CHEMISTRY

PROJECT

DHANASHISH
PRAKASH
12
32

TH

B,ROLL NO.-

VVDAV
VIKASPURI

AI
M
TO ANALYSE THE VARIOUS JUICES
(TOMATO, SPINACH AND ONION)
FOR THE PURPOSE
OF DETECTING
ANIONS AND CATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my chemistry
teacher Ms. Renu Gambhir for help
and guidance throughout the project.
Her invaluable advice has been the
sole reason for manifestation of this
project without her support this
project would never have reached its
completion.

Signature of student

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Dhanashish
prakash of class 12th has worked
under my supervision and has
completed the project titled
To Analyse the various juices for
the detection of CATIONS and
ANIONS.
During the acadmic year 2016-2017,
to my satisfaction.

Signature of Teacher

MATERIALS USED:
TEST TUBE, TEST TUBE STAND,
TEST TUBE HOLDER, BUNSEN
BURNER, SPATULA, BEAKER.

JUICES:
TOMATO JUICE
ONION JUICE
SPINACH LEAVES JUICE

INTRODUCTION
A balanced diet is essential for the purpose
growth and maintenance of the body . a
balanced diet contains about 60%
carbohydrate , 20% fat , 15% proteins and
small amount of vitamins and minerals .
Fruits and vegetables also contain acids and
minerals. The amount and kind of acid
present in these juices differ. Some contain
complex organic molecule and some
flavouring agents like esters and aromatic
compounds.
The different classes of compound present
in different fruits can be extracted from their
juices. In this project, I shall test the
presence of anions, cations, sugars, starch
and the proteins in various vegetables.

ANALYSIS OF
TOMATO JUICE

OBSERVATIONS:
Name of the juice: TOMATO

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS

(TOMATO
JUICE)
EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

Juice +
Dil. H2so4
Pass the
evolved gas
through lime
water

Brisk
effervescence

Juice + conc.
H2SO4
Add agno3 to
the solution
Juice + na2co3
+ conc. HCl +
bacl2

INFERENCE
2-

May be CO3
2-

Lime water
turns milky
Pungent
smelling gas
evolved

CO3 confirmed

May be Cl
Cl confirmed

White ppt.
No ppt.

Sulphate
Absent
3-

Juice + salt
solution
warmed and
add
ammonium
molybedate
and heat

Cannary
yellow ppt.

Identification of cations

PO4 confirmed

(TOMATO
JUICE)
EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE
+

Juice + naoh

No reaction

Juice + dil. HCl

No reaction

Juice + dil. HCl

+ h2s

No reaction

NH4 absent

Pb2+ absent
Cu2+ , hg2+ ,
as2+ , cd2+
absent

Juice + nh4cl
+ nh4oh

Gelatinous
white ppt.

May be al3+

Juice + blue
litmus + nh4oh

bluish color ppt. al3+

floating in a
confirmed
clear solution

Juice + nh4cl +
nh4oh filter
solution and
pass through
h2 s

No reaction

Ni2+ , CO2+ ,
Mn2+ , Zn2+
absent

Third group
solution
filterate +
(nh4)2co3

No reaction

Ba2+,Sr2+ ,
Ca2+
absent

ANALYSIS OF
ONION JUICE

OBSERVATIONS:
Name of the juice : ONION
Identification of anions
(onion
juice)
EXPERIMENT
Juice + dil.
H2so4
Juice + conc.
H2so4
Add copper
turnings

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

No reaction

CO32-,f2- , _
SO32- ,
NO2
absent
_

Brown gas

May be NO3 or
Br--

More brown gas

_
NO3 confirmed

2--

Juice + naco3+ No ppt.

bacl2
Juice + naco3
+ conc. Hno3
+ ammonium
molybedate

SO4 absent

2-Cannary yellow
Co4 present
ppt.

Identification of cations
(onion juice)
EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE
+

Juice + naoh

Juice + dil. Hcl

No reaction

NH4
absent

No reaction

Pb2+ absent

Juice + dil. Hcl + No reaction

h2 s

Cu2+,as2+,hg2
+
, cd2+
absent

Juice + nh4cl +
Nh4oh

Gelatinous
white ppt.

