Tr-ng i hc bch khoa h ni

Thit k my bay
(Dng cho i t-ng o to k s- hng khng
Chuyn ngnh C kh hng khng)

Bin son
PGS-TS Nguyn Minh Xun

H ni 2010

Li ni u
Mn hc Thit k my bay l mt mn hc chuyn ngnh trong ch-ng trnh
mn hc o to K s- hng khng; trong iu kin hp tc ca ch-ng trnh o
to k s- cht l-ng cao (PFIEV) vi Cng ha Php (t nm 2004, kha K44);
chuyn ngnh C kh hng khng (K thut hng khng) i hc Bch Khoa H
Ni. Ni dung gm c nhng khi kin thc sau:
I.Thit k hng khng
A. Cc vn chung:
B-Vt liu s dng trong kt cu my bay.
C-Cc ph-ng trnh cn bng.
II.Cc vn trong thit k my bay
III.Thit k cc cu trc.
IV. Thit k cc h thng.
V. Chn ng c.
Mn hc -c thc hin trong tng thi l-ng l 3 hc trnh (45 tit), c mt
n mn hc & thi kt thc mn hc. Gia l thuyt v thc hnh c s an xen
& b sung hon thin kin thc cho ng-i K s- c gii (C kh hng khng).
Trn c s ch-ng trnh o to ca PFIEV tc gi bin son cun ti liu
ny nh- mt gio trnh ch yu ca mn hc ny.
Do iu kin thi gian khng nhiu, khi l-ng kin thc v ti liu cn gp
kh khn tc gi mong -c s ng gp gio trnh sm -c hon thin.

Tc gi

mc lc
Ni dung
M u:
Mc lc
Cc th h my bay: Qu kh, hin ti v t-ng lai.
I.Thit k hng khng
A. Cc vn chung:
-Yu cu, ni dung thit k.
-Cc giai on chnh.
-Cc yu t tc ng.
-Cc nh mc bn kt cu my bay.
B-Vt liu s dng trong kt cu my bay.
1-C s bn v cng kt cu my bay.
a- ngha (khi chn ng vt liu):
b-chn ng vt liu:
2-Cc vt liu truyn thng.
3-Cc vt liu mi (Composite).
C-Cc ph-ng trnh cn bng.
II.Cc vn trong thit k my bay
1-Khi l-ng & c tnh phn b khi l-ng.
2-Vn phi tr ca my bay
3-Xc nh cc c tnh c bn.
4-Vn tui th.
III.Thit k cc cu trc.
-Chn s my bay, ti trng tc dng, thit k s b.
-Thit k cnh.
-Thit k thn.
-Thit k cng.
-Thit k ui.
IV. Thit k cc h thng.
-Cc vn chung
-Thit k h thng nhin liu
-Thit k h thng thu lc.
-Thit k h thng iu khin
-Mt s vn thit k h thng kh.
V. Chn ng c.
-c im cc loi ng c.
-Cc vn chn ng c
-Tnh chn ng c.
-Cc ph-ng n b tr ng c
Ti liu tham kho

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Cc th h my bay
Qu kh, hin ti v t-ng lai
Vi nt v cc th h my bay th k 20

Th h my bay l khi nim t-ng i -c dng xc nh nhng c tr-ng c

bn ca loiKTHK , ang v s -c thit k v s dng trong cc iu kin lch
s nht nh, t c rt nhng kinh nghim, hon thin my bay.
Du n thi i li trn KTHK c th trn ton b my bay, hoc ch trn mt
s ci tin nht nh ca my bay, cng c th -a my bay chuyn t th h ny
sang th h khc.
C th im nhng c tr-ng ca my bay thuc cc th h trong th k 20, l:
Th h 1:Cc my bay c cnh thng (ch nht..) kt cu n gin, cc profil
cnh d-i m. Thit b to lc s dng cc ng c ptton. V d din hnh l my
bay AN-2.
Th h 2: L th h cn s dng ph bin cc n-c trn th gii, c bit l
cc n-c cng nghip ch-a pht trin. Nt c tr-ng ca th h my bay ny l
v-t qua bc t-ng m thanh (my bay phn lc), thit b to lc y s dng cc
ng c tua bin kh. Giai on u c cc my bay IAK-15, MIG 9. Nhng loi
my bay thi k nh M ca ta nh- MIG 17, MIG 19, MIG 21 l loi my bay h
h 2. y th h pht trin r-c r trn nn khoa hc k thut th k 20.
Th h 3: Xut hin u nhng nm 70, trn nn th h 2 vi s u t- nghin
cu tng bn kt cu ca cc phn t chu tc ng ti ln v th-ng xuyn
nhit cao. Trong h-ng ny ng-i ta chn thp l vt liu ch yu cho cc phn
t chu lc nh- cc loi my bay MIG23, MIG 25. c tr-ng ca th h ny l khi
l-ng hiu dng ca my bay (sc ch) ch-a thc cao.
H, km
MIG25PD
20

M=2.83
MIG23P

M=2.35

15

M=2.1
SU15TM

10
Vqc=1400
Vqc=1400
5
0.5

1.0

Vqc=1300
1.5

2.0

2.5

c tr-ng chin u ca my bay nh chn th h 3

4

Th h 4:

Cc th h 4, 5, 6 l cc th h hnh thnh v pht trin rc r trong thi i ca cng

ngh thng tin v s ho.
c tr-ng ca th h 4 l cc my bay Su-27 v MIG-31, khc th h 3 nhng im
sau:
Cnh c phn m rng gc cnh c tc dng chng hin t-ng Flutter. Cc c cu c
hc cnh -c hon thin nh- cnh t tr-c, cnh t sau, eleron.. nm dc si cnh. Trong
kt cu tn ti dm th 3 ca cnh cng vi tng bn phn chuyn tip v cnh cho php
tng tc ng h ca chuyn bay. Thay i kt cu cng trong quan h tng khi l-ng
h cnh (ct gim chn bng thp Chrom). Thay i kt cu phn d-i ca thn vng t
thit b nhy d to v tr t tn la tm xa. Cc tn la tm gn v trung lp d-i cnh.
H thng radar nh v t trn phn mi my bay l loi radar c bn knh hot ng ln
gn vi mn hnh tch hp. Ngoi ra cn -c trang b thm my tnh s-t-ng t cng vi
my tnh trung tm bo m thc hin Logic ho hot ng t-ng h ca my bay v h
thng iu khin t ng mt t trong dn -ng, iu khin cc knh dc v cnh trong
cc ch t ng v r rc. C mt s h-ng thit k ca th h my bay ny l:

1. Hon thin v hin i ho my bay th h 4:

-

My bay cng dng kp: y l h-ng pht trin c lp trong ci tin khng qun
chin thut, l loi my bay hun luyn phi cng hai th h 4 v th h 5. K hiu
chung cho loi ny l T-50/A-50. i din ca dng my bay l cc my bay MIGAT/AC, IAK130/131, AT-2000, L159ALCA, KTX-2.. c bit KTX-2 l my bay
ca hng KAI (Hn Quc) hp tc cng hng Lokhid Ma tin (13%). Mt v d ca
h-ng ny l cc loi my bay dng SU:
SU-30: My bay chin u a chc nng 2 ch ngi (cn gi l SU-27UB).

My bay tim kch a chc nng SU-30

SU-33: My bay tim kch nhiu cng dng ca hi qun c khoang nh v

My bay tim kch nhiu chc nng ca hi qun SU-33

5

iu khin xa (cn gi l SU-27K), mp tr-c cnh nghing t ng

theo
trc cong, c cu c hc cnh m rng tng lc nng 1,5 ln t
gim tc
h cnh.
SU-34: My bay tn cng chin thut a nng 2 ch ngi (SU27-IB). Nt ci tin l
tng thit din thng phn mi my bay, thay i hon ton phi tr kt
cu vng cabin: phi cng vo cabin t pha d-i vng cng tr-c,
thay i
s cng, np bung li thay i, raar c b tr gim
kh nng phn x
sng v tuyn.
SU-35: My bay tim kch ca Khng qun, l lot ci tin chnh v c bn ca
SU-27 (cn gi l SU-27M). Thay i v vt liu truyn sng v tuyn phn mi my bay
v phn thn ui, cng tr-c dng bnh kp, nhin liu 10250kg (c trong cnh v ui
ng).

My bay tim kch ca khng qun SU-35

Nhn xt chung dng SU:
Nt chung ca dng SU ci tin ny l s kh ng hc "Cnh tam gic khng n
lp" vi tm n nh ngang nm pha tr-c (tng din tch cnh 7%, lc nng 15%,
ci thin c tnh kh ng), h thng t hp dn li v iu khin v kh hin i, c
kh nng s dung v kh trn mt t v trn bin, c
kh nng tip cn mc tiu, tun tiu v tn cng trong thi gian di xa 1000km,
su trong hu ph-ng ch, tn cng mt lc nhiu mc tiu, tn cng
t ng v tn cng theo bin i, chng nhiu v tuyn v nhiu quang hc.
2. Hin i cc khi iu khin lin ngnh tng hp (Avioniki):
y th hin cc thay i trong cc khi iu khin my bay v v kh (nh- F16
Phankon-One), hon thin radar (tng 25% c li pht hin mc tiu, tng thm 50%
tin cy v gim 16% khi l-ng thit b), mn hnh mu tch hp c th kt ni vi h
thng ch th mc tiu gn trn m phi cng. Nhng ci tin ny -c thc hin ti
hng STA (k thut hng khng Singapor trn cc my bay F16, nh- i vi loi my bay
F5). T-ng t -c tin hnh trn my bay F16ACE ng thi vi h thng chng nhiu
v tuyn ca hng IAI ca Israel. Cng vic ci tin kt thc bng bay th my bay cui
nm 2000.

My bay F16

- Hin i ho my bay MIG-29 (SNAIPER-ng-i thin x, sn xut cho hm i v

xut khu-Chu u dng 120 my bay, vi gi 500triu $/chic):
Cc hng thc hin DASA (c), ARBIT (Israel), Aerostat(Rumani), kt thc nm
1999. Ci tin tp trung cc khi Avioniki, mn hnh mu-rng-a nng v cc trang b
ng h trong cabin, h thng radar nh v v gy nhiu hin i. Nhng thay i mi
to ra cc thay i trong h thng iu khin v kh( chuyn i ccm hnh ca Nga
theo GOST26765.52.87 t-ng ng MIL-1553B ca ph-ng ty, hin th thng tin v
tuyn theo h chuyn GOST-7849 v STANAG-3910), mn hnh c 2 ch (ton b:
ch bo thng tin tnh hung chung, na mn hnh:th hin cc tham s ring theo cc
thit b).

My bay MIG - 29

Th h 4+:
c tr-ng ca th h ny l:
- To ra my bay mi trn c s cc hon thin mi my bay th h 4-cc my bay tim
kch nhiu cng dng .
- Bin i hnh dng chc nng ca my bay gn vi my bay tim kch-bom theo quan
h tng nng sut vn chuyn.
- nh h-ng xut khu cc my bay.
- S dng theo ph-ng n cng ngh tng kh nng cc h Avioniki v v kh iu khin.
c tr-ng ny lm cc my bay 4+ khc vi cc my bay ci tin hin nay ca khng
qun tim kch.
My bay F-16 "Blok 60": S dng h gy nhiu tch cc Nortron Gruman, v kh gm
tn la iu khin chng nh v v tuyn, bom chnh xc cao JDAM tng tnh sng giai
ca my bay khi v-t qua trn a phng khng. L-ng nhin liu b sung thm 1360kg
(tng 2500-3100 kg), hon thin cu trc tr-ng thng tin iu khin vi h mn hnh
7

mu tch hp-kch th-c ln, lm vic trong cc ch mn hnh khc nhau cho php phi
cng nhn bit cc thng tin a dng v cn thit cho vic iu khin my bay. Gc tn
cng ln cho php tiu dit i ph-ng nhanh trong khng chin gn. T hp ngm bn
theo bn cu, t hp li-dn -ng-ngm bn c h quang hc in t treo bn ngoi my
bay ()c t hp nay gi tt l IFTS. Loi my bay ny c th s dng cc ng c F110GE-129EFE c lc y (13-14.5) tn. Chuyn bay u ca loi ny vo 2003, sn sut
hng lot vo 2004.

My bay F16 Block 60

My bay MIG-29CMT ci tin (dng cho xut khu -1998):

My bay MIG-29M

y s dng ng c tuabin kh RD33 vi lc y 10 tn lp trn thn, 2 thng

nhin liu thn tng l-ng nhin liu ln 1600kg. Ngoi cc v kh vn c cn treo -c
c tn la chng tu ngm X-31A, tn la X-25, X-29 (c dn laser v v tuyn), bom
iu khin, v kh ph-ng ty theo -c chuyn i theo tiu chun MIL-MST-1558B.
Tr-ng thng tin iu khin trong cabin tho mn mi yu cu ca phi cng, lin h vi
m phi cng theo c ch ch bo-ra lnh. H my ngm theo bn cu l t hp ca 2 i
v tuyn nh v v quang in t. Radar nh v tm hot ng xa, nhiu knh bm mc
tiu. My bay -c s dng trn khng qun Ba lan, Hung, Bungari, Siri, Malaixia, v
n .
My bay tim-kch bom chin thut YF-17 ci tin ("k chn vi", 30triu$)
8

Hnh dng bn ngoi k chn vi" tng t my bay F/A-18E/F (trong hnh chiu bng
khng sai khc 10%-F/A-18E/F c s l-ng chi tit nh hn 1,5 ln

My bay tim-kch bom chin thut YF-17 ci tin

S dng ng c bin th F414 tng lc y ct cnh, s dng cc thng nhin liu bn
Ure gim ti a s r r. Mp trc cnh, vng gc m rng c tc dng chng hin
t-ng flutter; cng vi chiu dy gc cnh t-ng i ln cho php tng hiu qu iu
khin. T l s dng vt liu composite trong cc kt cu my bay tng t 11% ln 22%,
gim hp kim nhm t 50% xung 29%.
Ci tin -c thc hin trong cc khi avioniki, v kh (bom hng khng chnh xc cao,
tng tm bn ca cc tn la; thay radar nh v bng radar c anten mng pha do vng
pht hin v nhn bit mc tiu tng t 3 n 4 ln; thay my tinh AYK-14 bng my tnh
s iu khin tnh hung chin u); lp mn hnh tinh th lng, hon thin b cnh gii
bn cu sau ATFLIR).
y l loi my bay c nhiu ci tin, l c s ch to my bay th h 5, d nh -a
ra th tr-ng vo 2004 vi gi 40 triu $.
My baySU-32N (dng xut khu cn gi l SU-27IB ci tin).
Nguyn mu 1987, xut x-ng 1997 - my bay nm bom thuc khng qun mt
trn. Xut hin cng khai Trung quc v Italia nm 2002.

My bay nm bom mt trn SU-32

L loi my nay khng n nh tnh, khc vi cc loi SU tr-c y l c 2 tm iu
khin ln xung pha tr-c v sau; c khi iu khin c li nn my bay c cht l-ng kh
ng, c tnh c ng cao. My bay c khi l-ng ct cnh tng.
ng c s dng bin th ca AL-31 c lc y 14,0tn (c 12,5tn). Hai phi cng
trong bung li ngi song song. Trang b v tuyn s dng loi Rn bin", tn la khng
i t Alpha" tm bn 300km. c xt trong chin u ti mt trn Chesnia nm
2000.
D kin lp ng c th h 5 AL-41 vo nm 2005

My bay tn cng Rafal (hng Dacco)

Xut hin t t-ng ci tin my bay Mirager 2000 v F/A-18, ln bay u tin nm
1990, bay biu din 1994. Sau 865 chuyn bay an ton -c -a vo s dng trong khng
qun Php 1996, d dnh i tr 2030.
Hnh dng my bay theo s khng ui. Kt cu khung, c s dng 25% khi l-ng
t vt liu composite v 20% din tch khung, lm gim 1000kg kt cu. C
h thng iu khin t ng v gii hn gc tn ln. H thng thy lc p sut 286
kg/cm2
ng c trang b l dng c tuabin phn lc 2 lung M88 ca hng Snekma. Dim mi
l s dng h iu khin v thng tin bng ngn ng EVA (Equipment
Vocal pour Aeronef) vi b phn tch ging ni. Nhin liu thm 2000lit (tng 5325lit),
hiu sut chuyn ch tng 15%. Cn li hnh trnh nh t bn hng ( t-ng t F22,
F16, Su-37, C -37). Mn hnh mu tinh th lng-tch hp- a nng
My bay c 14 gi treo tn la, qu ti chin u ln. C th tn cng mc tiu khong
cch 1600km. H thng radar nh v nng ng c th tn cng mc tiu trn t,trn
bin, trn khng. H thng V tuyn s dng anten mng pha t-ng t MIG-31 cng h
thng dn -ng nh v tch cc MICA EM..

My bay tn cng Rafal (Dacco)

Cc my bay th k 21
Th h 5:
c tr-ng ca my bay th k 21 l chng -c hnh thnh trn c s ch-ng trnh JSF
(Joint Streng Fighter)- xy dng K tham chin mnh". Mc ch:
- Xy dng kh nng hon thin h thng v kh hot ng trong ton b chu k sng
ca my bay.
- Xy dng cc h Avioniki sao cho t -c tt c mi ph-ng n ca cc qu trnh
iu khin thng minh i vi my bay v v kh.
Cc h-ng pht trin ca ch-ng trnh:
- Xy dng cc yu cu chin-k thut (tho hip cc gii php).
- Xy dng cc h thng k thut mi (xy dng cc m hnh mi).
- Hon thin cc vn cng ngh (pht trin cc cng ngh c tr-ng to ra m hnh
my bay v v kh mi).
Cc giai on:
- 1996 Xy dng cc tin k thut.
- 1996-2001 Xy dng cc d n (2002-2004 thc hin d n).
10

2008 Sn xut hng lot.

Cc my bay chin thut JSF ca hng Boeng:
ra loi v kh mi JDAM (trng l-ng 450 v 900kg t trong thng v kh chuyn
dng) trong khng qun M. D n kho st cc yu cu chin k thut i vi cc
my bay JSF. Ch-ng trnh JSF -a ra ph-ng n ti -u cho b tr v kh l lp 2 thng v
kh: lp rp ng thi JDAM v tn la iu khin YRAIM-120AMAAM trong mt
thng, tng -c th tch trong khoang ln (20-30)%. Vic lp rp ny ph hp vi iu
kin s dng ca my bay JSF trong cc iu
kin chin thut. Mt im quan trng l ph-ng php dn c s tham gia ca v
tinh. Vn quan trng tip theo l treo lp xen k tn la tm gn v tm trung v h
thng chng radar nh v ca i ph-ng. JSF cn tm ra ca hn hp trong vic to ra s
b tr tin ch cc khoang v kh. Tn ti mt h iu khin thng minh: th hin thong tin
trn mn hnh tch hp khng dng tnh m bng thc t kh d iu khin t hp chin
u trong qu trnh din tin ca tnh hung chin u (s dng v kh). c tr-ng kh
nng k thut t hp ny:
- B ch bo thng tin trn knh tr-c bung li m thay hon ton chc nng ny bng h
thng tin iu khin trn m phi cng theo c ch Ch bo/ Ch dn.
- iu khin bng ging ni theo cc hm ring bit ca h x l thng tin, h iu khin
v kh v iu khin my bay.
- S dng cc h tch hp bo m phn tch lin tc cc thng tin v ra cc h-ng dn
v cc hot ng hu ch.
- S dng cc h m phng bo m m rng cc thng tin lin tc trong phn d bo s
pht trin ca cc tnh hung.
Trong mn hnh ch bo ca cabin phi cng s dng 2 cng ngh mi l Big Piccher
(Cng ngh hin th-T hp s dim qut nhn -c t cc ngun thng tin,
3000dim/kV.cm, th hin cc din tnh hung v -a ra theo 2 ch ch yu: ton
cnh v phn ra 4 vng theo di tng tham s ch yu) v Cabin kh d" (Cng ngh m
phng chin thut-t ra hm tc chin theo nhim v baycho bit v tr lin tc ca my
bay theo nhim v, x l v phn tch cc ngun thng tin v tnh hung ch ta cho php
v-t qua nguy him cng nh- tn cng hiu qu nht). y s dung cc my tnh s
chin thut i mi nht-ICP, gi thnh cng cc thng tin chim 5% gi my bay JSF
(khong 1,5 triu $).
Cc my bay chin thut JSF ca hng Lokhed Martin:
Quan tm t-ng t nh- hng Boeng, tp trung vo vn s dng h thng v kh, iu
khin my bay v h thng v kh. u th so vi hng Boeng l loi lc nng s dng cho
my bay ct h cnh thng ng. Hng chn tng qut -c truyn ng t trc lin h
vi trc chnh ng c. Trn my bay JSF cn c my pht cng sut ln bo m cho
cc nhu cu trn my bayv h thng v kh iu khin bng laser. Ngoi ra hng cn s
dng cng ngh Big Picher hiu qu hn hng Boeng vi mn hnh rng hn.
Cc hng sn xut my bay ca Nga:
in hnh v tp trung ca ch-ng trnh JSF l SU-37:
L s pht trin ca SU-35 vi thit b ng lc c vc t lc y thay i v h thng
raar nh v chin u mi. Tnh nng kh ng, ng lc hc -c ci tin nhiu -u vit
(tht vng ng trong mt phng chc ngc, c nh ngot gp chin u (<10giy), tht
11

vng ng Pugachep vi gc tn tn t 150 -180, nho ln theo hnh con rn, Frorlop).
ng c s dng AL-41. y l loi ng c hin i -c thit k theo yu cu ca
cc my bay th h 5 c s dng loi l tuabin mi ch t vt liu n tinh th. Ming
phun c th nghing gc 15 (theo 4 knh iu khin my bay-lin h vi tay ga v -c
t ng trong tt c cc ch bay). Trn my bay ny th hin tt c cc tin b v i
ca ngnh v tuyn v thit b (H iu khin s nh v in t ho 3 knh-VM Petrov,
h radar dnh v a nng vi mng anten pha tch hp cng vi radar nh v bn cu sauBekirbaev, H dn -ng tng hp vi vi con quay laser tip nhn cc tn hiu v tinh,
mn hnh mu-tch hp-a nng-kch th-c ln, iu khin my bay bng tay ga-theo
nguyn l tens ln u tin trn th gii-tp trung khi Avioniki).

Tht vng ng tc nh,

"Rn h mang", "Ci chn Frolov"
My bay chin u siu hng Su-37 .
Th h 6:
Cc h-ng chnh ca khng qun chin thut th h th 6:
- Anh c chng trnh My bay tn cng tng lai" (FOA) vi my bay tn cng
Tonardo.

My bay tn cng t-ng lai" (FOA) Tonardo.

M c nghin cu my bay chin u khng ng-i li nh- l b-c chuyn ca my
bay chin thut th h mi.
- Nga tp trung pht trin ch-ng trnh JSF vi ci tin h thng tin, ph-ng tin
tnh ton v khng qun chin thut v khng qun mt trn. Th hin tp trung
nht l my bay 1.4 v C-37.
Xu h-ng chung ca t hp hng khng cng my bay chin u
khng ng-i li- MBC KNL:
12

Nhiu n-c ty u (Thu in -hng SAAB) tm ra vt liu ch to MBC KNL c hiu

ng phn r nh sng c bit, c tc dng trong thng tin ton cu theo nguyn l di
rng ca h thng tin khng dy dn t-ng t Internet. S dng h thng ny s phi bin
i v cht cng ngh ch to v s dng my bay chin u. Nm 2002 l giai on u
-a h thng tin ton cu vo ch huy v iu hnh khng qun mt cch bnh th-ng.
Nm 2005 ch-ng trnh kho st ton b tnh lin tc ca cc cm thng tin ca h to
thnh (To cc bn ch huy iu hnh khng qun mt t, cc t hp thng tin hng
khng v my bay chin u Gripen" trong khng qun). H thng thng tin ny s -c
s dng to my bay trinh st chin u. S to thnh MBC KNL gn cht ch vi
mc pht trin v cht ca cc qu trnh thng tin s dng trong khng qun (ch to
ph-ng tin lin lc v tnh ton, ch to h thng thng tin kch th-c nh vi cng sut
cc ln). Vn ny c ngha ln hn so vi cc vn thit k my bay truyn thng.
H thng thng tin ton cu cn -c s dng rng ri trong ccc nm t 2010 - 2020.
Xu h-ng chung ca t hp khng qun chin u "Grend Dyuk"
(Dacco-Php):

T hp khng qun chin u "Grend Dyuk"

- Lin kt vi hng BAe (Anh): ph-ng n chung l s dng trn ln my bay c ng-i
li v khng c ng-i li. H thng tin cc b bao trm ch mt nhm my bay c
ng-i li v khng c ng-i li, thc hin cc nhim v chin u c th.
My bay chin u c bg-i li lc ny tr thnh s ch huy trn khng i vi MBC
KNL
- S ca MBC KNL l s khng ui" c t l ng dng l 0.8 so vi MBC
c ng-i li.
- Pht trin thnh tu ra cc n-c th 3 (ni khng c h thng qun s v m thng
nht thng tin hng khng v v tr theo di i p-ng).
13

Cc d n ch to my bay chin u khng ng-i li

Tn d n T chc thc hin
Tn d n
V d
STT
1

X-45

Boeng (M)

Pegax

Norton Gruman
(M)
Lokhed Martin

4
5

Grend
dyuk
U-99

SHARC

SAAB (Thu in)

Th hin d n
MBC KNL

Skvadern

SAAB

UCAV

T hp EADC- u

Xy dng d n
MBC KNL trn
v kh.
Xy dng d n
MBC KNL trn
v kh.

