‘An Blrentary Itrchrton sing Strcieal Oper Seaticx Maetew Heme ese teeny shay vd es wher af te enki Contents 13 Inlwrien 0 15. lie Rea Pr Stee 8 GQaetime 2 Adtanetic growin Ge Ont et 21 feo Sees est 5A Siople Rewtian! Lnagage a“ 2 lava Nile 0 : Gast Lr Wangs later Quetimerseee ee {2 The ava he SB An Alora Mhestas. Biegty Chapter 1 Preliminaries Ip sagt we vi he lr nati wich maes Lke ee Teen esto inca ede eel pos Janes ete ist sia we uy we 2 der sk ne es [eng wpe pinyin of alte tne Db en Sg of ewer ee dep. een eae he ek we lle 10 ters Tie i wevin otto a eel ln al en Fennof cin, Injeriareesiea mlerofeamt tse nie ens fereadhtsen catenin west le inten tates en ee neers inbred ics ae a stew et» eta (ae il soon sn, is We alee we eerie ewes ‘inhale 1.1 Introduction The dtm ofa peering anew cess at ew ase a salon the ge ory mee eel se wrens eed Ail leapt! ate ue eer ater On te at Il ‘realest oad tr caqunseste efi deuce aie cops emt exe we weave nd due a a ewe ‘weiner Trt ga the ko ie tio es tia ‘son The ex lf wf 14a Fol se as ese ‘ret ig rsa lent gO he a gmc He amanda pate Teint2 ure, rex 2a, BSTnONLCTON 3 eye fd lime a et nan Ae! am ie lea he aa Youd oa Pil leranet soem nan ds eles Fe arate neg le sa is sal a! folly sng BNF smuancrsene int gates Mt ecscoa eeu yeas IE {eats ein ly a ec ll le ed eden the Algiers he agg Dov nea ker ena fa arena Ato lease Fodshstes Tne ie EF teal he erratic Ke ‘cornhy nena saw Kindo he expen Wrest 62 he Fig ple ging wei ny retin Be overeat yen ome re Cp se lleexeosin bt nus tek wi olan t's ese ga piearcam of eet Medan The eek hitter ede lt eel ce iis ia ea” tr sas Pha aes fet ewe gen meres the et ether es Une any co he gree ‘ils lly fen odie sents aia aes. ilies ideo te etna teste age le ‘Mid fisnefeeesin cn be pina gen nl 2 gate Wt a ths wage Wt tec wo! ce st lenge cel ste ella ye nena nici sels, Wa eget Tet tener te ged edie ol ra pon ne ose vote anderat fate mmlerd es! Au wlan te cake wae sk ‘tanec! Tad a steerer wer ae a le ees ‘Nene ened te nett te egg ge? Tao fo ‘Ee ot eos ogra eos alee arn a eb: Te jules tec npg nen ‘le. tien er he aoe he wl caso a ak aide Asoo anal eae wal yearned so ann Tsuneo te yespctiec ewer he eos end i Lee te lets tet lento he bore ow esate eae sie le elt of serpy rge? Te au a es os fe rearane ni wi lela sour avais Stl. eresele ina ‘weeremn nar Virw Then C1 Boe C2 lene exten et oe e 2a le, we an siecle all anmenes f eaW e ‘ie. ilo Sarto en Ud eet thse issues sr ene, Wilh nalts ed tly wel evoke nl thackae to nneeitcn alse enh Tie fe falas sats xy nen Yo Ten (C40 Be (icy) (tb Then C2 the CIBC Yb Ten (C204) Boe (CHE) Ae se eh is of seem wale aes nl ca en ef fel esr ee? Tle ane deniscn asin cs NER wo levees ojo! Insel sete tne ome fail oars wth a sect ast tas eae ofl {itera apiece an sre ih ee Tbe (ene mgr pea naked soar tnt en oe ‘sen yor ws Sl carne. Te allah tases