ouomsbon = Contents Introduction Battery Chargers and Zappers Power Supplies—Fixed Power Supplies—High Voltage Power Supplies— Variable Power Supply Monitors Power Supply Protection Circuits Sources Index viii 23 84 101 112 119 125 129Battery Chargers and Zappers The sources of the following circuits are contained in the Sources section, which begins on page 125. The figure number in the box of each circuit correlates to the source entry in the Sources section. Lead-Acid Battery Charger 12-V Battery Charger 200-mA-hour 12-V NiCad Battery Charger NiCad Charger with Current and Voltage Limiting 14-V 4-A Battery Charger/Power Supply Fast Charger for NiCad Batteries Current-Limited 6-V Charger NiCad Charger Simple NiCad Battery Zapper Battery Charger Automatic Shutoff Battery Charger Battery-Charging Regulator 12-V Battery-Charger Control (20 rms Max.) Battery Charger Universal Battery Charger Lead-Acid Low-Battery Detector Universal Battery Charger UJT Battery Charger Automotive Charger for NiCad Battery Packs Constant-Voltage Current-Limited Charger Versatile Battery Charger Gel-Cell Charger NiCad Battery Zapper PUT Battery Charger Thermally Controlled NiCad Charger NiCad Battery Zapper II Portable NiCad Battery Charger Lithium Battery Charger Rapid Battery Charger for Icom IC-2A Battery Charger Operates on Single Solar Cell Wind-Powered Battery ChargerLEAD-ACID BATTERY CHARGER l REGULATOR, | Your] Vou ADY LEAD-ACID BATTERY EON Fig. 1-1 This circuit furnishes an initial voltage of 2.5 V per cell at 25°C to rapidly charge a battery. The charg- ing current decreases as the battery charges, and when the current drops to 180 mA, the charging circuit reduces the output voltage to 2.35 V per cell, leaving the battery in a fully charged state. This lower volt- age prevents the battery from overcharging, which would shorten its life. The LM301A compares the voltage drop across R1 with an 18 mV reference set by R2. The compara- tor’s output controls the voltage regulator, forcing it to produce the lower float voltage when the battery- charging current, passing through R1, drops below 180 mA. The 150 mV difference between the charge and float voltages is set by the ratio of R3 to R4. The LEDs show the state of the circuit. Temperature compensation helps prevent overcharging, particularly when a battery undergoes wide temperature changes while being charged. The LM334 temperature sensor should be placed near or on the battery to decrease the charging voltage by 4 mV/°C for each cell. Because batteries need more tem- perature compensation at lower temperatures, change R5 to 30 Q for a te of —5 mV/°C per cell if applica- tion will see temperatures below - 20°C. The charger’s input voltage must be filtered de that is at least 3 V higher than the maximum required output voltage: approximately 2.5 V per cell. Choose a regulator for the maximum current needed: LM371200-mA/HOUR, 12-V NICAD BATTERY CHARGER enzzi9 inaoor +24v0C0 O+ parrery To BE ro CHARGED 2a HAM RADIO Fig. 1-3 This circuit charges the battery at 75 mA until the battery is charged, then it reduces the current to a trickle rate. It will completely recharge a dead battery in four hours and the battery can be left in the charger indefinitely. To set the shut-off point, connect a 270-0, 2-W resistor across the charge terminals and adjust the pot for 15.5 V across the resistor. NICAD CHARGER WITH CURRENT AND VOLTAGE LIMITING D> : 12-15 voc *Cl=470pF OR GREATER + “Cima 73 AMATEUR RADIO Fig. 1-4 Lamp LI will glow brightly and the LED will be out when the battery is low and being charged, but the LED will be bright and the light dim when the battery is almost ready. L1 should be a bulb that is rated for the current you want (usually the battery capacity divided by 10). Diode D1 should be at least 1 A, and Z1 is a 1-W zener diode with a voltage determined by the full-charge battery voltage minus 1.5 V. After the battery is fully charged, the circuit will float it at about battery capacity divided by 100 mA.14-V 4-A BATTERY CHARGER/POWER SUPPLY aN 240 vieuea 180, 20 SILICONIX Fig. 1-5 Operational amplifier Al directly drives the VN64GA with the error signal to control the output volt- age. Peak rectifier D1, C1 supplies error amplifier Al and the reference zener. This extra drive voltage must exceed its source voltage by several volts for the VN64GA to pass full load current. The output volt- age is pulsating dc, which is quite satisfactory for battery charging. To convert the system to a regulated dc supply, capacitor C2 is increased and another electrolytic capacitor is added across