER FACTOR:
Poor P.F results in larger values of current for the same power,
therefore larger conductor sizes have to be used.
CONSUMERS SPECIFICATIONS:
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:
2.
3.
4.
Small
Medium
Large
20
20
BASIC PRINCIPLES:
Faradays law:
Flux is constant w.r.t time and is stationary and the coil moves
through it- emf induced is called motional emf- used in rotating
machines like d.c machines, induction and synchronous machines.
Both the changes mentioned above occur together i.e., the coil
moves through a time varying field- this process involves both
transfer and conversion of energy- thus used in commutator
machines.
of conductor, m;
I = current carried by conductor, A;
= angle between direction of current and
magnetic field.
When the conductor and magnetic field are perpendicular to each
other, = 90 degree.
ELECTROMAGNETIC DESIGN
STATOR & ROTOR
ROTATING MACHINE
Core
Teeth dimension
Winding & air gap
STATIONARY
Core & winding
MECHANICAL DESIGN
ROTATING
STATIONARY
Frame
Shaft
tank)
Bearings
Tank
(Transformer
Magnetic materials
3.
Insulating materials
Electrical Conducting materials consists of
1.
High conductivity materials
used for making all types if windings required
2.
High resistivity materials (alloys).
Used for making resistances and heating devices.
2.
FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
MATERIALS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
OF
HIGH
CONDUCTING
ALLOYS OF COPPER:
1.
Beryllium copper
Cadmium copper
Brass- contains 66% Cu, 34%Zn.
Copper silver alloy- contains 99.1% Cu, 0.06 to 0.1% silver.
2.
3.
30
30
ii)
iii)
CLASSIFICATION:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
LIST OF SYMBOLS:
SYMBOL
MEANING
UNIT
az
mm2
ac
Amp.cond./m
Bav
Wb/m2 or tesla
Bgm
Wb/m2 or tesla
Pole arc
bp
Co
Output coefficient
Kva/m3-rps
Cooling coefficient
C W-m2
Armature diameter
38
ds
mm
Ecm
Eph
frequency
Hz
Rated current
Ia
Armature current
Iz
Iph
Armature length
m
39
speed
rpm
speed
rps
ns
Synchronous speed
Rps
Rating of machine
kW
Pa
kW
No. of poles
kVA
Ql
kW/m3
resistance
ohm
Dissipating surface
m2
Tc
Tph
40
Va
Peripheral speed
m/sec
Ws
mm
ys
Slot pitch
mm
Magnetic flux
Wb
Pole pitch
efficiency
Temperature rise
Current density
A/mm
Resistivity
ohm-m
41
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
ROTATING MACHINES
Every rotating machine has the following three quantities.
42
42
- yoke or frame
- field pole
- pole shoe
- field winding
- Interpole
ROTOR
- armature core
- armature winding
- commutator
OTHERS
- brush
-brush holder
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE
STATOR
- yoke or frame
- armature core
- armature winding
ROTOR
- field pole
- pole shoe
- field winding
-damper winding
STATOR
- yoke or frame
- armature core
- armature winding
ROTOR
- solid rotor
-field conductors or bars
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS
OF CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
STATOR
- yoke or frame
- stator core
- stator winding
ROTOR
- rotor core
-rotor bars
-end rings
CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF
SLIP RING INDUCTION MACHINE
STATOR
- yoke or frame
- stator core
- stator winding
ROTOR
- rotor core
-rotor winding
-slip rings
Space Factor
p
Total flux around the air gap
Bav
ac
IzZ
50
50
THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS
Radiation.
Artificial
thermal ohm.
NEWTONS LAW OF
COOLING: Q=Qrad +
Qconv
=radS+ conv S
Q = S watt
9.
Open machine
Open pedestal machine
Open end- bracket machine
Protected machine
Screen protected machine
Drip-proof machine
Splash-proof machine
Hose-proof machine
Pipe-ventilated (or) duct-ventilated machine
10.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Heat flow
Heat flow in two dimensions:
Heat does not travel along parallel paths and the dissipating surfaces are
not homogenous.
In actual practice the heat flow is in different directions and the windings
and cores have insulation in addition to copper and iron respectively.
Thermal resistivity of built up windings and cores depends upon relative
thickness of insulation to copper and iron.
y dxw / t
l( AB CD)
y
wdx
4lxt
w
x dx
tdx
t x
l( AB CD)
4lwx
x y
twdx
2 2
4lx y w
t
Q
w
t
8l
t
w
x
y
TEMPERATURE RISE
Q = Power loss (heat produced ), J/s or W
G = weight of the active material of the Machine, kg
h = specific heat, J/kg-C
S = cooling surface area, m2
= specific heat dissipation, W/ m2 -C
c = 1/ = cooling coefficient, m2 -C / W
m = final steady temperature rise, C
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60
HEATING CURVE
m
Temp rise
= m(1-e-t/Th)
0.0632
m
Th
Time,t
COOLING CURVE
Temp rise
= ie-t/Tc
0.368
i
Tc
Time,t
Rating of Machines
OVER MOTORING:
(using a motor of higher rating than is required by load) leads to higher
capital costs and increased losses because of lower efficiency at
reduced load.
In a.c drives, motors working at reduced loads lead to poor power
factor leading to uneconomic loading of supply circuits and apparatus.
LOAD DIAGRAM(or) TIME SEQUENCE GRAPHS:
which show the variation of motor torque, power and load current as
function of time.
In the descriptions and diagrams for duty types S1 through S9 the following
symbols are used:
P = power in kW
Pv = losses in kW
max = maximum temp. in C
n = speed/min
= temperature in C
JM = moment of inertia of
the motor in kgm2
Jext = moment of inertia of
the load referenced to the
motor shaft in kgm2
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67
Period
Period
Short
The period of operation is so short that the temperature rise of the motor does not
reach its final steady state value.
And the period of rest is so long that the motor returns to cold conditions.
Standard short time ratings are: 10,30,60 & 90 minutes
INTERMITTENT RATING:
It applies to an operating condition during which short time load
periods alternate with periods of rest or no load without the motor
reaching the thermal equilibrium & without the maximum temperature
rising above the maximum permissible value .
70
70
operating period and rest period are too short to obtain thermal
equilibrium during one duty.
The
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The
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Temperature rise
Q = Power loss (heat produced ), J/s or W
G = weight of the active material of the Machine, kg
h = specific heat, J/kg-C
S = cooling surface area, m2
= specific heat dissipation, W/ m2 -C
c = 1/ = cooling coefficient, m2 -C / W
m = final steady temperature rise while heating , C
n = final steady temperature rise while cooling, C
i = initial temperature rise over ambient medium, C
Th = heating time constant
Tc = Cooling time constant, S
t = time, S
Thermometer method.
Resistance method.
Embedded temperature detector method.
85
85
ii)
In the forced ventilation, the air is forced into the fan by the fans
mounted internally or externally.
Standard Specifications
90
90
Standard Specifications
IS 325-1966
IS 4029-1967
IS12615-1986