ae sen ‘inet tile niga al rein tde se ‘natsA ure, rex 1.2. Conerete and Abstract Syntax Avery sap sia te we pi gt iss fin INPUT wren bee Tee el wraseiacn el an over Te gn a renga che whe a rill ‘are eat They aes leis des enhanc {felidwldoote Westside ees lecatiee Ti ‘Somnmalniy wisi isu and Bamana! these aie "hese onal tern thee cl Ue even oy seta smal cue an ena yas ee ae pra ‘tae faim des ov cme se haste aes to ees ct ‘ln alert atin nea wo sian peas pcr Tse Tet sell MF ase Tee 4 sce sepemesofsasanental i eee fi tele at Teyate nary ala ogepens ts leseall awov see ‘ailaatieegeesine Seno = | ay es |= b= ba mms 5= | <> Sagi == 01112131415 16171815 Te went sak a ye di001.2.3 4.566789 a the nals Sep oee 09 Se igh ye mae Ayaan ite eel Seay hastily cree eeoniny i expan Hae 2 CONCRETE AND ASMRNCTSVNTAS 5 “ a we a, Fae Ll: Pane us sts pd BNF din as ees tie strane se es ‘uc ae en in Fg Ll The fit inet oe hae te ist ep >is. < > sane sem < ey > en 1. Testor pate we eres as ok oi oe he ik ep he mae &

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, Termine of} esas altar kes ceeivdsinl tose he ‘ilsrplstinehel neice sh zie ocrlnilopened ste ‘tutiesniinec anes Ht ae see ese fnew es Aveyngieblten henderson enn gue ek heensise uo jos Tie is emma ese cea elon lift te ees a secede a wee ci ti on ie inde Er eos! asaya OP Sixptyas ia il Lewolasa etoile ke esmiaicentegy Ee, ‘eillewalaealypialeinet of fp. Sues opvilasipaiea alee Then Ops iach fe Ne levee et eran exten gue Lt Alea fe Fi Ete dt hn he en cee ng BNP ac ‘can sts a oy cons ora fe as Iams aceon Nn fads Base othe we of mesa tae tat ea eal "nea ens es Esl ache an Os Wate op ta te cogs Ope ey sds ME emt of ce sens yyy Se le dente Ie cnet tutes Hal ‘Sos moee alo le true of cbse ine casey Mine Ths st fie ele chee on wo no phy des Ie to sie Mise as ns of all ye Wes We fist psy ] Sa ohhh yene ter anecsin. wa n any cheat eae sac A sane tae andi mete Use cgay Oe Nate5 ure, rex ial wo the ements NE is ke aie exes Ths Le ‘fins i he ei yt r-less te Li ct eee lhe ig wen lie iy Woe Hear commas atanies arin wer acca aya tt iss auenpisin ces enamel erect, ‘Sete ste Ale Mics ll a a fei ‘atalazan smaxca hag aul eka wll le wal oases allele sroesatin of ise ian nce uly rs rote a lee ‘ar Lars ss is of ye tes, Abo atl we wilt we a aki AN Frozen Wy ear eomesiae op ¢ Ofcnae his win geal 0 the tenia ewe cf the spiny fie sing ace ft eel tnt sa iene ie a Ve le | Feu [et The ls #2 eden! tein cf arin cei Ti static oleic lee ern Bp tac as es ei [iaysllenbsneqeers HO) Tetras lake rallied au BOpssrote comin st ae exes ae [fle The He lee i mul at Des ler en lat an aecajeskns Thea ne ee pels ese Vena esos le wis x Sel ea to mtn Nas eer Hat tle tospettcestgre od Ep ane need ach lle (Glee Wat inl! les lfeediis nian fr the jase ses Ea 2 CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT SYNTAX 2 1 