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    mn39 PDF

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    Jepri Purwanto

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    NBs mowocraPH 39 Calibration Procedures for Direct-Current Resistance Apparatus U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ‘THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Funvtivus and Activi ‘The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, jf Marck’, 1001. es amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. ‘These include the development March 3, ool aol the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods Bo ukang measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physicl constants ror martes of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, und, properd structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and tecnica prob. devices, and structure ad emeoeae af deviees,to serve sporial naeds of the, Government: and the domme pment of standard practices, codes, and speciieations. ‘The work includes basic and eppied developmen clopment, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, end 4 Tee deyeltauion end information services. Research projects are also performed for other ering gt, en eo a a evn sh bse rosram ofthe uw Bovernmen, Hareawe unique competence is Tequired. The scope of setivities is suggested by the {ating of divisions and sections on the inside of the back eover. med Publications ‘The results of the Bureav’s research are published either in the Bureau's own series of p cations arin the journels of professional and scientific societies. ‘The Bureau itself publishes thi ations OF tht de rom the Guverament Printing Office: ‘Tho Jourual of Research, Pour separate sections, presents complete scienti Bullotag presents summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; sae ediotons provides data for determining the best Frequencies to use for radio comm Fan re tioP de WONG. “Trot sre slog live coxiea of nonperiodioal publications: Mana rented Mathomatios Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications, ‘nd ‘Technical Not Hee cmplota listing of the Bureat's publications can be found in Notional Buroau of Stand sroylar 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25)4 GH Bpplament to National Buresu of Staudarde ‘Faly 1047 to Fone 1957, tae fepallancous Publication 240, July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Pu sr Outeide Journals 1960 to 1960) (S225); available from the Superintendent of Doe Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. TED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE + Lusher It, Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS + A.V. Asin Dvr Calibration Procedures for Direct-Current Resistance Apparatus Paul P. B. Brooks National Bureau of Standards Monograph 39 Isgued March 1, 1962 Preface ‘The summer of 1960 at the University of California, Los Angeles, I gave 1 series of lectures on the precise measurement. of de resistance.” ‘These Ieclusve were part of course on basic measurements and standards ina summer program for industry entitled “The 1960 Statistical Methods Industry Course.” For use in this course, T asked Paul P. B. Brooks of the NBS staff to prepare a detailed description of the procedures used at the osiuol Bru of andar for he sera moment af dena: in view of the current urgent needs of industry and the ‘services for information en precision measurement techniques, it was decided to expand td publish this woataril in the prosent Monograp locguce of the rowont tremendous growth in standardizing Iaboratariae, and the lack of personnel with treining in measurements, iL seemed desirable to present this material on d-e measurements in as nontechnical a wey as ‘essible. Tt should then be helpful to the largest number of people, althou Minittadly containing much dotail that ia nmneeassary for those with scientt ‘caining, Taneps L. Tuomas, Chief, ‘Resistance and Reactance Section, Blectricity Division, ee Geeral Setiures poset wal scope of thie ap Le eng and = Binte irene for d-¢ measrsenie=- > ‘Seco seamount + EE Design for precision mcasoremenis TE Twosermisa versa fowrseminad fue selive qaivanometar snd sosnence— ‘ + “the ealvanormetar*- 62 Dampine 8 Soine mans oF ote . G35. Thormocloctrimoiive fees 2. Vibration of the galeanometer “sper 7 3. Mimetie gikarbances. 2: Continaoct ema west foe ae ss Bg, Reaver. 64, Theveyorang key S38, Sogn ae B.Ge: A convanioat battery bos >> 4. Monllaneous. on Ti Ait oh" t ai hiinbere FB, Wetrapotation HE Rete lei ie, Mistakes” ee 1 he Died Reading Ratio Sat” Hw uae ip Toanee messiremente with. 11 im Resetance by cubation Ak Resistance by. the latereh i84.:Comparigon of « fourceazabonl resto 4s ajpenfete a Dine 0 ie ineoinial inate beet wor eae ereeoen of “odd-valued” resistors. ale lt a Ey, cust ciate see “ea ‘estore of the same nodinal gat Mae fen na PE as ee eee ae ie 2. ee oP ga i aca is ation of the Direct tad er ee, ai pts ‘tlaplatlonee Appl ai sis ys UR mlacrental or 8, Pant 1, 18 9.54, Determination of “bridge sera” who andar a ae Torectlongsns 9.4. Capbraton of tea” boss “aad Wsmethin Bolte or "is As pa Calbestion ef tic boa SES: Uae ofthe cabal box ab & rodstarga stander ‘Ye Unsvorgl Hatin Sel (URS) 1. ie Crit at Set eine No a alidesine anette aia ‘tania Fe SA ie si suas es Sa Hk Rhea ER TB.1. Need for tosting_-2=22222227 He Ae tia fag. tape ee HE Rice ates See iat pic” Be ee ii het te oe ae ce Fay Poaruene ter vas RRP TAG ghee oa ve eae BE eae ig Mao Bio aa Posting Geatral Purpose Potentioineters. Te iinttet ar = Mane aac Si a ry fe eer SE aie 113. Witte” Seas ies 47.5, Sane moditestions of proced ‘Deiat peonelre a apie toa pean node 182. Test equipments 2-2 TRE Tests quired TE bigs te emeaee 1.5.8 Coanections and dil siting. fh To mle he URS "aoe, 18. Mescuremeats on the standard eal ‘dal 189, Finalng corre 8:16 nding rect forse ade wie TEAS: Wabulsien of oer te tear ‘ail dial 1819, Pacts BR Aopliaion of 18.15, A working teste =o 19, Serapi eotats for patcationctor. En SSEUBEREEEES Calibration Procedures for Direct-Current Resistance Apparatus Paul P. B. Brooks ‘The eaulpment and procodurca used at NBS forthe “The specie appleation of those procedares tothe catorsion Ts expected thet this paper will be of eon lp tthe many compeny and governments! etandanizing laboratories now being you ge expla a dt ‘ ot det td ptetiometirs expan fstabltsied Part 1. General Outline of Equipment and Procedures 1. Ubyect ana Scope of ims raper is paper describes the apparatus and pro- dues bod a the National Bureaw of Standards Githe measiroment of #-c resistance when an earacy of & few parts ina million is requived ‘heinstraments usually used for this work are the Divot Reading Ratio Set and the Universal Ratio Se ‘Those instruments, together with an assort= prot of standard resistors, special mercury stands, tnd galvanometers, switches, and batteries, are tat for the calibration of practicelly all types of ‘Eemsensiring inseruneats “Rie object will be to explain procedures in detail ted a simply a3 possible, with a minimum ref- fonee to