Mng n ron nhn to (ANN) v gii thiu mt s nghin cu ng dng

trong qun l d n u t xy dng

I.

Gii thiu

Mng n ron nhn to l mt m phng x l thng tin, c nghin cu ra t h

thng thn kinh ca sinh vt, ging nh b no x l thng tin. N bao gm s lng
ln cc mi gn kt cp cao x l cc yu t lm vic trong mi lin h gii quyt vn
r rng. ANNs ging nh con ngi, c hc bi kinh nghim, lu nhng kinh
nghim hiu bit v s dng trong nhng tnh hung ph hp.
u tin ANN c gii thiu nm 1943 bi nh thn kinh hc Warren
McCulloch v nh logic hc Walter Pits. Nhng vi nhng k thut trong thi gian ny
cha cho php h nghin cu c nhiu. Nhng nm gn y m phng ANN xut hin
v pht trin. Cc nghin cu ng dng c thc hin trong cc ngnh: in, in t,
k thut ch to, y hc, qun s, kinh t...v mi nht l cc nghin cu ng dng trong
lnh vc qun l d n xy dng. Ti Vit Nam vic nghin cu ng dng ANN vo qun
l xy dng ch mi bt u trong vi nm gn y v cn c pht trin.

II.

C s l thuyt pht trin ng dng

1. Cu trc mng Neural

Mi Neural (nt) l mt n v x l thng tin ca mng neural, l yu t c bn
cu to nn mng neural.

wk1
uk

wk2

F (.)

wk3
b

Hnh 1: Cu trc 1 n ron (Neural)

xi: cc tn hiu input
wkp: trng s ca tng input
f(.): hm hot ng
yk: kt xut ca Neural
b: thng s nh hng n ngng ra ca output

output
yk

Phn loi cu trc mng Neural

a. Mng dn tin mt lp
y a cu trc mng neural n gin nht. Mng neural ny ch gm 1 lp xut,
khng c lp n.

neuron
input

neuron

output

neuron

neuron
b. Mng dn tin nhiu lp

Output 1
Output 2

Output 3
Input

Output
Hidden
layer
Hnh 3: Cu trc mng neural nhiu lp

Mng neural nhiu lp c th gii quyt cc bi ton phi tuyn nh vo cc lp

n. Cc lp n ny xen gia cc input bn ngoi v output ca mng. Cng nhiu lp n
th kh nng m rng thng tin cng cao v x l tt mng c nhiu input v output.
Ngoi ra cn c mng hi quy v mng Neural dng li.

2. Hm hot ng
Cc hm hot ng phi c cc c tinh sau:
- Hm b chn trn v chn di
- Hm c tnh n iu
- Hm phi c tnh lin tc v trn

Trong thc t thng thng ngi ta thng chn cc hm sau:

a. Hm Threhold
1 nu u > 0
f (u) =
0 nu u < 0
b. Hm piecewwise linear
1 nu u > 1/2
f (u) =

u nu 1/2 > u > -1/2

0 nu u < -1/2

c. Hm sigmoid (logistic)
f (u) =

1
1 + exp (-au)

d. Hm tang- hyperbol
f (u) = tanh (u) = eu e-u
eu + e-u
3. Tin trnh hc
Tin trnh hc l tin trnh quan trng ca con ngi, nh hc m b no ngy
cng tch lu nhng kinh nghim thch nghi vi mi trng v x l tnh hung tt
hn. Mng neural xy dng li cu trc b no th cn phi c kh nng nhn bit d liu
thng qua tin trnh hc, vi cc thng s t do ca mng c th thay i lin tc bi
nhng thay i ca mi trng v mng neural ghi nh gi tr .

teach/use
X1

W1

X2

W2

Inputs

Output
X3

Wn

Neuron

Teaching input
Hnh 4: Tin trnh hc
Trong qu trnh hc, gi tr u vo c a vo mng v theo dng chy trong
mng to thnh gi tr u ra.
Tip n l qu trnh so snh gi tr to ra bi mng Neural vi gi tr ra mong
mun. Nu hai gi tr ny ging nhau th khng thay i g c. Tuy nhin, nu c mt sai
lch gia hai gi tr ny vt qu gi tr sai s mong mun th i ngc mng t u ra v
u vo thay i mt s kt ni.
y l mt qu trnh lp lin tc v c th khng dng khi khng tm cc gi tr w
sao cho u ra to bi mng Neural bng ng u ra mong mun. Do trong thc t
ngi ta phi thit lp tiu chun da trn mt gi tr sai s no ca hai gi tr ny, hay
da trn mt s ln lp xc nh.
tin cho vic trnh by, ta k hiu y l gi tr kt xut ca mng Neural, t l gi
tr ra mong mun, e l sai lch gia hai gi tr ny:

e=ty
4. Gii thut Back Propagation
Thut ton Back Propagation c s dng iu chnh cc trng s kt ni
sao cho tng sai s E nh nht.
n

E = (t (xi, w) y (xi))2
i=1

Trong :
t (xi, w): gi tr ca tp mu
y (xi): gi tr kt xut ca mng
Trc tin , ta xt trn 1 Neural, mi Neural u c gi tr vo v ra, mi gi tr
u c mt trng s nh gi mc nh hng ca gi tr vo . Thut ton Back
Propagation s iu chnh cc trng s gi tr ej = Tj yj l nh nht.
Trc ht ta phi xc nh v tr ca mi neuron. Neuron no l ca lp n v
neuron no l ca lp xut. Ta cn bit cc k hiu:

wij: vector trng s ca neuron j s u vo i

uj: vector gi tr kt xut ca neuron trong lp j
x1

tj
Wij

x2
W2j
xi 1

fj (.)

