NSW INDEPENDENT TRIAL EXAMS - 2011 PHYSICS — TRIAL HSC EXAMINATION MARKING GUIDELINES Section I— Part A i[273]4 Dpislcislalpi(citc{alp[alclalsiciB[pip{cla KS S| Section I- Part B 21) [Criteria Marks + Provides correct reason 1 ‘Sample answer: The spaceship slows down because the gravitational pull of the Earth on it provides a retarding force. 2400) _ Criteria Marks: * Provides correct answer with units AND direction 2 © Substitutes incorrectly after stating correct formula OR omits units or direction with 1 correct answer ‘Sample answer: F = 6.67 * 10 = 6 10™ x 500/8.9° x 107 = 2.5 x 10'N to Earth 210) Criteria Marks * Provides correct acceleration 1 ‘Sample answer: Gravitational field strength a= 2.52 10°/500=5.1 ms 22(a) Criteria Maris ‘+ Provides justification for non-simultaneous observations 2 ‘* Provides statement that not simultaneous 1 ‘Sample answer: No. § will see the light from the match struck by P before she secs that from Q because P is moving towards her and Q is moving away. 22(b), a Criteria Marks Provides a calculation of the correct answer 2 © Provides correct formula with incorrect substitution OR correct substitution with incorrect | L calculation Sample answer: 1, 660 Vievie) 15=300- Vey NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 123(a) Criteria [Marks ‘+ Provides correct position of the ball [aaa ‘Sample answer: ; 2300) Criteria Eee Marks ‘+ Provides THREE of Galileo's statements 3 ‘Provides TWO of Galileo’s statements 2z + Provides ONE of Galileo’s statements 1 Sample answer. ‘The horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion are independent of each other. ‘+ The horizontal component of the motion is constant velocity motion. ‘© The vertical component is uniformly accelerated. 24 Criteria Marks ‘+ Provides full definition of escape velocity AND explains the use of engine thrust against 3 gravity by spaceship * Provides less exact definition of escape velocity AND an explanation of engine use by 2 spacecraft * Provides definition of escape velocity OR explains the use of engine thrust against gravity 1 by spaceship Sample answer: Escape velocity refers specifically to an object with no other source of propulsion projected vertically from the surface of the planet as if from a cannon. It is given sn initial velocity and this carries it up and out of the planet’s gravitational field. Ifa spaceship has engines, then it can use them to provide a thrust to overcome the force of gravity and to recede from the planet as slowly as it likes. It will eventually reach infinity and be outside the planet’s gravitational field. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 225(a) Criteria [_Marks ‘+ Provides clear definition, outlining the path of the spacecraft ae 1 ‘Sample answer: The slingshot effect occurs when a spacecraft approaches and passes behind a planet resulting in an increase in its speed. 25(b) Criteria Marks Describes the energy transfer during the “collision” AND the gravitational control 2 » Describes the energy transfer during the “collision” OR the gravitational control 1 ‘Sample answer: The gravitational force of the planet accelerates the spacecraft towards it, close enough that a non-contact elastic collision between it and the planet occurs. As a result of this collision, some rotational kinetic energy of the planet is transferred to the spacecraft as translational (straight line) kinetic energy and the spacecraft changes its direction of travel as it swings around the planet. As the spacecraft recedes from the planet it stows down a little because of the gravitational force pulling back on it. 26(a) Criteria Marks © Provides TWO methods * Provides ONE method 1 ‘Sample answer: 1, Winding the coil on an iron or ferrite core will increase the strength of the induced magnetic field, 2. Increasing the number of tums in the coil will also increase the induced magnetic field and the torque on the coil 26(b) Criteria Marks _| + Provides diagram with labelled rotor, magnet poles and AC power sapply * Provides diagram with magnets labelled 1 ‘Sample answer: Coil (rotor) N s YE Leads to AC power supply 21(a) Criteria “Marks ‘*_ Provides reason for correct change in distance 2 [6 States comect change in distance 1 ‘Sample answer: The current in the coils travels in the same direction. Each will have an induced magnetic field around it. These magnetic fields will interact to produce a force of attraction which attracts the coils to cach other. The distance between then decreases accordingly. 2100) ‘Criteria | Marks’ * Provides correct substitution into formula AND answer [ a «Provides correct substitution into formula except for units 2 * Provides weight force OR states correct formula 1 Sample answer: F=KEId 1x10" 9.80.25 =2*107* T4107 [= 28A NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011- Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 328(a) Criteria Marks «+ Describes swinging AND coming to rest at decreased speed 2 + Describes swinging OR coming to rest with decreased speed 1 Sample answer: The pendulum with swing back and forth with damped motion (the amplitude of the swing will decrease each swing). It will gradually slow down and stop. 28(b) Criteria Marks ‘* Provides anticlockwise current on pendulum 1 Sample answer: xx xX x xX x XK } xx x x xP 28(c) Criteria Marks ‘* Describes interaction of eddy currents with external magnetic field 1 Sample answer: Induced eddy currents in the metal “bob” will induce a magnetic field which will interact with the external magnetic field to produce a force which opposes the motion of the pendulum through the external field 28(a) Criteria ‘Marks ‘* Explains that force resulting from eddy currents cannot increase motion based on law of 2 conservation of energ ‘+ Provides statement using Lenz's law as reason 1 ‘Sample answer. The eddy current must be in this direction to oppose the motion of the pendulum through th magnetic field otherwise the swing of the pendulum would increase and the law of conservation of energy would be contravened. 