theory. For Ue reader who wishes 10 Haw greauer deuail of design wu Uueury, Carte Geo of this Bureau, "Provision Resistors and fhe Measurement," or text books on electrical farisiraments should be consulted 44 rrors, Corrections, and Tolerances This quantities may be expressed i eau, vpn tical yastay ps ver milion. (99.2 ohins, whereas its correct value is Eff the ror of ie brdgo monairement hin, "Phe correction which must be added itidge reading to obtain tho true value is pI ie important to avoid contusion Ubridge reading: had been 100.3 ohms, the n mould have been 0.3 ohm. on measurement, we are concerned Wreciion. which, must, be added age ths Fading ofa istrinent orto the eo! «resistor to oblain the true value. ceding example, the correction +-0.3 Bsa in proportional parts, i9 | 0.003, ‘or + parts per 1,000 of the bridge # correction in. proportional parts to al an instrument js equal to the cor ed by ‘sho reading. Lilkowios, the Fe crpowtonal parts to ‘the nominal [stor is equal to the correct is nominal value in obs. Mmortional parts. Henos, the cor reckon in the above ultustration 18 +0. percent of the bridge reading. ‘The correction in parts per ‘million (ppm) is 1,000,000 times the correction in proportional paris. The above correction is EIG]OOU parte per million (-+3,000 pen Proportional parts 1 Proportional parts%1,000,000=pats. per million Percent > ""10jo00—parts per million ‘Tho correction of 9,000 ppm is many times larger than the corrections for-good. laboratory uipmens. Hosvever, te aiterence bevween 5000 ppm (0.3 percent) of 99.7 ohms and. 3 000 pm of 1000 tines nly 0.0009 ohn. Thess fore, in laboratory meastrements, il is usvally Iinglaterial whiuliee torsoction tot restau is based on ite nominal value or on its true val. Avoleance is usually expressed as percentage Hf the certified valus of 2 Fesstor is 100,008 chins wid a stated ‘sevuaey uf 0.002 yore, die tolerance is £0,002 percent of 100.003 ohms, ‘or £0,002 ohm. The true value is within the ings 100.008 0.092 ohms (100.01 40 10.005 ‘Resistors are designated by their nominal raives, Due to binitations on’ the accuracy of manufacture and to. inert inane fn Fesitance. materials, some correction, postive oF negative, generally must be added to. the uid va eit tai ts ruta Since the eorsection is usually given in parts per nnllion by the specil bridges used at the National Bureau of Sianderds, i taust be. exprossed in tors ofthe gh beope can be ted Eesample: What. is the tae value of @ resistor sal tates fe"LG00 vans and he eee rection ie +57 ppm? ‘Solution: The correction, 4-57 ppm, is 0.000057 proportional. parts; 0.000057 of. 1.000 hina is, 0.57 “ohm. Simoo the comeotion is positive, tho true or corrected value i 1 000,000-} Blogr=r.000.057 aha. 7 ice and. simple solution is expressed in the following rulo: ffs enowgh serve to the nomi. nal tale totale ond milion (or a email integral Imultiple of one million). Underneath, write the correction with its algebraic sign, Add, and place Ge loeal point ebarttond ih to partion in the nomainad value, shown 2, Rolds et Sue Whealtone Bridge ecouit lege ihrem ay eine gers ‘and ham the arma of Dior Carta ert ery theostat, Rh. ‘The current divides at M_ erecta, mien ea wa "ihe advantage of tho cir of figure 2 is thet, ‘ie nominal resislance of each sem, A.and B, Divot Reading Ratio Set is 100 ohins, the Ksunce of each Branch, MPO, and MNO, for value of S and X, is always more than’ 100 nth & Sensiuke guivanometer exeesave fn buy part of the bndge circuit may: be 0 the culer hand, if the galvanometar ig aed nd hacer ee and N, corresponding to ‘figure 1A, nn [I oim, the current through S and X Sal 0 times the ‘current through A and 'B. the eit ered gore Uhe bide ray Te considerably loss then the emt in tho cireuit of gure 2, the curment the one-okim resistors, nevertheless, wil to" Since te hont developed in resistor tinal to the square of the currant, there cof producing excessive heat. Tho et sully increased inthe eteuit of figure 2 Adeuate quigamomcter defections for ot 8 and X without overheating any ‘ino 4 Resistance Standards Desi for Prectsion Measurements bec in resistance measuro- tained by cams ania comparison of an unknown ‘Prowne 2, NBS standard resin. resistance with ono which is accuratly mown, Yor this purpose, resistance standards, accurate toa fow part ia tilion, aro available ia ede ange of values, usually fn deeiinal multiples or span of oes he resistance element of manganin wire is nclosd ins protective caso and connected into fcireut by” two copper amas, the terminals. of tenia (a, gy 3) Ate play lean, ie of coe Yosion, ahd simalgamated: "ho apm with apal- geimated. texninals are designed fo support tho ‘lator withthe terminals in mercury eupe or on ‘Sree au" Cnce any Saat be Ger reblanot may bo boph t's foe mons, ‘while clamped contacts wil probably fer & ce: Stones 100 to 2000 micretnas: abso, organ ontactsonmecton canbe Topeatod without Ce in Cage re Ae Binding josts (b, b’) are usually provided at the toy Thevanmd.. the difference in reeustice bev ‘and a” and the resistance between band Bis {nslgnifeant in comparison with the reistance of 2 resistor of lange denomination. For a resistor Seaham oe lene te dfn iapentan 443, Two-Terminal Veroos Four-Terminal Resistance This Ieads wo consideration of tho difference batten tartan! an! fonetrmninal sean In figure 4) if tho reatancs fe measured. tro- Lenrlbelly ‘botwaee Scand Wie ir equal 40 the resistance of plus the resistance of the Teads Sean hak, te rae inmate 3 Examples: 1, ‘The nominal value of resistor 1s 1 UW obins What is its corrected value? ‘corvoetion is 4-37 ppm. (ee black at right). ‘The corrected value is 1 000. 057 ohms. would have been 949.948 obms, 2. Find the corrected value of 0.001-ohm (nominal vahie) resistor with a correction of 63 ppm. ‘The corrected value is 0.000999937 ohm. ‘5. Nominal value, 90 obms, Find the corrected ‘value, ‘The addition of makes ve million, Henes, add. 8CF71 per five milion. +3 ‘The corrected value is 50.0035 ohms. ‘The notation, RU+e), is @ short and cone venient method’ to express the true value of a resistor in terms of its nominal value, Hin ohms nd its corraation, ¢, in parte per millon.” Ror example, 100(1--27 ppm) shows that. 0.000027 of the nominal value must be added to the 160 ohms nominal value to obtain the true vals, Hence, Use timo valae fe 300% 1,000027—-100.0027 bse Likewise, 10-85 ppm) shows that n eorroction ‘of —85 ‘ppm must be. applied to the nominal value of 10 obims to give the trup value of the Resistor ‘Tho tras value ie 10—0.000085)— 10%0.999915--9.09915 ohms. Tn any case, the true value may be found by tho method illustrated by the above examples. 3. Basic Cireuit for D-G Resistance Measure- ments Prveige measimvments of resistanen with the Direct Iteading Ratio Sov or tho Universal Ratio ‘Set make use of a Wheatsione bridge circuit in ‘whieh the ratio set forms tho ratio arts, y Whewstone bridge ere rove 14. aso B. Correction, “E11 pin parts 4ts Somat value 1000 Alix 3 zeros 1090 ‘Add correction out ott T0e If the cosreetion hind been: ~57 ppm, Uhe corrected! Nominal value 0.001 Add 6 aer0s fon ‘Add correction Point off ‘000 99¢ ‘Normal value cn Affix 5 zor0s 5 a0 correction “ 200 Point ot ‘Tho Whoatstono bridge cist is repny schematically in figures 1A aud 1B, whers } ‘Aang B represent the ams the bg that caput nerancas ata {asm dievati gree One of these tae of sre arable” Ss a eta af ag’ orem, Cie ge Rae *Siliton Co the composents down n ede shey’or ont fen th betery Bran 8 Sieh” Aug, ff Beane Tn ibe galeane ments.’ A variable resistor or battery vheost The Deters branch servos toms te ferow the bre arm A ollineer es ppl Solas ‘When the battery and galvanoneter kop cid and i abl fore a titranosote tow minim, to nag (ove buted" Wg the ben Bt thettatue of given by the st eat “is equasiou applies sparen fe tins ating in nh the'abore diagrms. it chose of {3 determined ainly by the cistibution ae eee age cerent wi ‘ae tease het im ay bral fecurey of measuromes - Sy rnganent, gol smears winnie = entails bgt btn sleet by iit g So irmawanste ine ih el Moe Seca ica hare ret ‘Shana on ti ul ef polenta cea cape Sine eda pine Pee Soe ae eee gee, Seemann tee ‘eating laborotory instrument, such ng Wheat tent fStees mod potentiometers, n whic comes deni are ne es Ss “ES pcormean te peer al ret ie, ara bees shy si See 2 oe ee ae Boe ees este aml ana ea ES nao oias cea eee aes TRE Ait aes Sec ls Seon seca ae ate SS ees che aan ot th gata py ei, The stadia! genet cae aaa Beet Saat ate et ecto et wi eect eas ‘easared weaiy with «-Daet Reading RS ees ‘pe et re wale itn ae ce eaten ae Nee seach, ek Saal cha ‘valu ‘of ‘a Testor” and. impair” i, oi a ios ja gt ‘ghaey me me ree ant, ei Sensi "Modern resistanco standards are quite atal sn aaa Ee ee ‘however, » miandayd that haa wot been clin ted “Pie netanon deandardn, maintioed, at anal Hare of Sanda ne saber 0 sta cane paar nae alien SANA aindsrs ssbmitiel to tie Nate Bar Sandal wily af eri ‘iva carded to 50 psn. {4 Onrecton fo Tespersare einen andar a ate sib 9 Sen rae @ oe Compe of he stan ie of pad a Me Woo ef ones / TEMPERATURE, °C nee 5. Pentpraterernance cures of mengenin wire eresstance of manganin wire increase as he saprtre bes un Herne «ese ek Spe point between 20 aad 009g). he Sa naire 8 nnn ‘the fmpratre ries, and ten increases sui akin the range of Waal room temperatares the fewuance maybe aovuraly expose by' the tomy equate Ry Rll -+ alt -25)+800~25) “Yair cauation, tis the teuypeantane of de retstor lui iets resistance a1 °C Mis its resistance 25 C._“Alph (a) and bota (f) are its tempera: seuffcients, “Tho. Bureau determines. the erature soufsionta they ue, Hoyurstete if do not need. 10 be redotermined because ffprantoe coafcionts do: not change appre Nr with tee a flowing example illuteetes the application the temperature’ eooffienia. The resistance ears standard is 100.006 ohms at 26.0 °C: emperature coefficients are” alpha io0Ks end etan=—0.00000061. "When umber are substituted in the above equ. te resistance at 20.0 °C, rounded off to'the fst thousandéh obm, is found to be 100.002 Eno the tamper ucton deter ey the noouracy required and the temgert. at which m tet eh minde, "In the shove he amrntnrs narration for the era day lamporature between 34 °C and 26 °C haa 10 pn Mections and Suporte for Standardo pitting posts on tho lead arms of resistance (onal! denominations (1 ohm or less) lal for potential leads in fourcterminal ys The binding posts on the arm of Salar value may be used for connec- ‘minal measirements if high pre moguited or ifthe value of the resistor ugh to make the contact resistance FouRe 6. Top of mercury sland. negligible, For precision, standards should be Supported on a mereury stand to reduce contact resistancy to # minimum and to permit repetition ‘of tho measuramente within a few parts i a the lion. | Mercury cups, which are sometimes used, are difficult to clean’ A’ pool of meroury. is un necessary. A’ flat amalgamated surface 1s. quite Satisfantory 54, The Mercury Stand guy thi he regonny of te neha Bt aaah crease a oh eT sgt arab tegatana ge ties Reps i ee meted. ‘The eposing ena the height of ihe wee cnt te pani aki hay Wane wR et a ae day Re Seapine ea "mre es evel vate seater orcs i te i eral nama tee, Smee ries tues emp i Sorat SGOT op val what both abated ER Gel Sha feu htt ns cau might Huet ie ais AS ern ahte Ered tate cae be nee Bes itt at Base Seer i ere Aca a cantar soy ond "Re ara a eco space the ends 3 in, apart, center to canter. The ends are plane and smalgamated to make good Set faa att san ar Rec Had Pa a 52. Amaldamating Soltion Contact surfaces occasionally need tobe cleaned sang resmalgemated: "A suifetory ntalgunial ing station tonsa of 1 ox water oe erie nite Hoa ai, ie th ipctur,_1 1 om naam, har, thy etry It dam moos, cr SPR AE ue'minda ole "Ay wide doy Sree oii mntane av ineing ates Asean UG ite ato Tha pops in scl u,b, rare sae ic lta PM ase "iu to npn sub ln aging tebe rains’ hull be sa eo ete, oad mn, Allg erittaredbe cantods host at Set tects sepa ets eae alee cane oi a pete Gaimaanetes ela ie srmes sere i at es Br ea a cre ap armor Fan aie hae eengae eay racial pnt et Rete Skat ca agora amas, A ach sie nth al tht Bee wear eat GR ego Basi dh ee tap teat Pe ea ee coffe lf torent este mil Spe, “oan ihe Nata Bars FSA, orn ine tet ot of Standard only one pe eo etaice ale soto ard Ge sera ag footie aa “Fete an na tea garmin, Semen hy epeaonne i x fen oles, Pe "Panta tet ER) Bue he a ea a, Pant ci ud Set Tete ei 8 nat te At SP eae ae Fiovas 7. Phe D’Ariomalglsnomatir maverent, and the core, ‘This cond ‘necondtstst corel loving of the guivancnn Xsmall mirror, M, is attached to Ghe upper Fe ol aetna wih he upper suspension is. thin, narrow, co satin, thane the sting wi hod oil” The upper suspetton serves thive pi {1) ie supports i el, @) it aervn a tcp Toad to. the coll; and (3) it provides 8 rest jue jp opposition to any rotation af thn ae © Tower suspension ts"n ose ‘eal of coppers rote ower en of thee Siid, Bot offers negligible opposition Fotation of the oil end sores ony asa ce Ted, "he stds, Aad By are connected i Finding poste, "A metal caae encloses the instrument to s the col from sir eurtents, A window tn the permits alight beam to be velleeted tomy Ihieror end affords & view of the oily pole yt tau cre A Ton of uae fora lh Trea ae jute wae eee frei in he nao gu brbwoc te pl p ‘The torque, which causes the coll to rota: {te wartionl ani proportional tthe arte [8 directed clock or counterelocloris, doy ing on the direction of the current. The opp. torque dae to the tat ofthe suspension Trou wh teil nau tre to rest by the opposing torque is proportion ‘heceurent. Ovelistions of the caf got th position ean be controlled by suitable dam ‘When galvanometer dellections are read b: ‘ues of a light boar rellected from a miro? seale, sinall deflections om the seale ere app ately proportional to the cues. ii the {ane bat tot to the sole a 10068 Aig deci th aad 0 pending on the securacy Tegurud. low fetatance measurements ary rarely Tide by Tanometar dace istaie mares tre astally made inva bridge eet ado ‘an mii dedeckon ofthe gayano ‘perfect toro deteton or “aul” adng © aafftnomate sequen inposste. "Te indeator isa natrow