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MT S PHNG PHP
GII H PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC
H nh Sinh

I. DNG BT NG THC
Du hiu cho php ta s dng phng php ny l khi thy s phng trnh trong h t
hn s n. Tuy nhin c nhng h s phng trnh bng s n ta cng c th s dng
phng php ny.
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh nghim dng:
x + y + z = 3

3
(1 + x )(1 + y)(1 + z ) = 1 + xyz

Gii: VT = 1 + x + y + z + ( xy + yz + zx ) + xyz 1 + 3 3 xyz + 3 3 ( xyz)2 + xyz = 1 + 3 xyz

Du = xy ra khi x=y=z=1.
V d 2: Gii h phng trnh:
x + 1 + x + 3 + x + 5 = y - 1 + y - 3 + y - 5

2
2
x + y + x + y = 80
Gii: K: x -1;y 5

Ta thy rng nu ta thay x=y-6 th phng trnh th nht VT=VP. Do , ta xt cc trng

hp sau:
Nu x>y-6 th VT>VP.
Nu x<y-6 th VT<VP.
Suy ra x=y-6. T y v phng trnh th hai ta tm c x,y.
V d 3: Gii h phng trnh nghim dng
4y
2z
3x
+
+
=1

x +1 y +1 z +1
89 x 3 y 4 z 2 = 1

Gii: Bi ton ny c s n nhiu hn s phng trnh v vy ta s s dng phng php

bt ng thc
Nhn xt: Bc ca x,y,z phng trnh 2 khc nhau nn ta s dng Cauchy sao cho
xut hin bc ging h.
T phng trnh th nht ta c:

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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1
2x
4y
2z
=
+
+
x +1 x +1 y +1 z +1
1
3x
3y
2z
=
+
+
y +1 x +1 y +1 z +1
1
3x
4y
z
=
+
+
z +1 x +1 y +1 z +1

p dng Cauchy cho 8 s ta c:

1
x 2 y4 z2
88
x +1
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1)4 ( z + 1)2
1
x 3 y3 z2
88
y +1
( x + 1)3 ( y + 1)3 ( z + 1)2
1
x3 y4 z
88
z +1
( x + 1) 3 ( y + 1)4 ( z + 1)1

Suy ra
1

(1 + x ) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
3

89 8

x 24 y 32 z16

( x + 1) ( y + 1) ( z + 1)
24

32

16

89 x 3 y 4 z 2 1

Du bng xy ra

x
y
z
1
1
=
=
= x=y=z= .
x +1 y +1 z +1 9
8

V d 4: Gii h
697
4
2
x + y =
81

2
2
x + y + xy - 3 x - 4 y + 4 = 0

Gii:
V d ny ti mun gii thiu cng c xc nh min gi tr ca x;y nh iu kin c
nghim ca tam thc bc 2.
Xt phng trnh bc 2 theo x:
x 2 + x ( y - 3) + y 2 - 4 y + 4 = 0
D x = ( y - 3)2 - 4( y - 2)2

phng trnh c nghim th D x 0 1 y

7
.
3

Tng t xt phng trnh bc 2 theo y ta c: 0 x

4

4
3

697
4 7
Suy ra x + y + =
81
3 3
4
7
x = ;y =
Tuy nhin th vo h khng tho mn d h v nghim.
3
3
4

V d 5: Gii h

x5 - x 4 + 2x2 y = 2
5
4
2
y - y + 2y z = 2
z5 - z 4 + 2z2 x = 2

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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Gii:
tng ca bi ton ny l on nghim ca h x=y=z=1; Sau chng minh x>1 hay
x<1 h v nghim.
+) Nu x>1
2 = z5 - z 4 - 2z2 x > z5 - z 4 + 2z2
( z - 1)( z 4 + 2 z + 2) < 0
2

1
3

Do z + 2 z + 2 = z 2 - + ( z + 1)2 + > 0 nn z<1.

2
4

Tng t, ta c y>1 x<1 suy ra v l.

4

+) Nu x<1
Tng t trn ta cng suy ra c iu v l.
Vy x=y=z=1 l nghim ca h.

