‘7. eware af tht we a shes cothing (ayes) | "Tae doctor sys the patent hs farmed the corner (pase he cis). ‘Bevery cleverly tarned th lls on Bis opponent (e, brought he othe postion of dsadvantage ately held ‘seh am aliald you have caught Trt i (Le found him mor formabe than you expected [ato hc tote hat ter seed ised bees keeps man on eterhoks na ate of un sod ase) eis under the hurd of completely under the intenes os wie. "He cared out hin projet ne eth of face or egress of) oppostn frm i commit. (nyt years aguhe was uniorbacrter the i now a he po he reat the ead is profession) ‘ica oi eying or wifi anything tat would radon her tes give offence othe). His master pt the srw on (bgt peut bea on) him to vote fos end. ‘s.n the content he came of cond be (was eed got he wort of) ton hr bout hs besines lomied a perenponiy ar coulé stand his inslence no lenge People who talk shop (alk echsvely abou! her baies or profesional fla) are generally wabearable THe spent fo hee on ld ado oun shoulders (o be wise beyond his yea) [Asetal, they eat tone sure meal fllmeal) day. {his tevels clans ta have bed shoulders Come ito close contact) with people of al rts and cond “Auboagh mick remind inthis recon the redial ncease nthe nraber of school cary ‘thatthe schol mae abroad ection spreading in every diction and ignorance diminishing). His borsh manners ocasonlly set is vefied cousin's eth nee, ate i), ‘When the nope entered te clase some ofthe pups shook nthe hos (embed with fen 39.Thee ae back sep (bad characters, coundes) i every commu. ‘One of urbest workers was so we had to make shige along as best as we coud) with him. {Tteaened f show hi up o dose is wll) fhe didnot mend is way “Tat eictor x gly of harp price (enderhand or questionable dealings). “The umper cannot aati his postion wihau he sinew of war mane) ‘Asa be as often snapped hs ingrained) convention ‘The speaker was unmet heeled bt he nanfuly sod his gun (Le, msnainel is own opinion). wHlIP/ carter 26: punctuation 209. Punctuation (derived from the Latin punctum, a point) means the right use of putting in Points ‘Stops in writing. The following are the principal stops. (1) Full top or Period () (2) Comma () {) Semicolon (;) (4) Coton () (6) Question Mark (2) (6) Exclamation Mark ()) (Other marks in common use ae the Dash ~; Parentheses (Inverted Commas or Quotation ). The Full Stop represents the greatest pause and separation It is used to mark the end ofa ded ‘or an imperative sentence : 2, ‘Dear pate! gente noble Nell was ead “The Full top can be used in abbreviations, but they ar often omitted in modern style. MA ora Mice MP UNO er UNO [Note that in current English Mrand Mrs occur without fll stop, as these have come to be: asthe fll spellings. ‘The Comma represents the shortest pause, and is used Hew Stoo Excus Gea(1) To separate a series of words in the seme construction a8, England France and ay formed an aliance Hos lands one, epaaion and ends Twas long. dell and wearzome journey. He wrote hs exe neti qucely and correc ‘Note A comma i generally not placed before the word preceded by and. (2) To separate each pair of words connected by and; a8, ‘We should be devout and amb cher nd tens Fgh and lm ch od poor, wise and foolish, ut ald (9) After a Nominative Absolute; a5, “Tis one she etured tothe od man with lovely smile on her face “he wind being fvourabl the quan sailed “he pes mang meno anewer, tursed about o adres myself a second tie. (4) To mark off a Noun or Phrase in Apposition sas, Paul the apostle was Beetded i the eign of Nev. Nilo te gest English pet. was Bid Pandit Neha, te fst Pee Minter of nda, ed in 1964 (6) To mark off words used in addressing people Come into the garden, Mad ow are you Mohan ord of the univer alld ws and guide But when the words are emphatic, we ought to use the Note of Exclamation: as, Monae! by thee my cis devoured! (6) To matk off two or more Adverbs or Adverbal phrases coming together ; 28, ‘Ten at nt ard justice was done to the memory of Ove. (9) Before and after a Prticipial phrase, provided thatthe phrase might be expanded into a sentence, ! and isnot used in a merely qualifying sense; a, ‘Ces having conquered hs enemies, retuned to Rome. (@) Before and after words, phrases, or clauses, let into the body ofa sentence as, He di ot however ein et its ming aera which does the work of the word Hibtmvour tsuy the leat was er re Fir man aeer we, roe. Lettber bao se pry thes, betwen the and me ‘eesaprenen whe weds coset peatneure short marl diseration st he teary tet ag. The peo of ves en thy it sobering che war a ange (0) To indicate the omission of a word, especially a verb; 8, am esvd«Prker pen Har awh emacs Babin abe Hap Heil seed on nee (10) To separate short co-ordinate clauses of a Compound sentence a, ‘hein descended the ods cane ‘Men cone nd nen ny Dll go 00 free Une ee conged ‘he way marlon the wd was ol “he mire wie al. ‘When there isa conjunction the comma is sometimes omitted as, He cme and saw