beat of J Alec rom the iter toa ground gis 8). "the ight squrea wet at NDS Besant nap RE eae el 10"¥2 ence’ ine weliege” must Ye see a Froune 8 Arrangement of lamp, mio ‘feting gusonamele as mp allows the light to pass through a narrow: res Biter A rt ee cn se fo eet fue the tel on 5 spam da mince: al, By edie Bee eta eth Sake a Sa se, ged one eo ly esi ser te re eae alter Watas Sie ee oe eh 8 tango 80a be ea ah aclcion, Jo fet Heh bene Ein a ata een el en rune a ws Dhar ore ada ob Seroatds aa climate Hh a a fu Say “is lemme ase! he gs ied lpn eta eae eee Be incheli (a eee Bere: Stegpg mene ee oAhgloring seats ton at pie os ere ee ee Gevimam) () CDRX: 50 ohms, {) Pastoa S.s'a0 "4 Resistance: 17.6 ohms. éspcifations wil der somewhat for each drunomeler, A Tepelr or replacement. of sion wil change is specifications somowhat senstsity th adequate, vations of 10 to Pent inthe other constanta are usually mpl teaitvity given above isthe voltage sen fir. “Evidendy the voltage acrom the gala: or branch whic will produce & defleclion of {ivsio ‘on ‘the gulvanometer seal (or tho scat ce tetegie ele volt (av) wil depend on the reitance ol Ul. Hone, the sensitivity can be speci Pal fora given vesistance in the glvsnomeler For tative galvanometors, American ayers generally spect voltage onst- unica pot lime whe te eter ein the galvanometer civ 3 equal BEODRX swith ely conte U00 on frorn toe el fer “The above’ specifeation ‘of volla Bai means that with a, resistance in the ler creuit of 67. ohms (CDRX plus et Teitane), 6.08 hw wl produce» defection of 1 mm on a seule ata distance of 100 cin from the galvsnometer. Nota thatthe sialler the tructivu uf x nterovolty the. gtealet te sensitivity “Tho sebitivities of the gslvanometos used for resistance measurentente uf the Bureau are usually Caprese hranllanoate pet uiecveleas Sr aeale GiNancs of 150 em, ‘Te Inereased seate distance five anger defections andthe rected light spot fn the ground-glasssnllimeter seal is sil bright {Stough'io bo rendable in afsqunty ron The The above sensiuviey would be 19.08, or 12-5 nau) sav at 100 cm and ie would be bout 18.8 minjuy 1 150.0m.” Note that, expzesced in this wag, fag Livgor the numerical ebpreieon ef senatinty the rater the sensitivity,” "hin eas Hike nial ‘ray of exprosaing sensitivity. ‘The term sensitivity” is often used fosely fn the oon of “weal: Hausa ae ponds son sora charset of desig.” As long as none of these characteristics are changed, the specified sensitivity remain fied. If Yory Small surent through the gulvanomoter does not five an observable daGectiog, a larger curent may five a readable dofection, ‘Tho soatiity has foc chung "The aearacy of resistence weaguicucits 9 be adversalyaifectod by either {oo low of too hig a sensitivity. Suppose a gulvanomoter of low fensGvity wed th the Dirt Heeding Ratio rent throogh te erivancmotar to obtain nn oiser= able eiange inthe deflection fora change of ene Stop on th lowest dal of the ratio set, may be Semnry to Moraase the voltage acre tho: lant iret until excosive current mises the tempers- tue, resulting in iteorect resus or even damage to the equipment. ‘On the ather handy too high » oonsitivty is 00 companied bya slow movement of the galvanom\- ter col, which makes reading tiresome. Of mote Smmportance fs the fact that the greater the sens Unity the more the falvanometer i afactod. By thermal en's, which Spay make accaree readings Teverse aeacaion Tigher setting multipled by 10, the number of units in the intor- Hola plad eqtvateat to oxo sep on tho lowest Fioune 12, Phreo-déal DRRS. 78, Batrapolation ‘Extrapolation differs from interpolation in tt ats used lo determine a value outside the Tat ‘of an instrament scale instead of a valuo belie ‘ovo scalo readings. Tt may be used to extend | scale at either end, either below zero or beyo {ihe mghest reaaing, bys small amount. Extza) lation is rardly neoassney. TL is as. simple interpolation, but, nevertheless, may be somes puzzling ‘The ero of a Mudller bridge may be neguti Suppose that # trial shows that the galvanoms deections inerease tothe right sa the dil set of the bridge aro ineroased; that is, the gaivana ler is comtieted to the bridge #6 that-a da on to the right indicates too much resistance the bridge cireuit.. Also, suppose that with dials on zara, the dofloction is 10.5 scale divish fo the signe? “The lowest et Is uiot aden ‘one stop, to a reading of 0.0001 ohm, Supp that the deflection now is 15.7 seele division, the right, “Then, 15.7—10.5—5.2 scale diva Correspond wo oul step ou Ure lowest di. Hen the deflection of 10.5 scalo divisions when bridge reads 0.0000 corresponds to. 10.5152 steps on tho lowest dial. Since the bridge re: Suge wa tuo large with all dials on ety ties Tor the bridge is: —0.00020, (Note: The Mueller bridge has an N’ cie and an A circuit. ‘Tho zero may be negative Ser ve both) Tis rarely necessary to extrapolate beyond top reading of an instrument seale. Tt may desirable. to extrapolate, to. avoid. resetting {lake tw give a higher seeding which would ive changes in dial corrections. "This situation =) Tikely to occur with modern precision equine Suppose the gelvenometer deflection for | top ectting of the diale of an inetrumont i that the dellection whon the lowest dial Dack one step is 2. ‘Then seis the detest whieh corresponds to one step on the 1o¥ aly and wa i the fraction of a step in exeass of tho bi, reading on the dials. -‘Therelore, fovea as is the extrapolated digit. An eon js. dgviation of measur the daacé vale of She quantity meme! fave unavoiable, but arg rll ‘ments in equipment. end moasutia ‘Mistates are due to careless Flown 1. Ratio arms of DEBS. cuit is given in figure 14, ‘The binding posts, A And A’, aro at tho lft end of the variable wsistor, ‘AG. ‘They are in duplicatoso that two connections ‘neod not Be made to tho same binding post, Also, uplioate binding poste aro at the right end of the rss, CB.” "Th nd binding oss maybe marked as battery posts. Connected to the june. tion between the variable resistor and the dxed Jesper iho binding pal © "Tema be ated G for galvanometer.. ‘The’ AC and the CB arms of the! ro ted asthe atoms os rie circuit with « ratio of approximately 100: 100 whi isthe same ast, Sitee,in a Whvatatone bridge, the counections of the galvanometer may be inter banged with those of the battery, C may be used for a battery connection and the galvanometer may’ be connected. 