Sirti cage ein BE 2 in ir ein Ber vin op opin Bop inti 2 Deities 6 In el te Mane Bee Be We | PLP | Na | Bina | toy ie oy = P= De La ley = lad | OF Fi Le Alar te eel Fp hae ca re yore ts fm te cans Bp Sata we ne fama yee Teen cede gus the dete smu ia Snyder mega single cle! Hie Te engl esc gin He, zr othe aan sense hr Hod apa Ieuan arom fa cream fl wl li-aqnnans Tear iedifaa jos sits Fra asses (eed the ber je Bed hee 17a airy tees Aditi casse «cnet ld tay ob dlr ema deni Ue er et ofure, rex Bin tel Jin er Dine ‘einen Ci Cnmend yop int Tryin Bop tein Hy ine 2 Mins ph be oe D2 sors [he | panto 20 | EF CS by] ee [OC | Mle The CO Be | 1 ie te Oo ten Bed em ln ld ond Lie Tend Be Be == be TLE | Nat be | Bee!) | Bd oy tet om f= 1 fal ky = tad] Menem iy eget ee wiht be a ‘sean hpraventoffekanncarrig thet papaneig nee Tes ‘lle wal huge ewes. 1.3. Induction sell eet le rental Tea eee Ph all aad mses wo sate aeons st Le OO Phew Me) tec 5 F404 This aa the he 2 On east ak A) Ste ne UL} I Th ea a he ‘mete re ua INpteTION 1 ethene) tee ey tal abe Asa sito ameter he pens Pl) was aes a he fd nna mates sn 1) 2 Oi feeectnentn i) de. lee ke) tet led me et Le ee ‘vcd 01 iv wich svi tw fete Mtn inte 2. NE I aneing VEL M1 tle state OL sab FE HD OHI ae? ‘wish vlan west at Nine Se weaease FW) te ween OF beth ME HH) de Obata) Hest) dv 24 4d) Mj) ie 2 4 My 1) de = de-sy42u41) de> eae ae, Iacller woe ie dee 4 ign ton wa cnt feet nfr 1) de ey nat unter east eteclek dan iba een fea les Well lene salon rt ao Ein ih 5 ae goal alle These ef atl mses the og cx ene site Nites HEN, May alersosalo lave les pees Bamps actin of cars ee se opie tea of mses then cose He Mise peti Ine seal ogame the et wl al2 ure, rex Yigal se tse peer NS NT pe swe tse nila athe tsk lt n= 4 reversal mole Me czech there Pine ey ‘tat ser we P12) be Pate % fs that sii he ced eat es ts the ete tgs ee FEN ines-rL © Xe Necan fete emai fla ne fe ers read ‘Sa tanalenatral inte wecan da at Y theless sain he late riers ba there a eH ee ta ee ket et Ma a pic eet’ Pa AO) a a wa he ase a Ply mc ween eae Mi. Tanke V betes ofc widhsses Poke = [E[O) sabe) Xsan tet eet see ce Nig etter ate Vc Nyon Py ro rey eral aa note wens csi. V asthe a ita mer ema, {Us ore thefsned bet cud meet ict In gerd we ‘ell dne tay sesame as he Kast ces sina st ann mit yopntiael Bear lente Fes owe hea ll ai ‘iis Etisal de Lace 2. Re EV imesk-+26 81 sa lng my cer set haley a ee as ag le (sata unten) ta FV the ae st ese Hoes is hfe BV tee tet lid tt on ca Ma ee ee ‘hi do west Fae? Sige ioe at 2) uw efeway dane i EV. Lat N= (2 Pu) sau}. So wong w sa That VEX. Naw BY eed sts ees waded Mame eae 2 0 fc te nt seine Te twee rsbe 205i NO) ua INpteTION 8 6 mpd: 26 Ny) tne in 2 Sif wen deel Wrsetatnents we oncom VS Ny 48 tnfieves deen of EY. Tis ene sn lll le in EV ‘Sire i ede ber cient H ean engl ee of he ees cf Vt se tat 206 