Dacco
T hp hng khng
v tr Anh

Th hin d n
MBC KNL
Th hin d n
MBC KNL
Th hin d n
MBC KNL cho
v kh.
Th hin d n
MBC KNL
Th hin d n
MBC KNL

Ch-ng trnh UCAVATD (1999)

Ch-ng trnh UCAV-N
(2000)
Ci tin theo hp ng
ca Khng qun M
Ch-ng trnh h thng
tn cng hn khng
t-ng lai
Ch-ng trnh h thng
tn cng hn khng
t-ng lai
Ci tin theo hp ng
-

Thay cho li Kt
Nhn vo xu th v s pht trin ca my bay v cc ph-ng tin bay ngy nay ta
thy r chng pht trin trn mt nn cng ngh cao mt cch mau l, trong vng ch-a
y 80 nm. Vn t ra ngy nay vi cc v kh v ph-ng tin chin tranh hin i
lun gn vi chin thut v xy ra trong mt khng gian tc th- khng gian s.
Vai tr k chin thut ngy cng -c th hin m nt yu cu cc nh thit k lun gn
kt vi cc nh cng ngh. Mt ci g lin quan n t ph, ci tin th-ng x-a nay -c
-u tin trong lnh vc qun s.
Ta hay li ra xa v nhn li ton cnh tng d n thit k my bay th vn n khng
ch l qun s: Qun s ch l 1 trong cc mc ch s dng m thi.
y cng l cu hi treo trn u nhng k s- hng khng c tm huyt vi s nghip
cng nghip ha - hin i ha ca n-c nh.
Trn y l suy ngh ca tc gi vi cc nh thit k tr: S nghip ca cc bn l c
mt khng gian bao la ca my bay (hay kh c bay). Cho nn kt lun l ng kn mt
ci g . Do vy ch lm ci vic thay cho tm ng li khun kh mt gio trnh
mn hc trong thi l-ng nht nh.
Lun mong v hy vng bn c tr tm -c
mt cI g b ch trong gio trnh ny
14

Ch-ng I.
Thit k hng khng
A-Cc vn chung:
a-Yu cu thit k my bay.
-Yu cu v kh ng: Phi c cc thng s bay vi cc thng s nh tr-c ca h
thng ng lc:
-Yu cu v tnh cng ngh ca kt cu:
l s dng cng ngh tin tin , chi ph cho sn xut nh, tiu hao nhin liu t,
bo m thi gian, tnh lp ln, nhiu chi tit -c thng nht ho, tiu chun ho ,
m un ho.
-Yu cu v vn hnh (khai thc):
Bo m an ton tin li v n gin trong kim sot, kim tra, bo d-ng, thun
tin trong s dng khi bay. Bo m tnh sn giai trong hot ng (chin u..).
Ca bin phi cng v ch khch phi c cc ph-ng n khc nhau lp rp cc
thit b bo m bay v i sng. Khong cch gia hai thnh gii hn phi ln
nht c th
Ngoi ra bo m thun tin trong bo qun tho d, chuyn ch, lp rp hiu
chnh.
- Yu cu v kinh t: Tng khi l-ng c ch, gim gi thnh vn chuyn..
- Yu cu v mi tr-ng: Gim ting n.., gim nhit lung kh thi..
- Ngoi ra trong qun s cn c yu cu v chin thut nh- tng hnh, phn x sng
ra a..
b-Ni dung thit k my bay:
-Tm kim cc gii php ti -u gia cc yu cu tri ng-c v kh ng hc, bn,
gim khi l-ng, gim mc phc tp, gim gi thnh;.
-Thit lp vn kin k thut bo m t chc v thc hin tt c cc giai on ca
chu k sng my bay.
-T chc lao ng khoa hc bo m trnh t v ni dung cc giai on thit k.
c-Cc giai on chnh:
-Chn ph-ng n (12% chu k thi gian).
-Xy dng cc gi thit k thut cho d n (20% chu k thi gian).
-Thit k s b-xy dng m hnh (25% chu k thi gian).
-D n k thut (50% chu k thi gian).
-Xy dng cc bn th ngim my bay mt t, th nghim nguyn mu my bay
(75% chu k thi gian).
-Bay th, ci tin th nghim.
d-Cc yu t tc ng:
-Yu t Kinh t:
+My bay l h k thut phc tp, ph tn cho thit k v sn xut rt ln-i khi
cn c nhng n lc chung ca cc quc gia chung nhau gii quyt cc nhim v
ra.
15

Nhim v-Yu cu
k thut

Tiu chun nh gi

Ngn hng d liu

Chn s t-ng thch

t ngn hng d liu

X l t-ng t t-ng
thch vi iu kin yu
hc lao ng:
cu k thut

-Yu t v T chc khoa

T chc lao ng theo s mng, Qun l d liu k thut, Quy np tuyn tnh...
+Hiu qu ca mi quan h t-ng h con ng-i v my mc nh h-ng ng k
n hiu qu KTHK.
mn K
+iu kin , v tr lm vic, ph-ngTho
tin
thng tin.. thc hin tt c cc c tnh
K thut
thit k ca my bay.
+iu kin sn bay nh h-ng n din tch t s dng, n mi tr-ng thnh ph
nh- ting n, nhim. hn ch tc dng xu ng-i ta s dng c -ng ct h
cnh ngn, nhin liu c thnhPhn
phn
tchhydro
d n tlng.
nhng gii
php

bit
-nh h-ng ca cc tiu chun bay:
Tiu chun bay va l mc ch va l ph-ng tin cc nh thit k v
c s s
Hiu
dng my bay p dng khi mun cng vic mnh c hiu qu.
chnh
Cc tiu chun bay ca M (FAR), ca Anh (BCAR) c cha nhng vn t-ng
Tho mn K
Nhim
t nhau,Nhim
nh- cc ch-ng:
K thut
V
v,
+A-Nhng
vn chung v khi nim.
D
tiu
+B-Cc vn
n khi bay.
chu
+C-Kt cu.

n
+D-Thit-c
k v hiu chnh. Phn tch d n bng cch gii
nh
cc bi ton th hin (M phng)
gii
gi
+E-Thit b to lc.
quyt
k
+F-Cc thit b trn my bay.
+T chc khai thc v c s d liu.
thut
n-c ta c s cc tiu chun ny l JAR-145.
Tho mn K
e-Cc nh mc cho kt cu my bay:
K thut
+Tiu chun Hiu qu-gi thnh phi th hin thnh cc ch tiu kinh t cho php
cc nh thit k nh gi tt c cc ph tn ca cc giai on ca chu k sng ca
my bay so snh vi cc d n khc, chn gii php c li khng ch my bay m
c cc thnh phn ca n.
-Mc ch s dng cc loi nh mc:
TM
KIMtc
GII
PHP
K THUT
Tr-c y: th-ng chQU
tnhTRNH
vi ti
tnh,
dng
ng
th s dng h s an ton:
16

Ti tnh=ti vn hnh=ti trng max xut hin vi xc xut nht nh trong qu

trnh chuyn ng ca my bay: Ptt = Pvh.f ; Pvh = Y = nvh.G
(1)
Cch suy din:
Ptt <=> Pph;
tt ph
ph xc nh trong th nghim vt liu
Pvh > b , T - gii hn chy ca vt liu => bin dng d=> gy kh khn cho vn hnh => xc nh Ptt & Pvh
ln v s phn b ti = f(bin dng kt cu).
Ngoi ra cn tnh n ti lp, ti c chu k => mi => ph hy kt cu.
ng thi tnh n s t nng kh ng (M>2) => ro nhit gim tnh cht c l
vt liu. Ti xut hin khi my bay chuyn ng trn mt t rt khc khi bay.
Do vy, thng nht vic xc nh ti tc ng ln my bay ( ln, phn b,,
ph-ng, chiu) bo m kt cu bn, cng, tnh nng bay, trng l-ng hp l.
T cc quc gia -a ra nh mc ca mnh: M: CAR, FAR, Anh BCAR, &
XAGI Nga.
-Ni dung:
+ nh mc bn, nh mc ti
Theo loi my bay:
Hng A (tim kch nh, th thao, hun luyn): nvh = (7,9-12).
Hng B (tim kch, my bay bom nh):
nvh = (4 - 5).
Hng C (ch khch, vn ti):
nvh = (2- 3,8).
Theo iu kin dng kh n nh & khng n nh:
vh
vh
n max
= f(G, qmax): n max
khi: ( qmax & G):
vh
n min khi bay trong dng kh khng n nh t d-i ln
vh
vh
n min = - 0,5 n max
;
Qu ti m ln nht khi bay trong dng kh khng n nh t trn xung
tr-ng hp ny:
qmax: Gi tr ng p khi bay bng cao H, khng ph thuc thi gian bay
qmax, max: Gi tr ng p khi b nho, c ng gp, trong thi gian ngn: Khng
cho php v-t qu qmax, max trong bt k tr-ng hp no
Thng th-ng:
qmax, max =1,2 qmax
(2)
Vmax, max 1,6Vmax my bay c ng ln.
Vmax, max 1,1Vmax my bay c ng khc.
Vmax, max Vmax+ 50 Km/h my bay cn li.
nh gi bn: Bit 2 trong 3 thng s q, n, Cy phi tnh cc thng s cn li.
+ nh mc h s an ton:

17

(1,2-1,5) cho kt cu my bay

Prr
=
Pvh

(0,2) cho ti lp v tc dng trong t di

(1,65-1,8) trong t ngn.

(3)

B
= 1,5 ti mt ln v trong t ngn
0, 2
f ly ln hn khi c tp trung ng sut,
vt liu km hn v c sai s tnh ton.

+ nh mc cng:
Gc quay, bin dng cho php,
Cc gi tr qu ti cho php,
Mc gim hiu sut cnh li cho php khi kt cu chu ti b bin dng,
Tc ti hn ca mi dng dao ng t kch ca cc thnh phn kt cu.
B. Cc vt liu dng trong thit k.
1-C s bn v cng kt cu my bay.
a- ngha (khi chn ng vt liu):
-Gim ng k trng l-ng, tng tnh nng bay.
-Gim tiu hao vt liu.
-S dng ph-ng php sn xut, nng sut cao.
b-chn ng vt liu:
-Chn cc gii hn bn, chy, bn mi, E, do, cc tnh cht c l (h s dn di,
dn nhit , tnh chng g), tnh cng ngh (tnh do, tnh hn -c, kh nng in
y vi cng ngh c, gia cng ct gt).
-Chn theo kch th-c.
-Theo tnh cht ti (tnh, va p, ti chu k).
-Theo hiu qu vt liu:
-Theo bn ring (CP), cng ring (E/)
+Vi cc loi c bin dng khc nhau: B/.
+Khi mt n nh tng th: (khi nn E/, khi ct B/)
+Khi mt n nh tng phn: khi ct 3 E / , khi un v xon 2 / 3 / .
+Khi chu ti lp : max/.
-Theo tnh ph hp: CP/(.a), v a l gi tr ca 01 kg vt liu.
2-Cc vt liu truyn thng.
- Hp kim nhm B95, AK4-11, AM2-6, 16-19.
-Hp kim Manh (MA2-8, BM 65-1, M5 ).
- Hp kim Titan (BT20-22, OT4, BT5, BT5-6).
18

-Thp (Cc bon, hp kim, bn cao)

Cc s liu trong bng 1.1
c im vt liu kt cu my bay
3
Vt liu
E
.10
B (MPa)
B /
3
(GPa)
g/cm

Hp kim AL:
-Loi b-dng
--Loi c
Hp kim Mg:
-Loi b-dng
--Loi c
Hp kim Ti:
-Loi b-dng
--Loi c
Thp
-Cc bon
-Hp kim
bn cao
Compo site

(cm/s)

Bng 1.1
E/
(cm/s)2

2,7
2,7

100-550
200-250

72
72

14,8-20,4
7,4-8,5

2,65
2,65

1,8
1,8

200-340
200-270

45
45

11-18,7
11-15

2,5
2,5

4,5
4,5

500-1300
630-860

120
120

11-29
14-19

2,68
2,68

7,8
7,8
7,8
1,4-2,6

420-650
800-1600
1600-2400
500-1300

210
210
210
35-250

5,4-8,3
5,4-20,6
20,6-30,6
40-60

2,7
2,7
2,7
2,5-10

Ghi ch

3-Cc vt liu mi (Composite).

c im chung:
L t hp ca hai hay nhiu vt liu c bn cht khc hn nhau => to nn vt liu
c tnh cht tri hn hn tnh cht tng vt liu thnh phn
L loi kt cu nhiu pha, khc nhau v bn cht, khng trn ln v phn cch
nhau bng ranh gii pha: Pha lin tc gi l nn, pha phn b gin on (-c nn
bao bc) gi l ct. T l, hnh dng, kch th-c cng nh- s phn b nn ct theo
quy nh. Tnh cht ca cc pha thnh phnkt hp to nntnh cht chung ca
composite.
Phn loi:
Theo hnh dng: vt liu composite ct si v ct ht (khc nhau kch th-chnh
hc ca ct: ct si c t l chiu di trn -ng knh kh ln, cn ct ht l cc
phn t ng trc).
Theo bn cht ca vt liu thnh phn: Nn hu c, nn kim loi v nn gm.
Nhit lm vic: hu c: (200-300) C, kim loi: (300-600) C, gm: trn
1000C.
C tnh vt liu ph thuc thnh phn, phn b hnh hc ca vt liu ct, tc ng
t-ng h ca cc vt liu thnh phn.
K 1 E 1 / 1
-Tnh nng c hc:
.
(4)

K 2 E 2 / 2
-T l th tch v khi l-ng si v nn: Vf = vf/vc , Vm=vm/vc
(5)
Mf = Vf(f/c); Mm = Vm(m/c).
(6)
Tng qut:
19


1
; Mi i .
i 1 ( M / )
c
i
i

c i Vi hay c
i 1

(7)

C- Cc ph-ng trnh cn bng (PTCB).

Khi cn phn tch nh gi cc quan h gia cc tnh cht ca my bay trong
thit k ch to ng-i ta xt cc ph-ng trnh cn bng cng vi mi quan h ca
chng vi hiu sut thc hin chc nng cng tc ca my bay. ( trong khng
qun l hiu sut chin u).
-Ph-ng trnh tn ti (PTTT),
PTCB gm:
-Ph-ng trnh gi thnh (PTGT).
-Ph-ng trnh th tch (PTThT).
1-Ph-ng trnh tn ti:
(8.1)
1 KV TBCHC TBDL ... n ....... ic G i / G MB

: 1 C KV. CTBCHC ...... CchbTL ........Ci C i / C MB ,

Biu din:
(8.2)
1 W
TBCHC WTBDL ..... WchbTL ......Wi Wi / WMB

(8,3)
C th pht biu cc PTCB: Tng cc gi tr t-ng i v trng l-ng gi
thnh v th tch bng 1.
Cc gi tr t-ng i quan h cht ch vi cc tnh cht v tham s ca n
Cc tham s -c chia ra 3 nhm:
Tham s k-tc nghip (hay k chin thut-KTN): RKTN.(nh- Vmax, Vth, Lcd)
Tham s kt cu: RKC (v d: th , c , d , C c C dng , C dd ).
Tham s nh mc k thut RKT (v d: Cxo, A, T BDL , B , C y , rd ).
ngha: Khi tng gi tr t-ng i ca mt thnh phn no th s phi gim
gi tr t-ng i ca cc thnh phnh phn khc.
Ph-ng trnh (8) gi l PTTT (Bnkh vtinov-i)
(9)
KV th c d +..
0,3 M ( 2)
M
0,065 M ( 2)

0
,
65

0
,
28
.
10

C ( 0,5) cos 2 ( 0,5) cos

B
G tt
B
B

c n tt

P
15
P

2
.C d , cos G

(10)
vh
(11)
th 0,04 n max .q max x / P
d (0,3,10 2.q m 1,6)

Sd
P

(12)

20

vh
cang Fcang n cng
K hst 0,02 , Khst=(0,008-0,01);

vh
=(1,5-3,5). banh =0,02
n cang

tbcghc tbcghc .C y , tbcghc .kq / P , tbcghc (0,008 0,01) .

TLCC K KC

y ,o .C yX,dc

(1 e

GM

Pcc
f DB f MS )
qSC y ,rd L LD
2
C x , 0 Vmax

(14)

( Vv Cd ) C dc

) (Sioncopxki )
y , 0 C y ,dc M ,o C y ,dc
TBDL K TBDL VH VH .
Pcc
LD
f DB f MS -Mc trang b lc y khi ly
qS c C y , rd L LD

TBDLLD K TBDL LD (

(13)

(15)
(9)
(10)
(11)

2P
(12)
) .
2
2P
Vmax
Khi thc hin c ng c ng trong mt phng ngang vi qu ti ny cn tho
mn ng thc:
n 2y 2P
C x , 0 V 2
, VH - trng l-ng ca ng c to ra
TBDLny K TBDL` HV
A
2
2
P

1 n v lc y ch V, H
Khi xc nh trng l-ng t-ng i ca HTNL l-u l-ng nhin liu -c tnh ti
cc ch bay v l-ngj cn d-:
(13)
nlht K NLHT K d ( nlldc nlbb nlcd mlhd )
KHTNL-H s tnh ti s tang trng l-ng nhin liu do thng, bm, -ng ng..
Kd-H s tnh ti l-ng nhin liu d-.
Trng l-ng nhin liu t-ng i ly cao:
H nl
C
dH nl
Khi ly cao: nlht TBDL r , DCVH
.
(13.1)
2
C xo ldc
TBDL
2P
0 3600. TBDLVH

A
TBDLVH`
2P
SVldc2
L bb C r , DCVH C xo SVH2
2P

(1 NLLDC ) .
A
Khi bay bng: nlbb
(13.2)
2
3,6Vth
2
P

th
Nu tnh n s thay i trng l-ng my bay do tiu hao nhin liu:
2
C xo VH
2P

Cr ,
L bb (
A
)
DCVH
2
2P
SVH
C r , DCVH

L bb

3, 6 Vth
(1 NLLDC ) 1 e L
(13.3)
nlbb 1 e

TBDL K TBDL VH , max (

21

Gi tr L gi l tham s hnh trnh.

NLHDC (1 NLLDC NLbb )

H nl 2

H nl1

Khi h cao:

C r , DC

C r , DC Ne TD
75

VHhdc C r , DCVH
n x , hdc Vhdc

dH nl , C r , DC

G nlH
P

(13.4)

2-Ph-ng trnh gi thnh:

Trng l-ng rng ca my bay Gr = Go(1- nl T L hng ) . T :
(14)
C1r (1- nl T L hng ) .
Gi thnh ca 1 n v thnh phn xt trn trng l-ng ca n. Khi ny xt gi
my bay theo cc thnh phn:
Co = CKVHT + CC + CTBkhc
Gi thnh ca mi thnh phn l tng ca gi thnh nghin cu v ch to:
C = CNC + CCT
3-Ph-ng trnh th tch:
Trng l-ng ring ca cc thnh phn kt cu chnh v ca my bay l t l gia
trng l-ng ca mi thnh phn v th tch m n chim ch (c tnh n th tch
vn hnh, kim tra, sa cha v cc cng vic khc):
K hiu trng l-ng ring 1 ca cc thnh phn kt cu chnh v KV trng l-ng
ca my bay so vi th tch khung v:
1 TBCHC TBDL VK

(15)

... TBD
KV TBCHC TBDL VK
TBD
4-Cc ph-ng trnh cn bng -c s dng khi:
- Phn tch mi lin h gia cc tnh cht k-tc nghip.
- thit k my bay v cc thnh phn.
- Chn h-ng ci tin v cc bin th ca my bay.
- nh gi hiu qu k thut ca cc thnh phn my bay.

22

Ch-ng II.
Cc vn trong thit k my bay
1-Khi l-ng & c tnh phn b khi l-ng:
a-Khi l-ng: c ngha trong thit k, phn loi v khai thc my bay. ng tic
l hin nay vn ch-a c nhng khi nim quc t thng nht v c tnh khi l-ng.
Khi l-ng ct cnh l tng khi l-ng chun b cho bay v gy ti cho my bay
ti thi im nh phanh ly ct cnh. Khi l-ng ny ph thuc iu kin gy ti
v khng -c php v-t qu khi l-ng ct cnh ln nht, cc gii hn khi l-ng
khai thc trong quan h vi cc c tnh my bay.
Khi l-ng h cnh ln nht: l khi l-ng cho php ln nht khi h cnh. N
ph thuc bn cng v iu kin ti ng ln cc phn t kt cu cnh, xut hin
khi h cnh. Khi l-ng h cnh ln nht khng -c php v-t qu khi l-ng ct
cnh ln nht. Thng th-ng khi l-ng ct cnh ln nht bng khi l-ng bay ln
nht ngoi tr np b sung nhin liu trn khng. Khi l-ng ln nht ca my bay
l khi l-ng ln nht trong cc khi l-ng trn.
b-Xc nh s liu v khi l-ng (thit k s b):
0 , 24
bth t t
G KV
tt

0,447 n y
- Kt cu thn (Kaddel):
(16)

G cc ,max
G
cc
,
max

tt
n y t-ng ng Gcc,max
2
Gn = 0,64 n ttySdn

0 , 75

Gt =

Vmax,max

(17)

t
S1c,,2t
bth t

(18)
0,3

Gc
1,995 tt 0,55 c / cgc

K G . 0c, 75 1
- Nhm cnh:
(19)
(n y )

G cc ,max

G
/
S
c
cc
,
max

tng c-ng cc bin php chng dao ng n hi un xun (Flutter), khi

l-ng c th tng thm 20%, nu trn cnh c ng c thm (5-7) %.
- Nhm cng:
Gcng= A BG 0cc, 75 CG cc DG1cc,5
(20)
Vi A, B, C, D l cc h s ph thuc loi my bay.
- Nhm ng c: Gc = Kcnc(Gc+1,09Ncc), Gc= (0,55-0,65)Rcc
(21)
- Nhm cc trang thit b:
/9
+ V tuyn:
Gvt = 0,347G 5rong
L1D, 4
/5
Ght = 0,00914G 6rong
, Gin = 16,3nelek(1-0,33 N elek )
(22)
Gtl = 0,011Grong+181, [kg]
b-Phn b khi l-ng:
- V tr trng tm: v tr quan trng trong iu khin dc ca my bay- i l-ng c
bn nh gi s phn b khi l-ng my bay:

+ Cc h thng:

23

(24-28)% my bay cnh thng.

(16-30)% my bay cnh hnh thang =40
Xo
100% (30-34)% my bay ----------------- =55
b A ,tb
(32-26)% my bay cnh tam gic.
Gx
Gy
- Xc nh v tr trng tm: x i i ; y i i
(23)
G
G
i
i

i l-ng nh gi:

G 2
J x g i x ; i x (0,12 0,155) c

G 2
- M men qun tnh:
(24)
J y i y ; i y (0,13 0,14)( c L t ),
g

G 2
J z i z ; i i (0,165 0,18)L t
g

2-Vn phi tr ca my bay

a- Khi nim:
Phi tr l vic s dng cc s , hnh dng bn ngoi, s chu lc cng nh- s
s dng khong khng bn trong, tc dng t-ng h gia cc thnh phn kt cu
my bay t hiu qu chc nng cao nht theo yu cu thit k v mc ch khai
thc.
b- Yu cu:
-Tnh nng k-chin thut (tc nghip).
-Tng chi tit, thit b, cc thnh phn kt cu hon thnh tt chc nng ca mnh
v hn ch nh h-ng bt li n thnh phn kt cu khc.
-Bo m yu cu cng ngh (sn xut theo dy chuyn, lp rp, thun tin..).
-Bo m yu cu bn, cng (theo cc nh mc), kch th-c trng l-ng
nh.
-Bo m yu cu khai thc s dng, kim tra bo d-ng, sa cha.
c-Cc nguyn tc:
- cc my bay c th cn l-u mc quan trng ca tng yu cu k tc
nghip theo mc quan trng gim dn. Th-ng phi dung ho cc yu cu .
-S dng hp l cc kinh nghim c ph hp yu cu mi. Tn dng mi kh
nng s dng thng nht ho, m un ho, tiu chun ho.
-S dng nguyn tc kt hp nhiu chc nng ( ng c cha cng, v n khi
chu cc m men un v xon..).
- Nguyn tc s hnh dng:
+Hnh dng bn ngoi theo cc tnh ton c tnh bay v k thut kt hp vi c
tnh ct h cnh.
24

+Quy tc din tch cho h s cn C x 0 nh nht.

-Nguyn tc chu ti (nhm ti cn v tr xc nh v khng cn v tr xc nh):
+Chu v truyn ti theo -ng ngn nht.
+Truyn ti tp trung ko nn tt hn chu un vi cc chi tit chu lc.
+Truyn m men un thun li vi cc chi tit c chiu cao kt cu ln.
+Truyn m men xon cn c cc chu tuyn kn vi din tch ln nht c th.
Vi nhm ti khng cn v tr xc nh cn c gng s dng chiu cao th tch
thn.
Vi nhm ti cn v tr xc nh th cn b tr trng tm ca ti gn v tr trng
tm.
d- Phi tr cc thnh phn khung v my bay:
-Hnh dng cnh my bay:
Din tch cnh my bay xc nh bi trng l-ng ct cnh ca my bay (G0), ti
trng ring p0 (p0 -c xc nh t yu cu k thut, tc nghip ca my bay).
Ngoi din tch cnh cn p ng cc tnh nng bay v ct h cnh ca my bay
theo cc thng s hnh hc: dn di , thu hp , b dy profil c v hnh
dng ca n.
-S b tr cnh (cc hnh 1.6-1.8): -c nh gi bi:
+V tr cnh theo chiu cao thn(t trn thn, d-i thn v gia thn).
+Chiu di thn.
V tr t ph thuc yu cu kt cu, yu cu tc nghip (chin thut), mc ch s
dng, trang thit b, loi v s l-ng ng c, chiu cao cng..
+Gc lp cnh: Gc lp cnh -c xc nh bi gc dy cung hnh hc profil gc
cnh vi trc dc my bay. Gc lp cnh nh h-ng n s giao thoa kh ng gia
cnh v thn, tm nhn trong gc tn ln ca my bay, c tnh ct h cnh...nh
h-ng gc lp n cc tnh cht v cc c tnh rt khc nhau nn chn gc lp ph
thuc tm quan trng ca tng thng s, tng tnh cht vi tng loi my bay c
th. V d my bay kiu "khng ui", "xe p" (cng t cch xa trng tm) gc
lp -c chn t iu kin nhc bnh mi khi ct cnh.
-Hnh dng ui my bay:
ui my bay th-ng c dn di nh profil i xng gc mi tn ui my bay
th-ng ln hn hn gc mi tn cnh my bay. "Cnh tay n ui" (L n, L
khong cch t im t lc kh ng ca ui ngang v ui ng n trng tm
my bay) c vai tr trong la chn gc mi tn.
gim rung lcv tng hiu qu iu khin ui ngang th-ng -c t xa vng
xoy, vng c gc tr-t dng sau cnh.
ui ng c th -c t trn cnh (s "khng ui" hay "con vt"). t
mt cnh th hiu qu lm vic tt cc gc tn ln (ui ng khng b thn v
cnh che khut).
-Thn my bay v vn n nh tnh ca my bay:
25

Khi chn hnh dng v kch th-c thn cn quan tm gim lc cn chnh din ca
thn. Khi chn hnh dng bn ngoi thn cn ph thuc b tr t li, h thng ng
lc (TBV, C, TBR), ti trng trong thn (hng ho..), bom n, tn la.
Mt khc khi b tr thn cn to iu kin ch to-sn xut, kim tra trng thi k
thut vi cc thit b trong thn.
Vi cc my bay cn m v v-t m th-ng s dng "quy tc din tch" trong thit
k (chn hnh dng v b tr cc phn kt cu ca my bay. Lc ny cn chnh din
ca c my bay ni chung nh nht. tng tm quan st, treo lp ng c .. c th
s dng my bay hai thn.
Khong cch trng tm my bay X T (thay i theo tiu hao nhin liu, th hng..)
v tiu im kh ng X F (thay i theo tr s M) c vai tr bo m n nh tnh
ca my bay.
d tr n nh tnh ti thiu l hiu gia cc khong cch tiu im kh ng
v v tr trng tm pha sau (nh tm sau) X F - X T , v -c chn theo mc ch s
dng ca my bay.
Cc gi tr X F li v pha sau khi V tng t M<1 (d-i m) sang M>1 (v-t m).
Khi thay i gc mi tn cnh th v tr X F thay i. Do vy th-ng chn:
X F - X T 0,03 i vi cc my bay chin u (c ng).
X F - X T 0,1 cho cc my bay ch khch hoc khng c ng.
-B tr cng trn my bay:
+ Cc yu cu c bn: bo m n nh iu khin khi chuyn ng trn -ng
bng, kh nng v-t cn (kh nng t xut pht t v tr ng yn, chuyn ng trn
mt -ng bng, tng tc t Vr) trong gii hn cho tr-c; gii hn mc ti
tc dng trong ct h cnh v ln my bay; c trng l-ng kch th-c nh thu
vo trong thn khi cnh t trn thn. Cc s v thng s cng trn hnh 1.14,
1.15 gio trnh KCMB).
+Cc s cng c th c cc loi 3 cng, 4 cng hay kiu "xe p". lch cng,
e=(0,5-0,5)b vi kiu "xe p", vi cng chnh (cng sau) ln s gy kh khn cho
vic nhc bnh mi. Do vy ng-i ta s dng cc hnh thc "lm di" tr cng tr-c
hay "lm ngn" tr cng chnh trong qu trnh ct cnh, hoc tng gc lp cnh, gc
gia trc dc my bay v mt -ng bng. Vi s cng ph t tr-c: cng tr-c
c th -c iu khin. Vi kiu xe p cn c 2 gi d-i cnh bo m n
nh (khi b nghing hay tr-t cnh c th chu ti bng 4-5% G0).
-B tr h thng nhin liu (HTNH) trn my bay:
Trng l-ng nhin liu trong cc thng nhin liu ln, c th chim (30-50)%.
m bo nh tm my bay cng nh- phn nhin liu cn li s phi gn trng
tm my bay do vy th t tiu hao nhin liu phi theo trnh t nh tr-c.
nhanh chng ct cnh v tng tm xa baynhiu my bay -c tip liu trn
khng. Khi tip liu trn khng cng phi nh tm trong gii hn nh tr-c.
26

Cc yu cu b tr nhin liu trn my bay:

+S l-ng thng phi t nht, t l th tch thng v din tch b mt phi c gi tr
ln nht c th.
+ my bay c tc M 2,5 cn tnh n vn t nng kh ng.
+Cc thng nhin liu treo ngoi my bay cn tnh n kh nng bo m lm vic
tin cy v an ton khi vt th (khi cn-vi my bay c hn ch v trng l-ng khi
h cnh v khi ht du).
+Khi x du khn cp cn bo m nh tm v khng -c du vo vng nguy
him, d chy ca my bay.
+Kh nng bo d-ng, kim tra, thay th n gin thun tin.
3-Xc nh cc c tnh c bn.
a-Mc trang b lc y:
C th ct cnh vi mt bn ng c b tt, bo m bay bng ti mt cao c
tr-ng cho loi my bay , bo m qung -ng chy ly nh tr-c:
0,82p 0
1
1
P0 1,05
(2f rd
) ; chd 0,75L CHC
(25)
K rd
C y , rd L chd 3
p0 = Gcc/S - Ti phn b trn cnh ch ct cnh.
b-Thng s bay:
p0
Tc ri t: Vrd 1,1Vmin 14,4
(26)
(1 0,15P0 ) , Km/h.
C y , rd
Qung -ng chy ly (chd): chd

Vtd2

2g

1
1
1
0,95P0 (2f chd
)
3
K rd

Chiu di on ct cnh: cc chd trk .

0,1Vrd2
1
trk
(
10,7) , m
on trn khng:
1

0,95P0
K rd
1
db 1,15( chd trk )
di -ng bng
2
Tiu hao nhin liu t cao v tc bay bng cho tr-c:
V2
(H
)C p , bb
P0 K bb
2g
G nhl, H V G 0
, H[m], V[m/s]
1300V
P0 K bb 1
V
Tc bay ln:
Vy* (Pco Pcan ) , m/s,
G
27

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)
(31)

G hc
, Km/h.
(32)
C y ,hc
Thi gian t Hi, Vi t ti Hi+1, Vi+1;
Vi21 Vi2
2(H i 1 H i )

(33)
t H V
V * y , max,i 1 Vy*, max,i
c-Xc nh trng l-ng ton phn ca my bay:
-Xc nh trng l-ng ton phn ca my bay php tnh gn ng ln th nht:
y c mt s trng l-ng -c xc nh theo cc thng s thng k. Trng
l-ng t-ng i ca h ng lc, nhin liu -c tnh ton c th.
Tc h cnh:

Vhc 13,6

G dc Ptd r '

a
55nN
dc 0
3 P
1,36Vmax
td

(34)

Ptd -Lc y t-ng i ring, n- s ng c; N-Cng sut ct cnh ca my bay;

dc -Cng sut ng c hoc cnh qut; r-H s trng l-ng n v ca h ng lc

i vi Nmax H=0; a0-H s thc nghim; Vmax-Tc ln nht ca my bay [m/s].