29(a) Criteria Maris * Provides description of current supply connections ‘Sample answer: ADC generator is connected to a circuit via split ring commutator while an AC pgenerator is connected to a circuit via 2 slip rings, 29) tt Criteria Marks | © Provides correct graph 1 ‘Sample answer: flux NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011- Phystes Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 4296) Criteria «Provides correct graph Sample answer: emf 30(a) Criteria [Marks ‘+ Provides correct description 1 ‘Sample answer: A sharp shadow of the cross appeared on the end opposite the cathode. 3000) Criteria Marks + Describes new position of shadow 1 ‘Sample answer: The shadow of the cross would move upwards and be distorted by the magnetic field. 30(c) Criteria Marks ‘+ Provides justification for cathode rays as negatively charged particles AND not waves 2 © Provides a statement that cathode rays are negatively charged particles 1 ‘Sample answer: The sharp shadow could be produced by cathode rays as either particles or waves, but the movement of the rays by the magnetic field indicates that they must be charged, and therefore must be particles because waves cannot be charged. 31@), Criteria Marks ‘Provides statement of Planck’s hypothesis 1 ‘Sample answer: Electromagnetic energy is emitted in discrete “packets” and the amount of energy in the “packet” is proportional to the frequency of the radiation 3100) Criteria Marks | * For EACH observation, clearly explains the expected resulis for the wave model of light 4] and how only the particle model predicts the observations * For EACH observation, attempts to explain the expected results for the wave model of 3 light and how only the particle model predicts the observations * For ONE observation, clearly explains the expected results for the wave model of light 2 and how only the particle model predicts the observations * Provides ONE relevant statement i ‘Sample answer: ‘Observation 1: The wave model states that energy is delivered continuously to a surface, so with a very ow intensity wave we would expect the electrons, given time, will eventually gain sufficient energy to leave the surface regardless of the frequency of light. For low intensity light, the emission of the photoelectrons should occur, but this is not the case. The particle theory predicts that only particles of high enough frequency will have sufficient energy to free an electron, which can only use one particle to escape ~ therefore there is a minimum frequency, given by E = hf. © Observation 2: Buergy is needed to eject the electrons from the surface, and according to the wave model, the energy of a wave depends on its amplitude (intensity). We would therefore expect the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons to depend on intensity, not frequency. The particle model predicts that the energy of ‘the light particles, above that required to free the electron, will determine the kinetic energy available, [NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011~ Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 532(a) Criteria “Marks '* Provides one of the roles 1 ‘Sample answer: A transistor is used to amplify and switch electronic signals. 32(b) Criteria. Marks ‘+ Describes the limitations of vacaum tubes, the carly research info semiconductors endthe | 3 development of transistors * Describes TWO of the following: the limitations of vacuum tubes, the early research into 2 semiconductors, the development of transistors + Deseribes ONE of the following: the imitations of vacuum tubes, the early research into T semiconductors, the development of transistors ‘Sample answer: As early radio and telephone communication developed, they soon became limited by the vacuum tubes that were unreliable and not sufficiently compact for these and other applications. Scientists started researching the properties of some crystals, known to be able to limit conduction to one direction, under certain conditions. These became known as semi-conductors, and p and n-type regions in silicon were discovered and named in 1939, leading to the p-n junction. Further study in 1947 resulted in Shockley developing the transistor, based on the work of Bardeen and Brattain on voltage changes in a crystal of germanium. The purification of germanium was worked on during WWIL The drive to improve communication equipment, especially during the war, made it worthwhile to spend money on the research. required into the purification techniques. Eventually silicon transistors followed in 1957. 33(@) Criteria Marks Provides detailed definition 1 Sample answer: Critical temperature is the temperature at which, and below which, a superconducting material becomes superconducting. 33) Criteria Marks ‘+ Describes clearly at least FOUR applications and their impact +5 ‘+ Describes at least THREE applications and their impact 3 ‘Describes TWO applications and their impact OR lists FOUR applications 2 ‘© Describes ONE application and its impact OR lists TWO applications 1 Sample answer: * At~—19°C (254K) it would be much easier, and therefore cheaper, to produce and operate devices which used superconducting technology. ‘© Applications currently beyond the technology, like the storage of AC electricity, would become more feasible. This would allow generators to store electricity generated during off-peak times for use during peak demand periods, reducing the need to build more generators. Using superconductors for electricity transmission would reduce the loss of energy in power grids. Both technologies would help meet the demand for more energy as the world’s population increases. ‘+ The energy savings in technologies currently using superconducting technology, such as magnetic levitation coils, would be significant, and their use would be less expensive, thereby reducing the cost of the application to consumers ‘© The cost of maglev trains is currently prohibitive but would be reduced if a super conduetor with such a high threshold temperature was available, The use of superconducting motors would grow as they are ideal for mairy purposes. There are already ship propulsion systems using “superconducting pod motors” directly connected to the propellers outside the ship body. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011— Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 6Section I Question 34 — Geophysics (a)G) Criteria Marks ‘Describes a type of measurement made by a scismograph and links this to plate tectonics 2 ‘* Describes 2 type of measurement made by a seismograph 1 ‘Sample answer: Seismometers are very important to plate tectonics because they show scientists the magnitude of earthquakes and allow scientists to examine the location of earthquakes along a seismic fault. ‘They also allow scientists to examine the energy in the plate boundaries and the types of waves produced as plates move and grind against one another. ¢ay(ii) Criteria fs Marks ‘© Explains that vertical and horizontal vibrations are involved which require at least two 23 seismometers * Identifies that there are vibrations in the horizontal direction and other directions 1 ‘Sample answer: Since vertical and horizontal vibrations are involved, one seismometer measures the earthquake intensity in the horizontal direction, and the other measures the earthquake intensity in the vertical direction. In general, a seismological observatory needs two seismometers able to measure carthquake intensity in the horizontal direction positioned at 90° to one another and one able to measure earthquakes in the vertical direction, oa) Criteria Marks Describes the energy transformation ae ‘Sample answer: The device transforms the motion or Kinetic energy into electrical energy. (b)Gi) Criteria Marks ‘© Describes what a geophone is and explains how it works to vibrate an internal mass to 3 produce voltage ‘© Describes what a geophone is and ouilines how it works to produce voltage ‘Describes what a geophone is i ‘Sample answer: A geophone is a device that detects ground movements produced by seismic waves. Geophones detect motion in only one direction. When the case is moved up and down the small mass inside tends to stay put and induces small currents into the coil as it moves through the magnetic field. This transforms seismic energy (movement) to an electrical voltage, and the voltage is proportional to the velocity of the seismic wave motion OG {Criteria See “Marks ‘+ Explains plate movements causing most quakes to occur along the edges, currents in the 3 ‘mantle causing the motion AND rubbing of plates ‘+ Describes the plate movements causing most quakes to occur along the edges and currents 2 in the mantle causing the motion OR rubbing of plates «Describes ONE fact about plate movements 1 ‘Sample answer: Earthquakes occur all the time all over the world, both along plate edges and along faults. ‘Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates. The Earth's crust is made up of several pieces called plates. The plates are moved around due to the currents in the deeper mantle layer. The movement of the plates causes them to rub and grind against each other, producing earthquakes. NSH Independent Trial Exams 2011— Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 7(o | Criteria, Marks F'* Describes the differences between the reflection of seismic waves and the refraction of 2 |__ seismic waves using TWO separate differences i © Describes ONE fact about the difference between reflection of seismic waves and the T refraction of seismic waves Sample answer: The reflection of seismic waves involves the waves encountering a hard or more dense ‘medium and bouncing off the medium, producing a wave heading back at an angle such that the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection. «The refraction of seismic waves involves the waves bending once they encounter a boundary between two mediums; the waves bend into the medium and change speed. This is shown by the refractive index, which gives us the ratio of the wavespecd in material | to the wavespeed in material 2. ‘Marks | Explanation which links periods of pendulums being different at different points on Earth 2 |__ to gravity being weaker at equatorial regions Le Describes periods of pendulums being different at different points on Earth 1 ‘Sample answer: Jean Richer examined the periods of pendulums at different points on the Earth. He ‘measured the period of a pendulum in Cayenne French Guiana and found that the pendulum beat more slowly than one in Paris. He deduced that the slower period meant that gravity was weaker at Cayenne, so it was further from the centre of the Earth. (dy) [Criteria Marks |e Explanation involving THREE facts about data reduction in gravity surveys | 3 © Description involving TWO facts about data reduction in gravity surveys 2 ‘Description involving ONE fact about data reduction in gravity surveys i Sample answer: ARter a gravity survey, a more comprehensive data reduction and adjustment process takes place so that the small gravitational disturbances from ore bodies can be accurately picked out. The reduction process examines the changes in the average gravitational field at the specified height and gives a correction, that takes into account the shape of underlying landscape. Latitude dependent variations occur due to the Earth's elliptical shape and rotation, and this needs to be corrected. The Free-Air Correction accounts for variations in the observed gravitational acceleration at different elevations © Criteria [Marks ‘© Provides detailed discussion of magnetometers AND how they are used in geophysics, | 5-6 connection to mineral exploration, use of new superconductors in magnetometers and details about the physics principles ‘* Provides a discussion of magnetometers AND how they are used in geophysics and a +4 ‘connection to mineral exploration AND a fact about superconductors * Provides minimal discussion of magnetometers OR how they are used in geophysics. 