the load. The response time is very fast, determined by the op amp. The 2N4400 current-limiter circuit prevents the output cur- rent from exceeding 4.5 A. However, maintaining a shorted condition for more than one second will cause the VN64GA to exceed its temperature ratings. A generous heatsink, on the order of 1°C/W, must be used.FAST CHARGER FOR NICAD BATTERIES THERMALLY COUPLE— —- —- —- —- — — Adjust D1 to 50 mV greater Vz than D2. Charge terminates on 5°C temperature rise. Couple D2 to battery. NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CURRENT-LIMITED 6-V CHARGER LM317L Yin 9V TO 30V 1000 uF ** 2N2222 * Sets peak current, IPEAK = O6VIRI ** 1000 iF 1s recommended to filter out any inpul transients NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR Fig. 1-7NICAD CHARGER " LED2 we PARALLEL CELLSBATTERY CHARGER Mt dc AMMETER 0-158 crt FW BRIDGE RECTIFIER 25A 100 PIV POLY PAKS 92CU1234 ll 16 Vac AT 20 A\ TRI TRIAC 6A 200 PRV RS. 276-101 STN. T1 TRANSFORMER 1 aa 120 Vac POT — B1-DIRECTIONAL DIODE iofa AS 276-1050 bd Rt 120 Vac 60 Hz © 330 0 o c3 ct 0.1uF ea T OF Vv e 200v JT 200v 73 AMATEUR RADIO Fig. 1-10 A diac is used in the gate circuit to provide a threshold level for firing the triac. C3 and R4 provide a transient suppression network. R1, R2, R3, C1, and C2 provide a phase-shift network for the signal being applied to the gate. R1 is selected to limit the maximum charging current at full rotation of R2. AUTOMATIC SHUTOFF BATTERY CHARGER lav 30a 300 TRIAC OR SCR ‘ 100uF “|S e2 38V ZENER 73 AMATEUR RADIO Fig. 1-11 Adjust this circuit by setting the 500-0 resistor while it is attached to a fully charged battery.BATTERY-CHARGING REGULATOR OR SECI22F GE AIA om UTC #ETIO (7712.6) (2 vouT BATTERY ALL RESISTORS 1/2 WATT EXCEPT AS NOTED Ge Fig. 1-12 The circuit is capable of charging a 12-V battery at up to a six ampere rate. Other voltages and cur- rents, from 6 to 600 V and up to 300 A, can be accommodated by suitable component selection. When the battery voltage reaches its fully charged level, the charging SCR shuts off, and a trickle charge, as deter- mined by the value of R4, continues to flow. 12-V BATTERY-CHARGER CONTROL (20 A rms MAX.) 2Nei87 MR 1121 (4 50. V RMS BATTERY MAX 2 = (60 Hz) Nags —— Zz 1N4735 Ti PRIMARY = 30 TURNS #22 SECONDARY = 45 TURNS #22 CORE = FERROXCUBE 203 F 161.303 SERIES RESISTANCE TO LIMIT CURRENT THROUGH SCR 2N6167 IS RATED AT 20 AMPS AMS, MOTOROLA Fig. 1-13BATTERY CHARGER o1 si ON/OFF SWITCH 120 Vv, 60 HzUNIVERSAL BATTERY CHARGER u tay 250 FY our 164 Pu tavac] POPULAR ELECTRONICS Fig. 1-15 The charger’s output voltage is adjustable and regulated, and has an adjustable constant-current charging circuit that makes it easy to use with most NiCad batteries. The charger can charge a single cell or a number of series-connected cells up to a maximum of 18 V. Power transistors Q1 and Q2 are connected as series regulators to contro! the battery charger’s out- put voltage and charge-current rate. An LM317 adjustable voltage regulator supplies the drive signal to the bases of power transistors Q1 and Q2. Potentiometer R9 sets the output-voltage level. A current-sampling resistor, R8 (a 0.1-Q, 5-W unit), is connected between the negative output lead and circuit ground. For each amp of charging current that flows through R8, a 100 mV output is developed across it. The voltage developed across R8 is fed to one input of comparator U3. The other input of the comparator is connected to variable resistor R10. As the charging voltage across the battery begins to drop, the current through R8 decreases. Then the voltage feeding pin 5 of U3 decreases, and the comparator output follows, turning Q3 back off, which completes the signal's circular path to regulate the battery’s charging current. The charging current can be set by adjusting R10 for the desired current. The circuit’s output voltage is set by R9. ee 1LEAD-ACID LOW-BATTERY DETECTOR BatrERY oureut v =w U0 = BATTERY LOW TOMES 1, SETS TRIP PONT. 60.4h PER CELL FOR 1 8V/CELL Fig. 1-16 UJT BATTERY CHARGER Ast MCR38I wR12) 50Vims MAX 160 Her | wv T)— PRIMARY — 20 TURNS #22 SECONDARY ~ 45 TURNS #12 CORE ~ FERROXCUBE 203 F 181-303, + Rg. ~ SERIES RESISTANCE TO LIMIT CURRENT THROUGH SCR MCR 7818-3 IS RATED AT 20 AMPS rms *SEE TEXT RADIO-ELECTRONICS Fig. 1-17 When power is applied to the circuit, SCR1 is | MOTOROM Fig. 1-18 off, so there is no bias-current path to ground; thus, LM317 acts as a current regulator. The LM317 is connected to the battery through steer- ing diode D1, limiting resistor R1, and bias resistor R2. The steering diode