G nl 0,0065L max C e

C x0

; 2 / S

(35)

Vi Ce Sut tiu hao nhin liu ch hnh trnh; Lmax-Tm bay xa nht.
-Xc nh trng l-ng ton phn ca my bay php tnh gn ng ln th hai:
y trng l-ng t-ng i ca h ng lc, nhin liu -c tnh ton c th trn
c s ph-ng trnh tn ti v cc gi tr tnh -c ln th nht.
d-Xc nh ti trng ln cnh:
ng lc p0 tc dng ln mt n v cnh nh h-ng n tm bay, tc tip t v
ri t:

p0

C y ,hc Vhc2
180(1 0,5G nl'' G y )

(36)

G nl'' , l trng l-ng nhin liu t-ng i php tnh ln th 2, G y G th / G

Gth- trng l-ng nhin liu tiu hao; G- Trng l-ng my bay.
5-Vn tui th.
a-Khi nim v tui th:
Tui th ca my bay l khong thi gian my bay gi -c kh nng lm vic v
tnh cht tt n tnh trng gii hn -c xc nh t iu kin an ton bay.
Tui th my bay -c xc nh t tui th cc thnh phn kt cu chnh nh- kt
cu khung v chu lc. Khi kt cu khung v cn gi -c kh nng lm vic th tt
c my mc thit b, h thng lp trn my bay c th sa cha thay th trong
tr-ng hp cn thit. Ng-c li khi kt cu khung v ht thi hn lm vic (tui th
th kt cu b loi b).
28

b-Cc yu t nh h-ng:
-Ph thuc kh nng chng lo ho (chng li s tch lu ca ng sut mi v bin
dng do, chng li mn-g v lo ho). S lo ho ca kt cu din ra u n.
-Tc ng ca ti lp sinh ra cc ng sut mi.
-Tc ng ph hoi ca mi tr-ng, n xm nhp to iu kin cho cc ng sut
mi pht trin cc vt nt t vi.
-Tc ng ca c-ng ti khai thc: C-ng khai thc cng chnh l c-ng
ti. Theo ph-ng php cng ti tuyn tnh th c-ng khai thc cng ln th tui
th theo nm ca my bay cng gim (gi lm vic thc t tng). y cng l mt
trng nhng c s khoa hc ca cc ti tng hn (tng tui th lm vic theo
nin hn) k thut hng khng.
()
Hiu sut lm vic v an ton bay
ph thuc vo tin cy lm vic,
trong mt trong cc i l-ng
c tr-ng ca n l c-ng hng
hc () - ph thuc thi gian lm
vic trung bnh ca k thut hng
khng tb.
I
II
III
Tui th ca k thut hng khng
c quan h cht ch vi vic xem
tb
xt nh gi c-ng hng hc.
Hnh 2
Quan h c-ng hng hc () v thi gian lm vic
giai on u ca qu trnh khai
thc ch-a c s lo ho, kt cu lm vic ch r trn. Cc hng hc do thit k
ch to, cc cp b i lp ghp ch-a t dung sai khai thc, kinh nghim ch-a c..
giai on hai l giai on di nht. Cc hng hc n nh gi tr thp, xy ra
mang tnh ngu nhin do ti vn hnh v-t qu ti tnh ton trong chuyn bay, do
hin t-ng flutter. giai on ny c-ng hng hc gim do khc phc cc
khuyt tt, do c kinh nghim khai thc.
giai on ba c s tng t ngt hng hc do lo ho kt cu, do mi mn qu
quy nh khng bo m dung sai cn loi b hoc thay th theo quy nh.
c-Xc nh tui th:
Vi mi my bay do sn xut khng ng u v do iu kin khai thcng-i ta
-a ra ch s tui th bo m Tbd, v tui th trung bnh TTB
Cc tui th ny c th xc nh -c nu bit phn b c tnh xc sut ca qu
trnh lo ho
Tui th trung bnh -c tnh:

T0

TT B P()d ; TT B f ()d

29

(37)

N N0

m ()

Ni

Pdm

f()

Tbd

Tbd
TTB
Hnh 4: Xc inh tui th bo m Tbd

Hnh 3: Xc inh tui th bo m Tbd, TTB

Cc gi tr trong (37) xc nh theo th hnh 3.

Tui th bo m -c tnh theo qu trnh th nghim bn mi (Hnh 4):
Khi -a vi mu my bay qua khai thc (nh hn TTB) vo th nghim, ng vi
chu k ti lp Ni cc my bay c s gi lm vic khc nhau b ph hu. Theo cc
gi tr Ni v Ti ta dng -c mi quan h N-. Trn th im N0 l s chu k ca
ti lp m ng vi n cc my bay ch-a c gi bay b ph hu, im ct trc honh
l tui th gii hn Tgh ca my bay. Tui th bo m l thi hn cc my bay
mu c th -c khai thc bo m mt l-ng d tr tr-c tui th gii hn.
Cc gi tr tui th -c xc nh bng cc ph-ng php tnh ton-thc nghim.
N -c hiu chunh theo cc gi tr v dng lp ca ti trong qu trnh khai thc v
theo c tnh bn mi ca cc phn t kt cu.
d- bn mi ca cc phn t kt cu my bay:
bn mi ca cc phn t kt cu my bay l kh nng cc kt cu chng li
ph hu d-i tc dng ti lp. bn mi li -c chia ra bn mi tnh v
bn mi ng. bn mi tnh l bn mi d-i tc dng ca ti lp (thay i v
h-ng v ln theo chu k, gi tr trung bnh ca ti khng i), bn mi
ng l bn mi d-i tc dng ca ti bin i (thay i c h-ng, gi tr trung
bnh v bin theo thi gian).
bn mi tnh nh gi tui th my bay, cn bn ng nh gi bn cc
b ca cc phn t kt cu ring bit. Ring i vi l cnh quay trc thng tui th
-c nh gi theo bn mi.Cc gi tr c tr-ng ca ti l:
Ti trung bnh: Ptb=1/2(Pmax+Pmin)
(37)
Ch s i xng: =

PTB
; H s ng sut trung bnh KTB=PTB/Pph
Pmax

(38)

Chu k dao ng d-ng c =0,5; Chu k i xng d-ng >0, i xng m

<0. Thng th-ng ti do gi sinh ra l ti i xng; do c ng l ti c c chu k
i xng d-ng.
Ti c chu k i xng l nguy him hn c.Ti lp c chu k i xng d-ng
(>0) nguy him hn ti lp c chu k i xng m.
30

 bn mi ca kt cu ph thuc nhiu yu t(vt liu, kch th-c, hnh dng,

iu kin chu ti..). dng -c th mi cn th vi (200-300) mudo vy khi
d bo tui th phn t kt cu ng-i ta s dng -ng cong mi K=f(N), trong
K=(PTB+Pbd)/Pph=KTB+Kbd
(39)
e-Ph-ng php nh gi v bin php nng cao tui th:
-Ph-ng php nh gi: theo trnh t sau;
+nh gi tui th bo m:
* Chn profil-s chuyn bay,xc nh cc ti lp v ti bin i tc dng ln cc
thnh phn kt cu cc giai on bay.
7

8
L1

L2

mij

L2 p2/V2
L3 p3/V3

L3

KTBij

H- cao bay
2
L1 p1/V1

L4

Kbdij
L4 p4/V4
4
L5
p5/V5
ct cnh-Ly cao
1

m ij
KTB

L5

bay vng-h cnh L6

L-Tm bay

Hnh 5: Profil chuyn bay (s chuyn bay)

Tr s v tnh lp ca ti vi cc loi my bay khc nhau th khc nhau, vi tng

cao v ch bay trong profil chuyn bay cng khc nhau. Tin hnh tnh ton
ti trn tng chng. tnh ti trng do gi sinh ra trn on Li v Vi coi ti trng
ring trn cnh l khng i. T kt qu ca qu trnh th nghim, dng biu s
l-ng ti mij theo tng gi bay:
KTBi=PTBi/Pph; KTBij=Pbdij/Pph; Kij=KTBi+Kbdij
(40)
* Xc nh thnh phn kt cu yu nht v tui th,t xc nh tui th kt cu.
Cc phn t yu v tui th c th l cnh, cnh li cao, thn..cc thnh phn
ny c th th nghim vi mc ti t-ng i K=0,5
* Xc nh -ng cong mi ca thnh phn kt cu: tin hnh theo ph--ng php
thc nghim hoc c th c th ho -ng cong mi c ca kt cu.
* Tnh ton tui th.
Mc t-ng i ca ti lp: Kij=KTBi+Kbdj mij
vi i=1,2,.., - s l-ng ti ca cc mc trung bnh khc nhau,
j =1,2,..,q s l-ng ti ca cc mc bin i khc nhau,
Tui th trung bnh: TTB =

,q

1
[gi]
m ij (K ij )

N
i, j

ij

(K ij )

(41)
Tui th bo m:

TB = TTB/

[gi]
31

Nij-s chu k Nij m kt cu ch-a b ph hu; - H s c tr-ng s khng ng

u v c tnh bn mi v sai s o ti.
Tng hng hc ph hu kt cu dn ti ph hu kt cu:
i jq

m ij (K ij )

i 1 j1

N ij (K ij )

TTB = a

(42)

Theo l thuyt a=1 phn t s b ph hu d-i tc dng ca nhm ti lp. Thc

nghim ch ra rng 0,5 a 5,0 kt cu b ph hu (do mc xen k ca cc
nghim ch ra rng 0,5 a 5,0 kt cu b ph hu (do mc xen k ca cc
ti). c d tr nn chn a=0,5.
ij
T TB
B tn
-Bin php nng cao tui th:
ij(V)
ij(H)
Tui th ph thuc:
t
+ Ti lp theo ph-ng thng ng
H, V

do gi c tc thng ng W=(4-6)m
Hnh 6: S ph thuc ca ij vo iu kin khai thc
gy ra cc hng hc nguy him.
+Tnh hng hc (hay tui th) ij =f[mij(Kij)/Nij(Kij)] ph thuc tc V, cao
H, dng -ng bng v cc c tnh khc.
+V ln, H nh tnh hng cng tng, Tng thi gian bay v chuyn t sn bay b
tng sang -ng bng mm tui th TTB gim.
Bin php nng cao tui th:
+ Gim ng sut tc dng.
+Chn vt liu c tnh bn mi cao.
+Gim ng sut tp trung.
+To kt cu c nhiu h-ng truyn ti.
+Gim c-ng ti lp.

32

Ch-ng III
Thit k cc cu trc
3.1- Chn s my bay, ti trng tc dng, thit k s b.
3.1.1-Chn s my bay
Chn s da trn cc yu cu vi my bay nh- l mt ph-ng tin vn ti, da
trn vic phn tch nh h-ng ca cc yu cu ny ti cc cm kt cu c bn, ti
nh h-ng ln nhau gia chng. Khng tn ti mt khun mu hon chnh cho vic
thit k bi vy nhim v ny bao gi cng ng tr-c nh thit k.
Tnh k tha cc -u im ca my bay nguyn mu -c trit khai thc (my
bay Boeng 747 pht trin t my bay kt cu-135..). Mc d vy cc my bay thit
k cng c nhng ci tin do cc yu cu k tc nghip thay i theo thi i,
hn na trn cc my bay nguyn mu khng ng ti y cc s liu trong cc
ti liu qung co v k thut. Tuy vy khng c nhng kch th-c c bn ca cc
thnh phn kt cu th cc my bay cng ch quay v bn v trn giy.
Trong qu trnh thit k s nh thit k cn ch n nhng nhn thc v khai
thc, iu kin ti cng nh- cc trang b sn bay, tm nhn cabin, gi thnh..
a-B tr cnh trn my bay:
Sp t v tr cnh trn my bay theo mt phng ng chim v tr quan trng hng
u. R rng v tr ny xc nh kh nng khai thc. Vn kh ng v kt cu
-c quan tm trong vic b tr cnh nm trn, gia hay nm pha d-i thn (xem
hnh 7).
-Cnh t trn thn:
Cnh t trn thn c h s cht l-ng kh ng tt nht, h s lc cn khng ln
lm, tm quan st cho hnh khch tt nht.
Sn my bay phng, c th gim -c
Cy
Cnh t trn thn
chiu cao tr cng. Li i gia cc hng
gh thun tin do chiu cao salon -c
Cnh t gia thn
bo ton.
Cnh t d-i thn
Nh-c im ca ph-ng php ny l
h thng cng cn phi thu vo trong thn
0
Cx
do vy phi gia c-ng kt cu thn lm
Hnh 7: Cc tuyn ca cc ph-ng n
nng thm kt cu my bay.
b tr cnh trn thn my bay.
Phi tn thm mt khong khng gian
b tr cng trong thn. Kt cu phc tp, c bit phn ni cnh v thn (tng thm
cc tay chuyn lc). Khoang hnh l hp nn cn phi ko di thn.
V mt kh ng hc hiu ng mt t (cn xoy cm ng vng mt cnh) gim
lm gim qung -ng ct cnh v tng qung -ng h cnh. Hiu ng ng-c lm
my bay t tip t nn khng cn nghing cnh li cao sau khi tip cn h
cnh
i khi c hin t-ng tch dng sm lm xut hin dng ng-c trn vng cnh t
sau lm tng tc ri t ti thiu v tng qung -ng chy ly . S gim gc
33

lch dng trong vng ui ngang gy nn mmen chi mi my bay do vy cn

tng gc lch cn li khi ct cnh v ci bng my bay khi h cnh.
S khc bit gia cnh t trn v t d-i v mt lc nng v lc cn c th gim
i nu chn cc vng chuyn tip thit din thng thn cnh v dng -ng bao
thch hp.
S khc bit gia cc dao ng lc ngang v tr-t cnh c th gim i bng cch
chn gc vnh v tng din tch ui ng (din tch ui ng ln hn ph-ng
n cnh d-i thn l 20%). Vi cnh mi tn th th-ng chn gc cp trong c nh
thn cnh.
+ Cnh t gia thn:
S ny s dng khi my bay c tc ln v cn my bay cn nh. Vi thn
my bay c thit din trn th nh h-ng ca lp bin gc tn ln gim r rt. Cc
v tr ni cnh thn khng cn kch th-c ln. y l ph-ng n -c la chon
nhiu vi cc my bay tim kch v hun luyn v ti trng hiu dng ln nht v c
th phn chia ra cc phn t kt cu khc. Ti ca cnh truyn qua thn thng qua
cc s-n n khi khng thch hp cho cc my bay ch khch. Cc my bay ch
khch c cabin nm cao v ng c c nh vng thn sau th hay s dng ph-ng
n ny. Mt khc cng cn c cc c cu nh tm phn trung tm cnh
centroplan. Khi cnh dng mi tn ng-c kh b tr cc thng cui cnh.
Khng tn dng ht kh nng s dng thn.
Tuy nhin cnh b tr kiu ny c h s lc cn Cx nh (tng -c tm bay v
gim tiu hao nhin liu), chiu cao cabin l ln nht vi cng mt -ng knh
thn.
-Cnh t d-i thn:
u im ca ph--ng php ny l tn dng -c hiu ng mt t lm cho my
bay h cnh -c tt hn, gim -c hin t-ng chy trn u mt cnh, tng lc
nng do vy -ng ct h cnh ngn hn. Lc cn cm ng gim -c 30% so vi
s cnh t trn.
Tn dng -c hiu sut s dng thn do cng thu vo trong thn. Tn -c phn
din tch bn d-i thn tng lc nng cho my bay. Khi my bay tip t th
cnh l phn t tip nhn ng nng ch yu nn gim bt th-ng vong cho hnh
khch
Nh-c im ca ph--ng php ny l h s lc nng v cn nh. Tuy nhin trn
cnh my bay th-ng b tr cc thng nhin liu nn nguy c chy, va qut cng
ln hn.
- S b tr cnh c bit cc my bay hin i:
*My bay kiu cnh bay:
Cc my bay ny c h s lc cn khi lc nng bng khng C x0=(0,008-0,01) so
vi my bay thng th-ng Cx0=(0,015-0,02). Do vy cht l-ng kh ng c th
tng ln n 40% cho cng mt chiu di t-ng i ca my bay. iu ny lm
tng thm thun tin b tr trng l-ng hng, nhin liu trong cnh, gim mmen
34

un tc dng ln thit din gc cnh. v mt l thuyt c th t mmen un ti

thit din ny bng khng khi bay n lp. Khi h cnh mmen ny l ng k.
bo m n nhcn c cc yu cu sau:
**Mmen kh ng chc ngc khi lc nng bng khng v cc cnh li iu khin
bng khng phi c gi tr d-ng.iu ny thc hin -c khi cnh -c phn
on, vi phn mp sau ln trn, hoc cnh mi tn vi gc vn phn mt cnh
mhoc nghing cc Eleron.. Tt c lm tng cn cm ng.
**Trng tm phi nm tr-c tm p sut, iu ny kh thc hin v ti c bn phi
nm trong phn tr-c cnh. cnh mi tn c tc dng khi tm p nm xa pha sau,
bo m khong khng gian ln cho b tr hng pha tr-c trng tm. cnh mi
tn si di khng n nh dc gc tn ln, iu ny v my bay kiu cnh bay
khng c iu kin khc phc v khng c cnh li ln xung. si cnh ngn buc
thit k gia chn profil cnh mng xp xp hng vo trong. B mt chy bao v
chiu di tng i ca cnh bay so vi vi my bay thng thng c cng th
tch phi t-ng -ng th -u th mi th hin cc si cnh v b mt chy bao ln.
Nhc im tip theo l cnh bay khng th t h s lc nng ln nht. Hiu
ng cnh t trong phn sau cnh to nn mmen mmen chi mi -c cn bng
theo tay n. Ti phn b ring c gi tr nh, iu ny nhy cm vi dng chy ri
khng ch t gc bn m c t gc phi cng v hnh khch. Cnh bay c
th cn bng dc song th-ng km theo cc dao ng c chu k di hoc ngn
khng thch hp cho phi cng. Hn ch na ca loi ny l maatj ti phn b nh
, hn ch b tr ti hiu dng trong h-ng dc v h-ng ngang khng thch hp cho
ngnh hng khng.
*S khng ui:
c tr-ng khng c ui ngang, thay vo my bay c thn thng th-ng c th
cha phn ln ti hiu dng. Thn sau ngn v c b tr ui ng. cc b mt iu
khin c chc nng ca cnh li cao hoc cc Eleron. Cng nh Cnh bay s
ny khng mang theo cnh t h cnh m lc nng cn thit khi h cnh thu
-c bng tng din tch cnh si t-ng i khng ln to gc tn cn thit. S
khng ui vi cnh tam gic t hn (F4D, YF12, B58, Daso Miraz, SAAB..) c
tc trn m v siu m.
*S Con vt:
S ny t t-ng ca anh em Brait b tr iu khin dc vo pha tr-c cnh,
ni khng c s tr-t dng. Cn bng t -c bng cc b mt pha tr-c cnh, lc
nng ca n h-ng ln trn v tng hp vi lc nn gca cnh. iu ny tng -c
lc nng v gim -c cn cn bng. iu ny rt c ngha vi my bay c ng
cao v tc ln. C hai loi cnh vt b tr gn v xa cnh. Vi s xa gim
cn trong ch hnh trnh, gim giao thoa kh ng, n nh kh ng ng xc
nh khi din tch cnh vt <10% din tch cnh. Cc vn kt cu l:
*H s lc nng ca cnh vt ln hn cnh chnh bo m di nh tm. Mun
vy cnh c dn di khng ln, cnh vt phi c cc c cu c hc phc tp.
35

*Vng xoy t cnh vt lm tieu tn dng trn cnh v hnh thnh mmen nghing
cnh. Vng xoy c-ng ln ny c th nh h-ng ln ui ng.
*Giao thoa vi cnh s dng tng lc nng. Hiu ng ln nht thu -c trong
cc gc tn khng ln, vi cnh dn di khng ln v v gc mi tn ca mp
tr-c ln. Tng cn ch -c php vi my bay c mc trang b lc y ln.
b-B tr ng c trn my bay:
-Cc yu cu b tr ng c:
+m bo lc y lc y hiu dng ng c l ln nht, tiu hao nhin liu l nh
nht.
+Bo m tin cy v lm vic n nh ca ng c cc ch bay.
+Bo v ng c chng vt ngoi lai.
+Gim v truyn rung ng tt nht.
+An ton chng chy ng c v cc phn t kt cu khc.
+Kim tra, sa cha v khai thc tt nht.
+Thit b vo ca ng c bo m phi tr kh ng, h s nn s b cao, tr-ng
tc u, mt ng b theo h-ng knh v theo chu vi l nh nht.
*Khi lp nhiu ng c th tc ng v nh h-ng qua li nh.
-Cc yu t nh h-ng:
*Khi l-ng my bay rng.
*Loi ng c v trang b.
*Kh nng ht vt ngoi lai.
*Cc h thng nhin liu, chng ng bng, iu ho cabin (phi cng v khch).
*Mc trang b ti ca ng c.
*Cc tnh cht bay: Ch tch dng, kh nng iu khin khi tt mt ng c, ch
h cnh, dao ng lin kt theo gc nghing v tr-t cnh.
*Ting n.
*Cc c tnh: Lc nng, lc cn, on ly cao ln th 2.
-Cc ph-ng n b tr ng c:
+Khi lp ng c tua bin phn lc: c th lp bn trong, ngoi v treo trn cnh.
Vi my bay qun s th-ng c nh phn cui thn c tht l-ng kh ng
cao, t nh h-ng ns tnh n nh-iu khin ca my bay. -ng dn kh bt u
t mi my bay th mc nn s b ln song vic b tr khong khng bn trong
phn u thn ln. -ng dn kh t u thn s ngn hn, b tr thit b bn tong
thn d hn, ming ht kh d b che khut khi my bay c tr-t cnh.
+Khi treo ng c ngoi thn hoc vng gc cnh:
*Cn bng khi tt mt bn ng c th bo m cn bng n gin hn.
*Khi treo ng c ngoi vng cui thn: gim -c ting n, truyn rung ng v
khoang hnh khch nh hn; kh nng s dng thit b o chiu thun tin; tn
hao lc y nh; nh tm kh do phn trng l-ng thn sau tng.
36

*C nh ng c vng gc cnh: tng cn t tuy -ng dn kh di lm tng tn

hao lc y; Ting n ln, v bc vng thn sau d c dao ng, d chy
*Treo ng c vng gc cnh: t-ng t nh- treo ngoi thn song ch s dng vi
cnh c b dy ln, ng c c kch th-c nh. Theo ph-ng n ny cn nhiu ca
cng tc phc v kim tra, sa cha.. lm tng trng l-ng panen cnh.
+t hoc ng c cnh:
Ph-ng n nygim tn hao lc y, gim ti cho cnh my bay; Kh nng kim
tra, sa cha, kim sot trong s dngcng n gin. Song cn bng ng c kh
khn khi mt bn ng c b hng, n cng lm tng lc cn my bay.
+ Vi ng c cnh qut:
ng c c th treo cnh; hoc c nh vng u thn.
+My bay ct h cnh -ng bng ngn:
H thng ng lc c nt c bit:
*C ng c ring bit to lc y ngang v ng c nng my bay theo ph-ng
thng ng.
*Ch c mt ng c va to lc nng khi ct cnh v lc y ngang khi bay.
*H ng lc c phn ng c tng lc ct h cnh v phn ng c chnh
bay ngang.
Vi ph-ng n mt: ng c chnh t nm ngang trong thn, cc ng c ph
dng ct h cnh. Ph-ng n ny c kt cu chu lc phc tp. An ton cho ct
h cnh.
Vi ph-ng n 2: Xoay ng c thay i vc t lc y. cc ch chuyn
tip s dng thm ng c b tr hoc c cu iu khin phn lc. Cc ph-ng n
Vi ph-ng n 2: Xoay ng c thay i vc t lc y. cc ch chuyn
tip s dng thm ng c b tr hoc c cu iu khin phn lc. Cc ph-ng n
ny lm -ng bng b hng.
Vi ph-ng n 3: H thng qut nn hoc thit b tng lc y bo m ct h
cnh, bnh th-ng cc ng c ny to lc y theo ph-ng nm ngang.
c-B tr ui ng v ui ngang trn my bay:
Kt cu phn ui ph thuc s tng th ca my bay v cc phn t ca n.
Nh cc c tr-ng b tr ca phn ui hiu qu ca phn ui ph thuc nh
h-ng ca ng c v cnh.my bay, bit l ng c cnh qut. Ph-ng php c
nh ui ln thn cng ph thuc s kt cu thn ti v tr lin kt.
-Phn loi cc s b tr ui:
*Nhm A: l loi s c mt ui ng v mt ui ngang lp trn thn sau. N
bo m -c cng vi kt cu n gin. Vi dng ch T cn nhng bin php
ngn nga hin t-ng Flutter.
*Nhm B: c chiu cao kh ln lm xut hin mmen xoay gc nghing khi
nghing cn li, do tay n ln gia tm kh ng ui ng v trc dc my bay.
37

Nu s uy hip ny ln th cn to ui ng kp gim hiu ng ny.

*Nhm C: Kiu ui ng hnh ch V vi mc ch gim s ph hu kt cu
ui t b mt -ng bng, c bit t vng ng c phn lc. Mt khc do tnh
phc tp ca iu khin- cnh li h-ng v cnh li cao l nhng thnh phn ca
h thng iu khin my bay.
-B tr b mt ui ngui ngang:
* nh h-ng lung kh phn lc (lung kh sau ng c): b mt ui ngui
ngang nm trong vng dng kh phn lc. Ga thit vng nh h-ng l hnh chp
vi gc nh l 6 c th xc nh vng b qut: Khi cn c th nghing trc ca
chp ny di mt vi , kh nng th hai l s dng ui ngang ch V gim
kh nng ph hu b mt. gim kh nng ph hu mi do m cn cc khi l-ng
b sung. Dng kh phn lc lm lch dng v gim mmen cnh li ln xung v
thay i cc tr-ng kh ng (Cc Hnh 8.1, 8.2, 8.3)
cXT,T L

bA

10 %

(+)

mz
=1

=0

B=0

A
5

1
B
10

20

30

20

40

60

0
Hnh 8.1: Tr-t v tr trng tm

Hnh 8.2: nh h-ng ui

-N ti n nh tnh

B max
C
(-)
Hnh 8.3: nh h-ng hnh dng, v tr
ui -N ti n nh tnh

Trong cc hnh trn

8.1:

cXT,T L
bA

-Chuyn v v pha tr-c v tr cn bng; - Gc lch dng sau cnh;

8.2: 1-Vng n nh; 2-Vng khng n nh; 3-Cho ui kiu ch T;

8.3: 1-Gc tn cn bng; 2-Cc gc tch dng c-ng ln; 3-Gc tn tch dng
Vng A: Phn ln cc ui ch T mt n nh gc tn ln, t nhy cm vi
mt n inh khi tch dng; Vng B: Mt n nh ngay khi cnh li ln xung ri
vo vng tch dng; Vng C: Khng mt n nh tc nh song s xut hin
mt n nh khi lao xung tc gn m ln.
Khi thot ly b nho cnh li ln xung to ra vng tch dng trn vng ui
ng, gim hin t-ng ny ng-i ta s dng ui ch V.
e-B tr cng trn my bay
C 3 ph-ng n b tr cng nh- sau:
-Cng ph t sau:
*u im:
38

Cng ph khng ln, n gin kt cu. B tr lin kt cc thnh phn kt cu cng

chnh vo cnh d dng. Cho php h cnh trn 3 cng bng cch -a my bay vo
ch tch dng. Cn kh ng cho php bo m lc phanh. Khi s dng phanh
cc lc theo ph-ng thng ng tc dng ln cng chnh gim s hc su vo -ng
bng.
*Nh-c im:
Khi phanh mnh my bay chi v pha tr-c. Lc phanh t pha tr-c trng tm
to nn mmen mt cn bng, khi my bay chuyn ng d-i gc tr-t khng ln
lm cho n d b quay ng-c li. Khi h cnh trn 2 cng chnh hnh thnh mmen
ngc my bay ln do ti tc dng ln cng chnh, lm tng lc nng v my bay b
nhy cc. V tr cnh lm cho my bay kh ln khi gi mnh. Gc nghing ca thn
v sn gy kh khn cho phi cng quan st v hnh khch.
-Cng ph t tr-c:
u im v nh-c im khc nhau c bn so vi loi trn. y l loi s -c
s dng kh rng ri hin nay.
C th tp trung trong cc im sau:
*u im:
Lc phanh t sau trng tm, to nn mmen n nh cho php phi cng c th
phanh hon ton. Thn v sn my bay hu nh- theo ph-ng nm ngang. Tm nhn
phi cng v hnh khch thoi mi. Cng tr-c bo m s chi mi my bay. Khi
tng lc cn my bay khng ln. Khi h cnh to nn mmen chi mi, khi tc
h cnh ca cc my bay hin i tng lncc -u th ny tng ln.
*Nh-c im:
Cng tr-c phi hp th (20-30)% trng l-ng my bay nn kch th-c trng
l-ng ln. lp cng tr-c (ph) cn lc cc b v khi thu cng cn lc b sung
-a cng vo v tr. y l mt trong nhng cu hi ln giai on thit k.
- S cng kiu xe p:
*u im:
Hai cng c cng khong cch n trng tm cho php xp xp ti t do ln my
bay. Cng thu vo trong thn khng hn ch chc nng ca cnh. S tng trng
l-ng thn ph thuc cc yu t khc.
*Nh-c im:
Cn c cc cng gi cn bng d-i cnh m bo ln n nh trn -ng bng,
lm tng khi l-ng my bay ln 1%. To cng chnh kp tng mt chuta kch
th-c bnh song gim ng k ti ln chn chng d-i cnh (B52). Cn tng c-ng
quan st -ng bng khi tip t ngn nga qu ti ln cng. Gc nghing ca
my bay b gii hn do cc chn chng d-i cnh. C th -a cc cng chnh v
gn trng tm gim hn ch ny song vi gi phi tr l gim kh nng t ti
trng hiu dng t do. nng cng tr-c cn mmen ngc ln, do vy my bay
cn c gc tn khi my bay ng yn t-ng ng gc tn khi ct cnh, iu ny lm
tng cn khi tng tc ln hoc tng tc ri t.
39

3.1.2 Ti trng tc dng kt cu my bay (KCMB)

1-S cn bng lc:
Y

R bm

R bm

y1

x1

x1

x
Q
TT

Rbmi

m j

TT
Mt phng ngang

Mt phng ngang

Rkli

R kl

R kl

Hnh 9: S cn bng lc trn my bay khi bay.