12 ‘Sample answer: A magnetometer is used to measure the strength or direction of the magnetic field. Itmay also be referred to asa Gauss meter. It is a scientific instrument used to detect disturbances and irregularities in the Barth's ‘magnetic field caused by the presence of metal, certain minerals, excavated areas, bumed arcas, archacological sites, buried treasure, or submerged objects such as submarines or shipwrecks, It is used in geophysical prospecting, since imegularities in the Earth's magnetic field can indicate the location of deposits of magnetic ore, such as iron ore, or of ‘geological formations associated with petroleum. ‘Most magnetometers contain a magnetic device sensitive to an extemal magnetic field. Some use a permanent magnet ‘hile others use an electromagnet, The most advanced magnetometers use superconductivity. The new ceramic superconducting materials are used in highly sensitive vector magnetometers and magnetic gradiometers. ‘The SQUID Magnetometer uses a Josephison Junction. The device allows i to detect incredibly small magnetic fields, such as those found in living orgenisms, and measure extremely sensitively, the variations in the Earth’s magnetic field ‘The SQUID magnetometers used by geophysicists have been successfully used world-wide for prospecting highly conductive ore bodies, ¢ g. massive nickel sulphide deposits. These advanced devices can be flown slung under a helicopter to take readings over wide open fields, They have proved to be very uscfil devices for geophysicists NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011~ Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 8Question 35 — Medical Physics od) Crite Marks ‘Describes acoustic impedance using words AND using mathematics 2 ‘* Describes acoustic impedance using words OR using mathematics 1 ‘Sample answer: Acoustic impedance is a measure of the difficulty of a passage of @ sound wave through @ material, or the opposition to the flow of sound. It is defined as Z = pu , which is the density x the speed of sound. cod Criteria, Marks © Identifies that different tissues have different values of speed of sound and different 2. densities AND describes how this makes for different values of Z © Identifies that different tissues have different values of speed of sound OR different 1 densities ‘Sample answer: The acoustic impedance Z is different for different body tissues because different tissues will show a different amount of ettenuation ofthe wave. This is because each tissue has a specific density anda specific value for the speed of sound, and so Z = PU gives a unique value of acoustic impedance foreach tissue type. (a) Gi) Criteria Marks ‘Identifies the A-scan AND describes how this can be used today 2 ‘Identifies the A-scan OR describes how the A-scan can be used 1 ‘Sample answer: An A-scan (amplitude) is the earliest type of ultrasound scan and simplest type of scan. Itis still being used today to study the structure of the eye and identify faults such as a detached retina, A dimensional beam travels into the body, causing echoes which are detected by the transducer and shown on a CRO asa time versus intensity graph b)(i) Criteria Marks «Describes TWO separate uses of the endoscope 21 ‘+ Describes ONE use of the endoscope. 1 J ‘Sample answer: Endoscopy is basically used for diagnostic purposes, for examining the inside of a body orifice. It can also poke and prod tissue inside the body, make cuts and take out samples of tissue. It can assist the doctors and the medical physicist to plan for the best treatment, yi) Criteria ce | Marks ‘* Describes the endoscope detailing how it can be used to carry oat keyhole surgery, 3 mentioning TWO facts about the surgery ~* Describes the endoscope and identifies that it can now be used to camry out Keyhole z surgery «Identifies keyhole surgery T ‘Sample answer: Keyhole surgery is also called Laparoscopic surgery. The endoscope uses a long fibre optic cable to view the inside of the body. The image signals use the total internal reflection of light. Because the endoscope has developed into a smaller and more flexible tool over time, it can now be operated inside the person through a tiny piercing in the body and surgery can be carried out with tools such as cutters, snips, and snares, etc. A small incision is usually made when using "keyhole" surgery, the least invasive type of surgery. ©) Criteria Marks ‘+ Outline the absorption of x-rays by heavy lead apron due to its the high density of leadand | 2 constant exposure of medical staff [Outlines the absorption of x-rays by heavy lead apron OR the high density of lead 1 ‘Sample answer: They wear the lead apron to absorb the x-rays. This is because lead is very dense and interacts strongly with x-rays. Doctors, dentists and radiologists might x-ray several people each day and the Jong term effect of the exposure could kill them if they didn't protect themselves NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 9Criteria ‘Marks ‘+ Explanation of an x-ray tube involving the vacuum tube, accelerating voltage and collision 2 with anode Describes ONE fact about the function