40. tho end’ posts. In. some cases the choice of eomneetions is optional. In others, it is determined by the need to. avoid excessive current in some branch of the circuit. “Tue Hd grin, Cb, fins a Tesstance ot {00 ona. ‘The variable arm, AB, bas a range from about 005 oh tab 205 oa. ; ‘An additional binding post, D in figure 13, i fclado ote he pe boule Ineo the CB sim to provide a resistance between Cand D of ohms. The i Frovme 154, Connection of DRRS for resistance by ‘ltution “ B provides a ratio of approximately 100:10, tha ‘Tho panes of commercial. ratio aes may hay switches and addiGonal binding posts. ‘The tay ‘uacturer’s instructions will identify the difaney slements of he St" the abun of slow tions, the circuit may bg tragad wit -a staph tesla: (roitohmmeter)."hke dieussion to fel willbe based on the above diagrams, "Tho resistance of the verisble arm is adjusta by four dil switches (three dal switches forte Aeades an oldar sets) ‘Tho fist diak let, chan the resistance of the arm 0.1 obm per step. th changes por sigp of the other dials are, fonda 8.01 chy 0.001 ohm, and 0.000% olin’ “Acon Ingly, the’ dials on some sots aro marked in Gere of the change in resistance per step, that is Sep X0.01, etc. On other sets, the dials are labele 1.000, 100, %10, and 91. The latter maa 1g eat he of ea ee in resistanop of to resistors in pata talon the nominal value, With the ol oe-dial sots, it is necessary to interpolate fourth place for the same precision. ae "The conisct vesctanee of a dil switch may of tho order of 0.001 olen, “However, any tt in mengurement with a high-grade Direvt Read atl Got due ts sviveicebutier neutaice 4 ligible, due to an ingenious arrangement of circuit as explained in NBS Circular #70, Tt it arrangement, also minimizes effects of ¢ neo reise uF aie cll i the aay result is that the instzumental error for any ren lg ofthe dns ned not exesed# ppm td ror in the diference of two readings, if 322000 dial has not been changed i ing ‘readings, need not exceed 2 ppm, when compart ‘hominally equal resistances 2, Resitance by Substtutlon Let X be a resistor of unknown value, and S alibrated resistance standard of the saiae not € — Frown 15B, Schematic digram of wre ‘In igure 1A, the eters A°A, C, BBY represent ne biting poste of « Dire Iteading Hato Sot in the prong singrans., Se the standard ound nthe mesevey stand, The "anny," Posie siandard restor of the same gosunal Bie ‘as 8 so mounted on the sand, The PSL aietary Wo bata ha crue, at Sent a dt no gts in th more Hee rhe schematic singe of igure 15 Are that the creas x Wheaton. bel seer With the eatery ey tlosed che Gas ined hy ast te dias on tne DRIES ‘nti there 8 no daeetion (or miaanmy iia Sa ce WMaiea replaced by the unknown resister, the SEE oe eatin ull value of the stapard gers te coe gy RagFe AD qusntitias in, equations ant formas are soe algebraically haneo, etention mat Be ten ieee wpe. atdielly measure Rag~Rdgeme.—e Jil remy 3 tho mM Lk pee pee si Ynen the resktanto of the unknown aad the amanoe of te standac "he meed of restance by udyttation” Findlto “rats the act "alia of "which, BE snows. aos, he nominal valent sin’ and. the pesstance. standart wero se tye eget value of the dusamy [Repos neni. “The'vaige vf the sndue wa ei Se cm wth a probate scomacy e“peeent. Then tho carection, OE nie rs 108 ob 0 propertina sev a “yan ot nmin ane 630 yn corte 20 pn. din tor ¥ i Heading foe Se Rag-Rig, 749 ppmn Cantar 230 Bom omen fr te FI pen ane of X 10.019 obs + 2 yom. er of X waa roporte 100.908 ace rot 2 parcane fa the diferente of the sin the above exuuple. wotld ‘0'cnor of only ene part per taion rd econ 1, DRRB eto eine by ie fn the meapured alu of X. Tho aoeursey of the method lee in the measurement of small fegan of rts instead of cet maarorant S Renetance by ee interchange Method Jn Signe 16, X ig rstor of enna alae otk arcmounted on s meroury sland with counee- ons loa DRES ar chown. Let ig, be the rea ingot the dias ofthe ratio set whe B is om the Yili Alter the positions ofS and are inere hiigaty Hage takes H ena ey are te core ectuns in pasts per milion for tho standard and {ermlenown, nepectively, Ble Eis, ‘Th bd sac i tant and he “tere: © sin unkanws of appronatet 1 00 hes restate 1 en dard seth 8 correction of 81 ppm. Ragi=8 470; Tedg,=1 598 at ech IB TO 9 2 pp, 102 pps of 1000 oe—0,000200%41 0400.20 beh "E= 90.000-—0.202=908,708 ohms "The result rounded off to X=990,80 ohms, w | cummenr Cea i re icone 1. Fourlerminal meceuroment with the DERS. 4 Vomomenn 0 8 sou tgnal naor ih ‘This method is important in testing laboratory papacy ih Which Two of de epmesgtege to foueternal Falator cen be made only dhrogh Fig Bure, eb X be tho terminals i et Xe a resto, tho temnin Wand fof which are not avaiable for extersal ghar, "Halabi trae Binding poste P,Q. Mand No Hc, X is-2 feral eis. ‘Chr ad ken to tho binding posts and @, pytant SS roe fan Caer tnt is rough cnsdeale vein, ‘The {exile Hand of the reaistor Xref june: Son points of eureot leads aud penal ra Tae Pe mT aaa sata eats, jimesions Sod Lon a mercy stand, are respostvey 9 scapfarafttor of th same nonin Pe st “Sith 3 on tho left of th stand L on tho ight, selihe baler dpa ft ott! pt MiRdg iseakenon te BERS. “Alar exch gg ides Beto the standuad an thesia an aie Ping tho battery Toad to Ny Rig, is takers Ite Ind are the respective conection tothe nominal value ofthe standard nd the ubuowns and Es 16 the resistance of the lint expressed jn parls non ofthe same nominal rao, —Régs—Ragy Ld oles dhe sesstance of de Hk is que ares rls on) ea ei he od tajation is asallynoglqable for nomial va of Xin exces of 10 ohms el Example: Nominal value of unknown 160 ob Nominal value of standard 100 oly Correction for standard —35 pra PMNS, nag, 288 Rdg, 5455 ‘In this caso, the correction for the lik is nge ble, : a5 459-5 485 gen DBO AEE (35) =~ 51 ppm 51 ppm of 100 ohms=0.000051100=0.0061 ab 2 100.0000~0.000: 19.9949 ohms. in general, the last digit, may be considered une fain, hence the reported value is 99.995 ohms. ‘Ab noted above, the comestion for Use luk in the above equation, isin parts per milion oft resistor with which Tf the resistance of the link is 40 microhns i is 40 ppm of Io {ppm ef 10 ohms, and sucghgible 0 ym 100 ohms. 5, Appoints Measurement af «Smal Resor ‘A reanance element of very small alm measured approximately wit the Direct add Ratio Sot in ie cteutt of figure 18," ‘Tvo sta ards, 5, S, of the same nominal value, are mount on tho atdndone on ene sileat tenon, FX fsa reator that enn aot be mounted oof middle Biocks of the stand, it is connected to Finding posts bythe short pose Potent pom re ace 9 aad a ‘the diagram, and current leads from the rl ovo the outer teas oft sta. Sige are tater onthe DIES with the [ee Ais eho a Rdg-Rdg.g x (Rag, —Rag)/2 isin parts per milo ‘The least value of the stendards is I the resistance of X,, which shoalé 8 exoved 0.25 pereent of the value ofthe ‘The mnetuod is approximate but stil sate for the small resistances for whieh i packs 18. Messirement of small reitance with the ® ‘pikes, usd, Sin tho above equation is the nominal ‘ab of tke standards, ‘The following. exaraplos will illustrate some sgplcatians of the method: Hi) To find the resistance of a shorting tink, Ne resistance of tholinke deseribed it section 3 as han 0:25 poresnt of Lohr es than 0.0025 dm}, Hence, Lohin standards should be used. dings tle with simae link were: fst reading, Rd 5438 at roading, Rag, 3518 Sete 38 ppm=-0.000038 <1 ohm—=0.000038 ohm—= 38 microlims. 