prevents the battery from discharging through the LED and the SCR when power is removed from the circuit. As the battery charges, the voltage across trip-point potentiome- ter RS rises, and at some point, turns on the SCR. Then, current from the regulator can flow to ground, so the regulator now functions in the volt- age mode. When the SCR turns on, it also provides LED1 with a path to ground through R3. So, when LED1 is on, the circuit is in the voltage-regulating mode; when LED1 is off, the circuit is in the cur- rent-regulating mode. This circuit will not work unless the battery to be charged is connected with proper polarity. The battery voltage controls the charger and when the battery is fully charged, the charger will not supply current to the battery. The battery charging current is obtained through the SCR when it is triggered into the conducting state by the UJT relaxation oscillator. The oscillator is only activated when the battery voltage is low. Vs,p, of the UJT is derived from the voltage of the battery to be charged, and since Vp=Vp=Ve,n,; the higher Vp,s,, the higher Vp. When Vp exceeds the breakdown voltage of the zener diode Z1, the UJT will cease to fire and the SCR will not conduct. This indicates that the bat- tery has attained its desired charge as set by R2. 12AUTOMOTIVE CHARGER FOR NICAD BATTERY PACKS REGULAR 720M CHARGE 1WATT S SILICON DIODES TOAUTO RAPID Bey arsen, CIGARETTE LIGHTER CHARGE LEO PLUG ‘SUFFICIENT. LARGER ai — VALUES ACCEPTABLE ae SEETEXT 470K 1WaTT TAB BOOKS Fig. 1-19 The number of silicon diodes across the output is determined by the voltage of the battery pack. Fig- ure each diode at 0.7 V. For example, a 10.9-V pack would require 10.9/0.7 = 15.57, or 16 diodes. CONSTANT-VOLTAGE CURRENT-LIMITED CHARGER IC LM723C VOLTAGE REGULATOR (FOR 12V de OUTPUT 0.42A MAX.) AC For 12-V sealed lead-acid batteries. Tt Transformer, de 13V (rms), 1-34 (rms) 01,02 100V 1A Diode C1 S50V, 470uF Electrolytic Condenser TRI M2840 10A 60V 150 (Motorola) 1 LM723C (National Semiconductor) AL 4.7 Ohm 12W 3P Re BAK Ohm aw Aa 3.9K Ohm 1/4W Ra 75K Ohm 1/4W AS 8.2K Ohm 1/4W VR 2K Ohm C2 OV 1000p YUASA BATTERY Fig. 1-20 13VERSATILE BATTERY CHARGER cs 33uF TANT, “O7 be oF oro See INHIS3 INET3S3— INKTSS — INATES se = >. eo D LED LED TAF Beha \E0 ae \E0 ee elke |G ae wNeH 06 sos| oy So, lsoa| soy 6 RS RS a7 8 RF RIO s 100.0. soon = foon. 002. 100. 1002. ih. Yaw Yaw YAW Van VW Yaw = RADIO-ELECTRONICS Fig. 1-21 An LM317 voltage regulator is configured as a constant-current source. It is used to supply the 50-mA charging current to S01-S06, an array of AA-cell battery holders. Each of the battery holders is wired in series with an LED and its associated shunt resistor. When the battery holder contains a battery, the LED glows during charging. Each battery holder/ LED combination is paralleled by a5.1-V zener diode. If the battery holder is empty, the zener conducts the current around the holder. A timing circuit prevents overcharging. When power is applied to the circuit, timing is initiated by IC2, a CD4541 oscillator/programmable timer. The output of IC2 is fed to Q1. When that output is high, the transistor is on, and the charging circuit is completed. When the output is low, the transistor is off, and the path to ground is interrupted.GEL-CELL CHARGER This circuit detects a full-charge state and auto- matically switches to a float condition—from 240 to 12 mA. ELECTRONIC DESIGN Fig. 1-22 NICAD BATTERY ZAPPER Charge 220 9 (20 W) Between 20 V to 60 V de WILLIAM SHEETS Fig. 1-23 The short in a NiCad battery can be ‘“‘burned off’’ with this zapper. Use of the SCR keeps heavy discharge current from damaging switch contacts. eeeeeeSSSeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSFseee 15THERMALLY CONTROLLED NICAD CHARGER 1600 1600 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 CURRENT (ma) o 888888888 “SINGLE POINT GROUND THERMOCOUPLES ARE 0 30 6 w 120 ‘agu/*C CHROMEL—ALUMEL (TYPE K) »™ . MINUTES LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORP. Fig. 1-24 One way to charge NiCad batteries rapidly without abuse is to measure cell temperature and taper the charge accordingly. The circuit uses a thermocouple for this function. A second thermocouple nulls out the effects of ambient temperature. The temperature difference between the two thermocouples determines the voltage, which appears at the amplifier’s positive input. As battery temperature rises, this small nega- iy 126 4 wut ver, TI ifPUT BATTERY CHARGER | |s 115V rms 14V MDAgg0-1 rms SPRAGUE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ELECTROLYTE