BI TP T RN LUYN
Bi 1: Gii h:
2
2
2
xy + yz + zx = x + y + z
a) 6
6
6
x + y + z = 3

x 2 + y2 + z2 = 3
x + y + z = 3

b)

Bi 2: Gii h
x3 y = 9

3x + y = 6

S: VN

Bi 3: Gii h
xz = y + 2

x + z = 2 y

x- y+ z

S: (2;2;2)

Bi 4: Gii h
y3 + x 2 = 64 - x 2 y
2
3
( x + 2) = y + 6

S: (0;2)

Bi 5: Gii h
x + 1 + x + y = 3

2
x + ( y - 4) + 5 = 5

S: (0;4)

Bi 6:
3 x 3 + y + x 2 = 4

x 2 - 1 + x + y 2 = 1

S: (1;0)

Bi 7. Gii h
x 3 + y 2 = 2
2
2
x + xy + y - y = 0

S: VN

Bi 8: Gii h
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
2
2
x + y - 2 xy + 2 yz - 2 xz + 1 = 0

HD: H cho tng ng vi

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

2
( x - y) - 2 z( x - y) + 1 = 0

T phng trnh th nht ta c: -1 z 1

T phng trnh th hai : x-y tn ti z 2 - 1 0 z 1
Suy ra z = 1 .
Bi 9: Gii h
x 2 = y + 1
2
y = z +1
z 2 = x + 1

HD: y l h m vai tr ca x, y, z nh nhau.

Gi s x y z. Suy ra z 2 - 1 x 2 - 1 y 2 - 1 z 2 x 2 y 2
(*)
Xt x 0 hoc z 0 . T (*) suy ra x=y=z.
Vy ch c trng hp x>0 v z<0 . Khi z 2 = x + 1 > 1 z < -1 y 2 = z + 1 < 0 v l.
Vy h c 2 nghim l x=y=z=

1 5
.
2

Bi 10: ( Olympic-tnh Gia lai 2009) Gii h phng trnh

2
2
2
x + y + z + 2 xy - zx - zy = 3
2
2
x + y + yz - zx - 2 xy = -1

HD: Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

( x + y )2 - z( x + y) + z 2 - 3 = 0

2
( x - y) - z( x - y) + 1 = 0

S: (1;0;2) , (-1;0;2).
II. TNH CC I LNG CHUNG
V d 1: Cho abc>0. Gii h phng trnh
xy = a

yz = b
zx = c

Gii: Do abc>0 nn h cho tng ng vi

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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bc
z =
a

ab
y =
xy = a
c

yz = b
x = ac
xy = a

xyz = abc

yz = b
xy = a

bc
( xyz )2 = abc

z = a
yz = b

ab
xyz = - abc
y = c

ac
x = b

V d 2: Gii h phng trnh

x + y + xy = 1

x + z + xz = 2
y + z + yz = 5

(*)

HD Gii:
( x + 1)( y + 1) = 2

(*) ( x + 1)( z + 1) = 3
( y + 1)( z + 1) = 6

T y cc em c th gii tip mt cch d dng.

V d 3: Gii h
x 2 + 2 yz = x
2
y + 2 zx = y
z 2 + 2 xy = z

(*)

HD Gii:
x 2 + 2 yz = x
x 2 + 2 yz = x
2

(*) x - y 2 + 2 yz - 2 xz = x - y ( x - y)( x + y - 2 z - 1) = 0
x 2 - z 2 + 2 yz - 2 xy = x - z
( x - z )( x + z - 2 y - 1) = 0

T y cc em c th gii tip mt cch d dng.

BI TP T RN LUYN:
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
Bi 1:
xy = 2

a) yz = 6
zx = 3

xy + x + y = 11

b) yz + y + z = 5
zx + z + x = 7

xy + x + y = 7

c) yz + y + z = -3
xz + x + z = -5

xy + xz = 8

d) yz + xy = 9
xz + zy = -7

Bi 2:
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x ( x + y + z ) = 2 - yz

a) y( x + y + z ) = 3 - xy
z( x + y + z ) = 6 - xy

xy + y + 2 x + 2 = 4

b) yz + 2 z + 3 y = 6
xz + z + 3x = 5

x + xy + y = 1

c) y + yz + z = 4
z + zx + x = 9

Bi 3:
x 2 + 2 yz = x

a) y 2 + 2 zx = y
z 2 + 2 xy = z

y 2 - xz = b

b)* z 2 - xy = b (a,b R)
x 2 - yz = a

x2 + y + z = 3

c) y 2 + x + z = 3
z2 + x + y = 3

xyz=x+y+z
yzt=y+z + t

d)
ztx = z + t + x
txy = t + x + y

III. PHNG PHP T N PH

i khi bi ton s phc tp nu ta gii h vi n (x ,y ,z) nhng ch sau mt php t
a=f(x), b=f(y); c=f(z) th h s n gin hn.
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh:
x 2 ( y + z )2 = (3x 2 + x + 1) y 2 z 2
2
2
2
2 2
y ( x + z ) = (4 y + y + 1) x z
z 2 ( x + y)2 = (5z 2 + z + 1) x 2 y 2