separ ne Lt PE) elegy abe Ek, Soe at tore at 1B) ite cer al maar fe fe thee sew the inte of dean see wise ieee Ne cenvsening tastes he act Pe Wea sex fe NOVistonie DMF weigh ering ae PUA an ME DV ein soe bl 20 ay the ain of EE EV je ced west al siren, Wecsn asm 2 2 By ie Alagus of EY wether Ie 242 AV se MC 1) EV AWetene sen nt Pes teh cing ere aa ede ‘o/b tin fs tan Pn) tires ttel msbe n Tha pl nl etd eet Fb poet macy OG EV maitre EV th}? ¢ Elo hema send etd eek Set hase jens Aish EV ashe dest be he sane ae an camplewleze tis marsare Wel wae nt fr € EV al me EVs Men -pmec BV. Ths a sttenrm slew all doensof eset EY asec toa al sesso hee Bayon oe he tn Iberia Re fbield he enc PY ie es sated Jintao le ac eon le oo he mal ae at Pajletle teeny eeury me AY, 4m E87 ‘ieee a Pa) ne ery EV alsin that © EV a EIN babes ne “nga ie otanive wii of EY; ineni tore Fe) ewe © BV 1. Aka res mEEV.O4me EV 2. Nb} hamming PL. mk the seenn a Ife fy msgmnel}2-fme BV key meMm ure, rex Te fin yeoman} ma These spn jnnndaeton te desta pent EV. Welso ten eure ast ‘at fein © EV tn led EV tet eta te 2 EV Eeeatime ie ‘Saat eh ese nee norm eps ely ak Te yore cas an etn ene aes wa FV Te das ee nguyen eg at sen wh ca oe ssa insane Teen. ie por of ie ln epee es ‘aged Hees, th een a age lege eo ihctins ‘Wess moire ne expe atin fr indavi ets Tach re premises cones, Wensll ites eis ios ‘encore "ante ubetnedion te aa meanest he oe key vex Fer Saat ine fst rua etal ie Hos esa pensin e beev TERY Fyre FT We ee ta i mtn wl ne the sti se noe a a te ‘neveneng fl ketal sa pe Avatar ees we dene 2 ata DI get tal mes. In ff wing yy CL ese 2 DV. Thesis sr sareaT eet ssn at dmg al nse Wk te setcifen! nie ese amis tat Ss oe (Goocan ev ik seme nto epee "dns oy Heme ee we un hse din egal of Fab ive. anindave ma seat ps peers Peg) ens (2) eh a 2 Tein ed ese eet ua INpteTION i Peso) PA epi eg HL ia DIVysmize EV tly Ev, ae Pen 8°2 € EV nol ye EY" an wee diesen 1a a ine EV ten 2. Ro iis Pon Hh Theis ili se 0 EV te df EV Fr es vette at pn 1) tee BY hab EV Spee {Nes Msgr wring ere neti tn) ee aa etic Fe FV. Welavealea-suam lat rye EV water 2 © EV anl ye BV sales ence} =F Tarte Py) eer vey

IN IV y ei 2e8T ten ye Bl On mst Lea Biko in sine dtins Onoean ae wie sing testament eliteer wees er angi bees ne nex Those nde deny abs eyes! Thee sais is censtem rine pen above 13 ec Tin unseen ber Sines Se mie incon Babes the bat dy ne ‘tnt nore, Thadlenne theo het daa intestate ems, ve sence te oe et ee on ick Ise TH se eae (he get tne es Cae he ig ate la neX wtzex os met Thaset of rch dene yt nce forex ene Si ti ssi The i le it nee & Bie seve 2S a hel OS. We ‘Get Toe Ud tho ses ek eae $8 abt The elds ne we ele ssc Ua ig eT6 ure, rex 2, SIRECIVRNL INDICT u ‘Sse in een eases, Aen an is etic we we inknve ettrte Rese reds ein fd hte ln ter lef a ana igh eesti tenes unas se gen fast 14 