H VERSUS TIME 1250 8 8 CURRENT (AMPS) | CHARGING CURRENT VERSUS TIME. SPECIFIC GRAVITY a 36L LITHIUM BATTERY CHARGER LM317T. @ bt uz IN4005, £ 3 2 De. Win Vout + * ‘CHARGING ADJ ] POWER VOLTAGE (00 table below) T DEVICE ao | : m ‘8 " : ayes (AC ADAPTER) «5; ™ +—— Fe 3 fe (OPTIONAL) Z | mortcer | ry BATTERY PACK(S) yer IRFS20. on siMica 4 Fig. 1-28 MOLI ENERGY LIMITED Charging is accomplished with a constant current of 60 mA for AA cells to a cutoff voltage of 2.4 V per cell, at which point the charge must be terminated. The charging system shown is designed for multi-cell battery packs of 2 to 6 series-connected cells or series/parallel arrangements. It is essential that all cells assembled in the pack are at an identical state-of-charge (voltage) before charging. The maximum upper cut-off voltage is 15.6 V (62.6 V).ER FOR ICOM IC-2A TRICKLE LEGEND All resistors “ew. except where marked, PST pushbutton an IN5062, 2N5063, 2N2328 VoLrace AOLUST Radio Shack 275-1067 6 18K atp- sorromview —-Fig. 1-29 former is applied to the LM723 voltage regulator supply. The 470-0 resistor limits trickle current BCR turns on, and current flows through the previ- harging current. The SCR will turn off when theBATTERY CHARGER OPERATES ON SINGLE SOLAR CELL CdS PHOTOCELL Al 100 k SAFE EXCITATION SUPPLY 110 V6.3 V OS ———— FILAMENT TRANSFORMER oe | 1N4001 ie U1 = MC140938 MOTOROLA Fig. 1-30 The circuit charges a 9-V battery at about 30 mA per input ampere at 0.4 V. U1, a quad Schmitt trig- ger, operates as an astable multivibrator to drive push-pull TMOS devices, Q1 and Q2. Power for U1 is derived from the 9-V battery via D4; power for Q1 and Q2 is supplied by the solar cell. The multivibrator frequency, determined by R2/C1, is set to 180 Hz for maximum efficiency from a 6.3-V filament trans- former, T1. The secondary of the transformer is applied to a full-wave bridge rectifier, D1, which is con- nected to the batteries being charged. The small NiCad battery is a fail-safe excitation supply to allow the system to recover if the 9-V battery becomes fully discharged. A CdS photocell shuts off the oscillator in darkness to preserve the fail-safe battery during shipping, storage, and prolonged darkness. 21WIND-POWERED BATTERY CHARGER tld ww GENERATOR ‘OVER VOLTAGE I>.) LINEAR TECHNOLOGY Fig. 1-31 The de motor is used as a generator; the voltage output is proportional to its rpm. The LTC1042 monitors the voltage output and provides the following control functions. 1. If generator voltage output is below 13.8 V, the control circuit is active and the NiCad battery is charg- ing through the LM334 current source. The lead-acid battery is not being charged. 2. Ifthe generator voltage output is between 13.8 and 15.1 V, the 12-V lead-acid battery is being charged at about 1-amp/hour rate (limited by the power FET). 3. If generator voltage exceeds 15.1 V (a condition caused by excessive wind speed or when the 12-V bat- tery is fully charged), then a fixed load is connected, which limits the generator rpm to prevent damage. This charger can be used as a remote source of power where wind energy is plentiful, such as on sailboats or at remote radio repeater sites. Unlike solar-powered panels, this system will function in bad weather and at night. 222 Power Supplies—Fixed ‘The scurces ofthe folowing circuits are contained inthe Sources secton, wich bers on page 128. The fgare number in the ox of each crak cores to the source ent inthe Sources soto, Genera Purpose Paes Sunny Low-Power verter 12-Vde Batery- Operated 120-Ibe Power Source “hye Ra Power Supely Simple Power Supply Programmable Powee Sippy (Charge Poo! Power Supey "Ettsent Negative Vlage Reputoe Bisel Curent Source 5 Vacated 8 V at 20 mA) Conerter 510 30° Universal Power Supply Module Postve Regulator with np and pp Boost RegustriCurrent Source “Trecking Prereubtor Ln-Power Switching Regulator Adjustable 10-€ Regu VisableWetage Regultor Low-Cost Low-Dropoat Linear Reguistor Swing Power Spy Vitae Doubler {00ski: Muliple-Outoot Switching Power Supe Safe Coastat-Current Source scat Feedbuck Power Supply Low-Cost 8 Swteing Regulate Daal Tracking Regul So.V OftLine Switching Power Supply +15.V 1A Reguliel Power Suply Positive Reguator with gap Boost "15.V 1A Regulated Power Supply Low Forwart.Drop Reciler Cit and-Hell Tansee de Adapter Low Ripple Power Supey Low-Dropout 5 Regubtor S.OV/IO-A Reguator ‘in Controle Voltage Doubler SOV/.0-A Regulator High Stability 10-¥ Regulstor Bench-Tp Power Sapo \eliage-Contoded Current Source Vrabie Crrent See 100 mA tn? 8)(GENERAL-PURPOSE POWER SUPPLY