of an x-ray tube 1 ‘Sample answer: An x-ray tube is a vacuum tube that produces X-rays. They are used in X-ray machines, The tube produces X rays by accelerating electrons to a high velocity with a high voltage field and causing them to rapidly decelerate through a collision with a tungsten anode, and so emit x-rays. @ Criteria Marks © Provides: details about the following FOUR points: 4 © Explains the process involved with canying out 2 miclear medicine scan © How it may be used to treat the patient © The advantages of the scan over another modality © Gives properties of a radioactive isotope used in nuclear medicine + Provides details about THREE of the above points 3 * Provides details about TWO of the above points 2 ‘+ Provides details about ONE of the above points 1 ‘Sample answer: Nuclear medicine uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of @ person's specilie ‘organs or to treat disease, In most cases, the information is used by physicians fo make a quick, accurate diagnosis of the patient's illness. The thyroid, bones, heart, liver and many other organs can be easily imaged, and disorders in their function revealed. The Gamma camera is used to capture the image and provide a view of the position and concentration of the radioisotope within the body. A series of images is taken over a period of time. An unusual rate of isotope movement, or a hot spot or cold spot, could indicate disease in the organ. A distinct advantage of nuclear imaging over x-ray techniques is that both bone and soft tissue can be imaged very suecessfully, and it provides fanctional information which the other modalities cannot usually provide. An example of a radioisotope is technetium- 99m, It has a halflife of six hours which is long enough to examine metabolic processes yet short enough to minimise the radiation dose to the patient. fo} Criteria Marks ‘© Thorough answer which explains how MRI works, how it can be used to provide 5-6 information about the heart and heart disease, the advantages and problems associated with the use of MRI on a patient, with details about the procedure ‘© Reasonable answer which gives information about how MRI works and can be used to provide information about the heart and heart disease Bee ¢ Minimal answer with ONE - TWO facts explaining the use of the MRI 12 ‘Sample answer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that does not involve exposure to ionising radiation, It helps physicians to diagnose and treat disease. It uses a powerful magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to make and detect the signals through the body. The body's hydrogen nuclei are energised and send ot radio waves which the scanner picks up and computer turn them into a picture. It produces high resolution images of organs, soft tissues, and gives information on bloed ow. ‘The MRI imaging technique can be used to study the heart. The anatomy and function ofthe heat, valves, major vessels and surrounding structures (such as the surrounding pericardial sac) can all be looked into. The MRI can diagnose and manage a variety of cardiovascular problems and it can detect and evaluate the effects of coronary artery disease, By examining the size and thickness of the chambers of the heart, the MRI can determine the extent of heart muscle damage caused by a heart attack or progressive heart disease. It can also detect the build up of plaque and blockages in the blood vessels. The MRI can even be used to plan a patient's treatment. ‘There are no known dangers or side effects of MRI. Somme conditions, such as severe kidney disease may prevent you from being given contrast material for an MRI. Pregnant women should not have this examinstion unless the potential benefit is great. An X-ray may be taken to detec the presence of and identify any metal objects on or in the patient before the procedure. Metal objects can interfere with the magnetic field of the MRI unit and even hurt the patient once inside the machine, The MRI scanner isa small hollow tube and produces loud thumping and humming noises during, ‘maging, which can scare patients and/or cause claustrophobia. During the scan itis important to lie completely stil, a problem for some people. ‘The scam is usually completed within 30 minutes. The MRI images of the heart are generally clearer and more detailed ‘than with other methods. This detail makes MRI a very useful tool for looking into cardiac abnormalities, such as those obscured by bone, compared with other imaging methods. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011~ Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 10“Question 36 — Astrophysics a)(i) Criteria a Marks + Provides TWO correct definitions * Provides ONE correct definition 1 ‘Sample answer: The theoretical resolution of a telescope is its ability to show two close objects as separate images. Sensitivity is the light-gathering power of a telescope and this determines its ability to pick up faint objects. ay Criteria Marks «Outlines clearly a suitable technique Names a suitable technique 1 ‘Sample answer: Adaptive optics uses a fast feedback system involving cameras and computers that continually sample the light from a bright reference star in the region being viewed. The aim is to identify distortions and then correct for the effects of atmospheric turbulence. Corrections are made up to 1 000 times per second by adjusting one or two secondary mirrors which may be deliberately deformed. (a) (iit) _ Criteria Marks + Identifies a recent innovation 1 ‘Sample answer: The Keck I and Keck Il telescopes in Hawaii can work together as the Keck Interferometer. ‘This provides the resolving power equal to a mirror 85 m in diameter. 