0) find tho Joa and contact rss etal sar ot When bed Paarl poet tact 08 ohn, mpm an ca a Ca Bt ts ve of ied Fiat Wet Fe eet tote peo al es nace ee Seca Rdg, 4224 Rag 5617 sort S822 6g opm MAOO696 1m ote 0.00606 chan Froune 194, Foucternal oncom standard ‘6, Determination of the Two-Terminal Resistance of {Roki Sindh Wien is Foor‘Rerminat aise “Tho NBS certiinteunually gives only the four- terminal yee ofa Tobie sander ln sme {Slttetaas mepacremonis dhe twottornal exlnn Evtequired, When the foorrminal resistance is fob, ihe two-tonnioa) value can bo deere ‘ined resdly withthe Diree Reading Reto Se "Tn Rete 104, tho plane conta suntace of the reunion a Tpipueted ty, nd he binding posts at she ta ofthe anna, , by The standard which to be tteted ir muita on the mde blocks of the Saha it another hm seanard ( dumony) on the loft and « link on the right, figure 19B, Short tabe of bars copper wie are comnested to the binding posts of the stands shown at a, a! Sig Lbs are connected fo te binding posia of the sada ah bee ay epi ints for connection ofa aligator lip at the en EPithe huttory Toad Crmnt leads extend. roa the end posts, Ai, of the ratio ot Uy the en pous of fue sland. ‘ihe gaivanomeer leads also Eye connect to ibe end posts of ie tetio st With the atiery sip ata thon al rings taken onthe DERS ‘are designated Rag, and Hdge: “Thon, withthe danny transferred to the Heht of thoiand and thelink to ihe let, readings Reece aa ae es wh the cp at v Frovme 198, Measurement of io-erménal salue of oneabo ‘Sandor. thon at bY. 'The amount to be added to the four. ‘terminal rasistance to got the two-terminal value is Rage Rdg, Rae =R46 yp, ‘Phe resistance of the dummy and the resistance of the link do not enter into the computation. ‘Bnd, nf somes, eithar stendard wacistan soa. he ‘used for” compatison to find the two-terminal value of the other. ‘Example: The four-terminal correction for a ohm andard was —54 ppm, hence, its four terminal “resistence was 0.909046 ohm. ‘The DIES readings obtained by the preceding pro- Dusmany on the left a 572 a b 58K rg Dummy on the right Bat 5801 Substitution of the readings in the above equation gives sa14—5 772 5. 847—s 501, at Hence, the two-terminal value of the resistor was 0.099046 +0.000044=0.999990 ohm, and the two-terminal correction was ~54}-44— =10 pam, $2844 poo. 9. Measurement of “Odd-Valued”” Resistors 94, “Odd Values" Distinguished From Values «¢ ‘Conventional Standards ‘The term “Yodd-valued,” a8 used here, includ, those resistors which aro not decimal multiples submultiples of 1 olun. Some examples are zea. toro with denominations of 2 ohms, § ohms, 2) ohms, $0 ohms, ete, A similar set of resstany, ‘Values is found in some types of resistance boxe Other denominations occur, cither separately, 29 componenta of laboratory apparatue. ‘Most of those odd values can be measured at ‘one-to-one ratio on the Diroct Reeding Ratio Se boy se of combination standards consisting oft oF gore conventional sbandaeds connected it produce the required resistance. "The correction in parts per million of the nominal value of any combination standard may be derived. ready from the corrections of ito componente, 9, Combinations of Resistors Restor maybe connect nero i ant orn conbmeion ‘ot sedee ang pata Sotation RCI-+«) which was explained in setion?, wel be sod in the following discusion to exes the reli of tesa nor fend Value f, and tea govt, ef pase Per ie of its nominal value * By By By =~ Be aro nic, tbh total resistance is Reebietish 6 He Tf these resistors haye czaclly the same valu, the series resistance is In general, no two resistors have exectly the ‘alo. Suppose n resistors have the same ‘value, 7, with corrections in parts per mill fhe nominal vale, ey én Ey» = ¢ay FRPOE! ‘Phen the equation for te series resistance is +r Rerllted-brutol-+ril+el+ wns setae +) Tn the equation, nr is the nominal value aries renstance, and (erheetert- +0 Gorcton fat nominal vals sn eric the nominal tame of the eis is equal (0 the nominal value of exe resistor mulipiied hy the number of on ns op aa the correction in parts per mon of SH resistance fs the aidmetical mea of {fone ofthe components in the serie Exanoin: Throe resistors, etch of 100 ohms sana valug are in seies "Ther covrections re pa ivr uf ue ern salscate Pind SiO respectively. Bind the seis ress e eomina value of the sein reitance i a 100300 ca eer Zs comeoton in pits per milion ofthe nom- Pian the atonal mons of ee spot th components ofthese, wie ao, the series resistance is 300(1+9 ppm) $3051. 000008 30,0027 ohms. ilseteate the appheation of the comretion 1 seis reigtance in tho measurement of an toy ute above Fontan at ones were used as “ubiation standard for meassrement. of & ‘hn resstancn ood in a Kelvin Teaio Box ‘ilge Grout wes setup with a Direct Reading Scan rato ars a explained for renstan ike interchange method in seston 83. The ‘estandards in series formed one upper arm of bridge and. the 300-ohm. ol,” connected ugh binding posts ‘uf ue box, “sored: the ‘upper am, “Aer the bridge was balanced * reading take on dhe DRIG, the positions Walandogds andthe uokaown were into Es erga ened tl ese Ss taken, the readings were: Standard on the left, Rags 8 15 Standard on the sight, Rage 9 437 (Comection for the standard, ¢, +9 ppm Sinting thse values in the equation for resist- 1p ieintensnmige mello ives Mo Ra, =300,0210 ohms, walt was rounded off to report 300.021 be measurement hed boon ude by site ‘aio, (Gee. 8.2), a dummy would have ‘equiing another 300-ohm resistor ‘Wohin stor in Series) ‘tan of he Same Nomina Vs ta Peat ‘Mtuation form resistors in parallel is : : Beitiede 43 "stance of each component is exactly 1, os the equation becomes pot and Ra Since the components with thesamenominal value will havo different cormections, the corrected equa tion for parallel resistance is a 1 rare aray L RIF +, + rrayt ++ 1 An expression of the form; Bh Re when expanded, Decwnes Anche et... abe Itc is less thn 0.001, tho second-order term, et js Tees than 0.000001, "the third-order term is loss ‘than 0.000000001, ete. Tre is saall, the Inigher the order, she Jes signean the term. Tf terms of the second snd higher orders are glee, the above equi mas be redond ta following approximate form which is gener sete ton nica so Sou resins their corrections: nak (rsctecbot .. te) Gee see. 7.2.) In the equation for R, nominal yale of the fs the parallel combination, Schober... 