Thay cc lc b mt P,Y,Q bng R bm v thay cc lc khi l-ng bng hp lc R KL
ta c (theo nguyn l Dalambert):
(43)
R bm = - R KL
2-Qu ti:
H s qu ti l t s gia lc b mt v trng l-ng my bay:
n

R bm
R
KL ; n =
G
G

n 2x n 2y n 2z

(44)

Qu ti theo qu o cong trong mt phng thng ng (trong h to tc ):

T ph-ng trnh chuyn ng trong mt phng ng:
dV
,
dt

mV 2 mV 2
Y p sin( ) cos .G

R H
r

pcos() Q = G sin + m

Ta c:
Hay

P cos( ) Q
Y P sin( )
; ny
theo lc b mt
G
G
V 2 V
1 dv`
; n y cos1 2
theo lc khi l-ng
n x sin .
V
g
g dt
K1

(45)

nx

(46)

V2
Khi bay vi tc khng ln lm th 2 0 .
VKL

Khi bay bng n lp: (dV/dt)=0, sin=0; cos=1. T : nx=0; ny=1.

Khi bay theo qu o cong trong mt phng nm ngang (tn ti gc nghing ):
(Tr-ng hp nghing khng tr-t) nz = 0; ny =

40

Y
1

G cos

Khi bayngoi vng kh quyn tri t: n x

Gi tr qu ti dc gii hn: n xgh
Gi tr qu ti ng gii:

n ygh

P cos
P sin
; ny
.
G
G

PQ
(0,7 0,8)
G
0,7Cy, max PH M 2

G /S
C
Khi bay bng vi gi tr ng p q: n y,gh y, max
C, bb
W.V
k
Khi bay qua nhiu ng: n y 1 Cy
2G / S
V
k= 1 y -H s nh gi nh h-ng thc ca nhiu ng;
W

C
1 e
; y

2G / S
4. cos
Vi cnh mi tn: Cy
M 2 cos2 1

Thng th-ng k =

(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)

(52)
(53)

T yu cu v bn khi bay qua nhiu ng cn gim tc , t yu cu v an

ton li cn tng tc .
T yu cu v gc tn an ton at chp

W
2G
2
V Cy V S

(54)

Ta thu -c qu ti ln nht khi bay qua nhiu ng:

n y 1 Cy

Whd V
k,
2G / S

vi h s hiu dng ca nhiu ng Whd=(12-15)Vmax/V

(55)

3.1.3-Thit k s b
1-Phn tch nhim v v xy dng cc yu cu k thut:
a-Phn tch nhim v:
*Phn tch tm hot ng ca my bay, trng l-ng cn ph t, tc bay cn
thit.
*Phn tch kh nng cng ngh,
*Phn tch gi thnh d n kh thi.
b-Xy dng cc yu cu k thut:
*Yu cu kh ng: La chn hnh dng, phi tr kh ng, v tnh n nh v iu
khin (OK). c bit v tnh OK:
**Gii hn lc iu khin v gi tr cc i v tr-ng ti iu khin.
**Hnh trnh v hiu qu cc c cu iu khin.
**Chun ho cc tnh cht ng lc hc nh- c-ng tt dn dao ng.
**Nhu cu gii hn v d b khi hng cc ch nguy him.
41

**Yu cu tin cy h thng iu khin v t hp bo m OK.

T cc yu cu c th phn chia cc nhu cu theo OK:
Loi I: Cho cc my bay c ng nh- my bay tim kch, my bay hun luyn vi
cc qu ti n y =+(7-9) hn th na n y =-(2-4).
Loi II: Cho cc my bay c c ng gii hn hnvi n y =(4-5); y l cc my
bay vn ti (G=50-60T), khng qun c-ng kch.
Loi III: Cho cc my bay gn nh- khng c ng nh- my bay ch khch, vn ti.
n y =2,5, G 100T (loi IIIb). Loi G<100T l my bay ch khch loi nh.
Theo yu cu nhim v v cc giai on bay ngy nay ng-i ta cn chia ra 3 loi:
**Loi A: Cc giai on bay cn theo di chnh xc, c ng nhanh. i via my
bay qun s l c thut bay ng dng chin u. Vi my bay hng khng l
cc ch cn gi chm khi chp nh hng khng hoc biu din.
**Loi B: Cc giai on ct h cnh c chnh xc iu khin cn thit, phn ng
nhanh vi nhng s xut hin phc tp ca iu kin bay.
**Loi C: L cc giai on bay khng cn c ng nhanh v theo di chnh xc nhbay hnh trnh, tng v gim cao bay.
*Yu cu v kt cu trng l-ng: Sao cho kt cu bn v nh nht c th.
*Yu cu v tin cy v an ton: m bo cnh bo, -a ra quyt nh chnh xc
v nhanh nht, c thit b d phng.
*Yu cu v cng ngh: S dng cc chi tit -c tiu chun ho, m un ho vi
cc ph--ng php gia cng tin tin.
*Yu cu vn hnh: D kim tra, qun l d liu, thun tin trong bo d-ng a
cha, nh gi trng thi k thut.
*Yu cu v tnh sng dai: Khi hng hc my bay vn tip tc bay v h cnh an
ton do c ch d b h thng, s dng ngun nng l-ng a nng d dng chuyn
i khi c s c.
2-Phn tch x l s liu thng k:
a-Phn tch cc loi my bay t-ng -ng:
-X l s liu theo cc thng s gn gi vi nhim v thit k: Ch ra cc -u
nh-c im
-Chn s my bay v loi ng c.
*Qua phn tch s cc my bay nguyn mu -a ra s my bay thit k (loi
bnh thng, cnh bay, khng ui hay con vt).
*B tr trn my bay: Cnh, thn, ui, cng, thit b vo ca thit b to lc.
*S l-ng v xp t ng c (loi ng c, mc phn lung, sut tiu hao nhin
liu cc ch bnh th-ng v tng lc, khi l-ng ring ca ng c).
b-Tnh ton trng l-ng ct cnh v cc tham s c bn:
-Xc nh trng l-ng ct cnh:
*Theo ph-ng trnh tn ti xc nh trng l--ng ct cnh ln tnh th nht, trong
cc trng l-ng t-ng i xc nh t thng k v trng l-ng tnh ton ly t
42

*Xc nh ti trng ring trn cnh theo cc ti liu quy chun, cho cc ch h
cnh bay hnh trnh, c ng (Hnh 10):
R cc
G cc

R cc
G cc

C li h cnh
V max,htr

Lcc

10400
0,26

0,3

400

500

G cc
S

600

Lcc=5500
100,5%
cao hnh trnh

8600
0,24

300

3500

im enh ton
Gmin=100%
G cc,max
800

1000

G cc
S
daN/cm2

daN/cm2

Hnh 10: xc nh taie trng ring trn cnh

* Theo cc gi tr trng l-ng ct cnh, ti trng ring ct cnh xc nh din tch
cnh.
*Xc nh mc trang b lc y trong cc tr-ng hp
**Ct cnh vi mt bn ng c hng.
**Bo dm bay bng cho cc ch c tr-ng.
**Bo m qung -ng chy ly .
**Xc nh kh nng c ng theo (theo my bay nguyn mu v s liu thng k).
*Xc nh lc y ct cnh ton phn theo trng l-ng v mc trang b lc y ct
cnh.
*Xc nh khi l-ng ct cnh ln th 2 theo ph-ng trnh tn ti, lc ny cc gi
tr t-ng i ca kt cu, ng c , trang b, nhin liu khng cn theo s liu thng
k. Lc ny nu cc tham s bay nm trong cc cng thc c th xc nh theo s
liu thng k.
*Theo s liu ct cnh thu -c trong ln tnh th 2 xc nh din tch cnh, lc y
ct cnh tng cng, lc y v kch th-c ng c.
*Xc nh cc trng l-ng tuyt i cn thit thc hin nh tm my bay (Thn,
cnh, ui, cng, ng c ..).
*So snh cc gi tr thu -c vi cc gi tr ca my bay thit k vi my bay
nguyn mu.
c-Xc nh cc tham s bay v k thut:
Thc hin theo mc II.3
d-Phi tr my bay
-Phi tr kh ng my bay
*Trn c s cc s liu chn tr-c y v cc tham s my bay xc nh:
**Kch th-c thn, cnh, cng, cc tay n t trc my bay n cc tiu im kh
ng ui ng v ui ngang.
** V tr tiu im kh ng my bay:
43

x F x F,canh x F, than x F,dn

(56)

(+ cho s bnh th-ng, du cho s con vt).

x F, dn k dn A dn

Cy,dndn (1 )
Cy

**Ch r trn hnh chiu 3 mt cc kch th-c cc phn t kt cu v ng c.

+Phi tr khi l-ng v nh tm my bay.
+Phi tr ng c.
e-Hon thin thit k:
**B tr cc chi tit trong cc phn t kt cu ch yu.
**Bn v tng phn my bay cng cc ph-ng n lin kt v vt liu s dng
**Ch-ng trnh th nghim cc b v tng th.

44

(57)

3.2-Thit k cnh.
3.2.1 Xc nh din tch v hnh dng cnh.
1-Xc nh din tch cnh.hnh dng
Din tch cnh l i l-ng quan trng lin quan n trng l-ng my bay, n ti
trng ring trn cnh v cc tnh cht kh ng lc hc quan trng khc ca my
bay. Din tch cnh -c xc nh cho ch hnh trnh ca cnh.
Trong phn tr-c ta xc nh ti trng ring trn cnh. Ti trng ti -u nm
trong mi quan h vi cc i l-ng khc nh- sau:
G
G /S

1 / 2M 2 CXp ;
(58)
1 / 2p0 M 2 CX 0
p 0S opt
S
CXp ( CXp ) canh ( CXp ) dn dn
S
y G -trng l-ng bay trung bnh, S-din tch cnh; -trng l-ng ring ca

khng kh; p0-p sut H=0 (mt n-c bin);

Din tch cnh c th tnh theo tc ri t: S =

2G cc g
C y0 Vrd2

sau ta so snh kim tra.

2-Xc nh hnh dng bnh
- dn di: = 2 /S;
- thu hp: <=0,4; bg=

2 S
; bmt=bg
1

-Dy cung kh ng trung bnh: bA=

2(2 1)
bg
3( 1)

-Gc xon kh ng: a=cnh, hh+yo,g - y0

-B dy cnh: M>1: c =(5-7);
M<1 c =(10-15)%; ; vng mt cnh th-ng bng (0,5-0,5) c g
Cc gc vnh v cp, gc lp, gc mi tn.. chn theo quan h phi tr thn cnh.
3.2.2 Xc nh trng l-ng cnh.
Trng l-ng c bn ca cnh:

G c, cb 4,58.10 3 k k k d k c k E k p n tty (G cc , tt 0,8G c )

0 , 55 1, 675

( c / b)g 0,45(cos0,5 ) 1, 25

(59)

Trng l-ng ca nhm cnh: Gnc= G c,cb+1,2(Gch+G cc/Cy)

vi k=1+

1,905
; k=(1+)0,4 ; kd=(0,95~1,0); kc=(0,95~1,0); kp=1- z 2 ( z khong

cch t thanh chng cnh vi cng kiu xe p ti thit din gc chia cho bn si
cnh, kp=1 vi cnh bnh th-ng)
45

kE= 1+9,6.10-4

( cos)3
Vmax,max / 100

cos0,5
tt
G MB
(
c
/
b
)

(60)

kE=1 khi ng c t trn cnh.

3.2.3 Xc nh cc tham s kh ng hc.
o hm h s lc nng: Cy,c

2
2 (1 2)
1
(1 )

(61)

Phn b lc nng theo si cnh (khng th nguyn): Y=Yc+Yp

Yc =

C y , cb b
b u dc

C b
E
2
; Yp= y, p ; E=1+

C y b c dn
g C y
(1 )

46

(62)

3.2.4 Xc nh cc c cu c hc cnh
a-chn cnh t:
-bct=(30-35)%
- ct =0,65
-Gc th cnh t 0 45
b-Chn cnh ling:
-bcl=(25-30)%
- cl =(0,2-0,4)
-Gc th cnh t 15 _ 25
3.2.5 Tnh ton ti trng trn cnh.
a-Cc tr-ng hp chu ti ca cnh:
D

vh
n max
.G

Y=

C Y , max .qS

vh
max

.G
G

C Y , max .qS
Y

G
A

n vh A

CY

A
A

D
Y

vh
n max

B
C

nC = 0

vh
n min

cb = 0

q max, max

CX
D
D

A
vh
Y = n max
.G

G
B

vh
Y = 0,5.n max
.G

G
D
G

Hnh 11: Cc tr-ng hp chu ti ca cnh

Tr-ng hp A: Bay theo qu o cong, ly caothot li khi b nho c dng kh
47

thi t d-i ln
vh
Gc tn t-ng ng vi cy=cymax; nA= n max
; p lc ng q khng ln lm; h s an
ton f=1,5
Trng hp A: Thot li khi b nho hoc dng kh thi vung gc vi h-ng
chuyn ng ca my bay. Do tc bay ln nn tm kh ng li v sau.
vh
Gc tn t-ng ng vi cy=cymax; nA= n max
; p lc ng qA=qmax,max; h s an ton
f=1,5
Tr-ng hp B: Bay theo qu o cong hay t ngt lch cnh ling. Lc kh ng
li v sau gy ti ln cho dm sau cnh, phn cnh ling v phn cui s-n cnh.
Mmen un v xon c gi tr ln.
vh
YB=0,5YA; nB=0,5nA=0,5 n max
; p lc ng qA=qmax,max; h s an ton f=2.
Tr-ng hp C: My bay b nho thng ng, b nho khi t ngt lch cnh ling,
b nho thoi v c dng kh thi vo. Tr-ng hp ny dng tnh bn cnh v
thn.
Gc tn t-ng ng vi cy=0; nC=0; qC=qmax,max; h s an ton f=2
Tr-ng hp D: B nho hoc khi bay bng c dng kh thi t trn xung.
Tr-ng hp D khc A l lc tc dng theo chiu ng-c li, dng tnh bn cnh
jkhi c ti tc dng theo chiu ng-c li. Nu tr-ng hp A phn t chu lc ko th
y chu lc nn.
vh
Gc tn t-ng ng vi cy=cymin; nD= n min
; p lc ng q khng ln lm; h s an
ton f=1,5
Trng hp D: Bay ngc vi chiu thot li khi b nho hoc b nho thng
ng khi c dng kh thi ngang.Tr-ng hp D c lc cng hng nh trng
hp D nh-ng phn b theo tr-ng hp A.
vh
nD= n min
; p lc ng qD=qmax,max ; h s an ton f=1,5
b-Xc nh cc lc tc dng:
y
n
-Lc kh ng tng hp:
tt
tt
vh
vh
R Btt
Rn
YB
Y =Y.f=G.n .f=n .f.q.cy.S

Qtt=Q.f=nvh.f.q.cx.S
(63)
R Btt

Y tt
G.n tt .f

R Btt n tt .f .G
cos
cos

Phn tch lc kh ng tnh ton

trong h to tc not :
R R R
tt
B

tt
n

tt
t

QB x

R ttt

(64)

tt
n

Trong tnh to thnh phn lc R

th-ng -c ly bng lc kh ng R Btt
im t lc kh ng: XA

AO
b

Hnh 12: Xc nh lc trn cnh

m
mz
XA
z 0
c
b
c y
y

-Xc nh lc khi l-ng cnh:

48

(65)

-Lc do khi l-ng kt cu cnh:

ln:
Gctt Gc .n vh .f
im t:
XT=(0,42-0,45)b vi cnh thng.
XT=(0,38-0,42)b vi cnh mi tn.
XT=(0,40-0,44)b vi cnh tam gic.
-Lc do khi l-ng cc thit b t cnh:
ln:
G tttb G tb .n vh ..f .
im t: ti trng tm cc thit b t trn cnh.

(66)

(67)

-Lc tng hp:

R tt G.n vh .f G c .n vh .f G tbi .n vh .f
i 1

R tt (G G ci 1 ) G tb
i 1

vh.
n .f

(68)

-S phn b ti theo si cnh:

+ Lc kh ng phn b theo si cnh:
q

tt
yB

G, n vh .f c y , p b p

c y , c b tb

q ttyB

K1

(69)

Khi >3, vi cnh thng hoc cnh mi tn khng xon cyp = cy

n vh .f .G

vh
n .f .G
bp
------------//----------------- M>1
: q ttyB
S
n vh .f .G c
tt
bp
+Lc khi l-ng phn b ca bn thn kt cu cnh: q y, c
S
n vh .f .G
b
+Lc khi l-ng phn b du trong cnh: q tty,
S
q tty q ttyB q ttyK q tty
Ti phn b tng hp:

i vi cnh tam gic tc M<=1, =1: q ttyB

Ti phn b tng hp (khng du): q tty q ttyB q ttyK =>

q tty q ttyB (1 c ) ; c G c / G
im t lc phn b theo dy cung cnh:
Xy

X A XT c
1 c

-Lc tc dng trong mt phng cnh:

49

(70)

(71)

(72)

Q
.f .b p
S
Q .n
c x .f .b p
S

tt
q XB
`

+Lc kh ng phn b:

tt
+Lc khi l-ng phn b: q XC
`

q tttbX` G tb .f .n x ; n x

+Lc kh ng phn b:

(73)
PQ
G

-Ni lc ttrn cnh:

+Lc ct mmen un:
z

Q=

q tty dz G tbi ; M =
i 1

/2

Q.dz

/2

Khi tch phn s ti mi mt ct:

(74)

Qi (Qi G tttbi G than ) ; Qi q ttytbiz

n

Mi Mi ; M i
i 1

Q i Q i 1
z
2

+Mmen xon phn b-mmen xon::

mz = q ttyB (x z x A ) qctt (x T x z )
z

Mz =

m dz M
z

dc

(75)

; Mc = Gc.xT,c - Pc.hc

/2

Tr-ng hp ng c khng treo trn cnh th Gc chnh l trng l-ng cc thit b

treo hoc nm trong cnh (xTc, h cc khong cch t trng tm ng c n
trng tm my bay theo ph-ng ngang v n trc cnh); tr-ng hp c ng c
treo trn cnh th bng tng ca c hai thnh phn.trn, gi chung l Gtb..
-S bin dng cnh:
Khi thit k cnh cn quan tm bin dng un v bin dng xon.
+Ph-ng trnh vi phn trc n hi cnh ( vng theo chiu di cnh):
d2 y M 1

dz 2 EI

y'

M
dz C1 ; y =
EI

ymax =

EI d z C z C
2

(76)

n k 2
c
H th E

vi C1 , C2 cc h s iu kin bin.
+Bin xon cnh:

d 1 q
ds ;
dz 2F G
dz C ; C- h s iu kin bin

* Gc xon t-ng i:
* Gc xon cnh:

50

(77)

3.3 Thit k thn my bay

3.3.1 Chc nng v yu cu.
1-Chc nng: L ni cha t li, hnh khch, thit b, hng ho. Thn my bay cn
l ni lin kt cc thnh phn kt cu my bay.
2-Cc yu cu:
-Yu cu v kh ng:
C hnh dng, kch th-c sao cho lc cn ca thn l nh nht, lc nng l ln
nht (lc cn, mc truyn nhit vo kt cu ph thuc nhiu vo chiu di, hnh
dng u mi thn, l-n sng, nhm). Vic s dng thn to lc nng c
th to ra lc nng t-ng i ln (c th n 40% lc nng my bay).
-Yu cu v b tr sp t trong thn:
Thn c khong khng gian sao cho b tr t li, hnh l, trang thit b, ng c,
nhin liu ..hp l nht (hng ho sp xp gn trng tm, m men qun tnh gim)
bo m n nh iu khin ca my bay (OK) .
Vi my bay M>1 bo m th t tiu hao du ph hp vi s thay i tiu im
kh ng bo m tnh n nh ca my bay.
-Yu cu v bn:
Thn bo m bn v cng vng cho cc phn t kt cu vi khi l-ng thn
nh nht. Thn c s chu lc ph hp lin kt, truyn v hp th -c cc lc
kh ng, khi l-ng t cnh, ui, ng c cng nh- lc khi l-ng, tng p trn
thn..
i vi my bay chin u cn phi c tnh sng dai cao (kh nng my bay cn
thc hin -c nhim v ca mnh khi b th-ng hay c hng hc).
-Yu cu v khai thc:
Bo m tip cn d dng thun tin to iu kin kinm trab b tr, khai thc
thn my bay. ng thi bo m kh nng bc xp, thot li my bay khi c s c.
3.3.2 Hnh dng v cc tham s thn.
1-Hnh dng mt ct ngang thn:
Hnh dng ty thuc vo chc nng v iu kin s dng thn. Thng th-ng s
dng thn c thit din thng hnh trn hoc hai hnh trn c bn knh khc nhau.
Vi cng th tch th thn c thit din trn c din tch b mt nh nht..Ngoi ra
thn loi ny c kh nng chu tng p bn trong tt nht. Tuy nhin thn loi ny
kh sp xp hng ho thit b, nn th-ng t v tr khoang bt k, tng p. Than
c mt ct hnh ch nht b tr tt nh-ng cn kh ng ln. Cc loi thn khc th
hin s a dng c th c ca thn ( van, ht ..). Cc mt ct cc v tr lp
ghp cc phn t chu lc, -ng tin kh c hnh dng cc k phc tp
gim lc cn ng-i ta s dng quy tc din tch.- quy lut thay i hnh dng
ca vt th trn xoay:
ng c
-ng bao quy tc
Cnh
ui

Thn

Hnh 13: Quy tc din tch

51

2-Hnh chiu ng:

Hnh chiu ng chn theo chc nng bay, theo yu cu lc cn nh nht, theo s
xp xp trang thit b, t li..Thn c hnh dng i xng v vut nhn u c lc
cn nh nht,song u mt nhn li l ni tp trung nhit t nng kh ng ln
nht. ging tm nhn v gim cn mt u th mi bung li chc xung. Ng-c
li phn ui my bay li nghing ln trn trnh b qut ui khi h cnh. Vi
cnh mi tn lm tng chiu di ui thn, gim chiu di mi thn, lc ny m
men un phn ui thn tng. Phn mi thn di p ng thu cng tr-c, b-c cng
v -a ng c vo thn sau.
3-Cc tham s kt cu thn my bay :
--ng knh t-ng -ng thn my bay: d tdth 2 Sth /
-Din tch thit din thng: Sth=kSbthhth, kS h s xc nh theo th.
-Chu vi thit din thng:
Cth=2kth(Sth+hth).
-Th tch thn:
Vth=Sth( giua thtr ths ).
(78)
-Din tch b mt bao:
Sb= Cth ( giua k b thtr k ths ths )
- dn di: M<=1: =(6-9); M1: =(9-13); M>1: =(10-23)
-Xc nh cc h s:
DientichOBSA
ab
ChuviBSA
kth=
ab
Thetichtronxoay
kO=
ab 2
dientichbematbaotronxoay
kb=
2cb
OP

OA

k S=

x y
; n, m 1
a b

y=

b
a
a

Hnh 14: Xc nh cc h s trong tnh din tch thn

C th tnh nhanh th tch

v b mt bao ca thn my bay:
-Vi thn gia c mt ct ngang thn trn xoay:
Vth

2 2 / 3
1
2
2
) 1 2 ; th 4,5 .
Dth th (1
) ; Sb= D th (1
th
4
th
th

-Vi thn gia c mt ct ngang thn khng trn xoay:

Vth D2th th (0,5 0,135 thtr ) ;

4
th

Sb= D th (0,5 0,135

thtr 2 / 3
0,3

) 1,015 1,5 ; th th .
th
th
D th

52

(79)

-Trng l-ng thn: Trng l-ng thn l tng cc trng l-ng cc khoang kt cu:
0, 743
+Trng l-ng v:
GV=0,05428kS 1bb,07 Vmax,
max ;

Sbb-din tch b mt thn khng tnh cc ca cng tc; k 0,56 dn

b th h th

3/ 4

0 , 39
tt
+Trng l-ng s-n np: Gsn=0,0117kS 1bb, 45 Vmax,
max n y
+Trng l-ng rng ca thn: Gth = GV + Gsn
+Trng l-ng sn khoang hnh khch v khoang hnh l:
Gs=ks(Ss) 1,045 ;
ks [daN/m2] ph thuc loi my bay:
* Loi A: ks=4,62.
* Loi B: ks=0,374 Ps ; Ps-p lc ln sn
* Loi C: ks=10,867.
* Loi G: ks=14,67.
* Loi D: ks=20,92.
4-Ti tc dng ln thn:
0 , 316

Y
Y

Yn

Tm K
ui ngang

TTMB

a)
1 2

4
TT Cnh

5
6
Tm K Cnh

YM1

X
7

YM7

b)
14,3

3,2
R2
R1
Pm
Ydd

TT
xi

Yddcb
Lm

Ldd

Hnh 16: Ti khng i xng tc dng ln thn

Hnh 15: Ti trng tc ng ln Thn v cc thit din thn

a-Ti do cc thnh phn kt cu:
53

+Tr-ng hp ti i xng:
*Lc nng: Y Yc (Y Ydn ) .
Lc ny cng lc y ng c gy chuyn ng tnh tin.
Ngoi ra cn c chuyn ng quay do lc Ydn:

z=Ydn.Ldn/Iz; Iz=

(80)

1
G
G i x i2 i 2z

g
g

iz-bn knh qun tnh ca my bay iz=0,18L (L-chiu di my bay)

* Qu ti tng hp: ni = nc

Ydn Ydn z
x i ; nu Ydn=0 qu ti my bay =const
G
g

+Tr-ng hp ti khng i xng:

*Lc ca ui ng: Ydd=YddcbYdd
*Lc kh ng tc dng vo mi:
Pm=Ydd

L dd
Lm

(81)
(82)

Yddcb Ydd Pm y
xi ;
G
g
G
y Yd .L dd / J y ; J y i 2y
g
ni

b-Ti do cc tr-ng hp mt an ton:

+Tr-ng hp K:
nvh=2,5; f=1,5
+Tr-ng hp P:
nvh=3,0; f=1,5
+Tr-ng hp :
Phn lc thng ng Ry=2G, Rx=G; Lc phn b trong khong din tch S=0,3m2
gii hn trong cc gc 30; 60
+ Tr-ng hp M: H cnh trn mt n-c
c-Ti t nhm lc kh ng phn b v lc kh tnh:
+D-ng p:
Pvh = (1,3-1,5) Pmax ; f=1,5
+Thp p:
Pvh = 0,5 q max,max ; f=1,5
(83)
e-Cu to cc phn t thn:
+V:
-c ch to t cc tm kim loi n khi, t cc panen c lp n t ong hoc
cc panen nguyn khi (n khi). Cc mi ni dng chng, i u, i u nh
hnh.
+Np: l thnh phn chu mmen un v tng kh nng chu lc cho v.
+Khung thn: Dng c nh v v np, to cho thn c hnh dng nht nh.
Khung c dng vnh khn hoc khung c thnh kn. Ch to dp nng hoct cc
phi ring bit
54

5-Tnh ton bn thn:

+Thn chu un trong mt phng ng:
ng sut php trong kt cu quy i:
qd

M
vi
H.Fqd

H=0,7D; Fqd=2f+ f n n f vv
*Khi c p sut d- p trong thn:
qd

(84)

1 M u pRS v

Fqd H
2

*Tnh theo -ng trung ho cc thit din thn:

(85)

i iqd Hi / H; i ph ,i / ph,d

1
M
(Qbd u ); gc cn
Ftd
H

+Thn chu un trong mt phng ngang v chu xon:

-Dng ng lc khi thn chu un
trong mt phng ng:
qQ = Q/2B. khi tnh n cn:
Mu

Q = Qbd B
M
qMk = k ;
2

q Q q Mk
V

M
TC
Q

-din tch chu tuyn

q = qQ qMk ,
=

Pdd

Mx

B
Ftd

(86)

Fc

Hnh 17: M hnh ho kt cu, ti trong mt phng ngang

55

3.4. Thit k cng my bay

3.4.1 Cc vn thit k cng my bay.
1-Mc ch s dng, cc yu cu i vi cng my bay.
-Mc ch: Cng my bay l b phn ca h thng ct h cnh di chuyn my
bay trn mt t, boong tu hoc trn mt n-c. Bn cnh cng cn c nhim v
tip nhn v phn tn nng l-ng va chm khi h cnh v khi chuyn ng trn
-ng bng khng bng phng. Nng l-ng khi h cnh -c phn tn lm gim
qung -ng chy hm .
-Cc thnh phn chnh ca cng l:
+Cc phn t nh- bnh xe, vn tr-t, phao v cc thit b khc.
+Cc phn t chu lc nh- tr cng, x ngang, thanh chng, c tc dng lin
ktphn t v kt cu thn hoc cnh.
+Thit b gim chn v phanh.
-Cc yu cu: Ngoi cc yu cu bo m bn cao, khi l-ng nh cn c:
+Bo m tnh n nh chuyn ng ca my bay. Cc phn t my bay bo
m kh nng di chuyn ca my bay, trong cc di tac ln, tng tc, nhc
bnh mi, kh nng quay 180 trn -ng bng c b rng xc nh.
-Cc tr cng phi hp th tt nng l-ng h cnh, chng rung; khi ln trn -ng
bng khng bng phng khng truyn cc va p ra kt cu. Cc xi lanh gim chn
phi c kho hm bo m an ton cho my bay trn -ng bng v khi ct
cnh. Nng l-ng va chm khi h cnh l:
A = 0,5 Vy2 0,25GH TT
(87)
Vy2 ; G; HTT -tc xung thng, trng l-ng my bay v cao h trng tm
my bay.
Thit b phanh bnh phi tip nhn v phn tn (50-70)% ng nng chuyn ng
tnh tin
E = 0,5.m.V 2hc
(88)
Tui th trung bnh ca cng l (20.000 -30.000) ln ct h cnh.
2- nh gi nng l-ng khi h cnh.
-Tr-ng hp h cnh vi Y=G:
Lc ny khng sinh cng t-ng ng vi th nng ca my bay. Nng l-ng h
cnh do thnh phn tc thng ng ca my bay gy ra.
+Tr-ng hp h cnh i xng xuyn tm:
Py=Py1 + Py2

Py
Px

Py1

Py2

P
Hnh 18: Cc tr-ng hp h cnh xuyn tm
56

Pydy = - m.Vy.dVy
A

ym

(89)

P dy 2 mV

2
y

(90)

+Tr-ng hp h cnh i xng lch tm:

z

Jy
Py
y

Py
Px

Py

Py
Hnh 19: Cc tr-ng hp h cnh lch tm

Py = m.Jy.
Mz= aPy = Jz z = z..m.i2z
vi: i z - bn knh qun tnh ca my bay vi trc z
A=1/2. mqd. Vy2 ; mqd = m .(1+

e2
)
i 2z

(91)
(92)
(93)

e-khong cch t tr cng chnh n trng tm my bay.