Structural Induction Mey onsets lle sete ochre wick eileen Ssotatie meds lae sis ant singe ss ak ee ‘Sone heat et pce te Te olin Re ren te (cull Atl ban, Ws eh hy wg om eee ts ‘oz mares To cpa de runneth ai Bt ae mga lg l= [ the phy Bt le equi = eee Png atl ioe Su An a der Tt = dna Be at bas a slr eae st The call se nist) roe le ass native ec mets: ‘ore teroeny Pe) ata turd mune ast iene 2 nee Ds pening PU tn joe Ph =D) a sinutoe deol bly Uo ke tah telah ey Tetlassomain Since cles [Jo lee de see cutest! sure ‘tise Bt ol elo [ a eect es ‘tl ne enjcrets Tei n= Urns spi letter 0 Seamenst st The indie fe neal mets essa epee tet ett Wi [es at ena Bo =, then Pn tesa e aeey ier Piste Meceneeca ine arses, 1 Lise) et) hte bgt coe or OT ph sr) Ue ‘sunof Wms en) sleet, We oe ak ever a LS) sands me len nf) kn Wert eel et Me) be stated a) 1s sis) < nc = ‘sis a See 2. Ros amarng PU os Naraangrd)=n-and?y Bransowenay sume A) le esa) < Ina od). Scans) eal) Na ee = ak re) ek = 0 ene nee srs) S mn elena tool) mea (1-H) met 2/22) eet 21)= 14 ote egg strc bc pitta ttf entre The peed Rent Ueno eld tas att eae Peal a fir cocheomirier Coane} aa My hoe PU) Bi Soe UBUNCUnens) Rabo es tote cane iN) lee a cote [ith geese == idhew anyensa, ole erie lee ba cstirorf Ue sl Thre yal ner n Fac esr toa eae ne att Cebtie gerd see ‘tit suse diese lelnin ype asin and nce sexily arta ce es se cle ces che at ‘Bln year tein gh ise Ande ae {distant En he set dil nel ee ho rk ec Eee Bo see Hann et gp a he mee Naan op oe Op he Use age fr esr i cane entree We tie hia ensinwtarn wll wo aan fe ax mera Nis cal ‘ae opin dy cent op wnSloeceernte The esi ‘it eos seus ontcin be Bis ie ibe tosh P12) Ex es sant of Fit mss 1 saw a te Ey Ne 2 mening NE) al AG) te see Fe op 2) be te Ee on On® ure, rex To ginean cede tthe ef thd dio 4 Chr the ler depmce soak eens cand Now) henstterc ser Sula Ves ta er eway ct ip Cea) ana Usa tral eh ae asset pe 1 OC) < Nn fr ery te Tis ua sue OCs} =Oan! Noa) 2 Otome op 2) < Nae op 2 eight. Cr) < New) sau OC aod = Nao See ate 0) = 1 +E mn OC) = Naane)+ Nama) wn the utes 1.5 Inductive Relations and Proof Systems ote tet ik wa meee ° a ar a Dk OW ory is eben aces DY may the ae son titer ‘Tey tug alo le elas ot pe fs les aad DI Fr ccanginsappesewe at woe 3 DIV 0s tnece ble, Tis cao le Terr ole sal chs hen tee PIV ae 9 Sey fant Kg bea ceil UAT wee cae t's IV fern rsa ea ant te ie hain 3 DM 3 Gin 3 DIV 8, Rt Naw we coment le tend 3 DIV 6a if a dabei he zits Owen en tebe Rl see Dnt cana eh (onset of al 3 DY Ue nese nea 3M le Solty 8 D1 Selene ene a sey ‘dian 1 B03 en {INDUCTIVE RELATIONS AND PROOF SYSTENS » 23 6 Wwaphig tae 2'3.DI 9 Wagon Tab t02, Oeneae wn condce the pele) DY and coe that iw we sunt DIVO en alee spin o Rob! wna se te eae DIV 3 Thine en ge eer Soe Lis DIV osten 25) Dn eying eo Lat 55 DW Gaping Fs hel 3 DI oats ae The fal yet 3 DIN cso