May be al3+

Juice + blue
litmus + Nh4oh

Bluish white
ppt. floating in
clear solution

al3+
confirmed

Third group
solution
No reaction
filterate +h2s
gas
Third group
solution filterate + No reaction
(nh4)2co3

Ni2+,po2+,mn2
+
, zn2+
absent
Ba2+, ca2+, sr2+
absent

ANALYSIS OF

SPINACH JUICE

OBSERVATIONS:
NAME OF THE JUICE: SPINACH
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS
(spinach leaves
juice)
EXPERIMENT
Juice + dil.
H2so4

OBSERVATION
No reaction

INFERENCE
CO32- ,
SO32- ,
NO2 absent

Juice + conc.
H2SO4

Reddish brown
vapours

Juice + copper Vapours

turnings
intensified

Juice +bacl2 +
conc. hcl

Undissolved
white ppt is
formed

Juice + fecl3

Blood red colour

May be NO3 or
Br--

_
NO3 confirmed

May be

2--

SO4

2--

SO4
confirmed

IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

(spinach leaves
juice)
MD
EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE
+

Juice + naoh +
heat

No reaction

NH4
absent

Juice + dil. Hcl

No reaction

Juice + dil. Hcl

+ h2s

No reaction

Juice + nh4cl +
Nh4oh
Juice +
K4[Fe(CN)6]
Third group
solution
filterate +h2s
gas
Third group
solution
filterate +
(nh4)2co3
Third group
solution
filterate +
nh2HPO4

Reddish brown
ppt.

Cu2+,as2+,
Pb2+ absent
Cu2+,as2+,hg2
+
, cd2+
absent
Ferrous and
ferric
present

Prussian blue
colour

Fe 3+
Confirmed

No reaction

Ni2+,Co2+
mn2+, zn2+
absent

No reaction

Ba2+, ca2+,
sr2+
absent

Crystalline white Mg2+

ppt
Confirmed

CONCLUSION:

1 Proteins are present in all.

2 Sugar is present in onion and
tomato.
3 Fat is present only in tomato.
4 Starch is absent in all of them.

5 Aluminium is present in two of

the juices.

PRECAUTIONS:
1 Juice should be properly

sieved.

2 Juice should be fresh.

3 Test tube should be clear and

should be held in holders .

4 Cations should be tested

systematically from the zero
group onwards.

TOMATO, a pulpy nutritious fruit commonly eaten as

a vegetable, is wonderful gift of the Mayans. This
humble vegetable of Central America has seized the
attention of the millions of health seekers for its
incredible phyto-chemical properties. Interestingly,
it has more health benefiting compounds than that
of an apple.

Tomatoes have a multiple benefits like antioxidants

support, cardiovascular support, and anti-cancer
benefits, several other health benefits. Diets that
include tomatoes have been linked with reduced risk
of some neurological diseases in multiple studies.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF TOMATOES

Tomato contain amazing amounts of lycopene
which is said to have anti-oxidant properties.
1. Tomatoes are a rich source of potassium, a
cup of physiologically, potassium plays an
important role in transmission of nerve signals,
fluids balance in the body and many other
important chemical reactions. Potassium is
used to treat high blood pressure, insulin
resistance, chronic fatigue syndrome, muscle
weakness, and even bloating and intestinal
disorders.
2. Tomatoes are high sources vitamin A. The
Vitamin A especially wards off macular
degeneration and improves eyesight.
3. Drinking tomato juice also improves hair
health. The Vitamin k content in tomatoes not
only boosts eye sight, it also promotes healthy
hair growth. It is also one of the most important
vitamins associated with bone health. Vitamin k

activates osteocalcin, which is responsible for

anchoring calcium inside of bones.
4. Additionally, they are also good source of
anti-oxidant Vitamin-C (provide 21% of
recommended
daily
levels
per
100g),
consumption of food rich in vitamin c helps the
body develop resistance against infectious
agents and scavenge harmful free radicals.
5. Tomatoes also contain vital B-Complex
vitamins such as folates, thiamin, niacin,
riboflavin as well some essential minerals like
iron, calcium, manganese and other trace
elements.