Sau khi kt thc giai on h cnh:
z

a
a2
;
V
=
.
V
Vy
yo
y
a 2 i 2z
a 2 i 2z

(94)

+ H cnh trn 01 cng chnh:

T-ng t cc tr-ng hp trn ch khc gi tr khi l-ng quy i:
mz

m
2

e d
1
iz i

vi d, gi tr na chng cng v bn knh qun tnh i vi trc x.

+ H cnh trn 3 cng chnh:
Cng phn chia cho cng tr-c A1 v cng sau A2 nh- sau:
A1=0,5mqd1 Vy2 ;
A2=0,5mqd2 Vy2
Ti tnh phn cho cc cng: P1 =

(95)

(96)

e.G
a.G
; P2 =
b
b

T c khi l-ng quy i: mq1 =

m.e
m.a
; mq2 =
.
b
b

Tr-ng hp Y khng cn bng vi G:

Theo SAGI th Y=0,75Ghc. Theo CAR Y= 2/3 Ghc
Phn trng l-ng ng vi chuyn dch ca trng tm mt on ym,:
57

(97)

2
Vydm
Vy2 2

GY
ym
m

2
theo SAGI: Vydm
(0,28Vhc 0,01 G 8).0,5 , [m/s]
Nng l-ng va p ln gim chn, bnh v c kt cu:
2
A=0,5m.V 2y +(G-Y)ym = 1/2m. Vydm
;
Nng l-ng mt cng chnh phi chu:

Avh = m q

2
ydm

2.2

(99)

Vi cng tr-c (ph): m q =

vi cng chnh: m q =

(98)

m
;
a2
1 2
iz

m
; iz =
e2
1 2
iz

Jz
m hc

(100)

Jz mmen qun tnh ca khi l-ng my bay i vi trc z.

Khi h cnh Vydm c th ln hn t (30-35)% do vy cn tnh theo nng l-ng
tnh ton:
Att = 0,5mq (1,35Vydm)2
(101)
H s qu ti mi cng:
vh

n =

H s an ton:

PCvh, max

P
n
f = 1,3. max
n vh

; n max=

PC' , max
P

.
(102)

c-Kh nng v-t cn (KNVC) ca my bay khi chuyn ng trn mt t.

KNVC l kh nng ca my bay ca my bay bng lc y ca chnh mnh.
H s cn chuyn ng f v su vt bnh my bay h l c tr-ng nh l-ng
ca KNVC.
-i kin xut pht:
T iu kin cn bng lc theo h-ng trc x ta c qu ti dc nx
nx

P Q
Y
f (1 ) ,
G G
G

(103)

T iu kin xut pht nx=0, h s ma st tnh fx=1,4f ta c:

P
1 .4 f ,
G

(104)

-Cc yu t nh h-ng:
+Trng thi mt t:
Xc nh theo kt cu b mt t, m v cng ca n. Khi cc yu t khc
khng i th m cng ln (cng -t) cng mt t gim rt nhanh.
58

+ p lc ca bnh ln mt t:
q0

P
p0 p x p0
Ftx

vi B, D chiu rng v chiu di vt tip xc; p0 & px p sut trong lp v d- p

sut bo m hnh dng ca lp; P lc tc dng ln cng.
+ su vt bnh & h s cn chuyn ng:
Tc dng ln bnh my bay c lc Pb v lc ko T tc dng ln trc cng. Xt cn
bng trong cc h-ng trc y v x:
a

Pb dx B Dh
0
h

T B dy Bh

q 2D
2m
q
f
m
h

T :

T Pb f

(105)

p lc quy -c: q = P/BM.

cng nh nht bo m cho my bay xut pht -c bng lc y ring ca
mnh l:

min

1,4q
m

cng nh nht bo m KNVC cho tr-c ca my bay:

min q

(106)

D
hm

-ng bng c th s dng -c khi p 0 hoc h< t hay t = (0,064-0,07)D.

-Cc bin php ci thin:
+Gim p lc quy nh ln mt t:
Theo (105) v (106) u cn gim q. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no cng gim ti Pb
v tng kch th-c ca chng -c v s tng trng l-ng tha v thu cng s kh
khn.
+ Gim p sut np:
Theo cc mi quan h trnta c th gim p sut np. Tuy nhin gim p sut np
lm tng bin dng v mi mn. Do vy mt s loi my bay ng-i ta s dng lp
c p sut np thay i: giai on u chy ly v cui hm ng-i ta gi p
sut nh, khi ttd chuyn ng ln th p sut tng ln bo m cng cn thit
tc ln. Nu khng iu chnh p sut np th c th gim p sut np t (2025)% s khng nh h-ng bn lp.
+B tr bnh:
Nu b tr lp ni tip nhau th cn s nh hn cn su vt lp s ln hn.
Vi cc my bay c lc y ng c ln th ng-i ta ch ch n su vt bnh
v n c kh nng thng cn chuyn ng ln. Do vy ng-i ta b tr bnh song
song (bnh hng) s tt hn.
59

3.4.2 Xc nh cc thng s cng.

1-Mt s i l-g quan trng.
+Gc nghing my bay c tnh n dao ng mt cnh
2h c
tgtg
(107)
b
2

C
+Gc qut ui: dm (3 5) 1 2 Y, rd .
(108)
V
gC
rd
Y

2 cos0, 25
(109)
CY
1 2/
vi 1; 2 :- on thng ni tip im trn lp my bay ti v tr cng th v mt t
tg tg0

v on thng t mt t n v tr thp nht ca ui vt.

+Gc tn nh mc:

(C
)
CY , th 1
2 (C )

dm 9,121 Y , m ct 0 (0,15 0.2) Y , max cc

cos0, 25 cos0, 25

cos0, 25

(110)

+Xc nh -ng knh gim chn

D=1,3+0,11 Pd ,
(111)
P - ti tnh ln nht theo ph-ng thng ng tc dng ln tr cng, [daN]
+Xc nh p sut trong cc lp (bnh) my bay.
Xc nh t cc th chun theo cc quan h vi ti tnh tc dng ln cng, kch
th-c hnh hc ca lp (DxB-d)i. Cc ch s l theo tiu chun cc quc gia khc
nhau:
Pb
(Dxb-d)1
(Dxb-d)2
(Dxb-d)3

p0
Hnh 20: Xc nh p sut np p0

2-Xc nh trng l-ng cng my bay.

Gi tr cc h s trong cng thc (20) xc nh khi l-ng cng (Bng 4.1):

60

stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Bng 4.1 Cc h s trong xc nh khi l-ng cng

loi MB
Kiu cng
A[kg]
B
My bay
Cng
Chnh
15
0,033
qun s
thu
Tr-c
5,4
0,019
My bay
Cng
Chnh
9,1
0,082
khng
Tr-c
11,3
hng khng
thu
Sau
4,1
Cng
Chnh
18,1
0,131
dn dng
thu
Tr-c
9,1
0,082

Sau

2,3

C
0,021
0,019
0,0024
0,0024
0,019
-

D
2,23
.10-6
2,97
.10-6

0,0031 -

3-nh h-ng cc thng s s cng (TSC) n c tnh chuyn ng ca my

bay mt t.
a-nh h-ng TSC n iu kin lt nga my bay (KLNMB):
iu kin lt my bay l m men lt thng m men hi phc:
G dv
.H G.e
g dt

i vi my bay c cng ph t sau, KLNMB l:

(112)
dv/dt>e.g/H.
Ta c e/H = tg, khi (14-16) my bay c th b lt nho, khi tg 0,3 v
dv/dt>0,3: Tc l tng H d lt cn tng e th ng-c li.
i vi my bay c cng ph t tr-c, KLNMB xut pht t bt ng thc:
G dv
.H G.a
g dt

(113)

T :
dv/dt>g.(a/H).
cc my bay hin i a 9a/H, e/H=tg v =(14-16): my bay c th b ly
nho khi dv/dt>2,7g. trnh lt nho ch cn phanh mnh c th hn ch lt
nho my bay.
b nh h-ng TSC n tnh n nh h-ng ca my bay c cng ph t tr-c:
Vi my bay hin i a 9e 0,9b. Khi m men hi phc Mhp l:
Mhp=

G.a
.f z .e 0,9G.f z .e
b

(114)

T (114) ta thy e cng ln th tnh n nh h-ng ca my bay cng cao.

c-nh h-ng TSC (H) n iu kin lt nga my bay..
Trong cc cng thc trn (112, 113) H tng u to ra kh nng lt nho cng ln,
thm vo tng khi l-ng kt cu, kh khn cho b tr cng..
d-nh h-ng TSC (e):
61

Vi cng ph t tr-c e tng lm tng n nh h-ng, song li lm gim n nh

dc, tng m men chc my bay (khi ct cnh Ge khng nng bnh mi, tng ti
ln cng v cm c nh. Thng th-ng e=0,1b).
e-nh h-ng TSC (gc ):
Cc thng s trn c quan h vi gc v gc qut ui 0 .
my bay khng b qut ui th gc > gc qut ui 0. Ng-c li th ct
cnh kh khn.
f-nh h-ng TSC (gc 0):
Gi tr gc ny khong 0 = (8-14) (cn gi cho Cy=Cy,max my bay khng b
qut ui). Nh- vy:
0 hc t ,
(115)
t gc lp ca cnh vo thn.
Vi my bay cnh tam gic gc 0 ln th gi tr Cy,max ch t -c trong gc tn
ln.
g-nh h-ng TSC (gc ):
y l gc ca trc my bay so vi b mt sn bay. gim qung -ng chy
hm ng-i ta ch to sao cho <0 (s dng phanh hiu qu hn v T=f.(G-Y)).
Thng th-ng =0.
h-nh h-ng TSC (chng cng b):
iu kin khng lt nghing my bay:
G.f z H 0,5G.B; f z

B
tg
2H

(116)

Gc - gc gia -ng ni trng tm my bay vi im tip xc cng chnh vi

-ng bng v -ng thng ng t trng tm xung mt -ng bng.
Khi gi tr fz=(0,7-0,8), h s lc cn cnh, th:
>=(35-40)
Gi tr B tng my bay nhy cm v phanh bnh hn, v cng tng nhy cm vi
cc va chm ca b mt -ng bng khng bng phng.
3.4.3 Kt cu cc thnh phn chu lc ca cng.
a-Cng kiu dm thanh:
Do cc h thanh v cc chi tit lin kt vi nhau bng cc khp bn l. Trong kt
cu ny gim chn ng vai tr chu lc nh- cc thanh. Trc bnh chu un v
xon, cc thanh chu ko nn.
u im: Khi l-ng nh, kt cu n gin.
b-Cng kiu dm:
C kt cu n gin v gn nht. Cng thu vo thn ng-c chiu dng kh. Cng
-c c nh bng x ngang trn trc v kho bng kho c bit.
Khi di cng ln th n s rt nng v cc m men theo trc z v x rt ln.
c-Cng kiu dm - chn chng:
62

Cc chn chng c tc dng gim m men Mz v Mx . Cc kt cu cn li c bn

ging tr-ng hp trn. X ngang dng dm ngm cht hoc dng kt cu dn thanh.
Cng loi ny -c ph bin rng ri vi my bay tm trung v hng nng. Nh-c
im l kch th-c hnh hc ln.
d-Cng c bnh treo trc tip vo gim chn:
Loi cng ny c bnh -c lp trc tip vo cn pton gim chn. y ti -c
gim dc theo trc gim chn m thi. kt cu lm vic tt ng-i ta th-ng lp
cng nghing i mt gc no so vi ph-ng thng ng. M men xon -c
truyn t cn pton ln xi lanh gim chn nh c cu 2 khu.
e-Cng c bnh treo qua cnh tay n:
Loi cng ny c 2 kiu: gim chn t trong v ngoi tr cng. Vi loi u gim
chn chu un ngang. p sut np khng cn ln, kch th-c gn hn. Loi sau
gim chn chu lc dc trc: to kh nng gim lc ma st v to iu kin lm vic
tt hn cho m bt kn; n cn cho php np p sut cao hn t gim kch th-c
gim chn.
Nh-c im chung ca loi ny so vi loi treo trc tip l kch th-c v trng
l-ng ln hn.
f-Cng nhiu bnh (bnh hng):
-c s dng nhiu hn trn my bay hng nng vi mc ch gim ti cho mt
bnh. Kt cu chung c dng cng kiu dm-chn chng. Kung lp bnh -c ni
bn l vi tr cng to ti u cho cc bnh. Cc bnh c -ng knh nh hn
bnh th-ng. bit c gim chn n nh lm vic nh- mt thanh truyn cng khi
thu cng, cn khi chuyn ng n lm nhim v dp dao ng. bo m phn v
gim ti ng-i ta lp c cu gim ti.
Nh-c im ca loi ny l kt cu phc tp, thu th kh khn, tnh c ng.
cc bnh sau c th chuyn ng cng bnh tr-c ng-i ta s dng cc khung treo
bnh chuyn dng.
3.4.4 Ti tc dng v tnh ton bn kt cu cng my bay.
1- Cc tr-ng hp tnh ton v ti tc dng.
-Cc tr-ng hp ti cng chnh:
+Tr-ng hp Ec:
y l tr-ng hp h cnh trn 3 im: ti tc dng ln 3 cng theo h-ng vung
gc vi mt -ng bng. Lc tc dng ln cng chnh s l:
a
b

Pvh = 0,5n Evh . G,

n Evh >= (2,5-3,5) hay xc nh bng ti cho php ln nht ca sm lp.
f = 1,65.
+Tr-ng hp Gc:
y c va chm t pha tr-c vo 2 bnh chnh.
63

(117)

Lc tc dng:

Pvh = 0,5.n Gvh G,

f = 1,65; n Gvh = (1,25-1,5)

(118)

+Tr-ng hp Ec+Gc:
Vi my bay c bnh ph t sau tr-ng hp y l tr-ng hp h cnh trn 3
bnh v ng thi c va chm t pha tr-c. Tng hp cc lc tc dng ln cng
chnh nm trong mt phng i xng, i qua trc bnh v h-ng vo trng tm my
bay.
Vi my bay c bnh ph t tr-c tr-ng hp y l tr-ng hp thi c va chm
ln cng chnh v d-i ui st mt t.
y c va chm t pha tr-c vo 2 bnh chnh.
Lc tc dng:
Pvh = 0,5.n Gvh E G,
(119)
vh
f = 1,65; n G E = (1,25-1,5)
+Tr-ng hp R1c:
Tr-ng hp y l tr-ng hp h cnh c va chm ln c 2 bnh chnh. Lc tc
dng ln 2 cng chnh h-ng vo 0,6F Rvh1 v ra khi my bay l 0,4F Rvh1 .
Lc tc dng:
F Rvh1 = 0,75 Pvh.
Pvh = P Evh = 0,5.n Gvh E G,
(120)
f = 1,65; n Gvh E = Vhc/67>=0,32
+Tr-ng hp R2c:
Tr-ng hp y l tr-ng hp l-n vng trn mt t, ch c mt bnh chnh tip
t. Lc tc dng ln cng chnh h-ng vo 0,6F Rvh1 v ra khi my bay l 0,4F Rvh1 .
Lc tc dng:
F Rvh1 = Pvh.
Pvh = P Rvh2 = n Rvh2 G,
(121)
vh
f = 1,65; n R 2 = (0,6-0,7)
Lc ma st TR2 = 0,55 P Rvh2
+Tr-ng hp Tc:
Tr-ng hp y l tr-ng hp h cnh c phanh.V tr my bay t-ng ng tr-ng
hp Ec.
Lc tc dng:
Pvh = P Evh =(0,5-0,75) n Rvh G,
(122)
f = 1,65; n Rvh2 = (2,5-3,5)
Lc ma st
Tvh = 0,55 P Rvh2
+Tr-ng hp Mc:
Tr-ng hp y l tr-ng hp cng chnh chu mmen xon.
M men xon:
M=90+0,002 G3 , [daN.m]
(123)
vh
f = 1,65; n R 2 = (2,5-3,5)
Lc ma st
Tvh = 0,55 P Rvh2
2-Cc tr-ng hp chu ti cng ph:
a. Vi cng ph t sau:
64

*Tr-ng hp Ec:
Lc tc dng ln cng ph sau l: Nvh= n Evh .G
n Evh , f xc nh nh- tr-ng hp E; G ti tnh tc dng ln cng ph sau.
*Tr-ng hp Ec+Gc:
Lc tc dng ln cng ph sau l: Nvh= n Evh G .G
Lc ngang Qvh =0,5Nvh .
Lc ngang Qvh tc dng ti trc bnh sau, ng-c chiu chuyn ng my bay.
n Evh , f xc nh nh- tr-ng hp E; G ti tnh tc dng ln cng ph sau.
*Tr-ng hp Fc:
Lc cnh va p ln bnh ph sau v gi tr l: Fvh = 0,2 n Evh .G
Ngoi lc trn cn c ngu lc cng ln nh-ng ng-c chiu vi m men do lc
vh
F gy ra.
*Tr-ng hp R1c:
T-ng t nh- tr-ng hp Ec+Gc nh-ng gim i 25%, h s an ton f=1,65.
b. Vi cng ph t tr-c:
*Tr-ng hp Ec:
Lc tc dng ln cng ph sau l: Nvh= 9,81. n Evh .mq
n Evh , f xc nh nh- tr-ng hp E; .
*Tr-ng hp Ec+Gc:
Lc tc dng ln cng ph tr-c t pha tr-c. Gi tr t-ng t ca tr-ng hp
tr-c nh-ng tc dngvo trc bnh v nghing i 1 gc 45, h-ng ln trn.
H s f xc nh nh- tr-ng hp E.
*Tr-ng hp R1c:
T-ng t nh- tr-ng hp Ec+Gc c lc cnh va ssp ln cng tr-c; h s an ton
f=1,65. Tn ti m men ng-c chiu vi m men do tr-ng hpnh phn nm
ngang ca lc Nvh gy ra.
*Tr-ng hp Tc:
Cc lc tc dng t-ng t nh- cng chnh v ch xt khi cng tr-c b phanh.
Lc ma st:
Tvh = 0,55.Nvh
Lc tr-ng hp thng ng: PTcvh 0,75NEvh
(124)
3-Tnh ton bn cng (Hnh 21).
Trnh t gii quyt

-Xc nh ti trn c cu gp cng.

-Xy dng biu cc m men un v xon i vi cho ton b tr cng v xilanh
gim chn, cn pitton.
-Xc nh ng sut trn thnh xilanh do p sut bn trong xilanh.
-Chn thit din tnh ton, xc nh ng sut ti v kim tra bn xilanh & cn
pitton.

65

1-Xc nh ti trn c cu gp cng.

K
N2
N

dttr
p

N1

P1

P1
A

A
f

H
d

P2

x
T

e
b

P2

h
a)

M P2

168000

b)

M P1

MT

M P1 + M T

c)

N
6600

132000
123100

132000
123900
1780

2400

108000 132000

2400
d)

Hnh 21: S kim bn cng v biu ni lc

S liu: Ti khai thc tc ng ln cng PEtt (i qua trc lp my bay); Thit din
66

xi lanh gim chn; thit din cn pitton . Thp c . Cc kch th-c a, b, c; d; h;

e=f=; g; i; k; ; ; Kim tra bn theo thuyt bn th 3.
Gii

- Phn tch lc tc ng ln cng P thnh 2 h-ng (Hnh 21a):

P1tt PEtt cos ; P2tt PEtt sin .
- Xc nh lc dc trc trn c cu gp cng:
N1=Ncos; N2=Nsin;
M 00 0; P1d N1k N 2 g 0;
T : N=

P1d
; N1; N2.
k cos g sin

(125)
(126)
(127)

2- Xy dng biu cc m men un v xon i vi cho ton b tr cng v

xilanh gim chn, cn pitton.
Trong mt phng yz: do lc P2 l tuyn tnh (Hnh 21 d): Ti trn M =P2.a .
M men un do lc P1 trong mt phng xz trn on t trc lp n im c nh
c cu gp cng
M=const. M = P1.d
(128)
Ti im c nh c cu gp cng c b-c nhy m men do lc N1: M N1k .
Tip m men gim theo tuyn tnh v khng (0). Biu m men xon Mx
khng i:
Mx= P2.d .
(129)
M men xon truyn trc tip ln xilanh, khng gy xon cn pitton trong khi cc
phn t c cu gp cng chu ti un.
C cu gp cng trong khi truyn ti xon ln xilanh gy ti un vi ct gim
chn trn on bb v cc trong mt phng xz.
xy dng biu m men un tr cng MT do c cu gp cng gy ra ta chia
tch mt cch -c l ti bn l gia (Hnh 21 b).
M
Lc T ti bn l gia l: T = x
h
M men un ti thit din bb ca cn pitton: MT=T.e
(130)
T
M men un ti thit din cc ca xilanh: M =- T.f
Trn Hnh 21d c cc biu m men tng hp Mp1 v MT. Trn hnh v cng
khai trin biu m men un tng hp trong tr cng ra cc biu m men
trn cn pitton v xilanh. Trn on gia 2 cn pitton m men un -c hp
th mt phn trn cn pitton, mt phn trn xilanh. Biu m men un trn cn
pitton bin i tuyn tnh. Ti trn ton b m men un -c xilanh hp th
cn d-i do cn pitton hp th.
3-Xc nh ng sut trn thnh xilanh do p sut (bn trong xilanh).
Do p sut trong xilanh xut hin ng sut ph v xilanh theo chu vi.

67

p sut trong xi lanh l:

P=

P1
Fxilanh

(131)

xc nh ng sut ta ct t xilanh ra mt hnh tr cao 1cm (Hnh 21c). ng

thi b qua nh h-ng gia c-ng v phn xilanh khng c ti, ta c:

p.d xilanh
2

(132)

4-Chn thit din ti y trn xc nh ng sut v kim tra bn xilanh &

cn pitton.
Xc nh ti ti thit din kho st: Mp2; Mp1.
M men tng hp: M = (Mp1 )2 (Mp 2 )2 .
(133)
M men chng un ca thit din thng xilanh:
D 4 d 4xilanh
W=
.
(134)
.
32
D
T ta thu -c ng sut do m men un tng hp:
M

M
.
w

(135)

ng sut t lc php tuyn:

N

N1
.
F

(136)

ng sut tr-t do m men xon:

D d xilanh
M
.
x , vi Wp = .
Wp
16
D4
4

(137)

kim tra bn cn chn im kim tra trn thit din kho st, ni tnh
n ng sut bt li.
a- l im trn b mt xilanh, ti c ng sut tc ng theo trc x (dc
theo trc xilanh): x = x
(138)
V ng sut theo trc y dc theo tip tuyn vi -ng trn ca thit din y .
ng sut tip .
Theo thuyt bn th 3, ng sut t-ng -ng l: td ( x y ) 2 42
(139)
i

Kim tra: t <

b- i vi cn pitton thit din nguy him l bb:
i vi thit din ny:

M=Mp1+MT
P
M
; N 1
F
W
ng sut tng hp: M N
M

(140)

y cn tho mn iu kin:
68

 <
3.5. Thit k ui my bay
3.5.1 Cc vn thit k ui my bay
1-Tng quan:
a-Chc nng ui my bay:
ui my bay-MB (bao gm ui ngang-N v ui ng-) dng n
nh, iu khin dc v h-ng cho my bay. Trn c hai phn:
+Phn tnh: Sng ui,
+Phn ng: Cnh li h-ng.
Cc chc nng th hin :
+To ra lc v m men iu khin bay n nh bng cch t cc lc trong mt
khong cch nh tr-c ti trng tm my bay.
+Bo m cn bng n nh-tc l trong tr-ng hp mt n nh N- hi phc
trng thi cn bng vi s trit tiu nhanh t-ng ng cc dao ng.
+To ra cc lc cn thit thc hin c ng my bay: Nng mi my bay khi ct
cnh, iu khin qu o bay, ci bng tr-c khi h cnh v ln my bay trn
-ng bng.
b-nh gi cc mi quan h t-ng h:
Thit k MB c th ni l mt trong nhng giai on kh khn nht ca qu
trnh thit k cc phn t c bn ca my bay, v phi nh gi cc hin t-ng-quan
h t-ng h. l:
+Cc c tnh kh ng ca my bay rt nhy cm vi cc phn t kt cu v c th
-c tnh ton rt th khi thit k s b. Cc tnh ton kh ng khi chy bao i
xng vi tr-ng hp mt bn ng c b tt rt kh s dng. Cc mi quan h c
tr-ng phi tuyn v hiu qu nn th-ng gp c th th hin nhng nh h-g ln
khng trng i ti cht l-ng bay, ti c tnh my bay.
+Phn ln cc yu cu i vi my bay -c th hin trong di rng ca iu kin
khai thc. Khng d dng thit lp iu kin no l cc tr cc tr song c th thu
-c chng trong cc gi tr ng-c li.
+Khc vi cc ph--ng php thit k my bay da trn cc ph-ng trnh -c
kim tra v t-ng i n gin-phn tch cc c tnh bay cn tnh n ng lc hc
bay ca ton b my bay. Vi cc my bay tc ln cn tnh n nh h-ng ca
n hi kh ng..
+Cc tiu chun c tr-ng cc tnh cht bay -c miu t trong dng tng qut v
cho php cc dao thoa khc nhau. Quan im ca phi cng c ngha quan trng
trong xy dng cc bung tp trong giai on thit k my bay.
+Thit k MB v cc cnh li lin quan cht ch vi nhau. lm -c iu
cn c phn b khi l-ng v tr trng tm my bay v m men qun tnh trong cc
iu kin gy ti khc nhau. Sau khi xc nh cc kch th-c ca cc b mt ui
cn xc nh s bin i kch th-c cc cnh li.
69

c-Cc tham s chnh ca ui my bay:

+Hnh dng ui: c th c cc dng ch nht, hnh thang, tam gic, mi tn,
elp..Profil ca ui l cc profil i xng. Lp t thc hin theo s phi tr kh
ng.
+Cc kch th-c c bn:
Bng 2: Cc kch th-c c bn ca N
Tham s
Sn/S
S c /Sn
c n
n
n
n
Vng M
M<1
0,15-0,2
0,35-0,45 1,0-3,0
3-5
(8-10)%
0-15
M1
0,2-0,3
0,3-1,0
2,0-3,0
1,5-3,0
(30-60) (4-6)%
Tham s quyt nh n tnh n nh v iu khin dc ca my bay l h s m
men tnh An
An =

Sdn .L dn
bCAX
S

(141)

An = (0,3-0,8) cho cc my bay c ti trng ring trn cnh ln.

S c ; Sn ; S - Din tch cnh li ln xung, ui ngang v cnh my bay.
Bng 3: Cc kch th-c c bn ca
Tham s
S/S
S c /S
c

Vng M
M<1
0,08-0,12 0,35-0,45 2,0-2,5
1.2-1,5
(6-8)%
0-25
M1
0,15-0,2
0,2-0,3
1,5-3,0
1,0-2,0
(35-60) (4-6)%
Tham s quyt nh n tnh n nh v iu khin h-ng ca my bay l h s m
men tnh A
A =

Sdd .L dd
bCAX
SL

(142)

An = (0,05-0,10) cho cc my bay c ti trng ring trn cnh ln.