vonaswermuwers Fg.241 ‘The suply can be used for supply output voltages from 1 to 35 V. The line transformer shouldbe selected to pve abot 14 times the desired output vlage from the positive ide of ter capacitor C1 to ‘pound. Poceniometer R2 sts the cutput vaiage tothe dase value by adjusting the rofrence input ‘Re the current lit set resistor. Is ae ceuated 8 For ample, i the maximum curer output iso be 1A, Re:~0.65/.0=0.65 0. The L40 resistor, Rs ‘ealeht-baded restr designed to improve the aolzadstabaty ofthe spl.12de BATTERY.OPERATED 120-Vac POWER SOURCE HE F.22 A simple 120 ¥: 24, centercapped control transformer and four addonl congonents ca do the jb. This ccaitcutputs a clean 200-V pk ok segare nae a 60 He ad can supply up to 20 W. ‘The ete slfstarting and fre rug, Qh ster ant asa igor gan than Q2, wal tr on fist when you apply the input power ane wil bold Q? off Lod current and transiormer ‘magnets crtet then fos the per hal of the primary wining, and autotransformer acon Ssupaies the base ve unt the iasformer sat rates. When tht action ocurs, 1 ses its base dive. As it turns ff, the transforer vatages revere, turning Q2 on and repeating the cyl. The tutptfrequeney depends on te transformer ion {dapat volage, but not the loo. The fe ‘quency wil generally range between 50 to 60 He ‘rth 6-H transformer ad car battery or eq Jent source. The outpat vatge depends on furs rato and the diferenne betwen input reltage and ‘eansstor scuration role. For ber power, se Laer transformers and tansistrs. This type of verter nomlly is used in ados,phonogeap, hand tools, shavers, and small orescent lamps. It sv ot work wih eactive fads (tors) lad th igh inrush cazeats, such as catfee pos, Ey ing pins, and heaters, SIMPLE POWER SUPPLY ‘This power supply davers ps and minus 8 V to sepace two 9-V batteries. The retifer cuit is actualy two separate fllwave rectifiers fed from the secondary ofthe tasformer. One fl-wane rector ie composed of odes D1 and D2, which develop + OV, andthe oherisconpased of 32nd DA, which detlop ~9 Each cde ftom every pir recties 6.3 Ya Inthe secontary vote. and charges the assoc ated ter cazacor to the peak vake of te 3c tavelorn, 62141489 ¥. Each dod shoud hve 2 FI, Peak Inverse Vote, rating ha is 2 least twice the peak voltage fom the transformer, 28.9618 V. The INAOO bas 4 PIV of 0 V.‘CHARGE-POOL POWER SUPPLY Fle Itisusualy desiabie to have th remote tans- riter of 4 to 20-mA cutrent lop sistem pow fred recy from the wansnission Ine. In some ‘es, this 18 not posable berase ofthe ihe ‘ower requements set by the remote sensor! Traut system, In hese cases, an alerative tothe separate power supp sil pose the remote uanamiter can be operated in a pulsed mde where iti active cry long enaigh per {orm its funeson, hen a cary pool power supply can stil alow the tranemter to be. powered ‘Sze by the current oop Ta this crit constant current Js supliod to the charge pool capacitor, CP, the HASH (where f,~31). The vlage contin one antl he oatpt ofthe HA-SIAD approaches + Vo the opiona wltape iting po ‘ded ty 22. The LMQS21 wltage regltorsup- ples the tansatter with a atabie 5.V sappy from the charge collected by CP. Aviabe power supniy currents determined by the dation allow ble weltage drop on CP, and required repestion ‘ate. For ample, Vj allowed drop 4.4 Vand the duration of operation is 1 ms, the avaable Dower supp eurent approximately a, -of 250 SA 20 BILATERAL CURRENT SOURCE This ial uses 3 CA8189 peecson opamp to etver a curent independent of variations In R Wilh RE set equa to RS, and RE approximately equal to RRS, the output current, J, is: Va (Ga) (RS). SA Toad eure cota for lead valies frm 016 3. Aut aesirons ane 1, NILRESiSiece vals ARE ontas rns RIANOTS = Res OTHE | gimogPENDENT OF urumON WA, om Raves OF on SRO WW = So ras * GIG” ar4 to 20- UNIVERSAL POWER-SUPPLY MODULE arean m0 Fig. 26 UL, an LM317 adjustable regutor provides short-cicit protection and sitomatie crret Lint st 1.5 A. The int votage to the regultor is suppled by DBI, 24-4 100 PIV full wave bricge rectifier, Caacor C1 provides ini tering, UL provides ational electric Bering as part of the regulting function, The output evel of he rgalatr set trim-pt RI. Bypass capacitors onthe input and output of Ui prevent high requency osaain. The curent rating cf the tansormer mst be at lest 18 times ‘he rated continuus-daty output ofthe sup. This means that a1.5-A sappy shed use a2.7-8 tans former. For ight or intermittent kads, a smal 2.0-8 wanstormer shold safe. ‘Wiring a second M317, U2 in pralel with UL iss quck and clean way to increase the