4b) Gi) ee Criteria Maris ‘« Relates increased magnitude value to decreased brighiness 1 ‘Sample answer: The brightness decreases as dimmer stars have larger magnitudes, (b) Gi) Criteria —____|-Maris—] ‘+ Provides correct answer with at least correct substitution shown 4 ‘+ Provides incorrect answer with at least correct substitution shown 3 ‘+ Provides TWO of the following: period, absolute magnitude matching period or correct | 2 value, correct equation ‘+ Provides ONE of the following: period, absolute magnitude matching period or correct | 1 value, correct equation ‘Sample answer; M=m~5 loge (W110) -4.5=3.7-Sloge(W/10) d= 436pe (e)(i) Criteria i “Marks * Provides a clear explanation of the measurement of the apparent distance moved, the 3 baseline used and the use of similar triangles. * Provides a statement about the measurement of the apparent distance moved and the use of | 2 similar triangles * Provides a statement about the measurement of the apparent distance moved similar triangles Sample answer: Suitable diagram OR observations are made of the Siar against the “fixed” distant stars from 2 positions on the Earth’s orbit. The apparent distance moved by the star is measured on film or otherwise, and together with the distance moved by the Barth, is used to calculate the star’s distance from the Earth, using similar triangles. (Gi) theuseof [1 Criteria | Marks: ‘= Provides a clear statement comparing the Doppler shift of the two stars 2 ‘= Identifies the use of the Doppler shift of the two stars 1 ‘Sample answer: Spectroscopic binaries are detected by the Doppler Shift of their spectral lines. As one star of the binary approaches Earth, its spectral lines are shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum. As the other ster recedes from Earth, its spectral lines are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum. The spectral lines for the binary star will periodically double. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 11(c)(iif) Criteria Marks * Correctly compares TWO characteristics ofthe stars aa * Correctly compares ONE characteristic of the stars OR names TWO characteristies in 1 which they differ ‘Sample answer: Tae predominant colour for class B spectra is bluish, while for class K it is orange. The lines present for class B are those for hot stars (e.g. neutral helium) while for class K the lines are those for quite cool stars (e.g. some molecular bands). (@) ria Marks © Provides weil sequenced information about events in a red giant, the importance of star 8 ‘mass and relates this to the production of a planetary nebula and a white dwarf and to the production of a supernova with details about its end stages, a neutron star (pulser) or a black hole * Provides some information about a red giant, the importance of star mass and relates this 36 to the production of a planetary nebula and a white dwarf and to the production of a supernova leaving behind a neutron star (pulsar) or a black hole * Provides information about events in a red giant, the importance of star mass and the | 3-4 production of a planctary nebula and a white dwarf OR a supernova leaving behind a neatron star (pulsar) or a black hole ‘+ Provides names of the stages involved in the death of stars 12 ‘Sample answer: Star death refers to the final stage in the life cycle of a star, when fusion has ceased and any remaining core of the star is pulled inwards by gravity. Stars spend the major period of their life cycle as main sequence stars fusing hydrogen into helium. When a star has used about 10% of its hydrogen, changes ‘occur and the star becomes a red giant, with a number of shells around the core fusing heavier elements. The number of shells and the elements produced depends on the mass of the star and this is also crucial in determining the eventual endpoint of the star. ‘Near the end of the helium fusion stage of a red giant, stars go through a period of instability due to the imbalance between their opposing pressures. AAs the core collapses there is generally a kind of internal explosion or “popping” of the core as heavier elements are fused. These, in tur, sink to the centre and form anew core in which still heavier elements are fused. The ejection of these outer layers of gas as a glowing shell of gas produces a planetary nebula. For stars originally less than 5 solar masses, the core contracts farther, and radiates the resulting energy as a white dwarf, a slowly dying star. ‘Massive stars greater than 5 solar masses explode violently as the red giant core collapses in a violent supernova explosion, The star's outer layers are ejected and the core implodes to either a neutron star or for the most massive stars, a black hole ifthe core has a mass greater than 3 solar masses. ‘A neutron star has an extremely dense core of neutrons and has a very strong magnetic field, Rotating neutron stars that emit a beam of electromagnetic radiation with its magnetic pole pointing towards Earth are called pulsars. Black holes are the remnant of stars with even greater masses and their gravity is so great that nothing, including light, can escape the pull within a certain radius of the black hole. ‘The material that is ejected from dying stars becomes part of the gas clouds in which new stars are born, NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 12Question 37 — From Quanta to Quarks (a) & (i) Criteria Marks ‘*_ Provides possible trajectories for EACH 2 * Provides possible trajectories for ONE 1 Sample answer: o| —.