S c ; Sn; S- Din tch cnh li h-ng, ui ng v cnh my bay.
L - khong cch t trng tm my bay n tm kh ng ui ng.
2-Phn tch cc vn thit k ui my bay:
a-Vn thit k v iu khin my bay :
Thit k chi tit cc cnh li l nhim v ca nh thit k v cn bit cc lc kh
ng m phi cng cm nhn -c:
+Trong iu khin bng tay, cc ti kh ng -c truyn trc tip qua cc c cu
c hc n cc c cu iu khin trong cabin . Cc lc kh ng tc dng ln cnh
li -c phi cng cm nhn trc tip hay qua cc c cu hiu chnh vi s gia tng
ca lc ma st. Lc iu khin trn cn li tng ln vi s gia tng kch th-c cc
70

cnh li, tc ng h v qu ti. gim cc lc ny ng-i ta s dng cc b b

tr dc trc, b tr thu lc v l xo b tr.
+Khi cc ti iu khin xut hin trn cn li v tnh tuyn tnh ca h khng th
bo m bng cc ph--ng php kh ng ng-i ta s dng cc b tr lc thu
kh trong s nghch. Ti trn cn li t l vi lc trn cc cnh li v khng v-t
qua gi tr gii hn.
+ iu khin khng nghch s dng trn cc my bay c tc ln v my bay ch
khch, cc cnh li chuyn dch nh cc thit b in, thu, kh khng c s
tham gia trc tip ca phi cng
b-Vai tr ca ui ti n nh tnh dc ca my bay:
Ln
YMB-n
YMB-n YMB-n Yn

Yn
Yn

mz

MB c ui ngang
MB khng c ui ngang
- mz/

AO

TT

TL

Trc K

x
xA

Gc cnh li cao = const

Thnh phn thnh phn ui ngang

xTT
xTL
xn
y
a-K hiu hnh hc v ti

b-H s m men dc v cc iu kin cn bng

Hnh 22: n nh tnh dc ca my bay

B qua lc cn ta c m men chc-ngc ti trc i qua tiu im kh ng vung

gc vi mt phng i xng XOY ( dng khng th nguyn):
mz mz, t k

x x tdkd
S V
CY T T
CY , dn dn dn dn
bA
Sb A V

(143)

Mc o n nh tnh l khong cch t trng tm my bay n im trung lp

(TL), -c gi l d tr n nh tnh:
x TL x TT
m /
.
z
bA
CY /

(144)

+ d tr n nh tnh (t) ti thiu khi c nh cn li l tiu chun la

chn cc kch th-c cnh li cao (ui ngang N). nh tm sau trong tr-ng
hp ny xc nh theo cng thc:
x TL x A x TL x A x TL x TT
.

bA
bA
bA
bA

(145)

Gc lch cnh li cao cn thit bin i tc cn bng:

dn 2CY ( x TL x TT )S

.
V
CY , dn VcbSdn dn

(146)

71

Khi th lng cn li (m men kh ng bn l bng khng) d tr n nh -c

xc nh nh- sau:
'
x 'T L x A C Y , dn
d Sdn dn Vdn
' 1

bA
C Y d Sb A V

(146)

+n nh vi cn li -c gii phng quan h vi tiu hao lc cn li. Quan h gia

mc gia tng lc cn li v mc gia tng tc bay bng -c xc nh nh- sau:
dPdn
G Sdc b A , dc b A .( 2 3)mc dc x 'TL x TT

dV
Vcb Sdn dn
CY , dn
bA

(147)

+ iu kin d tr n nh tnh khi cn li -c gii phng:

(dPdc / dV)min Vmax dn dn CY, dn
x 'TL x TT

bA
2Ghc, m Sdn (Sdc / Sdn )3 / 2 bA k dc mc dc

(148)

vi: kdc-h s =(2-3)grad/m; G khi l-ng t-ng ng trng l-ng G; Sdc-cnh li

cao; Sn- din tch ui ngang (hai thnh phn ny c th bng nhau); m c h s
chun cnh li cao (m c >0 cn li chuyn dch v pha tr-c-n nh tng,
im trung lp tr-t thm v sau xa hn so vi khi cn li c nh v ng-c li)..
+n nh khi c ng my bay:
nh tm trung lp theo qu ti khi cn li c nh l v tr trng tm ti
chuyn v cn li gy ra 1 n v qu ti bng khng:
dc

dc

x n y x TT
bA

0,55n y

Sdn 2dn CY , dn
Gb A

(149)

nh tm trung lp theo qu ti khi cn li t do l v tr trng tm ti chuyn

v cn li gy ra 1 n v qu ti khc khng.
Gii hn d tr n nh theo qu ti khi cn li t do:
x 'n y x TT
bA

(Pdc / n y ) dn dn CY, dn
G Sdn (Sdc / Sdn )3 bA k dc mc dc

(150)

d tr n nh theo qu ti xc nh bng khong cch trng tm v im

trung lp theo qu ti v l ch s trc tip tiu hao lc cn li theo qu ti:
'
Sdc bA, dc bA k dc mdcdc x n y x TT
Pdc

n
Sdn dn
CY, dn
bA

(151)

c-Vai tr ca ui ti iu khin dc ca my bay:

Trn mt s loi my bay gii hn nh tm sau xc nh bng iu kin thot ly
tch dng c-ng ln. T cc phn tch ng lc hc bay cho thy kiu ui ch
T v s dng ng c phn lc phn ui thn c kch thc hn 15% so vi n
nh theo nh tm sau cho tr-c ca ui khc loi.
D-i y cp n gii hn nh tm tr-c vi s bo m d tr cn thit..
Hiu qu cn thit ca ui ngang xc nh theo cng thc:
72

2
m

C
Sdn dn
x
' V
Y , max z ,0, 25 TT 0,25; k dn dn dn

Sb A
k dn CY , dn CY , max b A
dn V

(152)

Hiu qu ui ngang khi ct cnh:

Sdn dn CY , max
m banlez 0, 25 VMB,1 x c y R R / G x TT
CY , cc x bl

0,25

Sb A
k dn k z
Vhc
bA

CY max
CY.bb b A

(153)
2

k dn

CY, dn z ( x dn x bl )
x dn x bl Vdn
; k z 1

dn Vtachdong
CY, dn Vtchdng

My bay ri v tr cn bng v bin i dng chy bao khng nht thit dn n

tch dng trn cc b mt phn ui my bay (N). T quan im ny thng
th-ng xy ra vi cc iu kin bay kiu vo h cnh vi nh tm gii hn tr-c.
c tr-ng l cc ch bay tng tc t tc cn bng 1,2V c hay t qu ti
ny=0,5 , tc cn bng 1,3Vc n tc Vmax, ct tnh ton vi cnh t th (V=(1,21,8)Vc):
Sn/S
t dng trn
ui ngang

0,3

Sdn dn m z 0, 25 / CY , max 0,7( x TT / b A 0,25)

Sb A

1 d / d

k dn CY, dn dn , min 0,39

CY

CY , max

0,2

(154)
vi dn, min =-0,25rad

0,1

t Y=Ymax
t dng
vng bnh mi
0,2

0,4 xTT/bA
0
Hnh 23: Kch th-c ui ngang v cc gii hn
theo nh tm (iu khin tc khng ln)

d-ng x ng lc hc (XLH) ca my bay- vn cn quan tm trong

thit k my bay:
Khi thit k my bay v uica n cn nm -c cc c tnh ng lc hc ca
my bay c bit l cc my bay bay tc , cao ln v trang b cc thit b ci
thin c tnh ct h cnh. Chng cho thy vai tr quyt nh trong la chn kch
th-c ui. Sau y ta xt t quan im n nh ng lc hc vi cn li c nh.
-Dao ng chu k ngn:
y l dao ng ca my bay trong tc bay khng i vi bin i gia tc gc
tuyn tnh. Chuyn ng thng th-ng nhanh tt dn v n nh. Chu k T=(1-10)s.
+nh ngha: Tn s dao ng ngn t l vi tnh c ng ca my bay:
Muc tan glucnang
gSVC Y
Y

Muc tan g trongluong tocdo

2G

(155)
73

n Y

Muc tan gquataidun g CY

Muc tan ggoc tan

CY

+La chn cc kch th-c ui sao cho cc dao ng chu k ngn xy ra vi mc

chn rung ln nht, l cc h s chn rung kh ng chp nhn -c theo
tc gc m z v theo mc gia tng gc tn m z :
z

CY , dn Sdn dn
mz z mz

1
2,2
,
2
CY rz
CY S b A

(156)

Khi n nh tnh theo qu ti c ga tr:

x n Y x TT
bA

1 rz2 n
CY ,

2 c Y

(157)
rz2

vi:

Izg
G
; c
2
GbA
gSb A

- Bn knh qun tnh v mt t-ng i ca my bay,

n ; I z ; - Tn s dao ng ring, m men qun tnh, gc tr-t dng sau cnh MB.
+Tiu chun rt gn xc nh cc kch th-c ui ngang theo dao ng chu k
ngn:
*Chu k ti bin dao ng gim i 2 ln:
T1 / 2

4 ln 2

m z z m z

Y 2
2
C
r
Y z

*M men gim chn kh ng:

Y

z
z

(158)

m
V

1,1 Sdn 2dn CY, dn 1

C r
Iz

2
Y z

-Dao ng chu k di:

c tr-ng ca cc dao ng chu k di l gy ra cc lc php tuyn v tip tuyn
b sung trong khi gc tn my bay gn nhM
khng i. Cc dao ng dng ny sinh ra
0
0,2 0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
trong b-c chuyn th nng thnh ng
m z
-0,4
nng v ng-c li. Cc dao ng chu k di
H=0
khng nguy him v phi cng c th
-0,8
v-t qua bng cch nghing nh cnh li
-1,2
ln xung. Trong mt s tr-ng hp dao
ng chu k di l mong i trong cc ch
H=6000
-1,6
H=12000m
bay chun hoc bay theo ng h (
-2,0
gip phi cng kim tra).
Hnh 24: nh h-ng tnh nn v tnh
Trong giai on thit k c th khng ch
n hi ca kt cu my bay
74

dao ng bng cch:

+Tnh n kh nng bin i lc y ng c v bo m n nh tnh d-ng.
+Tnh n nh h-ng tnh nn trong tr-ng
hp my bay cn m. Trn Hnh 24 l tnh n nh tnh dc ca my bay Boeng747,
m=290tn, xTT=25%bA
Nguyn nhn gin tip ti suy gim n nh tnh dc l:
*Tr-t tiu im kh ng ca cnh.
*Tng gc lch dng sau cnhdo tng c-ng xoy ca cnh gy ra hiu ng
chng cn rung.
*i vi my bay cnh qut tng ng p sau cc cnh qut. nh h-ng ny ph
thuc ti trn cc thnh phn ui v v tr ca chng vi thn-cnh. mc nh
h-ng ln cc ch tng lc, cao thp.
3.5.2 Thit k ui my bay:
Thit k ui my bay -c tin hnh theo ph-ng thc tun t lm gn ng, trn
c s s dng cc s liu thng k.
1- Thit k ui ngang (N):
n nh tnh ph thuc cc t l (Sn/S), (Sn n/SbA). Theo cc ga tr thng k
sn c ca cc loi my bay v dn di N c th xc nh cc mi quan h
(1 / 2Sdn / S) v (1 / 2Sdn dn / Sb A ) chng c cc gi tr chp nhn -c
Sau kim tra h s gc ca -ng
[m/s]1/5
cong lc nng:

1/ 5
C

Y , dn

3
1
dn cosdn

(160)

(S dn dn C Y,dn Vhc )
40
30

C-141

DC-8
Beng727
M men qun tnh cng xc nh theo
F-27
th t-ng t th Hnh 25.
S-125
20
(Izg)1/5, (Kgm2)1/5
Ph-ng php trn gi l ph--ng php
105
20
30
rt gn, ngoi ra cn c ph--ng php
chi tit da trn c s tnh ton theo cc
Hnh 25: xc nh cc tham s ch vo h cnh
cng thc t (140 159) ni trn.
Sau s dng cc th cn bng my bay, chn di nh tm ti -u v chnh
xc ho cc tnh ton.
2-Thit k ui ng ():
Thit k phc tp hn nhiu so vi thit k ui ngang do cc tnh ton tnh
kh ng trong cc h-ng hnh trnh v h-ng tr-t cnh lin h vi tr-ng tc
phi i xng sau h cnh thn v s chy bao d-i gc lch dng
Do vy thit k ng-i ta th-ng s dng ph--ng php rt gn t-ng t nu
trn. Nt ring ca vic thit k ny l phi s dng nhiu th, s liu thng k
v kim tra vi nhiu i l-ng c tr-ng theo cc cng thc gii tch gn ng
Trong phn ch v i l-ng hnh hc cn phn bit:
75

-Vi c phn chuyn tip gia phn tnh v phn thn sau nh (hoc khng
c) th chiu di ( dd ) -c tnh t mp ngoi n b mt ngoi ca thn
sau.
-Vi cc tr-ng hp khc th dd -c tnh t mp ngoi ti trc thn sau MB.
Tng t nh vy cho vic tnh din tch phn tnh (S ), cn din tch ton
b (S ) s l tng ca din tch phn tnh S v phn cnh li hng S c
lp, y:
S = S+ S
(161)
Nh- trn ni, sau khi s dng cc s liu v cc th thng k cn kim tra
cc i l-ng c tr-ng th hin cc yu cu ti thiu ca ui ng :
- kim tra cc i l-ng c tr-ng:
+Tnh iu khin khi hng mt bn ng c:
k dd C

Z , dd

Sdd

V
k dd dd
V

CY

z dc R

my MB dd
x dd G
x dd
dd laihuong ( dd )

(162)

Cn l-u mt s gi tr :
dd 1,2 vi ui ng ch T; b, cnhli = (0,3-0,35)b, p-tnh ; c = (25-30), lc
bn p Pb =81,6 daN
+Cn khi hng mt bn ng c:
CX
Rz dc 2
(
)
C /()
Gx dd dd
Rz dcCY
0,15 khi =5o
Gx dd

(163)

2
Y

lc ny cn tng cng sut iu khin.

+Tnh n nh cnh (h-ng) ca my bay :
Sdd x dd dd Vdd
1

0,
S
V
2

my (my ) MB dd k dd CZ, dd

= (0,04-0,1) cho my bay 01 ng c,

= (0,1-0,25) cho my bay vn ti,

Sdd x dd m y (m y m y , CQ im y )

S
CZ, dd (Vdd / V) 2

Giao thoa thn cnh imy = -0,17 cho cnh t trn,

imy = +0,012 cho cnh t gia,
imy = +0,024 cho cnh t gia.
M men n nh cnh ca thn MB:
76

(164)

1/ 2

vi:

S h
k 1
S h 2

/ h 3,5; k 0,3

TT

1/ 3

b 2

b
1
h
0,75 , max 0,105

(165)

+Tnh n nh cnh sau khi h cnh c gi:

x dd
( dd )

(my ) MB dd

k dd CZ, dd

Sdd

S
dd canhlaihuong

(166)

3.5.3 bn trong thit k ui my bay:

1-Gi thit:
Trong cc thnh phn cc lc tc ng ln ui th lc kh ng l ch yu nn ta
ch quan tm n lc ny.
Trong qu trnh bay s bin dng thn sau v ca kt cu ui c nh h-ng n
lc kh ng, nh-ng trong tnh ton ta coi thn sau v kt cu ui l cng, b qua
bin dng v s thay i lc kh ng ca ui.
2-Ti tc dng:
a-Ti tc dng ln ui ngang:
+ Ti hm: Ti hm sinh ra do lc cn cc thnh phn kt cu ui khi my bay
bay vi tc ln.
+ Ti cn bng: sinh ra trn N nhm
Mz
Pdn
to ra m men cn bng cho my bay
bay ch bay bng Xt gi tr ti
Ln
ln nht trong cc tr-ng hp chu ti
A, A, B, C, D, D.
Hnh 26: Xc nh ti tng hp tc dng ln ui ngang
Gi tr ti tnh ton tng hp:
'
P f .m q.Sdn .
Ldn
tt
dn

'
z

(166)

Trong : f-h s an ton trong tr-ng hp chu ti ca my bay.

m 'z h s m men chc ngc ca my bay khi khng c ui ngang,
trong tr-ng hp xt, c tnh n nh h-ng tnh nn ca khng kh.
q-p lc ng trong tr-ng hp bay ang xt.
' -tay n dng xc nh Mz, thng th-ng ' =bCAX.
Sn, Ln- din tch v khong cch t im t lc kh ng n trng
tm my bay. Nu Ln>1,5(S/L) th coiLn bng khong cch t
trc quay cnh li ln xung n trng tm my bay
Khi M<1:
*Cho tm n nh (c nh khng xoay):
77

vh
q od

vh
19
1 q od
Podvh
vh

b od ; h=
bod ; x od
65
0,65 bod
Sod

*Cho cnh li ln xung: q

vh
c

Pcvh

b c
S c

(167)
(168)

0,1 b o
qvh
2h

1,5h
Xn
Xo

xcl

qcvh

bo
bn

bn

a-Phn b ti trn ui ngang 2 na

b-Phn b ti trn ui ngang lin khi

Hnh 27: Phn b ti trn ui ngang

Pdnvh Podvh Pcvh ;

vh
vh
q dn
q od
q ch
c ;

X dn

(169)

1 vh
q od X od q cvh b c
vh
q dn

Nhn xt:
**Ti ln tm n nh v cnh li ng-c chiu nhau.
**Ti tc dng ln cnh li t trc quay ca n.
**Ti tc dng ln cc phn t l vi dy cung ca tng phn.
*Ti tc dng ln ui ngang lin khi:
q vh,

Pdn
.bdn ,
Sdn

X 0,3125bdn ,
h

(170)

Pdn 1
.
Sdn 0,6

Khi M>=1:
Lc ny ti phn b u dc theo dy cung kh ng N. Gi tr cc ti l:

78

vh

Pdnvh

b dn ; X 0,5b dn ;
Sdn

Pmvh'z 0 m 'z 0q.

PmvhC Y
z

'
Sdn ;
L dn

(171)

'
m Cz Y C y .q.
b dn ;
L dn

Pdnvh m 'z 0 .q.

'
Sdn
L dn

+Ti c ng: Gm ti cn bng v ti bo

m c ng. Lc ny trn cnh li ln
xung xut hin ti b xung Pcdvh v MB
c ng vi gia tc gc = ( Pcdvh .Ln)/Jmz
Jmz- M men qun tnh
* Trng hp bay A, B, C:
Ti tng hp: Pdnvh Pcbvh Pcdvh
S gia ti:

vh
cd

K n

vh
1 max

G
. .Sdn
S

vh
q vh 0,1b cl
qod

qcvh
hod

(172)

hcl
Xod

xcl

X
bo

bcl
bn

vi h s c ng K1 = f(M, q, ch bay):
Hnh 28: Phn b ti c ng ui ngang M<1
Khi M<0,8: K1 = 0,265 ch bay A
; K1=0,2 ch bay B,C.
Khi M0,8: K1 = 0,32 ch bay A; K1=0,25 ch bay B,C.
* Tr-ng hp bay leo dc thng ng, thot ly b nho, thot ly khi khoan..
Ti cn bng ln hn ti c ng nhiu nn b qua ti cn bng
vh
Pcdvh K 2 n max
.

G
.Sdn
S

(173)

Khi f = 2: K2>K1 v K2=1/3 cho MB t c ng, K2=0,5 cho MB c ng.

*Khi M<1:
Phn b ti theo dy cung theo Hnh 28, lc ny ti xc nh theo
Tm n nh:
vh
od

Pdnvh
b
vh

.Sod , q od
Podvh od ,
Sdn
Sod

X od 0,5.bod , h od

79

P vh
dn .
Sdn

(174)

vh
vh
qod
qdn

qclvh

0,5h
h

hcl

Xod
X

xcl

xcl
bo

bcl

bcl
bn

Hnh 30: Phn b ti c ng ui ngang khi bay

qua dng nhiu ng

Hnh 29: Phn b ti c ng ui ngang M<1

Cnh li ln xung:

vh
c

Pdnvh
b

.Sc , q cvh Podvh c ,

Sdn
Sc

P vh
X c (19 / 65).b c , h c 0,5 dn .
Sdn

(175)

C ui ngang:
vh
vh
Pdnvh Podvh Pcvh ; qdn
qod
qcvh
vh
q cvh .bod (19 / 65)q cvh .bc 0,5bod..q od
X
vh
q od
q cvh

(176)

*Khi M1: Ti kh ng phn b u trn cnh li dc theo dy cung (Hnh 29)

Pcvh Pcdvh , q cvh Pcvh

bc
,
Sc

Pcvh
X c 0,5.bc , h c
.
Sc

(177)

+Ti khi my bay bay qua nhiu ng (Hnh 30):

Xut hin ti b xung do nhiu ng
Pdnvh Pcbvh Pndch , Pndvh 1,5C.Vo, max .Sdn

C-H s ph thuc vo nh mc ti, h s an ton f=1,5.

*Khi M<1:
Khi ui ngang l tm khng lin khi (c tm n nh v v cnh li)
Phn b ti nhiu ng th hin trn Hnh 30:
cho gn t a=bcl/bdn
Cho tm n nh:
80

(178)

vh
vh
q od
q dn
q cvh

X od

Pdnvh 1
a2
.bod ;
.
.1
Sdn 1 a 108

b 1,0125 3a 2 2a 2
od .
3 (1 a )(1,08 a 2 )

(179)

Cho cnh li ln xung:

qcvh

Pdnvh a.bc
1
; Xc bc
Sdn 1,08
3

(180)

Cho c ui ngang:

vh
qdn

Pdnvh
P vh
.bdn ; Xdn 0,3125.bdn ; h dn
Sdn
0,6Sdn

(181)

+Ti khng i xng:

Trn Hnh 31 cho thy ti khng i xng cho mt s tr-ng hp bay, khi xut
hin m men nghing:
(182)
Mvh
x mx dn .Sdn .q

Pvh/2
P1
0,7Pvh/2
P2

b-nh gi bn N:

a2
ai

Pcbvh

dn

c-nh gi bn :
Hnh 31: S phn b ti khng i
xng trn cc phn ui ngang

Hnh 32: S xut hin ti cn bng trn ui ng

b. Ti tc dng ln ui ng:
Ta xt tr-ng hp my bay c mt .
-Ti hm:
Pddvh 0,19.q maxSdd
S phn b ti ny t-ng t nh- Hnh 27.
-Ti c ng:
Xut hin khi bt ng lch cnh li h-ng:
Pddvh 0,37.q maxSdd .

(183)

(184)

Phn b ti ny t-ng t nh- trn Hnh 28, 29.

-Ti khi bay qua nhiu ng:
Pddvh 0,16.Vo, max .Sdd
81

(185)

H s C=1, khi M0,8; C=1,3 khi M>0,8.

-Ti cn bng khi ng c mt bn cnh b tt:
n

vh
cb

P a
i 1

i. i

Ldd

(187)

-Ti kt hp:
Ti ny gp khi mt bn ng c b tt v my bay vn c ng hoc bay gp
dng kh nhiu ng. Xc nh ti bng cch ly 2/3 tr-ng hp ti ca (185) cng
vi ti (183) hoc cng cc tr-ng hp ti trn ng vi tr-ng hp thc t.
c-Ti tc dng ng thi ln ui N & :
Tnh cc ti:
+i do N truyn ln .
+i do N & ni vi x ngoi thn
+i do N & ni vi x thn sau.
Cc nh mc ti quy nh cc N & lc ny chu 75% gi tr ln nht.ca
chng.
d- Cc bin php gim ti iu khin cho cnh li:
-B tr kh ng:
+To phn din tch cnh li tr-c trc quay (khong 28% S c ) lm cho khong
cch gia tm kh ng v trc quay ca n gim i. Mt khc m men kh ng
trn 2 phn din tch s ng-c chiu nhau nn m men bn l gim ng k.
+B tr tr ng:
Tm b tr nm mp sau cnh li, chng chuyn ng v hai pha ng-c nhau,
gy ra cc m men ng-c chiu nhau (Sbt=28% S c ).
+B tr bng p lc ng.
Lc ny lc p sut do p lc ng ca dng kh sinh ra to ra m men ng-c
chiu vi m men do cnh li sinh ra do vy m men bn l gim i.
+B tr bng tr lc:
Cnh -c iu khin trc tip t phi cng: khi nghing cnh li th phi cng cn
iu khin cnh li tr lc theo chiu ng-c li, gc nghing ph hp vi mun
ca con ng-i.

82

Ch-ng IV.
Thit k cc h thng my bay
4.1. Cc vn chung:
I-Yu cu thit k cc h thng my bay.
Cc h thng my bay (CHTMB) l cc h thng k thut -c lp t trn my
bay bao m s iu khin v lm vic ca cc thit b, hot ng mt cch c lp
v phi hp, thc hin cc chc nng theo tn gi, bo m cc mi quan h bn
trong v bn ngoi trong mi ch lm vic ca my bay.
T gc chuyn ngnh my bay ng c c th phn CHTMB ra cc h thng
(theo chc nng, theo ngun nng l-ng s dng), sau:
-H thng iu khin.
-H thng thu lc.
-H thng kh nn.
-H thng nhin liu.
-H thng tng p v iu ho bung li.
-H thng chng ng bng.
-H thng chng chy..
Trong iu kin bo m s lm vic ca my bay, vi thi gian ca mn hc ta s
quan tm 4 h thng u tin.
1-Yu cu v kch thc trng l-ng; y l yu cu ti thiu ca cc h thng lp
t trn my bay. y cn gii quyt cc mi quan h hai chiu, tho hip cc ch
tiu ca vt liu. Thng th-ng cc vt liu c bn cao th trng l-ng ln: Cac
my bay c s dng vt liu composite th kch th-c trong hnh chiu bng cng
ln hn mt cht (0,3-0,5)%. Trng l-ng cc h thng s lm tng trng l-ng
rng ca my bay v lm gim trng l-ng hiu dng cu my bay.
2. Yu cu v gii lm vic rng:
My bay l loi kh ti c di lm vic rng v tc (M<1 n M=3-4) v
cao (0-20)Km. Cc ch bay li t-ng i phong ph, gn 10 ch ti v rt
nhiu bi bay c ng. Trong iu kin di rng lm vic s n n cc ch ti
ln cc thit b v cc h thng s rt ln. c bit s chuyn tip t ch ny
sang ch khc cng yu cu nhng b-c qu hp l.
3-Yu cu v bn:
Cc vt liu bn to iu kin cho kt cu cc h thng lm vic an ton v
trong cc iu kin bt li v nhit (sinh ra do t nng kh ng tc ln).
Hn na i vi cc kt cu hng khng, cc iu kin ti rung do cc dng kh
nhiu ng sinh ra trong kh quyn gy ra s ph hy mi vt liu. Do vy cc kt
cu ca cc h thng cn c bn mi thch hp p ng iu kin lm vic khc
nghit ca my bay.
4- Yu cu v thi gian tc dng ngn:
y l yu cu t-ng i c tr-ng ca kt cu cc h thng hng khng xut pht
83

t yu cu iu khin cc ch bay. Cc thi gian tc dng ca cc kt cu v t

hp ca chng ch din ra trong vi giy n vi phn trm giy. My bay cng ln,
tr ca cc h thng cng ln s khng bo m yu cu cho ra cc tham s u
ra theo nh iu khin ca phi cng.
5-Yu cu v kn, an ton chng chy n:
y l yu cu tt yu bo m tin cy lm vic cao. CHTMB khi lm vic
s b gim hiu sut cng tc nu h thng khng bo m kn. Bn cnh s
v-ng vi cht cng tc ra cc khoang kt cu my bay s gy ra nhng hin t-ng
chy n.
II c im thit k CHTMB:
1-Ngun nng l-ng s dng:
Trn my bay c nhiu ngun nng l-ng v chng phc v cho nhiu mc ch
khc nhau, kh nng tc ng, thi gian tc ng ca chng cng khc nhau.
Ngun nng l-ng -c phn chia:
- Theo dng nng l-ng:
+in -c.
+Cht lng.
+Cht kh.
- Theo cu trc:
+Chnh,
+ Ph,
+Tc ng ngn (khn cp).
-Theo chc nng:
+Tc dng lin tc.
+Tc dng ngt qung.
a. Ngn nng l-ng in -c.
Ngun nng l-ng in c s dng nng l-ng in t my pht v c quy, bin
i thnh c nng iu khin cc thit b. C cu chp hnh th-ng l cc m t
in, nam chm in, in tr-ng.
Ngun nng l-ng in c -u im l:
-C th s dng vi thi gian khng hn ch.
-C kh nng truyn cng sut i xa, d dn truyn.
-Tin li cho tho lp, bo d-ng.
- bn cao, tnh sng dai cao.
Ngun nng l-ng in c nh-c im:
-Cng mt cng sut Ngun nng l-ng in c kch th-c, trng l-ng ln.
-Qun tnh ln;
-Gi thnh cao.
-Cn lm mt.
-Khi lm vic cao ln, nhit thp th tin cy nh.
Do cc c im trn ngun nng l-ng in s -c s dng cho cc thit b
84

cng sut nh (3-5)Kw khng i hi cao v qun tnh v cng vng. Loi ny
th-ng dng ra tn hiu iu khin cho cc thit b khc.
b-Ngun nng l-ng thy lc
-c to ra nh p sut cht lng do bm thy lc hc bnh tch p to ra. C cu
chp hnh ca n th-ng l cc xi lanh thy lc hoc m t thy lc.
Ngun nng l-ng in c -u im l:
-Trng l- v cng sut nh trong cng mt cng sut khi s dng ngun nng
l-ng khc.
-Cng sut ln.
- tin cy cao.
-Gi thnh thp.
Ngun nng l-ng in c nh-c im l:
-Phm vi lm vic b gii hn bi nhit .
-D d r, chy n.
- nhy ph thuc vo sch cht cng tc.
c. Cht kh.
L ngun nng l-ng do cc bnh kh nn -c np sn hoc do cc my nn kh
ring lp trn my bay hoc trch t my nn ng c.
c im ca ngun nng l-ng ny l th-ng -c s dng cho cc thit b c
cng sut t (5-10)Kw. Khi s dng kh nn t cc bnh kh nn th thi gian s
dng b hn ch. Cn nu ly t my nn th hiu sut my nn s gim nhanh v
nu ly t my nn ng c th l-u l-ng v p sut hn ch.
u im:
-Trng l-ng nh, gii phng cng sut nhanh.
-Cht cng tc n nh.
-An ton chng chy.
Nh-c im:
-Dung l-ng nh,
-C qun tnh do kh c tnh nn.
-Khng iu khin -c c cu chp hnh cc v tr trung gian.
-Kh kt kn do nht nh.
2- Khi l-ng v nh tm h thng:
Khi l-ng h thng ph thuc:
- Khi l-ng cc phn t kt cu.
- Khi l-ng cht cng tc-mi tr-ng truyn nng l-ng (thu lc, nhin liu. .)
- Cng sut tiu th ca h thng, cng sut tn hao.
- Ph--ng php khai thc (np du trn khng hoc np mt t).
nh tm h thng ph thuc:
- Trng tm cc phn t kt cu to nn h thng.
- Qu trnh, b tr, tiu hao mi cht cng tc trong vn hnh (nhin liu..).
85