6s is the correction to that nominal value, Teves sha vame nominal lve arssonnected in paral the nomfoal ‘value of the parallel te- Sintance ie equal to the nominal value. of one fesistor dvided by the: number of resistors in i ae atin in en nd a Erevnegige) the corte in part per milion ofthe nominal ‘ine of the parle reitanee fo eau the wi taf the crecions tothe components tn parte. [iibe'tts ee tehe ame nina alin have the ‘ime prypostional correction Ihether they seb connected la series or in paral as tated bose the secondcper ten’ are nigligibes ‘The nora salve wis tho restore In'seie a of timer the nominal value with the "ngmple? tp ofecedingnrincinos may be i trated "by" application. to the messurement of 5 resistor whist has a nominal valve of 250 ohms Four 000-fun standards may be wed in porate te 25h sander those standards hve Correction, rspesively, of 4-76; 1 and P59 ppm the correc to the’ 350-0 parallel conbltation isthe anthmottal men too Tour fndiviial corrections, yhich's-—9 pps ote 9 that the following date are obtained by use of the above combination of resistors as ‘a, 250-ohm standard for the maeasurement of the unknown by tho interchange method: ‘Comection for standard, =9 ppm Standard on the left, Rdg, 5 398 Bisinlard on tho right, Relge 5 220 808 998 ppm X=250(1—08 ppm) —250<0.990002 240.976 ohms, Yor illustration, consider, a 100-chm resistor ‘and to 10-ohm "resistors in series to. produce ‘nominal resistance of 120 ohms Gig. 20), Sup ose that the corrections to the nominal’ valucs of thesp resistors are +35, +27, and —63 ppm respectively. ‘The 100-ahna resistor may be eine siteec! equivalent to ten 1O-0btD Testers, in Series, each with the same correction, °-39 ppm. ‘Tho complete series is equivalent to twelve 10- ohm resistors. ‘The sum of the twelve corre. ponding earraetions ie (10x35)-+27—68 +312, Ths ou divided by 12 (umber of eyuvaeas igh resstor) gives “126 ppm, the coroetion to tho nominal valuo of the series. Haney, R=12001420 pyui)=120%1.000026-120.0081 ‘The correction (+20 ppm) in the sbove ex- ample S°tne Sweightad Blan Gr ne eee of the three resistors in the seties, Since the resistor are not of the same nominal value, the average of the three ‘corrections would net. be arrece, ‘Evidently, the 100-0lm resistor ha tan times the “weight” of each of the other Feaistors, ‘To fad the weighted mean of tho comreeton® t soveral resistors, divide the nominal valuo ofeach iy he fst outa valbe nthe group. ‘se ‘quotients are the “relative weights" of the cone. Spouding corrections, Multiply each. correction Bila tative weigh. ‘Divide th algebra gun OF ce products Uy Wie ai Uf the teladve Wane ‘The correction in parts per million of the nom- inal resistance of any number of. resistors of diferent nominal values in series isthe weigltted ‘mean of the several resistor corrections. wy wo + 1 + + HO Fiovan 20, Resistor in serie, 92, Hesttors of Didecnt Nominal Vales in Parte Although this case rarely, if ever, oocur, ip Practical testing, » romplntdiaanctin coming To hdlasion. here is no simple’ expression hy ‘tho reistanco of « combination of this type. If the restr of tho proceding ample oy nected in parallel, tho rosstance of the grog Inust be found from the following relation? 1 1 roo00Rs F-00035" a ‘This equation gives 1/22=0.210003, and P-470182 okoas, This result, can not be satisfactorily in terms of a nominal value and its correction, 9. Rastos in Seed a ata A nominal resistance of 125 ohms may be pr. duced by, connecting eight, 1 000-om recon in panalel. ‘The same teanlt is obtated sa, five Tesistors in seriee-parallel as shown in figure 21, The inclusion of the last two 10-ohm re. Sistors betwoon vertical bars in the equation fe dirates that thea arn, n eral, eplivalont fo ‘one ohm resistor.” ‘The’ parallal group is is series with the other resistors, so that the entin combination amounts, to 1003+10+-104-5=15 nominal, and it is equivalent ta DXEL2X5+2XE4 1X5, or twenty-five Sohm resistors in series, Sy tha theca, he order in WH ap tba oe Wala Tae Fa Fm. Sic teat erst a ‘parallel, equivalent to ono 9-ohi resistor, te ection in parts per million of 5 olms is (50-47 2=-+60. ‘The next step is to find the weight mean, (420)! (30) C400 460), ee Seca OT poe finial ake ames 125(1+-24 ppm): 93. Adaptation of the Direct Reading Ratlo Set for "Ratioe of tan and men Jn, using the Direct Reading Ratio Sot it is ually best to set-up the bridge to uso a substi tation” method.” For ‘example, to. metsuro a South gestar dhe LANs TAR. rons af the. ratie would bo ‘used, and a Wheatstone bridge ould be sot up and. balanced. sing a Thm aviary on the right and the unknown Sprten Fosktr on tha lof Atta laos, the talon would be replaced by. threo T00-ohm {undards ‘connected ih series on. he mercury tand, and scoond balance. oblained.. ‘The trance in readings would then be the diffesenes f parts per-mili between the unkeoven and faveum Gf the resistences of Ube three 100-ohta Hrodard vistors. However, if tee ealboeted fishin standards ar Hot available. tho ratio eet iat may be modified to ive a i: ratio. and 52 300ohin unknown measured against a single 3ftmated T00-hm standard. Tet also possible Yvalant the crouit 12. measure the a ‘ahem aguinst Gro {8o‘ohm sandra, oe by ‘ip 8:5 zat, in terms of tir 1 O00-okmn {is n parallel Some commercial ratio sets have a connection Fvfixed arm of 10 ohms, affording e ratio of iL A vanety of other DRRS ratios may he dad, us 12, 128, . 1210, or 2:3, 3:4, eto. Wiguro 22 illustrates ‘an adaptation for a ratio 1:2. A 100.chm standard is connected. to ‘Reo th Rats OPSAAT Ea Jiro tn:300 Anatio of 1:10 may be formed as in figure 23. gia tomcat 2 Sctnaaptenccia lena arat Eats a Newco ite ear ae i a meant ‘is supplementary resistance of 80 ohms, ‘sh added to the CB arm of the DRRS, makes fred arm, CF, of the modified set equal to eae seh pr neta SADE amt BSE sos una m mang cmnve ‘ihould be insignificantly small. © 93 tan sree, aw rao st 6 adyustaie so that oli a a om abou ‘elon io abot 8: percat above the in "ht Somme setting of to dil, te rat i in Ca i Steg "ign ne dle oy “Rage” ius een tdapted to a ratio of min bof ustream (or 00 ng pont bridge act Ap Oy OOOO Frawe 28, Adaptation of DRRS for 1:10 ratio, 0URE 24, Adeplntion of DELS for 2:8 ratio using m-tn standards each of the ame nomina ‘alue, in the upper arms, m standards on tho left ‘au Staudards on tie righu. "rbe valve of these should be large enough to make lead end contact resistanco nogligible. With tho standards in a dleGnite pattem, they may be rotated slap by ‘top, wnt vacls Fepistor ie occupied wack positions in the patiern, At each stap, @ Teading is taken fon the dials, from Rdg, to Riges,. Bridge zero 4s tho arithinetieal mean of the in-hn readings aS agate ‘Thus number w mndepenent of the corrections to the nominal alto tho stand ua each is Hes than 1000 ppm. It applies equal perdi” Sole Rdgase ‘wall o standards in serios or ‘Utes the resistances of the Joads to the upper arms of the bridge ere nepligible, the resistances af the leads, must also be in the fatio m:n. ‘The Tends: may be adjusted to. the correct ratio by forung Gach erat aid Balancing the bridge DY ‘djusting the leads. [tis not always necosary to use m-+n standans to form's ratio of m:n.” By a combination of Seria and paraild connections, the number ot eguired. standards maybe roluea. A. ratio of 2:3 may be obtained with four’ standards ‘nstead of five, "A'ratio of 1:10 may be obtained ‘with seven standards iustead of cloveu. a FioUnE 5A, Astembly fo ind Ty fora 1:2 rato. 93. Arplcaton of ove Racdures to Meturement of O28 ‘The following examples are intended to clarity the proceding explanations Ezample 1: Its roquited to find the true value of e resistor which Lap @ nominal value of 20:000 Shins With tho ratio sot, adapted to a ratio of 1:2, 0 Wheatstone bridge is completed by using thtes 4,000-ohm standards (or 100-obm standards) in ‘the upper arms, one on the let and two in series on the right. To reduce the sumber of binding post oon nections, the standard teiators. ean har monte ha mercury stand, To Bgure 25A, the 100-ohm rosistor on the vighthand end of the stand is in seties with the 100-ohm resistor, CB. "The ance from (tg 1 (200 olin) enhetitnige the Hel‘aim of the DRS, wiving « ratio of 1:3, Note that the Jead to the galvanometer is taken from F, uot from B’. ‘Thestandard resisions a,b, and e form th upper arms ‘of the bridge with @ in the left upper acm and b plus ein the right upper arm, also in a ratio. oF 1:2. Compare figure 25A with figure. 