——i-, Gi) (a) iti) Criteria * Compares the mass and charge of both parts of the Rutherford atom and the plum pudding model / © Describes the charge of both parts of the atom aoe: ‘Sample answer: Rutherford’s atom consisted of a positively charged central structure which contained most of the mass of the atom (he did not call this a nucleus), which was surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons moving around the positive centre while the previous model described a larger solid atom with charges mixed together. (b)(i) Criteria Marks ‘+ Describes hypothesis that particles also have a wave nature 1 ‘Sample answer: He applied the wave model to particles. Particles are wave packets with their wavelength given by 2. = hmv. Marks ‘© Provides relationship between circumference and wavelength of electron AND condition 2 of constructive interference % Provides relationship between circumference and wavelength of electron OR condition of T constructive interference ‘Sample answer: It proposed that the wave nature of the electron resulted in the formation of standing waves at particular levels, each orbital circumference being an integral number of wavelengths of the electron wave. In this model, the electron wave reinforced itself by constructive superposition at those particular radii, whereas at all other radii, destructive superposition would result and therefore the orbits could not exist oi Criteria Marks ‘* Provides Uncertainty principle AND details of product of uncertainties 2 ‘+ Provides Uncertainty principle OR details of product of uncertainties 1 ‘Sample answer: De Broglie’s hypothesis related the momentum of an electron to its wavelength while Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle states that position and momentum values cannot both be accurately known simultaneously. The principle states that 2 minimum exists for the product of the uncertainties in these properties that is equal to or greater than one half of hi/2z. Gi) Criteria Marks ‘* Provides correct level 1 ‘Sample answer: At n= olevel NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physies Trial HSC Beam: Marking Criteria - Page 13«©)Gi) Criteria Marks ‘+ Explains spectral lines, relates these to the energy level diagram and relates the limited 3 number of spectral lines to discrete energy levels ‘* Explains TWO of the following: spectral lines, relates these to the energy level diagram, 2 relates the limited number of spectral lines to discrete energy levels ‘* Explains ONE of the following: spectral lines, relates these to the energy level diagram, t relates the limited number of spectral lines to discrete energy levels ‘Sample answer: A spectral line represents light energy of packets with the energy amount given by B= hel). ‘When excited electrons move back to lower energy levels, they emit their excess energy as they fall. The amount is the difference in energy between the levels on the diagram. If that energy was not quantized, then there would be an infinite number of lines in the spectrum as all energy values would be possible and there would be an infinite number of levels on the diagram. The limited number of discrete line in the spectrum having specific energy values is very strong evidence for the diserete nature of the energy levels of electron Marks ‘« Provides justification for existence of nuclear force AND describes TWO properties 3 ‘+ Provides justification for existence of nuclear force AND describes ONE property 2 ‘+ Provides justification for existence of nuclear force OR describes ONE property 1 ‘Sample answer: The strong nuclear force is needed to hold nucleons together. The electrostatic repulsion between protons in nuclei is much stronger than gravitational attraction between them, so the strong muclear force must exist to hold the nucleus together. The strong force acts between pairs of protons, pairs of neutrons and also between protons and neutrons. It is attractive only over a small distance (about 10° m) and repulsive over smaller distances than this. ‘Marks ‘Provides the function of the moderator AND control rods 2 ‘+ Provides the function of the moderators OR control rods fecea ‘Sample answer: ‘* Moderator rods: Many neutrons produced in nuclear fission have too much energy to be able to continue the chain reaction. Moderator rods slow these high energy neutrons down to suitable levels. © Control rods: These absorb excess neutrons so that the chain reaction can be controlled. @ Criteria Marks . Discusses in detail the use of accelerators in current research into matter AND 6-7 provides a clear outline of the Standard model of matter Discusses the use of accelerators in current research into matter AND provides an 6 outline of the Standard model of matter © Discusses in detail the use of accelerators in current research info matter OR provides | 3 a clear outline of the Standard model of matter ‘© Provides a basic statement about accelerators AND the structure of matier 1 ‘Sample answer: Current research into the structure of matter requires very high energy collisions to break sub-atomic particles into their constituents (if any). Increasingly powerful particle accelerators are required to accelerate the particle “bullets” to these energies. ‘The largest and most powerful modem particle accelerators are the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC), the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and the Tevatron. These accelerators are capable of accelerating particles up to 99.995% the speed of light. Based on their research, scientists have developed the Standard Model of matter which states that there are 12 findamental particles, made of six quarks and six leptons. Most matter is made up of the up and down, quarks combined as protons and neatrons and one lepton, known as the electron, The other fundamental particles exist in high energy situations such as immediately after the Big Bang or in accelerators. Each of the four fundamental forces (gravity, strong, weak and electromagnetic) have force-carrier particles associated with them. Without particle accelerators scientists would not have been able to develop this model of the structure