3- B tr sp t h thng trn my bay:

-Bo m th t cng tc, th t tiu hao.
-Bo m h s in y thch hp:
+Tng s l-ng cc quan h gia thit b,
+Tng nhu cu bo m tin cy (b tr p cc h thng, thit b an ton..)
+Dng thng in thu nhn v x l tng, thi gian ra quyt nh ca phi cng gim.
M hnh ton hc ca bi ton b tr sp t cc thit b trong cc h thng l xc
nh, [5]:
Q(u)
Q(u)
min N
sign
min (u)
uG
L uG
L

(4.1)

Trong : N- Phn nguyn ca biu thc trong ngoc vung; u-vc t to v tr

ca thit b Si ca mt h thng trong khoang kt cu Pj:
u = (x1,y1, z1, 1, 1, 1, x2,y2, z2, 2, 2, 2, , xn,yn, zn, n, n, n ).
Q(u)-Chiu di cc phn t h thng -c b tr trong khoang kt cu P.
L-Chiu di khoang kt cu; - S l-t nh nht theo vc t sp xp u.
Q( u )
Q( u )
sign
= 0 khi
=0
L
L
Q( u )
=1 khi
0.
L

86

4.2 Thit k h thng nhin liu (HTNL)

I Cc vn chung:
1 Chc nng v cc yu t tc ng HTNL:
a-Chc nng:
HTNL c nhim v cha nhin liu, cung cp nhin liu cho ng c mi ch
lm vic.
Kh nng cha nhin liu quyt nh tm bay ca my bay: L-ng nhin liu cng
ln th tm bay v thi gian bay cng tng. Trn my bay trng l-ng nhin liu
np thng th-ng chim (20-60)% trng l-ng my bay.
Ngoi cc nhim v c bn trn HTNL cn c kh nng gim ti cho kt cu bng
chnh trng l-ng ca chnh nhin liu (trng l-ng c chiu ng-c vi lc nng ).
2-Cc yu t tc ng:
a-Tng cao bay: Khi H tng nhit nhin liu gim, gim tnh cao khng ca
h thng lm tng tc bay hi v p sut nhin liu chng t ti p sut hi bo
ho. Yu cu cn b tr cho HTNL c thit b s-i m, c h thng tng p tch kh
ra khi nhin liu
b-Tng tc bay: Lc ny nhit nhin liu tng to nguy c chy n, tng p
sut hi bo ha v tng tn tht nhin liu.
Yu cu gi nhit mc quy nh, chng chy n.
Bin php kt cu: Cch nhit thng nhin liu, lm mt nhin liu hoc tng p
bng kh tr.
c-Khi my bay c ng:
Nguy c ln nht l s cung cp nhin liu b ngng tr, c bit vi cc dng c
ng qu ti ln..
Yu cu cn phi cung cp nhin liu lin tc.
Gii php kt cu l dng van bay nga hay van phao., bm nhin liu b sung.
d-Yu t iu khin:
Lm thay i trng tm my bay khi iu khin. Cc nh thit k cn phi to ra
h thng iu khin th t tiu hao nhin liu.
e-Tm bay v thi gian bay:
nh h-ng trc tip l kh nng cha nhin liu, yu cu cn tng sc cha. Mun
p ng cn c cc thng ph mng thm nhin liu, tip nhin liu trn khng.
f-Thi gian chun b bay:
nh h-ng ti thi gian np nhin liu. Yu cu k thut v kinh t l thi gian
np nh nht. Mun p ng th cn c nhiu ph-ng n np nhin liu.
g-Tnh khai thc:
nh h-ng tid cc cng vic chun b, kim tra, sa cha. Yu cu cng ngh
y l thi gian chun b nhanh, d tho lp, bo d-ng, sa cha.
Mun p ng -c cn thit k n gin, thun tin, d tip cn.
3-Xc nh trng l-ng t-ng i ca HTNL.
87

Trng l-ng t-ng i ca nhin liu c th xc nh theo cc tr-ng hp sau:

a-Khng tnh n s bin i trng l-ng my bay do tiu hao nhin liu:
Lc Vp , H V , H
G NL
= KNL
(4.2)
NL K NL
G0
3,6v ht
Trong :
KNL- H s tnh n mc tng trng l-ng HTNL do trng l-ng cc thit b ca
h thng; L-Tm xa bay cn thit; c HvV
-H s tiu hao lc y ring theo tc V
p
v cao H. P V , H -Lc y hiu qu ca ng c tc V v cao H; -Mc
trang b lc y ca ng c. vht- Tc hnh trnh.
b-Tnh n s bin i trng l-ng my bay do tiu hao nhin liu:
c

3
,
6
V
;
(4.3)
NL K NL 1 e

II. Cc vn trong thit k HTNL

1.Cc s HTNL:
D cc my bay c th c kch th-c khc nhau song c th c cc HTNL trong
cc loi chnh sau:
2. Mt s tnh ton quan trng trong thit k HTNL:
a-Bo m tiu hao nhin liu:
nhin liu lun in y thng tiu hao, th l-u l-ng nhin liu qua ng ni
gia thng cha v thng tiu hao phi bng hoc ln hn l-ung ln nht ca ng
c yu cu (Qmax). Khi thit din ni ng l:
1
(4.4)
F Q max
2gh
h: Mc chnh cao mt thong gia 2 thng. -Tng tn hao.
b-nh tm my bay trong qu trnh tiu hao nhin liu:
-Khi tiu hao u, trng tm khng i xTT:
Vi 2 thng 2 pha v khong cch trng tm (x2x1) khng bng nhau (khi tiu
hao u):
G1=(x2/x1)G2
(4.5)
-Khi tiu hao theo nhm:
Trng tm lun thay i:
xTT=(Mx0-mx)/(M-m)
(4.6)
Trong : M- Trng l-ng nhin liu tr-c khi tiu hao l-ng nhin liu m.
m- L-ng nhin liu ang tiu hao; x0, x Trng tm ng vi trng
l-ng M v l-ng tiu hao m.
c-Tng p thng hi:
-Tiu hao theo tng p (kn):
v 2DC
pth + pH = gh1 + 1
(4.7)
2
V,H
p

V,H
ht

88

-ng tng p
Thng
tiu
hao

Thng
cha

ng c

Truyn
cm l-u l-ng
Lc
Bm truyn

Bm tiu hao
Van ngt
Bm bc 2

Hnh 4.1: S nguyn l HTNL my bay

Vi phun C

Bm NLC
Lc th
Bm NL
Lc th

Lc tinh
N5

Bm NLC Vi phun

N4

N8

ng h
l-u l-ng

N2

N8

N4

N5

Ca
np du
N7

N6

N3

N1

N3

N6

N7

H thng mt bn cnh

Van o u
Hnh 4.2: S nguyn l HTNL my bay tc nh
Van 1 chiu

T my nn
-ng tng p
Cc thng thn
Thng tiu hao

Thng
thn
Bm truyn
Bm tiu hao
Bm truyn

n ng c

Thng cnh

Thng ph

Hnh 4.3: S HTNL trn my bay tc ln

89

vi: pth; pH - p sut tng p thng tiu hao v p sut kh quyn cao H.
h1- cao chnh gia b mt thong thng v ca vo ng c
vC-tc nhin liu cn thit vo ng c. 1 tn hao trong tuyn ng tiu hao
v2
Vi s tng p h: pth = H k
(4.8)
2
Chnh p gia thng cha v thng tiu hao:
v 2t
(4.9)
p gh 2 2
2
vi: h2, 2 Chnh cao ga 2 thng v tn hao trn ng truyn;
vt: Tc cn thit ca nhin liu trong ng truyn.
d-Tng p trong s tiu hao do bm truyn:
02
pH + p pth + pxt pqt +
- Z. + pbh .
(4.10)
2g
Vi: p ; pxt Chnh p do tng p v chnh p ti thiu chng xm thc.
pth; pqt- Tn hao do cn thy lc v doqun tnh nhin liu.
pbh Chnh p bo m nhin liu khng t n p sut bo ha.
02
; Z. -ng p v tnh p ca nhin liu sau bm vo thng.
2g
e-Np v x nhin liu khn cp:
1
-Ph--ng php np h:
2
L-ng nhin liu chy t thng (1) n thng (2)
2gh
Q2 f
(4.11)
Hnh 4.4: S np h

1
d

1
V2
d
Din tch thit din ng ni: f = Q n
(4.12)
V1 V2
2gh
vi: Qn- L-u l-ng qua ming np;
Thng 3
Thng 2
Thng 1
, , d, v - H s ma st, chiu di,
-ng knh v tc nhin liu
qua ng.
-Np trung tm:
ng 3
ng 2
ng 1
Ti im A:
d 22 V2 1 2 2 / d 2
ng 5
B
A
ng 4

2
d 1 V1 1 1 1 1 / d 1
Hnh 4.5: S np trung tm
(4.13)
90

Ti im B:
1 3 3 3 / d 3
d 32 V3

d 12 V1 1 1 4 1 1 / d 1 4 4 / d 4
-X nhin liu khn cp:
Quan trng l thi gian x t:
AB
tD
;
(4.15)
2g NL
x NL ;
A=
fx
B=

ta

;C=

f ta
2V
D=
H1 H 2

p ta p x
Z;
NL

H1 C H 2 C

(4.14)
fta

pta

H1
fx px
H2

fx, fta: Thit din l x v tng p

px, pta: p sut tng sap v x, H1, H2, Z cc cao
Hnh 4.6: S x nhin liu khn cp

(4.16)

91

4.3 Thit k h thng thy lc (HTTL)

I Cc vn chung:
1 Chc nng v cc yu t tc ng HTTL:
a-Chc nng:
HTTL c nhim v cung cp nng l-ng d-i dng p sut cht lng, bin thnh
c nng lm dch chuyn cc c cu iu khin trn my bay.
HTTL c mt hu ht cc h thng cn c dch chuyn c hc trn my bay.
2-Cc yu t tc ng:
a-Loi cht lng cng tc (du thy lc):
Loi cht lng cng tc -c c tr-ng theo cc h s sau:
- H s n hi theo nhit :
V / V0
(4.17)

t
V0, V, t: Th tch ban u v cc mc bin i th tch v nhit ,
-H s n hi theo p sut:
V / V0
(4.18)

p
p: Mc bin i p sut.
- nht:
l kh nng cn tr chuyn ng ln nhau gia cc lp cht lng.
1
[Ns/m2]
(4.19)

u / y
trong : -Lc ma st gia cc lp cht lng;
u/y- Gradient tc ca cc lp cht lng.
b-Yu cu i vi cht lng cng tc:
-M un n hi ln.
- nht t thay i trong khong nhit lm vic (-50 130)C.
-Tnh bi trn tt v kh nng gi tnh cht ny nhit v p sut cao.
-p sut hi bo ho thp, nhit to bt cao, khng t bc chy.
-Khng lm g, hoc ph hng cc cc b mt cng tc ca cc loi m hoc b
mt t-ng ng ca cc cp b i.
.Thi gian s dng ln.
b-Cc yu t tc ng ln cht lng cng tc:
-Qu trnh xy ho -c y mnh (nu c n-c th qu trnh nhanh hn).
-Cht lng lm vic p sut cao, ti trng ln gy lo ho cc chi tit, gim
nht, sch cht lng.
-Khi nhit quco nh h-ng c tnh h thng, tng hm l-ng a xit gy r kim
loi, to kt ta..
- ho tan kh trong cht lng lm rung h thng, gim cng sut bm..
92

II. Cc vn trong thit k HTTL

1.S HTTL:
-ng thp p
Thng
cha

Van phn phi

Xi lanh

Van an ton

Bm
Bm

-ng cao p
Hnh 4.7: S HTTL

H thng nhin liu c th -c chia ra cc khu:

-Khu to p: To ra cht lng c p sut ln, n nh, l-u l-ng ph hp vi cc
ch bay.
-Khu lm vic: L khu bin p sut cht lng thnh c nng iu kgn cc
thit b.
-Khu khn cp: C cu to nh- khu to p, c th lm vic song song hoc ng
thi cng khu to p chnh thng qua van khn cp.
mt s my bay hin i th h th 4 v 5 vic iu khin cc b phn phi thy
lc s dng cc tnh hiu in m khng dng cc -ng du cao p ch huy.
2. Khuych i thy lc.
Khuych i thy lc l cc thit b bin i p sut cht lng thnh c nng iu
khin cc thit b khc theo tn hiu iu khin.
Khuych i thy lc -c hiu l
v 2
mt qu trnh trong lc v hnh
x =1
1
trnh iu khin ti l nh so vi lc
x =0,5
v hnh trnh u ra ca thit b.
0,5
a-c tnh p lc:
p
-1
(4.20)
x x / x max ; v v / v max ;
1
P P / Pmax ; v x 1 P
0,5
-Khi P 1 & P ng-c chiu vi lc p
x =0,5
x =1
sut, lc ny P ng ng vai tr lc cn
-1
ngoi lc s y c cu chp hnh
- 2
chuyn ng theo chiu ca n (ng-c
vi chiu cn iu khin)
Hnh 4.8: c tnh p lc
khc phc hin t-ng ny ng-i ta lp thm van mt chiu vo -ng cao p
ti c cu chp hnh: du cao p s khng b chaye ng-c li ngun -c, c cu
93

chp hnh dng li ch khng b y ng-c tr li (ng-c vi nh iu khin).

Trong tr-ng hp ng-c li, P 1 & P cng chiu chuyn ng n s ko nhanh
c cu chp hnh (CCCH) chuyn ng theo n lm cho cht lng khng kp in
y khoang trng trong khoang cao p:gy ra hin t-ng rung v dao ng p sut.
trnh hin t-ng ny ng-i ta thit k sao cholc p sut ca CCCH ln hn 1,52 ln Png, max c th xut hin trn CCCH.
b-c tnh tc :
v 2
L s ph thuc ca tc dch chuyn
P =1
1
ca CCCH vo m ca c cu phn
phi (CCPP) khi ngoi lc khng i.
tnh tc cho thy vi mi gi tr
P =0
0,5
P khi x tng th v tng
p
-1
tnh tc cho thy trong iu kin
P =0,75
1
my bay ri v tr n lp th tc dch
0,5
chuyn ca c cu chp hnh t l vi
-1
tc dch chuyn ca phi cng ( m
- 2
ca CCPP).
Hnh 4.9: c tnh tc
c- nhy v chnh xc:
nhy -c xc nh bng sai s theo thi gian cn chnh xc l sai s theo
hnh trnh:
-Do tnh tr ca cht lng th lc p sut cn bng vi ngoi lcv tc n
nh theo thi gian th cn i hi mt khong thi gian nht nh.
-Do tr ca c cu phn hi khi cui hnh trnh th CCPP dng li mt thi
gian mi ng hon ton cc -ng du ti CCCH.
y l cc vn m cc nh thit k phi tnh n trong thit k ng lc hc
HTTL.
3- mi v dao ng ca cc -ng ng:
a- mi:
bn mi ca ng ph thuc vo cc ti sinh ra do xung p sut cht lng, va p
thu lc v rung ng ca bn thn -ng ng. Cc ti ny lm bin dng ng theo
chu k v ph hu mi ng. Trong cc yu t tc ng th rung ng c kh v dao
ng p sut c nh h-ng ln nht n bn mi ca ng. Mt trong nhng ch
c bn mi thp nht ca -ng ng l on ng b - van. Qua thc nghim cho
thy vi ng c -van l 0,8 (t l d trc ngn v trc di ca mt ct -van) th
bn mi ca n gim i 10 ln so vi ng trn cng iu kin lm vic.
Trn tuyn ng, ch c bn mi thp hn c l on ng cong. Mt khc p
sut cht lng li c xu th y cho ng thng ra nhm xut hin ng sut rt ln
ch cong nht ca ng. Khi c dao ng p sut th y l ch b ph hu mi u
tin. Chnh v vy trong thit k: ch bt buc pah un cong ng, th yu cu phi
94

un cong ng u n v bn knh un cong phi un cong ng u n v bn knh

un cong phi ln hn 3 ln -ng knh ngoi ca ng.
Ph hu mi cn c th xy ra cc ch lp rp. Kinh nghim cho thy, khi lp
rp cc cng ln ng b ph hu mi ngay c khi mi rung vi bin nh.
b-Dao ng ca cc -ng ng:
Khi tn s dao ng ring ca ng trng vi tn s dao ng p sut hoc tn s
rung c hc ca ng s dn n cng h-ng gy ph hu ng.
Tn s dao ng p sut c th tnh -c khi kho st c tnh ca bm thu lc,
cn tn s rung c hc c th tnh -c khi kho st thnh phn kt cu my cc
ch bay ca my bay. Vic cn li l thit k cc ng dn sao cho tn s dao
ng ring ca n khng trng vi cc tn s kia.
Ng-i ta xc nh tn s dao ng ring ca ng v nh h-ng ca p sut cht
lng ti n:
-Tn s dao ng ring ca ng xc nh bng cng thc:
EJg
3,56
2
(4.21)
L
G O G cl
Trong : L- Khong cch giu cc kp c nh ng;
E- M un n hi ca vt liu;
J- Mmen qun tnh mt ct ng
G0-Khi l-ng 1m ng
G c -Khi l-ng cht lng trong 1m ng.
-Tn s dao ng ring ca ng chu nh h-ng ca p sut trong lng n.
P
' 1 1 ,
P2

u2
vi:
;
P1 p.f m
2
2 EJ
P2 = 2 .
L
Trong : p- p sut cht lng trong ng ;
f- din tch mt ct trong ca ng ;
u- tc dng cht lng ;
m- trng l-ng cht lng trn mt n v chiu di

95

(4.22)

4.4 Thit k h thng iu khin(HTK)

I Cc vn chung:
1 Chc nng, cu to HTK:
a-Chc nng:
HTK my bay l h thng bin i cc tham s chuyn ng ca my bay theo
mun ca ng-i iu khin mt t v trn khng. Thc cht l qu trnh cc c
quan iu khin nhm thay i cc lc v mmen tc ng ln my bay kt qu l
my bay s chuyn ng theo qu o mong mun.
Qa trnh iu khin -c chia lm 4 khu:
- Thu nhn thng tin v mc tiu v nhim v iu khin ;
- Thu nhn thng tin trong qu trnh iu khin ;
- Phn tch cc thng tin -a ra hnh ng iu khin ;
- Tc ng ln c quan iu khin.
Thng tin -c bin i thnh cc tn hiu iu khin cc c cu chp hnh
nhm t -c ch ra.
Bn khu ny ln l-t ni tip nhau thc hin lin tc cho n khi hon thnh
nhim v chuyn bay.
b- C quan iu khin:
C quan iu khin l cc cnh li v cc thit b trc tip lm thay i lc v
mmen tc ng ln my bay.
Theo mc ch iu khin chuyn ng ca trng tm my bay c quan iu khin
-c chia thnh 4 nhm:
- Nhm cc thit b iu khin chc-ngc: bao gm cch li cao, ui nga.
- Nhm cc thit b iu khin nghing: bao gm cnh ling, iu khin na
ui ngang
- Nhm cc thit b iu khin h-ng: bao gm cnh li h-ng, iu khin tm
cn 1 bn my bay.
- Nhm cc thit b iu khin tc bay: bao gm lc y ng c, my bay.
c- H thng iu khin:
HTK c cc thnh phn chnh sau y:
- C cu trung tm l cc thnh phn -a ra tn hiu iu khin. Trong ca-bin
c cc thit b thuc c cu trung tm l: cn li, bn p, tay ga, cc cng
tc, nt n. Ngoi ra cn c my tnh trung tm, cc my li.
- Cc c cu dn ng l cc thnh phn truyn cc tn hiu iu khin, bao
gm: thanh truyn, tay lc, dy cp, truyn ng in, truyn ng thu lc,
truyn ng kh, dn ng v tuyn
- Cc c cu chp hnh l cc thnh phn bin tn hiu iu khin thnh c
nng iu khin cc thit b. Bao gm: khuch i thu lc, xi-lanh thu
lc, xi-lanh kh nn, m-t thu lc, m-t in
- Cc c quan iu khin l cc thnh phn bin i lc mmen tc dng ln
my bay, bao gm: cc cnh li, tm gim tc, cnh t
96

- Cc truyn cm v thnh phn hin th: ng vai tr cm nhn v hin th cc

thng s quay phc v cho iu khin. Bao gm: cc truyn cm gm: cng
tc nhy, ng h, n tn hiu, b pht m thanh, mn hnh
- Cc thit b hn ch thng s bay v bo m an ton bay l cc thit b hn
ch, cc thng s bay ln nht v nh nht cho php m bo an ton bay.
HTK c mt hu ht cc my bay t giai on u n nay.
2-Cc yu cu i vi HTK:
a- tin cy cao, c nhiu ph-ng n d phng. h thng c kh nng lm vic
ngay c khi hng hc cc ngun nng l-ng, khi thn, cnh, ui b bin dng.
b-B tr hp l, ph hp vi tm sinh l v sc kho phi cng.
c-HTK phi khai thc ht tnh nng bay ca my bay.
d-Bo m chnh xc cao, ma st nh nht
II Cc vn thit k HTK
1-Tnh ton thit k HTK:
Tnh ton ti v cc quan h ca n l vic tin hnh u tin ca nh thit k.
Thng qua v d c th ta s lm sng t nhng cng vic phi lm.
Bi ton
Xc nh ti tc ng ln cn li my bay (iu khin bnh li cao - ui
ngang) cn bng vi m men bn l tnh ton M Bltt =36kgm v xc nh t s truyn
iu khin d / d . Cc tham s hnh hc l:
r1=5cm; r2=6cm; r3=8cm; r4=10cm; r5=12cm; r7=10cm; H=60cm.
1 30 2 30 3 8 .
iu kin : m men M Bltt t-ng ng gi tr cn bng ca ui ngang
0
P

M Bltt

9
2
r2
r3
6
8
r7

3
r4

r3

Hnh 4.10: S h thng iu khin cao

Trnh t gii
a-Xc nh ti ln cn li:
Lc S1-2 xc nh t cn bng bnh li cao:
97

r1
1

M Bltt
S1-2=
(4.23)
r1 cos 1
Lc ti tt c cc thanh lc khc xc nh t iu kin cn bng thanh truyn v
tay lc i vi cc trc quay ca chng:
M32 0 ; S 3-4r3-S 1-2r2 = 0;
S 3-4 = S 1-2r2/ r3=.
M45 0 ; S 5-6r5cos2-S 3-4r4 = 0;
S 5-6 = S 3-4r4/ r5cos2.
(4.24)
M6 0 ; S 6-7r7cos3-S 5-6r6 = 0;
S 6-7 = S 5-6/ cos3
M8 0 ; PH-S 6-7r7cos3 = 0;
P = S 6-7r7cos3/H
b-Xc nh t s truyn iu khin d / d .
p dng nguyn tc chuyn v kh d, b qua ma st c th vit biu thc cng:
PH d M Bltt d 0;
PH
T : d / d = tt .
(4.25)
M Bl
3-Xc nh bn v mc rung tay lc 5-6, nu cho 56 , -ng ng Dxd=
3532cm, vt liu 16T c =42kg/mm2; E=7.105kg/cm2 . My bay vi ng c c
vng quay n.

-Theo nh mc bn, ti ln cn li khi iu khin ccnh li cao nm trong

khong Pdktt =(130-240)kg. Chn Pdktt . Xc nh h s tnh truyn:
Ptrtt
.
k tr
P
Cc ti tnh ton trong cc phn t truyn iu
(4.26)
khin: chng c th l bi s ktr ln ca lc S5-6:
S5tt6 S56 . ktr.
- Kim tra lc ko: iu kin bn:
k.b
k-h s tnh n s gim thit din v gim bn do tp trung ng sut cc l
lin kt cui thanh truyn k0,8. Theo s tay tnh ton bn my bay F[cm2].
S tt
5 6 .
(4.27)
F
k b
H s d- bn m =

98

-Kim tra lc nn , coi lc nn Pn= S5tt6 . Theo ti liu tra cu trn tm -c lc ph

hy ti hn Pth [kg] i vi thanh truyn bng dura lin kt kiu khp cu. T :
S5tt6 < Pn.
P
H s d- bn m = ttth .
(4.28)
S 56
-Kim tra thanh chuyn chu ti rung:
trnh xa s cng h-ng, tn s dao ng ring ca thanh truyn khng -c
php nm trong cc di vng quay khai thc nkt sau:
nkt 300v/ph,
2nkt 400v/ph.
Xc nh tn s dao ng ring (TSDR) ca thanh truyn S5-6 dm c nh
khp cu:
30 EI
= 2
.
(4.29)

m
Vi thanh truyn dng ng Dxd c khi l-ng phn b q[kg/m], J[cm4].
q
m = [kg.sek2/cm].
(4.30)
g
Lc dc trc nn v dn lm bin i TSDR theo cng thc le:
S
[1/ph].
(4.31)
1
Pole
Du + khi lc ko, du - khi lc nn,
S- lc trn cn li khi c ti P[kg].
P
S5-6= S5tt6 tt ;
Pttr
2 EJ
[kg ] .
Ple=
() 2
Khi dm c 2 u khp cu nn 1:
(4.32)
S
Khi ko: P= 1 5 6 [v/ph].
P
S
Khi dn: P= 1 56 [v/ph].
P
Nh- vy trong ti kho st P, khi thanh chuyn chu nn, TSDR dao ng nm
trong cc gii hn nguy him (gn 2n) v dao ng trong chu k tc ng ca lc P
gn cc gi tr cng h-ng.
99

2-To ti - iu chnh ti v iu chnh t s truyn.

a-To ti:
Vi my bay c tc cao, tnh c ng ln, trng l-ng ln ng-i ta dng
HTK khng c phn hi: Lc cn li ch iu khin c cu phn phi (CCPP)
ca CCCH cn ton b m men bn l ca lc kh ng do CCCH m nhn. T
to cm gic iu khin (gi lc cn li) ng-i ta phi to ti. C th to ti
bng l xo, p sut thy lc, kh nn, t tr-ng. Cc c tnh ca chng c th l
thng, gy khc hoc phi tuyn.
b-iu chnh ti v iu chnh t s truyn:
thun li cho iu khin ng-i ta lp h iu chnh ti v iu chnh t s
truyn. Cc my ny c nhim v:
-Gim t s truyn v tng ti tc dng ln cn li khi bay p lc ng ln.
-Tng t s truyn v gim gi lc tc dng ln cn li khi bay p lc ng nh.
Thng th-ng iu chnh ti theo quy lut tuyn tnh cn iu chnh t s truyn
theo quy lut phi tuyn.. Cc b iu khin ny c lp c m t in , truyn cm
ring: khi thay i ch bay di cn ng lng ca chng thay i mh-c chiu
nhau. T ng-i ta ghp my iu chnh ti v iu chnh t s truyn thnh mt
my gi l my iu chnh-iu khin.
Lc ny thnh phn c h thng gim i nh-ng vic b tr my iu chnh-iu
khin (CK) l bi ton phc tp. Mt loi my ny -c s dng nhiu l my
CK l mt ng lng:
-V ca n -c ni vi cn li
-Hai u cn -c ni vi my to ti v my khuych i thy lc
Khi bay my CK c vai tr c bit quan trng, khi hng th hu nh- khng
iu khin -c chnh xc.
Trong thit k ng-i ta phi d phng bng tay thng qua iu khin di cn
ng bng tay theo tng vng tc - cao. Trong :
-Vng H ln_ V nh: di ln.
-Vng H_V trung bnh: di trung bnh.
-Vng H nh_V ln: di nh.