258. After Rdg, is taken on tho DRRS with the resistors. jn the position shown, the ‘resistors ay ad are rote follow’: Resistor Mori tion, to position b, « to position at Has ie teens (Pho came reoult wil be obtained By interchanging a and b. “Howover, if several resistors are involved mistakes may be avoided by following a definite plan of rotation) Ilan reste oe moa to postion nya 0 panic b, b'to positon ¢, and Reig i taken: The rotation ofthe resistors and the correspond ing readings are shown in condensed form in the 2 Frovme 25B, Schematic repreantaion of gute 26, following table: +e) bile+a) exlet ‘The reading 5 493 designated above as bridge zero is tho reading of the dials of the DRIRS whieh Inakes the resistaneo ratio ACCP exactly ‘Unless the resistances of the leads are negli they should bo adjusted to a ratio of 1:2 (approx mately) before determining the bridee 250, "Tae standards in the upper azms of the are now replaced by a 10 000-ohm standart ont eft and the unknown (20 000 ohms, nomina) the right. Aftar the bridge is balarest th di ae read giving (say) Rdge=5 435, "if the Gon for the 10-000-ohm standard is ‘equation: dese ee Rdgy—Re gee 9 A88~5 425-219 Bp and X-=20 000(1~76 ppm) ~20 000x0.%# Sgt i ag sgn enon ‘stud ith ts atgebrate sg ie on Example 2: To calibrate Fest inal vafae of 100 B00" aban ets atin of 1:10, Teste of SEE is tn an ‘dg, soven commented to form the game ratio G0 Shown in the simplified: diagram i Fines OA, Schematic diagram for 410 ratio with een Note that, instead of the 100-ohm standards shown fr the diagram, 1000-chm standards could be ‘ad, forming the ratio 500:§ 000.. ‘Tho arrange- fron of the soven standards on, two" mencary fanis, connected by a link (2) to form the upper gs af a bridge, 6 shown in figare 26B, "Resi fees a and b, ip parallel, form the left upper arm df 30 ohms,” Resistors ¢ d, e, 5, and g, in series, fia che night upper arm of 800 ohms ‘Tho fixed arm of the DRS is replaced by the Lcadvolim standard commected to Cand motnted {athe ght end of the stand to give the DIRS & trot 110 "The galvanometa Teas (gg) ar0 token fom AY and ‘By comparison with the schematie diagram, fig- wie J0C ibis clone that the cireutt i» Whoststone hig einen with ams in a ratio of 1:10, ‘To find bridge, zero, Rago, readings on the DRRS ate teken for etch sequence as the stand- srs aro rotated in the pattern, tet), Metall esnestate, Boretarern ‘Wo the aithmetionl mean of theseven readings. ‘Re moira of te unknown love the fest desorbed Sn the Ke faten wilh 19000 to oui att procedure fora ‘Phe outline of general principles which has been piven. together with the detailed provedures given {a's next soction for the test of a'selected model, should servo as » guide to the test of most poten: tiometers in common us. 18, Details of Procedure As Applied to a Specific Model 18,1, Description of Potentlometer—Crompton Type ‘The main dial has a range in 0.1-v steps from 0 lo 15 v. The siklewire consists off coll of cloven turns of resstance wire on a eylinde drum ated over the eyluuies can ‘be rota ove contactor over tie length of the wire. ‘The edge of the drum is divided into 100 scale unit, tach of which ie subdivided into two parts, A glass plate at the Iront of the arum has a scale ‘which fend guint the ego of the drum showing the number of rotations from 0 to 11. An index Tine on the glass plate is used to read the gradun- {Hons on the edge of the drunls Hach soe ual coresponds to 0001 v. The range of tho slide- ‘wire it from 0 t9 0.1100 v. By estimating fifths Of the smallest division on the deum, readings are Shane to one tenth of @ sale tit oF 0.00001 "The middle ial on the felt ofthe potentiometer is the factor switeh which may be set at any one of thnee points! 2,01, or0.01.” Depenting on the factor setting, the EMF measured 1 nokunally 1,-0.1, or 0.04 times the reading on tho scales, ‘Tho Sta Coll dial i sot to tho calibrated EMP of the standard call weed when potentiometer Treastremens are Maden For tosh or the spo. entometer, the dal set on the nominal value, TOL The EME-Std. Cell switch connects the EMF leads of the standard coll fends into the cate, depending on the setting of the switeh iho sheastat dials on the night end of the in- stramentaajes the cre in he potentiometer 18.2, Tost Equipment Universal Ratio Set (URS), 6-dial or 5-dial Buusey Gro 8) Rheowian to ragulate battery voltage ‘Key’ (preferably with reversing sviteh) Sermitivegalvanometer 18.3, Tests Required Main dial—test each stop to determine cor rections Slidoswire test each 50 dial units to deter- ‘mine corrections. Standard ell dial—test each four d Factor--test to find corrections for the 0.1 factor and the 0.01 factor. Tests should be made nt a lamperstare as near as possible to the temperature at which the po- tentiometer is to be used 6 Universal Retio Set connosed for ealibration of poletiometer. 184. Points to Remember 1, Older models of Universal Ratio Sots are aatias “GFith we tial oot, dete to ine polats one place. 2 ‘The diel readings of most commercial Uni- versal Ratio Sots require eorteetions. ‘These cor- "Sg be ee fe azure 3. he gnivanometer binding posts of the po- teatiomatet must bo shored sof the High GA Sens button must be depressed during tests °t Potwnlial points. wad the EME-Sta Cell awfich mast agree; that's, the swiich must be on SMF i an EMF potential point iin use, on Std Call if Std Cell potential point is in use, sr te potenteh point for mencuromants on the mein dial ie BMI~; for measurements on the slide-wire, EMF+-; for measurements on the Std Call dial, Std Call Ms Gel Gall dial should romain on 1.0100 cexeopl whon testing’ that dial” Most standard Gell have a nominal value of about 1.0190 + re battery rheostts of the potetionet stall rennin amchanged after edjustmont for “Titec reading on the URS, except to male fector teste. All clctrcal connections rust bo clean and ug 9. ‘Tam the dias back and forth several times to wipe the contacts clean to reduce conlact fesistatce. ‘This applies to the URS es well es To tne potentlomow! 6 18.5, Testing Procedures (2) Sire div GA Vining. posts with «oh pices of bare copper wire {@) Connect tho BA binding posts ofthe teatiomater to the right and left binding pes SRS es sown mehigure 53. Y Connact the gelvanometer leads % extfa ond posts of the URS. ; (a) (Conuect short pieeas of bare coppe ane Sui Gall nad the BSE binding Po {sed ng potential points Te) Cmnect one battery lead to the post of the URS Pomp EE vier usury loud should en iil clip to permit ready transfer from one Pl point tanothy iG) Set the Std Cell dal on 1.0180 (Rp Sas ten it down with a weight (i) Set the factor switch (middle dinlial ett} on "1." oat tjoth eho ansin dial and the

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