(i 1)j

sum
x3

Wij

Neuron j
Hnh 5: M hnh tnh ton mt neuron

Gi tr sai s ca neuron j ti vng lp th n

ej (n) = tj (n) yj (n)

-

Tng bnh phng sai s ca mng neural:

k

E (n) =
-

1 e2j (n)
2 j =1

Ti neuron j ta c tng trng s input:

p

uj (n) = wij.xj (n)

i= 0

Gi tr kt xut ca neuron j:

yj (n) = fj (uj(n))
- Tnh ton gi tr o hm sai s cho mi neuron wij

ej

Gi tr iu chnh trng s:

Nh vy qu trnh iu chnh trng s c th c xc nh theo cc cng thc

trn, tuy nhin ta cn phi xc nh v tr ca neuron thuc lp no (lp n hay lp xut).
iu ny rt quan trng trong vic tnh ton cho tng h s iu chnh trng s.

Nh vy tu theo hm hot ng ta c th tnh d dng tnh ton cc gi tr iu

chnh trng s cho tng trng s tng ng theo thut ton Back Propagation.
III.

Mt s nghin cu ng dng ANN trong qun l xy dng

1. Florence Yean Yng (Singapore) v MinLiu (USA): nghin cu ng dng

Neural network d bo k hoch thc hin xy dng d n Singapore. Theo nghin
cu ny tc gi thc hin trn 11 php o, 65 nhn t tc ng n s thnh cng ca
33 d n trc y. Ch ra 6 php o c th d bo s thnh cng ca k hoch thc hin
d n vi mc chnh xc hp l: tm quan trng d n, tc xy dng, tc gii
quyt vn kh khn, s lun phin thay th cng nhn ngh vic, cht lng ca h
thng v thit b.
2. V lnh vc d ton chi ph cho mt d n: Tarek Hegazy v Amr Ayed
ng dng ANN d ton chi ph cho mt d n ng cao tc.
3. Hoijat Adeli v Mingyang Wu d ton gi b tng ct thp va h cho d n
xy dng ng.
4. Xishi Huang, Danny Ho, Jing Ren, Luiz F.Caprest ng dng Neural Fuzzy
pht trin m hnh COMOCO, trn c s d liu kinh nghim ca cc d n trc y,
m hnh ny cho php c lng c chi ph ca cc d n khc ln hn v c ng
dng trong c lng chi ph ca d n cng nghip.
5. Jason Portas v Simaan AbouRizk ng dng m hnh Neural network nh
gi kh nng sn xut xy dng.
6. Irem Dikmen v M. Talat Birgonul ng dng ANN nh gi th trng
quc t trong quyt nh thc hin d n, da trn cc nhn t ca mt d n quc t
gm: ngun tin, khi th trng, s thnh cng ca nn kinh t, kiu hp ng, h s ri
ro.
7. Hashem Al- Tabtabai ng dng ANN xy dng m hnh phn tch kinh
nghim v h thng d bp cho d n xy dng. Trn c s d liu cc d n trc y
v: tin thc hin ca nh thu, dng ngn lu, vt liu v thit b, thi tit v mi
trng, phn trm cng vic hon thnh, cht lng, gi c vt t, thu, bo him... d
bo phn trm thay i ca k hoch, phn trm thay i ca cht lng, cng nhn lao
ng sn xut, thay i mc lng lao ng, thay i gi vt t, thay i chi ph u t,
thay i chi ph trong qu trnh thc hin d n.
8. VK Gupta, JG Chen, MB Murtaza ng dng phn loi cc d n xy
dng cng nghip, theo cc bin quan h: v tr xy dng, lao ng, vn v t chc,
c im khu vc, ri ro ca d n v mi trng.
Nh vy ng dng ANN trong qun l d n xy dng cho php gii quyt v d
bo cc vn v chi ph, cht lng, k hoch - tin cng nhu tu vn trong quyt
nh thc hin d n. Nhm tc gi cng ang thc hin mt nghin cu v d bo chi
ph thc t ca d n xy dng bng ng dng ANN v ang xy dng mt phn mm
p dng nghin cu ni trn vo thc t Vit Nam. Hy vng trong tng lai s c nhiu
nh nghin cu Vit Nam tip tc pht trin cc ng dng ca ANN vo trong ngnh xy
dng ni chung v lnh vc qun l xy dng ni ring.
KS. Phan Vn Khoa, TS. Lu Trng Vn, GS. L Kiu
(Ngun tin: T/C Kinh t xy dng, s 2/2006)