Gii:
Nu x=0 suy ra c y=z=0 ( x; y; z) = (0;0;0) l nghim ca h.
Vi x 0; y 0; z 0 chia c hai v cho x 2 y 2 z 2 ta thu c
y + z 2
1 1

= 3+ + 2
x x
yz

2
1 1
x + z
= 4+ + 2

y y
xz
2

x + y = 5 + 1 + 1
xy
z z2

1
x

1
y

t a = ; b = ; c =

1
Ta nhn c
z

( a + b )2 = c 2 + c + 5

2
( b + c ) = a + a + 3

2
2
( a + c ) = b + b + 4

(1)
(2)
(3)

Ly (2)-(3) ta c:
(a-b)[2(a+b+c)+1]=1.
Ly (1)- (3) ta c: (b-c)[2(a+b+c)+1)=1 .
Suy ra a-b=b-c a+c=2b thay vo (3) ta c 3b2 - b - 4 = 0 .
T y cc em c th gii tip.
V d 2: Gii h phng trnh sau:

x 3 ( 6 + 21y ) = 1
3
x ( y - 6) = 21

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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HD: Nu gii h vi n (x;y) th y ta tht kh thy c c phng hng gii.

1
z
3
z = 21y + 6
3
y = 21z + 6

Nhng mi chuyn s r rng khi ta t x = . Khi da v h

y l h i xng loi 2. Cc em hy gii tip.

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh sau:
12
xy
x + y = 5

18
yz
=

y + z 5
xz
36
=

x + z 13

HD: Nghch o 2 v ca tng phng trnh sau t n ph.

V d 4: Gii h phng trnh sau:
2 x + x 2 y = y

2
2 y + y z = z
2 z + z 2 x = x

Gii: H cho tng ng vi:

2 x = y(1 - x 2 )

2
2 y = z(1 - y )
2 z = x (1 - z 2 )

Khi x = 1; y = 1; z = 1 khng l nghim ca h trn nn h cho tng ng vi

2x
y =
1 - x2

2y

z =
1 - y2

2z
x =
1 - z2

(1)
(2)
(3)

p
-p
t x = tan a ; < a < th
2
2
2 tan a
= tan 2a
1 - tan 2 a
2 tan 2a
(2) z =
= tan 4a
1 - tan 2 2a
2 tan 4a
(3) x =
= tan 8a = tan a
1 - tan 2 4a
ka
tan a = tan 8a a =
(k Z )
7
-p
p
-p ka p
-7
7
<a <

<
<
<k<
2
2
2
7
2
2
2
(1) y =

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-3p -2p -p p 2p 3p
;
;
;0; ; ;
7
7
7 7 7
7

Do k Z nn k {-3; -2; -1;0;1;2;3} a

x = tan a

-3p -2p -p p 2p 3p
Vy nghim ca h l : y = tan 2a , vi a l cc gi tr
;
;
;0; ; ; .
7
7
7 7 7
7
z = tan 4a

BI TP T RN LUYN:
1) Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh:

y + z - x =

a) x + y - z =

x + z - y =

xy
x + y = a

xz
b)
=a
x + z
yz
2
y + z = a

xyz
a2
xyz
b2
xyz
c2

Gii cc h phng trnh sau:

1 1
1
x + yz + xyz = 3

1 1
1
2) + +
=3
y
zx
xyz

1 1
1
+
=3
+
z xy xyz

a + bc + abc = 3
a + bc + abc = 3
1
1
1

HD: t a = ; b = ; c = . H b + ca + abc = 3 (a - b)(1 - c) = 0

x
y
z
c + ab + abc = 3
(a - c)(1 - b) = 0

5 xy
x + y =1

5 yz
3)
=1
y
+
z

5zx
=1

z + x
1 1
x + y = 3 - xy

6)
2 2
1 + 1 = 7 - 3x y + 2
x 2 y 2
xy
1 1

x + y + x + y = 5

9)
x 2 + y2 + 1 + 1 = 9

x 2 y2

x-y
x + y
+3
=4

12) x - y
x+y
xy = 2

5xy = 6( x + y)

4) 7 yz = 12( y + z)
3xz = 4( x + z )

5
2
2
x + y = 2 xy
8)
x - y = 3
y x 2

1 6
+ =7
7) x y
x + y = 2 xy

2 x 2 + 2 x + y 2 + y = 6
xy( xy + x + y + 1) = 4

10)

x + x + y + y = 18
xy( x + 1)( y + 1) = 72
2

13)