current ling tested wo A without sacri shortcira protection, When more than 3 Ais rele the realtor module canbe use to drive the base of one or more pase trunitors (sce Fig 2-60)REGULATOR/CURAENT SOURCE ‘The cict powers the load vs the regubtor's inst instead of ts output. Because the repute ‘ep Set constant dura lad I, it es to consume a constant aut of curert matter what ‘he volage acoas the atl lad realy ie. Hence, the regulator's iaput serves as 2 constan-curent ure for the acti oad. Power the cicuitwth anyone ofthe commonly waisle = 15- or = 12-V sup fle. The voage cropped acres the regltr and dum load decreased the tal comphancevaage of ‘he cc. Wu set the lod’ cazeen with RD. The current equals 1.25 AM LOW-POWER SWITCHING REGULATOR‘SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY ina ested iii wt | cae j S te Sie Stan Cees 2 Sons ‘ar ere 020068 2x21 x 164.00 ome SE eee cane See ee = Spee SRE rom ae ‘This lon-atagehighcurent outpacing dc power supply s rung of the 220-Vae input fn this cic, an ST? diac ‘elation oselstor, QS, C1, athe da, inkates conduction ofthe ouput switching ransstor QU, the on-time cf which sma {tine constant by separate ing commtation network consisting of G2, C2, SUS, and SCR 1. The outptvataz, consequent, is degentent on te ity cy. To compensate fr unwanted vain of ougu. vole Decauseof put veltageo load esstanee Actuators, at HIIC wied as inear-nodel undateral pro trasistor in stable diferent unpier confiuratonis connected it the alana elated negate Seedhack oop. The lop determines the duty ecleantheace te output vltage farther interest inthscetis the use of several nw-curtet, high-voltage. 400-V Voy vistors (2, QB), which are alsoused sprp remot-base ttansstrs.Shor-ciraat protection assure by couping QL callector-curen feedback ito the Cun cul via Res“100-2 MULTIPLE-OUTPUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY fig. “The power supaly uses two VNAO00A 400: MOSPOWER FETsin a halt bridge power switch configuration, Outpt avaible ae +5V at 20 Aand 15 (or = 12 V) at A. Ste near thce-terinalregltrs ae used forthe low cute outpats, either “T12-Vor +15 V canbe made salable with simple chine the ratformer secondary wiedngs.A'TLAOA switching requatr IC bovides pulse-width muddstion contol and civ sgl for the porer supply. The upper MOSPOWER FET, Q7, nthe power “itch sages driven by asinpe transformer drive Gui The lover HOS, Q6, soe itis ground reference, x dec ave fom ‘he control IC,ISOLATED FEEDBACK POWER SUPPLY per: Sere: exas nsrmunenrs Pg. 212 Figure 212 power suply crc using the slated feedback capitis f the T3109 fr both cur rent an vole sensing. Ths spy fs powered fom the ae power eal san output of 5 V at 1.5 A. Both ont vlage and current ae sensed andthe erorvlaes are ape tothe erorampiers ofthe ‘TL904 PWM cont IC, The 2-V transfoerer poduces abot 35 V atthe 1000 a ter capaci The 20- i sitting frequency i et by the 60 resistor and the 0.0L pP captor on pins 6 aed, respectively “The TLE94 ist for pos pl peran by ying pn 13 hgh. The 6.V reference on pin Lis Ged to pn 15, hich & the erence or the cent error rp. The §-V seferece is alo toto yn 2 whic the Tefecence forthe ott mllage eto ampli. The output voage ae curreat Ei arse by aasimen of the 10K pots athe TL310Sexrrsensng cc. A pal of IPSLE an transistor are used a switching transstorsin a pushy cic.DUAL-TRACKING REGULATOR = + i it we Fig 243 ‘A MAX634ivering ceguator ie combined wth s MANGO to provide a dul tacking + 15-V output from 3 12.V battery. The reference forthe ~15-V output derived fom the pose output va Rand RA. Tet regulators are set to maximize outpt power a low battery voltages by reducing the oscar fregency 8 LR, when Vey fal to 85 4+ 15-V 1-8 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY ‘exe rms Fa. 214 ‘The suply receives +20 Vd from the rectiferfiter section. This is applied opin 1 an 12 of the UA725, a8 wel a to the collector of the 2NGDSS series pase transistor The tpt voltage iy sampled {rough RL and RD, providing about TV with espet to ground at pin The relerence terminal at pin 6s tied dec to pin 5 the nortwertingnput othe error amr. For ine ting the outpt wate, a potentiometer canbe stalled between Rand RE. 100pF capactor from yi 3 pa # trish in ‘Compensation for the amp o+4+15:V 1-A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (cont) Bs ive to the 2NBOSS pas rans fished y pin 10 of the wA723, ince the desired ont tbe supply 1 As masimurn current nit is ett 1.5 A by resstoe Rec whose values 0.433. “Ebepf letrle eapactor sued for ple ve reductions he output A TED otpat ress- toe