of matter. NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Physics Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 14‘Question 38— The Age of Silicon a) Criteria Marks Identifies graph feature of linear thermistors AND low temperature range 2 + Identifies graph feature of linear thermistors OR low temperature range 1 ‘Sample answer: Resistance and temperature are not proportional i.e. the graph is not a straight line. The resistance changes very slowly when temperatureis above 50° and therefore the thermistor is most sensitive at temperatures close to 0°. (a)Gi) Criteria Marks : Provides correct answer ‘Sample answer: Negative temperatare coefficient (a) Git) Criteria Marks ‘© __ Provides the function of a common application 1 ‘Sample answer: In some fire alarms the thermistor is used as an input transducer converting heat energy. It is used as one of the resistors in a voltage divider and when a specified ternperature is reached, outpat of the divider becomes high enough to activate a switch, (by (i) the voltage Criteria . Provides a correct circuit diagram with clearly identifiable or labelled electromagnet, pivot arm, switch contacts, mains power supply and lamp, power supply to electromagnet with switeh Marks_| Provides a circuit diagram with ONE missing feature Provides a circuit diagram with TWO missing features ‘© Provides a circuit diagram with THREE missing features ‘© Provides a circuit diagram with FOUR missing features “Sample answer: rng Pivot si contact to 240V a.c. Mains Lamp —* )Gi) Criteria Marks ‘© Identifies the advantage ‘Sample answer: Electronic circuits operate using small currents and voltages but are at times used 0 operate ‘equipment that uses mains voltage and higher currents. (ow) 7 i He ‘Criteria ar a [Marks ‘© Outlines TWO optical properties of silica 2 ‘= Outlines ONE optical properties of silica OR names TWI optical properties 1 ‘Sample answer: The refractive index of glass compared to other materials is such that it allows light to be transmitted along glass fibres by total intemal reflection. Further, the RI of glass can be changed by doping so that it changes gradually, called optical non-linearity and this enhances the total internal reflection NSW Independent Trial Exams 2011 Phystes Trial HSC Exam: Marking Criteria - Page 15(Gi) ans ‘Criteria Marks + Describes the main difference 1 ‘Sample answer: The main difference is in function. In electric circuits the flow of electrical energy carried b electrons is usually transformed into some other kind of energy. Electronic circuits are generally used to ‘carry and process electric signals. < (o)(iti) Criteria ‘Marks * Provides details of how an inverting amplifier is structured AND the reason for its use 2 «Provides details of how an inverting amplifier is structured OR the reason for its use 1 ‘Sample answer: An operational amplifier is made into an inverting amplifier by connecting a suitable resistor across the amplifier from the output terminal back to the inverting input terminal. This results in much improved control of the overall gain of the amplifier, although its bandwidth is reduced. «Identifies the THREE gates correctly 1 + Identifies TWO gate correctly + Identifies ONE gates correctly ‘Sample answer: A is an AND gate; Bis a NOT gate; Cis an OR gate © é Criteria z ‘Marks Provides clear statements about THREE problems 7 States the possible need for radical change in computer design Discusses THREE areas of research Provides clear statements about THREE problems 6 Provides clear statements about TWO areas of research OR lists THREE areas States the possible need for radical change in computer design Provides clear statements about TWO problems 5 States the possible need for radical change in computer design | Provides clear statements about TWO areas of research | Lists THREE problems | 4 States the possible need for radical change in computer design Lists THREE areas of research. z Provides a clear statement about ONE problem OR lists TWO 3 States the possible need for radical change in computer design Provides clear statement about ONE area of research OR lists TWO Provides a clear statement about ONE problem OR area of research z States the possible need for radical change in computer design ‘Provides a clear statement about ONE problem OR states the possible need for radical | 1 change in computer design OR clear statement about ONE area of research ‘Sample answer: The reduction in size of circuit elements i. chips, resulted in problems ia several areas and hence, limitations in farther size reductions and accompanying inereases in processing speed and power. These included: (@ The etching of siticon chips by visible light with its limited wavelength band, but research is being carried out on the possible use of extreme ultra-violet light and also electron beam lithography. i) The spacing between components camnot be less than the wavelength ofthe electron without introducing quantum effects, (iii) The thickness ofthe silicon now used is 25 atoms and it appears that it will be impossible to reduce the number of atoms in a layer below 4. ‘There are many areas of esearch tat sciontts believe have the poteatial to see continued growth of computer power g, the increased use of multicore technology and expliit parallel processing. Other research involves a much more radical change in how computers are built and function. These include: Optical computer devices that use light rather than electromagnetic signals, ‘Biological computer devices that utilise protein based memory + Nanotechnology to produce logic gates out of the synthetic molecule called rotaxane which involves a ring (“rota”) around a rod (“axis”) mea] ol Jeeeleecleee NSW Independent Trial Exams 20111- Physics Trial HSC Evam: Marking Criteria - Page 16