5
2
3
2
x + y + x y + xy + xy = - 4
5)
x 4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2 x) = - 5

2
2
x + y - 3 x + 4 y = 1
2
2
3 x - 2 y - 9 x - 8 y = 3

11)

x + y + y = 5

14)
( x + y) x = 6

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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1 1

x
y
7
x + y + x + y = 4
+
=
+1

x ( x + 2)(2 x + y) = 9

x
xy
15)
16) y
17) 2
x + 4x + y = 6
x 2 + y2 + 1 + 1 = 4

2
2
x
xy
+
y
xy
=
78

x
y
y + xy 2 = 6 x 2
1 + x 3 y 3 = 19 x 3
x (3x + 2 y)( x + 1) = 12
18) 2
19)
20)
2 2
2
2
2
1 + x y = 5 x
y + xy = -6 x
x + 2y + 4x - 8 = 0
8 x 3 y3 + 27 = 18 y 3
21) 2
(Olympic 2008)
2
4 x y + 6 x = y
x+ y + x 3 + 2 x 2 y + 2 xy 2 y3 = 0
x + y + x 2 + y2 = 8
22)
23)
x ( x + 1) + y( y + 1) = 12
x y = -2
x - 3z - 3z 2 x + z 3 = 0

24) y - 3x - 3x 2 y + x 3 = 0 (Olympic 2008)

z - 3y - 3y2 z + y3 = 0

3z - z 3
x
=

1 - 3z 2

1
3x - x 3
HD: k : x; y; z
. H cho tng ng vi y =
1 - 3x 2
3

3y - y3
z =
1 - 3y2

x (4 - y 2 ) = 8 y

25) y(4 - z 2 ) = 8z
z(4 - x 2 ) = 8 x

(Olympic 2008) . HD: t x=2tan a .

IV. DNG TNH N IU CA HM S

V d 1: Gii h phng trnh sau;
2 x 3 + 2 y 2 + 3 y + 3 = 0
3
2
2 y + 2 z + 3z + 3 = 0
2 z 3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x + 3 = 0

Gii: H cho tng ng vi h sau

x = f ( y)

y = f (z)
z = f ( x)

13 2
2t + 3t + 3
2
Ta c: 2t 2 + 3t + 3 > 0;
"t R .

Xt hm s f (t ) = -

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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2

1
f '(t ) = - (4t + 3)(2t 2 + 3t + 3) 3
6
3
f '(t ) = 0 t = 4
3
4

T ta c: f(t) tng nu t - v f(t) gim nu t -

3
4

3
th hm f(t) tng:
4
Gi s h c nghim ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 )
Xt t -

Nu x0 < y0 th f ( x0 ) < f ( y0 ) z0 < x0 f ( z0 ) < f ( x0 ) y 0 < z0 suy ra x0 > z0 > y0

iu ny v l.
Nh vy h ch c nghim khi x0 = y0 = z0 , th vo ta c
2 x03 + 2 x02 + 3 x0 = 0 ( x0 + 1)(2 x02 + 3) = 0 x0 = -1

Suy ra h c nghim x=y=z=-1.

3
hm f(t) gim ; Chng minh tng t ta cng c nghim x=y=x=-1
4
3
nhng nghim ny loi v x;y;z - .
4
Xt vi t -

Kt lun h c nghim duy nht x=y=z=-1.

V d 2: Gii h phng trnh
x - sin y = 0

y - sin z = 0
z - s inx=0

Gii: Xt hm s f(x)=sin t, khi c dng

x = f ( y)

y = f (z)
z = f ( x)

p p
p p
Hm f(t) c tp gi tr I = [-1;-1] - ; . Hm f(t) ng bin trn - ; . Do
2 2
2 2
hm f(t) ng bin trn I .
Gi s h c nghim ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) .
Nu x0 < y0 th f ( x0 ) < f ( y0 ) z0 < x0 f ( z0 ) < f ( x0 ) y 0 < z0 suy ra x0 > z0 > y0 . iu
ny v l.
V vy h cho tr thnh

x = y = z

x - s inx=0

(*)

Xt hm s g(x)=x-sin x.
Min xc nh D=R;
o hm
g '( x ) = 1 - cosx 0,"x D hm s ng bin trn D. Do ta c:
Vi x=0, ta c g(0)=0 phng trnh (*) nghim ng.
Vi x>0 ta c g(x)>g(0)=0 Phng trnh (*) v nghim.
Vi x<0 ta c g(x)<g(0)=0 Phng trnh (*) v nghim.

