CEA UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN ‘TRINITY COLLEGE Faculty of Engineering, Mathematics & Science Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering Senior Sophister Second Semester 2015 BAI Degree Examination 4A4 Hydraulics Thursday 8" January 2015 Luce Upper 09.30-11.30 a.m. Prof. Laurence Gill and Asst. Prof. Aonghus McNabola Durat Hours Please answer three questions in total. Please use a separate answer book for each Question. Log tables (old) Mathematics Tables or (new) Formulae & Tables and graph paper are available from the invigilators, if required. Non-programmable calculators are permitted for this examination — please indicate the make and model of your calculator on each answer book used. You may not start this examination, until you are instructed to do so by the Invigilator. 10f7CEaAG-41 Qt (a) Rainfall events can be described in an intensity-duration-frequency format. Describe what this terminology means. [5] (b) Discuss the various environmental factors which influence the rate of ‘evaporation and evapotranspiration from a surface. [5] (c)A catchment consists of 50% of its area covered with permanent grassland, 30% of its area with deciduous woodland and the remaining 20% is considered to be riparian. If the root constant (RC) for the grass is 75 mm and 200 mm for the woodland, calculate the soil moisture deficit (SMD) across the catchment from April to October given the following rainfall and potential evapotranspiration statistics in Table ant. Note, if the soil moisture deficit is greater than *RC + 25 mm, then the actual soil moisture deficit from grassland and woodland should be taken from Table Q1.2. Table Q1.1 April May June July August Sept Oct. Nov. Dee, Rain(mm) 4820.31 ~«S7a cy 2 2 6 84 PE (mm) 51880287 48 25 COB [Mo] Q1 Continued... 20f7CEAAs-1 Q1 Continued... Table Q1.2 RC = 75mm RC = 200mm potential actual potential actual (mm) (mmm (mm) oom 98 97 228 «228 100 98 228 226 402 4100 230227 104 tot 2320-228 106 102 234228 108 103 238-230 110 104 238 (23 112 105 240 282 114 108 242 233 16 108 244 234 118 407 248 (234 120 108 248-238 124 109 250 (236 128 110 254237 132 411 258 (238 136 412 2620239 140 112 265239 150 113, 270 © 240 160 413 280 240 170 114 2900244 180 115 300-242 190 116 3200-243 200 7 340-245 Q2 (a) An upland river catchment has been studied and a one hour Unit Hydrograph has been derived for it, as presented below in Figure Q2. Using the Unit Hydrograph, calculate the flow from this catchment following a storm event of 5 mm (1* hour), 7 mm (2 hour) and 3 mm (3° hour) of effective rainfall. [5] Q2 Continued... 30f7CAAA Q2 Continued... 407 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 flow (m/s) 0 5 6 time (hrs) Figure Q2 (b) A town is located 22 km downstream from the point where the upland river catchment Unit Hydrograph has been derived. Route the storm flow calculated in part (a) down to the town to calculate the maximum outflow expected in order to make an assessment of the town's flood defences. The lower reach of the combined river has been calibrated to have Muskingum coefficients of: 0.27 and K = 3.3 hour. (5) Aide Memoir. AT +2Kx AT ~2Kx Muskil stant =———— =o He Oe Me AHre are oR Deke lle Aree Oaks (©) Afiood alleviation channel system is being investigated using a 1:30 scale model. The velocity of the design flood flow in the model is an average of 0.6m/s while the flow rate is 0.05m‘/s. Determine the corresponding flood flow and velocity in the prototype. In addition if the measured hydrostatic force produce by the flood on the model is 1.5 N determine the corresponding force in the prototype [6] Aide Memoir: F=pta Q2 Continued... 407CEAAd-1 Q2 Continued... (d) Ina fluid which is rotating about a vertical axis with an angular velocity , the rise in pressure P with increasing radius ris known to depend on that radius, angular speed and fluid density p. Using dimensional analysis show that: P= parr [4] Q3 (a) Flow in a natural channel is influenced by its roughness. Describe how you would determine the roughness of a natural channel in practice and outline how the roughness of a channel may vary with the depth of flow. (41 b) Determine the flow rate through a section of a river given the following information: Upstream maximum depth and width are 3.5 m and 10m respectively while the downstream maximum depth and width are 3.4m and 11m respectively; the drop in elevation of the water surface between the upstream and downstream ends of the river section is 0.5 m; the length of the section is 1km; the roughness of the section is n=0.005. Make one adjustment for velocity head and assume that the rivers cross- sectional profile is approximately triangular. Aide Memoir: Es o-\KKS, K-42 ” [6] ¢) Describe your understanding of the threshold of movement in relation to sediment transport in natural channels and outline with aid of a diagram the relevant forces which act on a particle on the bed of an open channel as a result of fluid flow 4 Q3 Continued... Sof?CEA Q3 Continued... 4) A trapezoidal open channel, lined with cobblestones (ps = 2700kg/m®; D = 75mm; @s = 35°), is to withstand a design flood flow of 100m’Vs. If the sides of the channel slope at 1 in 2, the channel bed is 6m wide and has a longitudinal slope of 1 in 300, determine whether there will be erosion of the channel bed or banks during the flood. Aide Memoir: a3 —t=— =0.056 and ean (2) 7, (p,~ p)gD tang, [6] a4 a) List 4 factors which influence the choice of turbine for a hydropower design. Describe how each factor influences the performance of the hydropower plant in terms of both energy generated and cost. ™ b) Give a brief explanation of the following terms in relation to hydropower: + Reaction Turbines + Velocity of Whirl + Micro-hydropower [3] ©) Figure Q4 shows the cross section of the typical flow regime in a hydropower station. Show that the overall max power available for this system is: 2H, Max power = P8Q| fr [6] Q4 Continued... 6 of7CEAAg-1 Q4 Continued... Figure Q4 Aide Memoir: Haba te P= pgQHe, ) A hydropower turbine is supplied by a 100mm diameter 1.5 km long penstock with a steady flow of 1000m*day and gross head of 65 m. Determine the theoretical maximum power at the turbine and describe 3 factors which would result in energy losses in the conversion of this hydraulic power into electricity. (4 © University of Dublin 2015 Tof?