prves stay forthe power supmy under no-load cortions, The 2N3O55 pass rasistor must be owned o an adequate heatsink, =15-V 1-A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY {he “The supply eecives ~20'V from the rectifier which set the calector ofthe Dartington pro uss trnsisto, 2 TIPI06, The base dv to the TIPIOS x suplled through eit KS. The tase othe {T1P105 riven fom V termina at pn 8, whichis te anode of 2 62-V zener ode that connects tothe miter ofthe A723 output contre transistor. The method of pod the posite feedback requied for {edback action is shown. This techni nroduces peste feedback by increased current fow trough fessars RI and KZ under shore ret condone, Tis forwanl bases the base-eraitterjnction othe NIG? sensing transistor, which reduces base dive to tbe TIPLOS, 6HAND-HELD TRANSCEIVER de ADAPTER ont ig. 216 ‘This de adapter provides a regulated 9-V source for operating # Kenwood TR-2500 hand tans- sve inthe car The LMBI7T's mounting tb i leery connected tots tout pn 0 tae hy to ‘scooant a yu construct yoar version ofthe adapter. The LMSITT restr dspates 2 or 3 W inthis ‘pplication, co mount it ona 1--2snch pece of inchthik alain heats LOW-DROPOUT 5-V REGULATOR eroiaue ATRIAC-CONTROLLED VOLTAGE DOUBLER | —HIGH-STABILITY 10-V REGULATOR "hee : Kore a ig.2-10 | romwanerserones Fig. 219 \VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE “Thisisasimple, precise vltge-conioed cu reat source, Bipolar spies wil permit bipolar ‘utp, Confgraions featuring 2 grounded volt fage-conol source apd a pounded loa ae usaly more complex a depead upon several compo nets for stability. In this cea, accuracy and sta ‘ity lost enicely depend upon the 100-2 shan.LOW-POWER INVERTER, Neem ‘Tis low-power inverter uses only 9 parts and cuns 10 16 Ve nto O0-HE, 115-V square-wave ower to operate ac equipment upto 25 W. The fist sethon othe 856 tines chi is wired a an stable Osletor with R2 al CL setting the frequcacy. The cutis avalible at pin 6. The second section ire as apse imverter. That utp saab tpn 9. Rescars RS and Re keep cut transistors QL ‘nd Q2 tom loudig down the osciator. The evo transistors drive the transformer push fashion, When one trinsisor is tssedhn, the other is ctt-af. The wansfarmer i 120 VIB VCT ani th = conmectel backwards 0 that steps dhe lage up rater than dn. Osestor cet U1, Ri, R2, ae {Chapertes rom about 4 to 16 V witha vry sable eit ‘THREE-RAIL POWER SUPPLY an Pa 220‘THREE-RAIL POWER SUPPLY (cont,) “This crac generates thre supply voltages using amine of components. Diodes D2 and Da pet form hi-wae ectieation,alermatey chang caper C2 on both ales ofthe ac yee. On the her fad, dade DI with capactr C1, 2nd dode Dt with capacitor C3 each prion bl-wave rectification, “Thea and hll-nae eticaton arrangements sats for madestSuply currents drawn fom 3 tnd +12 regulators IC3 and IC2, ou can dse ths eel san allay supply fv an up-ased instru ‘nei for example, and sold theless attractive sterntves oF buying aston wound transformer. bulé= ings rare complex soppy, or ushg a secondary winding, say 18 Vac, and misting power inthe SV repators. PROGRAVMASLE POWER SUPPLY ses Fig.229 Mary systems reauice one or more celativeylo-current vohage sources which canbe programmed toafew predetermined levels, Te cxcutshowa above produces postive opt eves, but coal be rod fed for negative o ipl outputs. QL is the seis eestor tresistor, selected fx the requied eure tnd poner capably 1, Q, and Q fem an optional shortcut protection crcl, with RI chosen to ‘op abut (7 V a the mando atputcuren. The compensation capacitor, C, should be chosen t2 eo the overshoot, when switching, can acceptable levelEFFICIENT NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATOR (One wy to provide god negative-weltage regulation i with a low-aropout pie wltage eit operating fom 2 walisolted secondary wincg ofa siith-ede cet trenformer, Te technique ‘orks with any postie-ollage regular athough highest efleney accurs with low-opeut pes Under loading conditions, the minimum vlage tlerence between the reulatr Vy and Ver its must ea eas 1.5 Vth LT1060'slow-cropout voltage. Ith reqiement cnt met, the ouput as ot of regulon. Two proramming resistors, Rl and R2, set the opt vtage to 12 V. and the LTIO8S's ‘sero the voltage between the output and its ating (AD) terminals to 1-25 V. Capacitor C1 improves tipple rejection, and protection diode DI eliminates common ea problems. Sine a secondary winding i galancaly oad, 2 relator’ 12 V outpt canbe referenced > sound. Therefore, in the caso negative-volage outpat, the posive-volage terminal of he