Onion is found in every kitchen, but is curative

powers make it an important medicinal plant. There
can be no doubting the power of juices contained in
onions.
More than just a tasty culinary plant, the onion
contains sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, iron
and dietary fiber. In additional, onions are good
source of folic acid.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF ONION

1. Onions are very low in calories (just 40 calories
per 100g) and fats. However, rich in soluble
dietary fiber.
2. Phyto-Chemical compounds alliumand Allyl
disulphide in the onions convert into allicin by
enzymatic reaction when its modified leaves
are distorted (crushing, cutting, etc.). studies
have shown that these compounds have antimutagenic(protects from cancer) and antidiabetic properties(helps lower blood pressure
and sugar levels in diabetics).
3. Laboratory studies show that allice in reduces
cholesterol production by inhibiting the HMGCoA reductase enzyme in the liver cells.
Further, it also found to have anti-bacterial,
anti-viral, and anti-fungal activities
4. In addition, Allice in also decreases blood
vessel stiffness by releasing nitric oxide (NO)
and there by bring a reduction in the total
blood pressure. Further, it blocks platelet-clot
formation, and has fibrinolytic action in the
blood vessel. Altogether, it helps decrease in
overall risk of coronary artery disease (CAD),
peripheral vascular diseases(PVD), and stroke.
5. Onions are rich source of chromium, the trace
mineral that helps tissue cells respond

appropriately to insulin levels in the blood. It

thus helps facilitate insulin action and control
sugar levels in diabetes.

Spinach is a wonderful green-leafy vegetable often

recognized as one of the functional foods or its
wholesome nutritional values, anti-oxidants and
anti-cancer composition. It is well known for its
nutritional qualities and has always been regarded
as a plant with remarkable abilities to restore
energy, increase vitality and improve the quality of
the blood. It is rich in Iron. Iron plays a central role
in the functioning of red blood cells which helps in
transporting oxygen around the body, in energy
production and DNA synthesis. Spinach is also an
excellent source of Vitamin K, Vitamin A, Vitamin C

and folic acid as well as being a good source of

Manganese, Magnesium, Iron and Vitamin B2.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF SPINACH

1. Spinach is store house for many phytonutrients that have health promotional and
disease prevention properties.
2. Fresh 100g of spinach contains about 25% of
daily intake of iron, one of the richest among
green leafy vegetables. Iron is an important
trace element required by the human body for
red blood cell required by the human body for
red blood cell production and as co-factor for
oxidation-reduction
enzyme,
cytochromeoxidase during the cellular metabolism.
3. Spinach leaves are an excellent source of
Vitamin K.100g of fresh green provides 42% of
daily Vitamin K requirements. Vitamin k plays a
vital role in strengthening the bones mass by
promoting orthotropic (bone building) activity
in the bone.
4. This green leafy vegetable also contains good
amounts of many B-Complex vitamins such as
Vitamin-B6(pyridoxine), thiamin(Vitamin B-1),
riboflavin, folates, niacin. Folates help prevent
neural tube defects in the offspring.
5. 100g of farm fresh spinach has 47% of daily
recommended levels of vitamin C. Vitamin C is
a powerful anti-oxidant, which helps the body

develop resistance against infectious agents

and scavenge harmful oxygen- free radicals.
6. Its leaves also contain a good amount of
minerals
like
potassium,
manganese,
magnesium, Copper and zinc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1.

WWW.GOOGLE.COM

2.

WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG

3.

WWW.CBSEPORTAL.COM

4.

WWW.CHEMLAB.TRUMAN.ED

U
5.

WWW.RSE.COM

6.

WWW.STEM.ORG.UK

7.

WWW.PHOTOBUCKET.COM

8.

WWW.EASYCHEM.COM

RESULT OF
ANALYSIS
Topic

Anions
present

TOMATO
CO32-,
Cl ,
PO43-

ONION

CO42-,
NO3-

Spinach

NO3-,
SO42-

Cations
present

Al3+

Al3+

Fe2+

1. PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT IN TOMATO AND ONION

JUICES.
2. CARBONATE AND CHLORIDE ARE PRESENT IN
TOMATO JUICE ONLY.
3. NITRATE IS PRESENT IN ONION AND SPINACH
JUICE.
4. SULPHATE IS PRESENT ONLY IN SPINACH JUICE.
5. MANGANESE IS PRESENT ONLY IN TOMATO JUICE.
6. IRON IS PRESENT IN ONLY SPINACH.
7. MAGNESIUM IS PRESENT IN TOMATO, ONION AND
SPINACH JUICE.