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Vy phng trnh (*) c nghim x=0. Do , h c nghim x=y=z=0.

V d 3: Gii h phng trnh:
x 3 + 3x - 3 + ln( x 2 - x + 1) = y
3
2
y + 3 y - 3 + ln( y - y + 1) = z
z 3 + 3z - 3 + ln( z 2 - z + 1) = x

HD: Xt hm f (t ) = t 3 + 3t - 3 + ln(t 2 - t + 1)
f ( x) = y

H phng trnh c dng f ( y ) = z .

f ( z) = x

Ta c f ' (t ) = 3t 2 + 3 +

2t - 1
2t 2 + 1
2
=
3
t
+
1
+
> 0 "x R.
t2 - t +1
t 2 - t +1

Vy hm s f (t ) ng bin trn R.
Do x; y; z ng vai tr nh nhau. Nn khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s x y z .
T h phng trnh ta c: f ( z ) f ( x) f ( y ) ; nn ta suy ra x = y = z.
By gi ta gii phng trnh g ( x) = x 3 + 2 x - 3 + ln( x 2 - x + 1) = 0
2x -1
2x 2 + 1
2
Ta c g ' ( x) = 3x + 2 + 2
= 3x + 2
>0
"x R.
x - x +1
x - x +1
Do g (x) l hm ng bin v nhn x = 1 l nghim.
2

Vy h phng trnh c duy nht nghim x = y = z = 1.

BI TP T RN LUYN:
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
2 x + 1 = y 3 + y 2 + y

1) 2 y + 1 = z 3 + z 2 + z
2 z + 1 = x 3 + x 2 + x

y 3 - 9 x 2 + 27 x - 27 = 0

2) z 3 - 9 y 2 + 27 y - 27 = 0
x 3 - 9 z 2 + 27 z - 27 = 0

y +1
x = 1 +
x

2x3 + 3 x 2 - 18 = y3 + y

z +1
3) 2 y 3 + 3y 2 - 18 = z 3 + z (Olympic-2009)
4) y = 1 +
(Olympic-2008)
y
2 z 3 + 3z 2 - 18 = x 3 + x

z = 1 + x + 1

z
3
2
3
2
x = y + y + y - 2
x + x + 3x - 4 = y

5) y = z 3 + z 2 + z - 2
6) y3 + y 2 + 3y - 4 = z
z = x 3 + x 2 + x - 2
z 3 + z 2 + 3z - 4 = x

x3 + 3 x - 3 + ln( x2 - x + 1) = y

Bi 7: y3 + 3y - 3 + ln( y2 - y + 1) = z
3
2
z + 3z - 3 + ln( z - z + 1) = x
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Gii:Ta gi s (x,y,z) l no ca h. Xt hm s f (t ) = t 3 + 3t - 3 + ln(t 2 - t + 1)

ta c: f '(t ) = 3t 2 + 3 +

2t - 1
2

> 0 nn f(t) l hm ng bin

2 t - t +1
Ta gi s: x=Max{x,y,z} th y = f ( x) f ( y) = z z = f ( y) f (z) = x
Vy ta c x=y=z. V phng trnh x3 + 2 x - 3 + ln( x2 - x + 1) = 0 c nghim duy nht
x=1 nn h cho c nghim l x=y=z=1

x2 - 2 x + 6 log (6 - y) = x
3

Bi 8: Gii h: y2 - 2 y + 6 log3 (6 - z) = y (HSG QG Bng A nm 2006)

2
z - 2 z + 6 log3 (6 - x) = z

x
log3 (6 - y) =

x2 - 2 x + 6
f ( y) = g( x)

Gii: H log3 (6 - z) =
f ( z) = g( y)
2
y - 2y + 6

f ( x) = g( z)

z
log3 (6 - x) =

z2 - 2 z + 6
Trong f (t ) = log 3 (6 - t ) ; g (t ) =
Ta c f(t) l hm nghch bin, g '(t ) =

t
t - 2t + 6
6-t
2

(t

- 2t + 6

vi t (-;6)

> 0 "t (-;6) g(t) l hm b

Nn ta c nu (x,y,z) l nghim ca h th x=y=z thay vo h ta c:

log 3 (6 - x) =

x
x - 2x + 6
2

phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht x=3

Vy nghim ca h cho l x=y=z=3.

Ngi bin son: H nh Sinh

Email: sinhqluu@gmail.com
Gi ng www.mathvn.com

Bin son: Thy H nh Sinh, T Ton, trng THPT Hng Vng

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