regulator ‘canes to ground, andthe ~ 12 V etput comes of the anode of D1, The Vn tertialBats 1.5 V move aboveground ' V-TOASOLATED 5 V (AT 20 mA) CONVERTER ig. 225 ©5 V-TOASOLATED 5 V (AT 20 mA) CONVERTER (cont) Inti ret, negative outst wltagede- converter generates a —5-V outta pn A. Tnorder to erate SV al pit A, the primary of the transformer must fy back toa dhe dep ce negative ta OSV Ifthe transformer hae hy cued 11 turns aa, thee wilbe 28 V psa de dup across ie Secondny, The INSBIT rection tha secondary wage gener a sdated S-V output. The sat pt ot ily rusted ice ery the 9 V a a As sensed By the MAXSSS, POSITIVE REGULATOR WITH npn AND pnp BOOST res. ig. 228 Inthe circ, Q1 and Q2 are connected inthe classi SCR or thyristor eonfiguration. Where higher ‘np tages oe minima component count ae requ, the circuit fr tiviscr boost canbe used. The ttistr running ina Inca ode wih sesh 2 the contol terminal an its gate as the ouput term, Ts i now asthe remote base configuration‘TRACKING PREREGULATOR Fe. 227 ADJUSTABLE 10-8 REGULATOR PoruansiscrmoNes 228{LOW-COST LOW-DROPOUT LINEAR REGULATOR woroneus| Fig. 220 “Tis ner post reutor provides 12 Vat 3.8. I employs TLAS1 reference UI which, witout add tena! ampifeatin, dies TMOS MTP30S5A gate Ql semes pass regiator Bas vollage is appled ‘ough RL 1's gat, wich is protected aginst overage by diode CRI. Frequency compensation fo cosediop stabity provided by CI. ‘ey performance features ae Dropout vhage: 0.6V Load regulations 10 nV Une regulation: =51mV Output ple: 10 ni pl-pk VOLTAGE DOUBLER “This cic sve relays of 24 and 18 Vae from 4 12.¥ power supp. Use tis cir with almost ny pnp oF mm power transistor Darts: UT:1NE 359 tren CI sul C2: 50 xP 25 Vee. Ql: THP29, TIPIZ0, 2Né@22, TPL, ‘TPT, o 249921, G2: THP3O, THPI25, 2N4919, ‘Tee, THPIS, or 244918.‘SAFE CONSTANECURRENT SOURCE 1 orosce ar K ae oe cow cone ia 1a the cit shown, a CMOS opamp conus the current dvcugh a p-chanel HEXFET power ta Sistor to maintain a constant vitage across RL, The current i gen Wy: T=Vyer(R;. The advantages of thi configuration are: a) nthe event of acomponent fare, the oad carretsEmied by Rl and the ‘thea voltage needed by the opamp andthe HEXFET is extremely low. LOW-COST 3.4 SWITCHING REGULATOR 48 ie ieaddeeasal TIE ae50. OFF-LINE SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY ‘aobpe sv st a a ig. 283 ‘The schematic shows 2 50-W power supply witha SV 10-A output [tia back converter operating inthe continuous mode. The ct features primary sie and secondary sie corre with ul ter far rom fal cendons such as overcurrent ltr the fal comet has Deen remuned, te power >> bby wllenter te sof star exe before recommencing moral operationPOSITIVE REGULATOR WITH pnp BOOST Pg. 234 ‘Tye ICEL proves the wotge reference ae regulator spi, whe Q1 i the series pus ra Stor. defines the outpt cuter ofthe IC8211, While Ct and C2 provide oop sabia ad also act ‘o suppress feeddough of input tases 10 the output supply, RE and RB determine the outpat volage as fll RoR Vogn= 15% In ation, the vals of Ke and 3 are chosen to provide a small amount a sting earent n QL wach ves ational sabity margin to the cut Where accurate setting ofthe oaput voape i requied, ether RZ or 3 ean be made adjustable Ie is made adjustable, the output votape wil ‘ary Uneariy withthe stat ange owen i he Dotenometer wiper was to open Ue ceil the tpt vag would se. In gener therefore it is beer 19 make RY adjustable, since tis gies fase operation {LOW FORWARD.DROP RECTIFIER CIRCUIT ve an oronaa Fg. 238 -A-TMOS power FET, Q1, and an L303 com partor pronds a high-elSekney rctifer iat Wien Vy exceeds Uy, U1's output becomes high and QI cones, Conversely, when Vy exceeds Vs the comparator output becomes lw and QL does nt conduc. “The forward drop is determined by Q1's on resistance and current J. The MTHGONOS hus an (ov resistance of 0.028; for 1=10 A, the forar {opis es than 0.2 . Typical the Best Schothy ‘Bes do not even begin conducting below afew rndred enLOW-RIPPLE POWER SUPPLY ELECTRONS TRY RFERUATINAL "Po. 2-96 “This cat canbe sed where a igh current required with w'stne voltage (auch a ina high- wwe cass AB amfer when high-quality eprditon i neessary. QL. Q2, and RZ canbe reared ‘eapower-Darngton transistor ZDI and Rl provide arelerence vag atthe base ofQ1.ZD1 sald be Chosen ths: ZDy V1.2. C2 canbe chosen forte dewre of smothness as ts vale is eflectvely ‘mitpsed bythe combed wis of QU/Q2, 100 uP is chose for C2, assuming nim he fc QU an 2, Co 100 151Q1)«25(@2] = 37,000 a 5.0-V/10-A REGULATOR '5.0-¥/3.0-A REGULATOR oronces Fg.297 woronoe ig. 2.98