asec Te whl es Soe cove Hn ase lan Iselin Lewes 1 SD4V oly Rak 2. DWV aoting elo 2 3ON hy soin ed Ts a fe hestatrwn 39 er the abs Read ab pol ried a tte gern oa Ppl atin Ferengi A ped ot a gael sor hat htt sans angen te nse heen sen10| sects so pds abot tnt acta dscns els Tee mo pestle ere ao pon sede Thea aloe = 0 la pent Ue ial tates wc num. Rela eae te pct ‘een rman rd or a merc he cemouaaget le Txurs w cu esis canon ca ttt 3 DIV 9 Sateen ol He yn svete the hte emt DIYer enconepea (Ub Te so ae (Gane pve 1 DIV 7? Wels we camo ant Rabo dv saw 0 27, ‘ern lee pg Ita see item oD 8. Se ele al weld ok iea ure, rex 2.0 DIT antiga Hoe cm we dk dag ec IY foe nde Ome ene came ay Rib Lets 2 Bsa ec at Tel sae 1 V3 terme nt tanner aoe ah 42k Tt Biot we canes pre | DM 7 ee thee ns Bra wn foie et (DIV 7 oe actly es Ween ane cesta ae thee sche nk ete he ea ics lysine nd ‘ete eh am ie pote ese el si (nba telat st en ihe itor tenet Ht Le thea i tg ts Lt Py ete ‘oral yet sens len ate ital mn Py Hieisa ated nL ey st pata yee, te a the dati thi led eds oe este hing em Sere the last wlan sng Ue los Fae Zoi at 7, To poe heeameese sie <>< Fy Tle eres swede ne wang te bss One on poe ober tn the rh of hs at rom fe yl ich ste mks suiting ad gsc SoHE cyte ThE sss ewe oe ts ony ie a th wlan enya dann! yt eens wih cas Ue de te ‘Gitaewufgetbigecnnaeeos PR ad FT a we depen hetinivedukesc atta wh le m darren se jets seston fx hens vse sas se Kishi = Ip eat le pa sist wi ino dst Questions 1 Gesatleatial abet om asin Shee tees he kts es FD Dive #20 DI nan fceses meN 00 DI ian n DAV nA oy 2 Lette inttie detent En ton EV Ge ceny one HV bene quistmoss 8 bette DIV nan DIV nd ns DIV mene 2 DIV magn DIV Rings DIV 6 Lt HE the ay dain il Sy >, HEM rif tenner wen y's ll TOS P< dy Arr esac = (Nae at ama et) (Gem nti ate HEM 8 Ge teint dit Qt pe cay> REM vinnie co 8 DIV setts < 297 HEM henner > cn REM vingtssr DIV r=») fe cay> HEM Rey > REM oer 3 Fey toner mal meen ern die ‘ner fyi lsc ao a af aes ee es sane =" Sak n= 2+fead m= oh, The ame le ae em ‘Seber gr wiles = gan) 1 fe sn ce a ti ee ey Py © fy Coes nthe iin the | ma esa ete ener st Ny, HEA et J ale oie ‘Sia ein lp oy Ei Monee kek =, Se tats = ma) mya manne Mead FS he Geom inte dt cP let AC Nash at yy Ron 2 te ye See att moe alo met Wiese ema re lien (8 Che te pt nina Sere 1 ha LCChapter 2 Arithmetic Expressions In tis later we canine ar Sie ngewe ad se 1 xin wi we ssn sentir The bowie se eet of itor eine (Ger murs a aera overs! wl atlas Te alae aa Tas sea en eninge nd eeu ep Fg 2 xen Oya Nun Wes et tenet nest eked ior ane den Ve cne ens srs a raanar snr eds Hur east ‘abbas pesile quran esmianiccauerr Ov caren a sel esata en ume, al equa ea eel Wa et maa Innit he ani of hk a ihn ex en bee tr lwer nee dl oe eee Dt ely S30 Wich nme nes wth arhecnssn? 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