me(11) To mark off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence; as, Exaly ssi Ace He ald to i sips, "Watch and pray? "Go then’ said the ant ‘and dance wiser away (12) Before certain co-ordinative conjunctions ; 25, “Toa thai nat wisdom, but ly, (13) To separate from the verb along Subject opening a sentence: as, {The njutice ofthe emtenc pronounced upon that get sents and scorer, now evident tows a. ‘Ala we alate and adored ble a reat and magnificent, ir berated cr vanished, (14) To separate a Noun clause-whether subject or object-preceding the verb ; 25, Whatever is. sight. Hoe we are ever get there isthe question “Tare would ceed in is undertaking noone ever doubted (15) To separate a clause thats not restrictive in meaning but i co-orinate withthe Principal clause Sailors who ae generally superstios sy ts walcky to enberk om Fidy Dating ny slay Sr ata ited Milne which is egarded asthe cre of Buds. ‘When the Adjective clause is restrictive in meaning the comma should not be applied: a8, “Tis the house that Jack bat “he Lord igh up them that ae of broken ear ‘The echoes the orm rich was then aise st hear grumbling round me ‘The denn wes duapproved by everyone whose julgement was ened to respect (16) To separate an Adverbal clause from its Principal clause 8, ‘When wat a ache ied by mye thou woul tbe happy, sek to plese “When the Adverbial clause follows the Principal clause the comma is frequently omitted; a8, ‘Seek to please thou wollte happy. “The Semicolon represents a pause of greater importance than that shown by the comma. It is (1) To separate the clanses of Compound sentence, when they contain a comma; a8, ew brave, large-beated man awe all honoured him. (2) To separate a series of loosely elated clauses as, er cour wasp ere serene God gave her peace: her lan repose. ‘tay we love wh trom we bnte; oay we eck wha tomorow we cn: day we deste what amarow we ‘The Colon marks a sill more complete pause than that expressed by the Semicolon. It is used times with a dash after i) (2) To introduce a quotation ; as, ‘Bacon say "Reading mikes fill mn wring an exact mu, speakng ren man” (2) Before enumeration, examples, ete; a5, "The prop purts verb in English ate the preset tense, the ast tens nd the pst participle “Thelntation of armamcas the ecepanc of ariraton asthe natarl scvent ofineroatinal dpotes,the lon of wars of anbiton and aggression fo the atgoies of obsolete flies: these willbe milestones which sagrcf the road (6) Between sentences grammatically independent but closely connected in sense a, Std to eoquie a bt of thinking 0 study is more important. 245, The Question Mark is used, instead of the Full Stop, after a direct question ; as, Have you writen your exercise? Hyuk do we wot led? you te ws, do we not Iugh Ifyou poison ws, do| we ot de? And ‘wroag ut sl we act have revenge? Hic Soroon Excuse GravanasBut the Question Mark is not used after an indirect question: as He asked me whether had weiten my exercine 4216, The Exclamation Mark is used after Interjections and after Phrases and Sentences expressing sulden ‘emotion or wish 48, ‘alist Ohdeat ‘What a teri ire this is ‘Oat fall was there, my countrymen! Long ive the King! ‘Note: sr etna Os placed before the Nomiave of dvs the xcamation Mack. | Heep al ome reser may bres eee * | ‘Ofer Thea the ound of uns. CC Seeeeocse 217, Inverted Commas are used to enclose the exact words ofa speaker ora quotation: a5 woud rather dc” he eae, "Wan onthe oppressors of my coma” ‘peel ate stone ahve bee mont odmiabe pine tat ever egnedin Asia tra quotation occurs within a quotation it is marked by single inverted comms; a ve gh ac wl aed the March Hare," ‘ike what gt ithe same thing aT et what ie 218, ‘The Dash is used: (4) To indicate an abrupt stop or change of thought ; as, ify basa wer lie-bat why lament the past? (2) To resume a scattered subject: s, Frcs, companions, refutes deserted hi 4219. The Hiyphen -a shorter line than the Dash -is used to connect the pars of «compound word a, Passer by malar jak-of alles. Itis also used to connect parts of a word divided at the end of a line. 420, Patemtheses ‘or Double Dashes are used to separate from the main part ofthe sentence a phrase or ‘dause which does not grammatically belong to it Me gained fom Heaven twas alle wished) a ead an ae eer of tis Lind of courage call you ples, reute wits give inthe Nstory of Baba 221. The Apostrophe is used (1) To show the omission ofa letter or letters; as, Don't ve (2) In the Genitive Case of Nouns a = {G) To form the plural of letters and figures Dot your and ross your Fs ‘Ait 5 ad four 2's Capital Letter 222, Capitals are used: (a) To begin a sentence. pas (2) Tobegn each fresh ine of poetry {@) To begin allProper Nouns and Adjectives derived from them: a, ‘Deli ama, Afi fica, Shakespeare, Shahspeavian (4) Forall nouns and pronouns which indicate the Deity: as, “Tae Lord He's the God (6) To-write the pronoun [and the interjection 0. oo ye Puncruarion