100

4.5 Mt s vn v thit k h thng kh nn (HTKN)

1 Chc nng, cu trc chung HTKN:
a-Chc nng:
L h thng to lc, thng qua cc c cu chp hnh (xi lanh, piston, m t kh)
iu khin cc thit b cn thit trn my bay.
V bn cht th HTKN & HTTL khng khc nhau nhiu song cc tnh cht tnh v
ng th khc nhau nhiu.
HTKN th-ng dng dn ng cc c cu chp hnh, iu khinphanh, bt kn
np bung li, ng m np bung li v cc h thng khn cp (th cng khn
cp).
b-Cu trc chung HTKN.
- Phn ngun nng l-ng:
Gm cc van np, bnh cha, kho, ng h p sut. Cc bnhg kh nn c th t
p sut (120-200)daN/cm2.
- Phn iu khin:
bao gm cc van gim p, van in tiu khin. V vic iu khin thun li
(45-50)daN/cm2 nn ng-i ta phi dng van gim p h p sut kh nn.
- C cu chp hnh:
Bao gm cc xi-lanh, piston, m t kh.. nhm bin nng l-ng kh nn thnh c
nng iu khin cc thit b khi c tn hiu iu khin.
2-Tnh cht ca kh nn trong vai tr mi cht cng tc:
a-Tnh nn: L kh nng thay i th tch ca cht kh khi p sut tc dng ln n
thay i. -c c tr-ng bngh s nn
1 dv
(4.33)

V dp
vi: V-Th tch ban u ca cht kh, dv & dp l-ng thay i th tch v p sut.
Quy lut bin i ca v & p theo hm a bin.
b- tr:
L ln khong thi gian t khi bt u m van iu khin n khi thit b lm
vic.
Do nh-c im ny HTKN -c s dng cho cc h thng khng i hi tc th
v thi gian v lc iu khin nh..
Trong thit k ng-i ta b tr cc c cu chp hnh gn ngun kh nn.
c-Chuyn ng khng u ca piston trong xi lanh:
y l nh-c im ca HTKNdo lc ma st. Chuyn ng khng u th-ng xy
ra giai on u. Cn cung cp kh n xi lanh piston chuyn ng nhanh dn.
Song khi chuyn ng th th tch khoang xi lanh tang ln lm gim p sut cng
tc nn piston li chuyn ng chm dn.
Chu trnh c th lp i lp li.
101

Trong thit k mun lm gim nh h-ng cn to cc gim chn c bit lp trong

xi lanh nhm chng s tng nhanh tc ca piston.
Do khng th khng ch -c v tr trung gian nn HTKN ch -c s dng thit
b ch c im u v im cui.
d-An ton gc va p th lc:
Do cht kh chu nn v qun tnh nh nn va p thy lc nh.
e-An ton vi s thay i nhit bn ngoi:
Do c nn ln nn s thay i p sut kh nn chm hn.
f-Kh nng gii phng cng nhanh:
Do c nn ln nn kh nng tc ng v gii phng cng nhanh. Chnh v vy
m th-ng -c dng lm v n tng lc, vt np bung li, th cng khn cp.
..
Ngoi nhng tnh cht trn HTKN cn c:
-Trng l-ng ring nh: So vi du thy lcAMG th cng mt p sut trng lng
ring ca cht kh ch bng 25%
- nht rt thp so vi cht lng nn mc mt mt nng l-ng v-t qua cn
thy lc nh. Ng-c li yu cu bt kn ca HTKN phi cao.
..
3-Phm vi s dng:
-H thng chnh:
Phanh cc bnh, vt np bung li, vt v n tng lc, th ngt d gim tc.
Trong qun s th HTKN cn dng np n.
-H thng ph:
Phanh khn cp, th cng khn cp.

102

Ch-ng V.
chn ng c my bay
5.1 -c im & tnh nng k thut ca mt s loi ng c
Bng 5.1: c im-tnh nng ng c hng khng
P,
[daN]

S
T
T

(1)

Hng
v
loi ng c

(2)

Ct
cnh
H=0,
MSA
Htrnh
H=11
M=0,8

(3)

Cr
[kg.h/
daN],
Htrnh
m,
H=0,
MSA

K
Gkk,
[kg/s]

Chung
Tng
qut

(4)

(5)

T4*

L,
[m]

Dtk
-ng
knh
-ng
tin
kh,
[cm]

Gc,
rng
[Kg]

(7)

(8)

(6)

Bung

S ng c

S trc

Tng
qut

(9)

My
nn
Tua
bin

Lm
mt
Tua
bin

(10)

(11)

ng c phn lc

1
2

Turbomeca
Arbizon

400
133

1,14
0

Prantt Witney,
JT15D
Rolls-Roys,
Waiper

0,88
3,2
128
0
0,93
1,9
0,79
1

General Elektric
CF-7002B

Rolls-Roys,
Spey

1000
233
1545
667
1950
428
4470
1680

Snecma,
M-56-20

1000
2320

0,67
4,0

Prantt Witney,
RB211-22

19050
4020

0,61
4,8

Soloviev,
D30K
Kuzonetxop,
NK-8-K

11500
2750
10500
2750

0,67
2,8
0,78
1

Afco-Licoming
502D

2800
609

0,78
6,1

6
7
8
9
10

5,5
-

1,51
115

1
-

1TA,DT
-1CALT
3

Vng,
Khng

1235
55,3
1135
47
91,3
-98,3

1,51
229
1,16
270
1,91
334
2,09
805

2
1
1
2
1
3
1

1LTCA;
1CA,
2CA
7
1

Vngng-c
Khng
Vng,
Khng

8DT
2

Khng
SL

91

10,2
1,58
5,6
6,8
16
-

4DTTtB12DTCA
2CA, 2TA

323

18
1.55

1480
157,5

2,9
3
1940 1

602

25
1.3

1420
217.2

3,03 3
1237 1

232

20
2
23,2
2,15

143,5
1145
144,2

1,61
2150
5,10
2200

2
2
2

6DTTA6DTCA1CA,
1TrA,
3TA
7DTTrA6DTCA1CA,
1TrA,
3TA
3DTTA11DTCA,
2CA, 4TA

ngKhng
kh
Vng,
Khng
kh

108

10,3
1,39

1285
102,4

1,62
526

2
1

LxD

Gc,
S trc

0,95
0,4
1,48
0,58

62
2
312
2

6
35,4
20
38

272

9DTTA6DTCA,
1CA,
2TA
7DTTA1LTCA;
2CA-2TA

Vng,
Chy
bao
12ng,
Khng
Khng
SL
Khng
kh

ng c tua bin cnh qut

ST
T
11
12

Loi ng c
Elpon,
250 (T63)
Rolls-Roys,
DartMK-511-7

P, Nga
V Htrnh,
Km/h

Ce,
Kg/Kmh
Gkk, kg/s

T 4, K

250
149
1400
800

0,295
1,35
0,24
5,5

6
1170
1210

nc,
V/ph
48950
2100
103

nCQ
V/ph
1680

MN
TB

Bung
t

6DTCA1LTTA,
2CA-2TA

Vng

5DTTA1LTCA;
2CA-2TA

Vng

5.2 Cc vn v la chn ng c hng khng:

1.Yu cu chn ng c my bay.
-Lc y:
La chn ng c c lc y cn thit cho cc c tnh bay l mt trong nhng
nhim v ca nh thit k my bay. Lc y ng c c quan h nht nh n kch
th-c hnh hc v cc c tr-ng kh ng hcca cnh my bay. Nhng vn
cho n thi im chn kiu loi ng c cng ch-a -c bit ht.
- So snh phn tch: Phn ln cc nh thit k my bay la chn cc ng c
-c ch to v th nghim, nh-ng trong mt s tr-ng hp tht k my bay da
trn mt s d n ng c mi th cc c tnh ca chng vn cn thay i..Khi xy
dng d n, kho st hai hay nhiu ng c cn so snh cn thn nhng c tr-ng
kinh t v k thut. Nu cc so snh ch-a sc thuyt phc cn tin hnh cc
kho st kt cu cc ph-ng n n mt mc nht nh, lm sng t cc hu qa
la chn dng ny hoc dng kia ti kt cu my bay.
-Chng loi my bay:
i vi my bay cnh qut cn la chn sao cho kt cu cnh qut t-ng ng vi
cc c tnh ca ng c v my bay. S lan y l phi t-ng ng vi cc c
tnh ng c. Kch th-c hnh hc ca cnh qut quan trng t quan im bo m
c li cn thit gia cc cnh qut v kt cu my bay hoc mt t.
i vi my bay phn lc di la chn ng c t-ng i rng v t do t gc
b tr trn my bay. Tuy nhin s phi tr hon thin ca ng c ph thuc cc
nghin cu kh ng hc. Tt c cc hng sn xut my bay cn la chn mt s
phi tr ng n.
-Cc h thng ng c khc:
Trong giai on thit k cng cn phi tnh n s tn ti ca cc h thng o
chiu lc yv cc thit b b tr ca h thng ng c.
Tm li ni ln cc vn sau:
a-Chn s l-ng ng c ph thuc gii hn chng loi kch th-c thit b to lc
(TBTL).
b-S l-ng ng c ti thiu t cc phn tch cc c tnh bay mt cch ti -u.
c-My bay c 3 ng c th hin km -u th trong cc nh gi kt cu so vi my
bay 4 ng c.
d-Thit k my bay ch thc s bt u khi c cc l-ng thng tin cn thit v
cc c tnh v cc s liu chnh thc v ng c la chn.
e-Cc ng c la chn phi p ng nhng yu cu v khai thc s dng, v bo
d-ng-sa cha v v vn mi tr-ng
2-Cc yu t nh h-ng ti vic b tr ng c:
a-Mc trang b lc y:
Quan h ca t l lc y tng cng trn trng l-ng ct cnh v qung -ng
chy cho cc loi my bay khc nhau v s l-ng ng c khc nhau -c xy
104

dng nh- l th tra cu chun. My bay tm trung v tm xa lp t 3 hay 4 ng

c.
Vic la chon ng c ph hp i khi c vai tr quyt nh. Trong nhng tr-ng
hp cn nh h-ng sao cho c lc y mong nun. So snh cc ph-ng n
ngi ta i n gii php quyt nh ng b.
Vi my bay 4 ng c c t vn k thut hn. Cc ng c trong ph-ng n
ny c mc phn lung n 6, vi -ng knh ln do bvy khng cn thit cng
my bay di. Nh thit k c mt s t do nht nhtrong b tr cc ng c trong
h-ng ngang vi cc gii php tho hip trong cc quan h vi khi l-ng kt cu
cnh, kch th-c phn ui ng v v tr trng tm. Cc gii php nh- vy gim
-c khi l-ng rng ca my bay.
Vi my bay 3 ng c bao gi cng xut hin nhi cu lp t ng c trong mt
phng i xng. C th ni rng mc gia tng trng l-ng do c ng c vng
trung tm bao gi cng ln
hn so vi 2 ng c khc.
B tr 2 ng c trn my bay dn n tng tng -ng knh ca chng v trong
mc ch gim chiu di cng dn n b tr ng c trong phn ui thn my
bay. Nu khng mong mun iu ny th gii quyt vn chiu cao my bay
ti v tr sn cn s dng s cnh b tr trn rhn.
b-Tt ng c trn khng:
-Xc xut tt ng c:
Khng th b qua xc xut tt ng c trn khng, ng c c th b tt do nhiu
iu kin khch quan. iu ny khng ch gy ra tn tht lc y m cn gy rung,
lt v tng cn do ng c my bay, do cn khng i xng. Nu gi xc xut
hng ca ng c trong mt gi bay l P ta c bng cc gi tr xc xut tng hp
cho cc loi my bay nh- sau (Bng 5.1):
Bng 5.2: Xc xut tt ng c trn cc my bay vi s
l-ng ng c khc nhau
s ng c xc xut hng ng c
1 ng c
2 ng c
3 ng c
trn
my bay
2
2P
P2
2
3
3P
3P
P3
2
4
4P
6P
4P3
-Tt ng c trn khng ngay sau khi ct cnh:
Vi cc my bay vn ti cn c d tr lc y ct cnh & bay tip.
An ton -c tnh n theo d tr tc bay. Tn ti cc nhu cu ly cao vi
cc my bay c tc tr-t cnh Vtrc<113Km/h (Tiu chun hng khng M, FAR
23.67, mc 5.4.3).
-Tt ng c trn khng khi bay -ng di (hnh trnh).
105

Khi n n s gim cao do lc y hin c suy gim. cc my bay 3 hay

4 ng c trn bay thc t sau khi tt ng c, bi v cc vn ca chuyn bay
vng kn theo a hnh i ni khng xut hin nu bay cao 3600m.
-c tnh bay khi tt ng c:
Khi hng cc ng c treo trn cnh din tch ui ng v cnh li h-ng phi
dung ho cc m men gy lc-op h-ng bay.
c-c tnh v khi l-ng ng c:
-Mc gia tng lc y:
Mc gia tng lc y l mt i l-ng quan trng ca c tnh ng c.
i vi cc my bay vn ti iu ny l c tr-ng trong qu trnh thit k v hon
thin. S tng kch th-c my bay t -c bng vic tng cng sut ng c trong
qu trnh pht trin ng c.
S ci thin lc y thu c bng vic tng nhit T3 tr-c tua bin, tng hiu
sut chu trnh nhit, tng -ng knh -ng tin kh v i khi nh tng mc nn
tng cng. Khng c mt bin php no nu trn l khng lm tng trng l-ng
t-ng i ca ng c. i vi cc ng c cnh qut c th ci thin c tnh ng
c cng vi vic la chn kt cu cc cnh qut cng vi vic b tr chng hp l.
-Khi l-ng ng c :
Khi l-ng ng c -c th hin theo quan h:
Mc = (Pc)n
(5.1)
Vi Pc Lc y ng c, n-s m , n = (1,07-1,14)
iu ny ccng phc tp khi so snh cc ng c thc vi cc mc lc y khc
nhau: Khng th phn bit rch ri lc y ring v kch th-c ng c. Vi cc
ng c tng -c ch to gi mt kilogan lc y s gim khi tng kch th-c
ng c.
3-Chn ng c:
chn ng c cn c cc s liu sau:
-Cc gii hn lm vic ca ng c v cc iu kin khai thc bay (Nhit ,
cao, tc .. ).
-Lc y v sut tiu hao nhin liu trong cc ch bay, cao bay v tc
khc nhau.
-nh h-ng ca vic chch kh v s dng cng sut ti c tnh ng c.
-Cc s liu kch th-c v iu kin lp rp nh-: khi l-c, kch th-c, v tr trng
tm.
-C-ng m bn ngoi, c bit l cho cc my bay hng khng dn dng.
c th la chn ng c mt cch ph hp ta c th s dng cc th quy
chun vi cc tham s khng th nguyn (Hnh 5.1)
Trong hnh 5.1:
Vng I: Ch ct cnh; Vng II-Ch thi gian bay lu nht; III- Ch ly
cao; IV- Ch bay khai thc; V- Ch bay -ng di (hnh trnh); VI-Ch
bay ch (trc ban).
106

H s kch th-c
1,6

R/( p T )

Khi
l-ng

1,4

n/(ncc T )
110%
1,6

IV
105%

0,7
0,65
1,2

-ng knh

1,2

III

Chiu di
1,0

100 %
0,75%

0,8
II

Vng quay

95%

0,9
CR/ T

0,8

VI

0,4

90%
85%

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4
1,6 1,8 0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0 M
Lc y t-ng i
a-nh h-ng kch th-c n cc rham s ng c
b- c tnh ng c 2 lung vi h h s phn lung nh
Hnh 5.1 La chn ng c theo cc tham s khng th nguyn

5.3 Tnh chn ng c.

1.Vng s dng ca ph--ng php :
y l ph--ng php phn tch c tnh ng c vi bn cht kho st cc chu
trnh nhit khc nhau. Thc t tnh ton ch ra rng cc c tnh ng c c th
-c miu t bng cc quan h gii tch khi gi thit rng:
-Lc y ng c cho iu kin dn n hon ton c th s dng cng thc tnh
lcy l t-ng thay cho lc y chun hin c:
R=mkc(Vkc-V0)+mq(Vq-V0)
(5.2)
vi: mkc, mq-L-u l-ng kh chy v kh qua tn qut;
Vkc , V0 , Vq Tc kh chy, dng kh tin nhp vo ng c v dng qua
tng qut.
-L-u l-ng nhin liu nh hn rt nhiu tng l-u l-ng kh chy v dng qua tng
qut.
-H s nhit l-ng ring ca khng kh khng i trong ton chu k lm vic ca
ng c. (=1,4).
-Dng kh qua My nn tua bin khng trn ln vi dng qua tng qut.
-Tn tht lc y do s dng cng sut ng c v chch kh khng ng k.
Vic tnh ton chn ng c thc hin theo cc trnh t trong mc 5.3.2

107

2-Tnh ton la chn ng c:

a-Tnh tham s chu trnh nhit:

Hm chu trnh:

vi: T4 / TH ; TBV

k
1,01

k /

0 , 2857

TBV (k )1

k
T

p 1 / p H ; 1 0,2M 2 ; k= 0, 2867 1

b-c tnh ring ca ng c tua bin phn lc:

0,4 BD M 2 1

0
TBR 1
-Hiu sut tng cng:

K
M
vi:
5
c
-Sut tiu hao nhin liu quy chun, R :
T
k / K
cR
= 0,711
5 TBR M
T
-Lc y ring quy chun,

(5.3)

(5.4)

(5.5)

G
T
KK
34,714 5 TBR M

c-c tnh ring ca ng c tua bin phn lc 2 lung:

-Mc tng p sut ti -u ca tng qut (q):
3, 5
2
2

T q 0,2 TBV M

q 1

(
1

.
m
)

vi m-Mc phn lung.

-Mc tng p sut trn ng vi tc ti -u ca dng phn lc:
VKC , opt
5 T BR mM 2 T BV / T q
340,4
1 T q .m
T
-Hiu sut tng:

108

(5.5)

(5.6)

(5.7)

BD M 2
1

0 0,4
(1 m)
TBR (1 T q .m)

TBV
k / K
2

TBR

T q

-Tiu hao nhin liu chun:

cR
0,711( k / K

5 TBR (1 T q .m) 0,2M 2 TBV .m (1 m)M

T q

-Lc y ring chun:

1

R
2 TBV

34,714
5 TBR (1 T q .m) 0,2M
.m M
T
m

G
T

d-c tnh ring ca ng c tua bin cnh qut:

-Tiu hao nhin liu ring chun:
k / K
ce = (tiu hao NL theo gi/Cng sut hiu qu) = C
T 0,28(M 0 ) 2 / T
C-H s chu trnh- C=0,067 nu ce tnh theo n v tnh [(kg/Nga)/h].
-Cng sut ring trn trc:
NB
C T 0,28(M 0 ) 2 / T

G KK T
-Cng sut ring t-ng -ng:
N
C T (M 0 ) 2 (0,4 0,193 / T )

GT
Gi tr C trong (5.12 & 5.13) l 382 khi NB l Nga v GB l Kg/s

(5.8)

(5.9)

(5.10)

(5.11)

(5.12)

(5.13)

Sau khi tnh -c cc gi tr chun, ta theo cc th chun ho cp trong

mc II.2 chn ng c xc nh cc kch th-c ca ng c thit k.

109

5.4 Cc ph-ng n b tr ng c trn my bay:

1-My bay s dng ng c tua bin phn lc:
Vi my bay s dng ng c tua bin phn lc ph-ng php ct, h cnh bnh
th-ng, ng c c th lp trong thn, ngoi thn, treo cnh..v.v
-Khi t ng c trong phn cui thn my bay th-ng s dng cho my bay
chin u. Vi ph-ng n ny m bo cho my bay c hnh dng vi cht l-ng
kh ng m bo t nh h-ng n tnh n nh v iu khin my bay, gi treo
ng c cn nh, trng l-ng ca my bay cng s nh.
-ng dn kh vo ng c c th bt u t mi my bay th vic s dng p lc
ng ca dng kh nn s b tr-c khi khng kh vo ng c s rt tt song kh
khn v phc tp trong s dng b tr khong khng bn trong phn u thn my
bay.
Khi -ng dn kh bt u t gc cnh hoc cnh thn my bay th s ngn hn
thun li trong vic s dng khong khng bn trong phn u thn b tr trang
thit b, lm bun tng p, ch lm vic ca t li, song ming ht kh d b che
khut khi bay c tr-t, nh h-ng n iu kin lm vic bnh th-ng v n nh
ca ng c.
-ng c treo ngoi thn hoc vng gc cnh.
ng c treo ngoi vng cui thn hoc vng gc cnh (cnh trung tm) lc
y ng c (ng c) gn mt phng i xng ca my bay nn khi hng mt
trong cc ng c th vic m bo cn bng cng n gin hn.
Khi treo ng c ngoi vng cui thn s gim -c ting n n my bay nh,
dao ng truyn v khoang khch cng hn ch, kh nng s dng thit b lch v
o chiu lc y s thun tin hn, kh nng tn hao lc y thit b vo v thit
b ra s nh hn Tuy nhin ph-ng n treo ng c nh- trn s lm tng trng
l-ng phn thn sau ca my bay gy kh khn trong vic nh tm my bay.
-Ph-ng n c nh ng c gc cnh (c th trong vng cc dm cnh hoc
pha sau dm sau ca cnh) s t lm tng lc cn, tuy nhin -ng dn kh vo
ng c di hn s lm tng tn hao lc y. Ngoi ra ph-ng n ny s lm tng
mc ting n, rung ng ln n khoang hnh khch, v bc phn thn sau b
nh h-ng dng kh sau ng c, d gy dao ng ln, mt khc n cng rt d gy
chy h thng -ng dn nhin liu khoang thn
-Ph-ng n treo ng c trc tip vo phn gc cnh. Ph-ng n ny s c -u,
nh-c im nh- ph-ng n treo ng c ngoi thn, vng gc cnh k trn, song
ch s dng cho cnh c vng gc vi chiu cao kt cu ln (cnh dy), ng c c
kch th-c nh. Khi t ng c theo ph-ng n ny, ta cn nhiu ca cng tc
phc v tho lp v kim tra ng c, nh- vy n s lm tng trng l-ng kt cu
panen cnh.
-My bay vi ng c t cnh.
ng c trong tr-ng hp ny c th t trc tip vo cnh hay treo vo gi treo
d-i cnh.
110

Ph-ng n treo ng c ny c th gim -c tn hao lc y, gim ti cho cnh

my bay khi bay, kh nng kim tra, kim sot ng c trong qu trnh s dng
cng n gin.
Tuy nhin ph-ng n ny s lm phc tp trong cn bng my bay khi mt ng
c b hng, n cng lm tng lc cn ca my bay.
2-My bay ct h cnh trn -ng bng ngn:
My bay ct, h cnh -ng bng ngn hoc ct, h cnh thng ng cn c lc
y theo ph-ng thng ng v lc y theo ph-ng nm ngang ( bay, c ng
trn khng bnh th-ng nh- nhng my bay khc). Thng th-ng my bay ct, h
cnh -ng bng ngn v thng ng h thng ng lc gm:
-Cc ng c nng, to lc y theo ph-ng thng ng v ng c chnh (ng c
hnh trnh) to lc y theo ph-ng nm ngang.
-Ch c mt h thng ng lc, va to l y theo ph-ng thng nm ngang.
-H thng ng lc vi cc thit b tng lc (to lc theo ph-ng yu cu) thit b
tng lc s to lc theo ph-ng nm ngang, v to iu kin cho thit b tng lc
lm vic (to lc y theo ph-ng thng ng hoc theo ph-ng cn thit no ).
Ta c th thy 3 ph-ng n s dng thit b ng lc cho my bay ct, h cnh
-ng bng ngn v thng ng sau.
My bay vi h thng ng lc s dng theo ph-ng n 1, my bay bao gm 8
ng c nng v 1 ng c chnh, 8 ng c nng t i xng quan trng tm my
bay, trc ng c thng ng ch to lc y theo ph-ng thng ng. ng c
chnh t nm ngang trong phn thn sau.
Ph-ng n s dng h thng ng lc k trn m bo an ton h cnh cho my
bay, khi mt trong nhng ng c ny b hng c th -ng ct, h cnh s di hn.
Ph-ng n ny tt nhin s lm cho kt cu chu lc ca my bay phc tp hn.
My bay vi h thng ng lc b tr s dng theo ph-ng n b2, my bay vi
mt ng c tua bin phn lc t c nh cng vi 4 ming phun c th quay v
iu chnh theo h-ng cn thit. My bay ct, h cnh thng ng nh lc y theo
ph-ng thng ng do cc ming phun quay mt gc 900 xung pha d-i. iu
khin my bay cc ch bay chuyn tip hay v ch ct, h cnh thng ng
c th s dng cc ng c nng hoc c quan iu khin phn lc Cc lung
kh, to lc y theo ph-ng cn thit.
Nhng my bay s dng h thng ng lc theo ph-ng n a, b ngoi vic c kt
cu phc tp ra lung kh nng t ng c tc ng rt mnh n mt -ng bng
lm nh h-ng n cht l-ng mt -ng bng.
my bay s dng h thng ng lc theo ph-ng n b3, ta thy my bay c hai
ng c tua bin phn lc, c bung t tng lc v hai h thng qut nn ca thit
b tng lc y t thn, i xng qua trng tm my bay.
cc ch bay bnh th-ng, hai ng c ny to lc y theo ph-ng nm
ngang.
111

 cc ch nh- ct, h cnh hoc treo trn khng h thng qut nn v thit b
tng lc y to ra lc y theo ph-ng thng ng.
Hai ng c ca my bay cng ng thi cung cp kh nn cho cc h thng qut
nn nn n m bo an ton cho vic to ra lc y theo ph-ng thng ng. Ng-i
ta cng c th t h thng qut nn vi thit b tng lc y trn cnh my bay v
cng dng h thng ny to lc iu khin v n nh my bay.
H thng qut nn c hiu qu kinh t ln, tc dng kh tc ng ln mt
-ng bng nh nn t nh h-ng n cht l-ng mt bng. Tuy nhin vi kch
th-c ln nn s kh khn trong lp t trn my bay.
3-My bay s dng ng c cnh qut:
Vi my bay s dng ng c cnh qut th ng c c th t phn mi thn
(vi my bay hng nh) hoc treo gi d-i cnh.
a-Tiu chun b tr cnh qut (theo tiu chun FAR23.925 & 25.925):
-Bo m khong cch t mt t 177cm (vi my bay c bnh mi), v 228cm
(vi my bay c cng ph t sau.)
-Bo m v tr quy nh gia cnh qut v mt t trong c tr ct cnh. khi th ht
hnh trnh gim chn cng v p sut lp khng cn.
-Bo m khong cch h-ng knh 25mm vi cc thnh phn kt cu khc.
-Vi thy phi c cn bo m khong cch 46cmgia cc cnh qut v mt n-c.
-Khong cch gia cc cnh qut 23cm
b-B tr cnh qut mi my bay:
-Bo m tm nhn phi cng trong mt phng thng ng, i khi cn tng tm nhn
bng tng di cng ph t tr-c. i vi ng c piton cn bo m dn ti v
dn i khng kh lm mt ng c, b trao i nhit ca h thng bi trn. Kh thi
sau ng c cnh qut khng -c nh h-ng n phi cng, hnh khch v cc b
phn my bay. Gc lch dng ca dng kh vo cnh qut phi nh bo m n
nh dc ca my bay.
c-B tr cnh qut trn cnh:
S ny p dng cho cc my bay c cnh t trn thn. Nu cng my bay thu
vo ng c cn phi xc nh v tr ng c v cc -ng ng thot kh thi. Mt
khc cn b tr h-ng lc y trng vi dy cung kh ng cnh hoc nh h-ng
thp hn mt cht, Kh thi sau ng c khng -c va p vo vng cnh t.
Vi my bay c cnh t d-i thn vn bo m khong cch cnh qut v mt
t kh khn hn. Lc ny ng c khng -c t qu cao trn cnh s lm tng
lc cn my bay. Ph-ng n tho hip l t ng c sao cho vc t lc y song
song vi tip tuyn b mt trn cng ca profil cnh, ng thi lung kh thi -c
dn theo ng ko di trn cnh. Khi dng kh tin nhp khng vung gc vi mt
phng quay ca cnh qut s gy ra ti bin i c chu k t l vi vng quay ca
cnh qut. Nhng ti bin i ny c th gim i khi chn gc lp ng c theo
quan h vi cnh.
112

ti liu tham kho

1. Trin lm hng khng Farbovo 2000. Moscow 2000.
2. Khng qun phng khng Nga: Qu kh, hin ti v t-ng lai. Moscow 2002.
3. Cc tp: My bay th k 21 ca Nga, Ty u v M. Airforce Moscow 2002.
4. T liu qun bo TT thng tin Khoa hc qun s 2002
5- . Torenbic.
Proektirovanie dozvukovych camoletov. Matscova -Masinostroenie-1985
6- I. C Golubev.
Kon strucsia i Proektirovanie dozvukovych camoletov. Matscova
Masinostroenie-1995.
7-Academia Ucrainskoi SSR
Proektirovania komponovki letatelnych aparatov i ix sistem Kiev- Naucova
Dumka 1985. SK SV 625/1987
8-E.V. Taraxov
Metodi proektirovania letateln-x apparatov Matscova -MAI-2002.
9-Iu. G. Stoian.
aftomatizacia proektirovania komponovki oborudovania letateln-x apparatov.
Matscova -Masinostroenie-1984. SK SV 5660/1984.
10. SAGI imen. Giucovskovo
Aerodynamika, Ustoitrivo st i upravliaemost sverchzvukovych.
Nauka-Fizmaylit 2002.
11. S. I. Golianov
Sbo nik zadach pokonstrucii i prochnosti camoletov,
Matscova -Masinostroenie-1986

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