7

()

(Instruments)











7.1

(IC)
(Dual in-line package DIP) 8 (Terminal) 7.1

7 2

V+
B alan ce

N o co n n ectio n

In v ertin g in p u t

V+

N o n in v ertin g in p u t

O u tp u t

V-

B alan ce

In v ertin g in p u t
2

O u tp u t
6

3
N o n in v ertin g in p u t
1
V-

7.1
) (Pin) )
5
1. (-) 2 (Inverting Input)
2. (+) 3 (Noninverting Input)
3. 6 (Output)
4. 7
5. 4
7.1

(A)

13

10 10

(Ri)

10 10

(RO)

10 100

(VCC)

5 24

Vd
5

(A) 10 10 Vd

15

 7 7 3

14 Vd
14
+14
Vd

= V2 V1

(7.1)

Vd

= (-) (+)

V2

= (+)

V1 = (-)
(Output)
VO

- VCC
VO
A

= AVd = A(V2 V1)

(7.2)

VO +VCC

(7.3)

=
= (Open Loop Voltage Gain)

VCC =

(Voltage Controlled Voltage
Source)

Operational Amplifier
5

7.1 741 A = 2 10 RI = 2
RO = 50 7.2
(Closed loop Gain : VO/VS) I VS = 2
20 k

VS

I
+

741

10 k

VO
-

7.2
7.2 1 KCL

7 4

VS V1
V1
V1 VO
=
3
6 + 20 10 3
10 10
2 10
6
2 10
200VS
2VS

= 301V1 100VO
= 3V1 VO

V1
= (2VS + VO)/3
7.2 O KCL
V AVd
V1 VO
= O
3
50
20 10
Vd = - V1 A = 200,000
V1 V O

= 400(VO + 200,000 V1)

V1 (2VS + VO)/3
0

= 26,667,067 VO + 53,333,333 VS

VO
= -1.9999699
VS
(Feedback)
VS = 2 V1, VO I
VO

= 2 (1.9999699) = 3.9999398

V1

= (2VS + VO)/3 = (4 3.9999398)/3

V V
= 0.1999

= 1 O3
20 10

7.2 1 (Ideal Op-Amp)

1. A =
2. RI =
3. RO = 0

 7 7 5

(Large)

7.3
1
I2= 0

VO

V2

V1

Vd

I1= 0

7.3
7.3 2
1.
I2 = 0
I1 = 0
2.
= V2 V1 = 0

Vd

(7.4)
(7.5)

V1
= V2
(7.6)
1
2

7.2 741 A = Ri =
RO = 0 7.4
(Closed Loop Gain : VO/VS) I VS = 1

5 k

741

40 k

VO
-

VS

I1= 0

I2= 0

7.4

IO
20 k

7 6

V1 = V2 V2 = VS 5
40
VS
= 0.2
I
= I5k =
5 10 3
= (I)(5k + 40k)
=9

VO
VO
= I+

IO
20 10 3
= 0.2 mA + 0.45 mA
= 0.65
VO 8.99955796 IO = 0.649

7.3 (Inverting Ampliler)

7.5 (Non inverting))
Vi (Inverting) R1 Rf

I2
R1

1
V1
V2

VS

0A
0V

IS

Rf

VO
-

7.5
7.5 KCL 1
I1
Vi V1
R1

= I2
V V
= 1 O
Rf

(7.7)

V1 = V2 = 0

: Non - invertingNon Ig

 7 7 7

VO
V
=- O
Rf
Rf
Rf

VO
= - Vi
(7.8)
R1
V
R
AV = O = - f 7.5 Inverter
Vi
Ri
(-)



Vi
R1

7.3 7.5 R1 = 10 k Rf = 25 k Vi = 0.5

) (VO)

) R1 (10 k)
Rf
) (7.8)
VO
=V
R1 i

25 10 3
=(0.5 V)
= - 1.25
10 10 3
) R1 (10 k)
0.5 V 0
V 0
I
= i
=
R1
10 10 3
= 50

7.4 7.6 (VO)

40 k
a
b
6V

20 k

VO

2V

7.6

7 8

KCL a
Va VO
40

6 V Va
20
6 V Va
= 40 (
)
20
= 12 V 2 Va
=

V a VO
VO

= 3Va 12V

Va = Vb = 2 ()
= 3(2 V) 12V
= -6

VO

Vb = 0 = Va VO = -12 (7.8)
7.4 (Non-Inverting Amplifier)

7.7
Rf

I2
V1
V2

Vi

VO
-

I1

R1

7.7
R1

( 7.7)
KCL
I1
0 V1
R1

= I2
V V
= 1 O
Rf

(7.9)

 7 7 9

V1 = V2 = Vi (7.9)
V V
V1
= i O
(7.10)
R1
Rf
R

VO
= (1 + f ) Vi
(7.11)
Ri
V
R
AV = O = (1 + f ) (-)
Ri
Vi


Rf = 0 () R1 = ()
1 Rf = 0 ()
R1 = () 7.8 ) 7.8 ) (Voltage
Follower)
VO

= Vi

(7.12)

(Buffer) 7.8
(Loading)

Rf = 0

VO = VS

Vi
-

V2

V O

-

Vi

V2

V1

I2

)
)
7.8

7 10

7.5 7.9 VO
10 k
a
b
6V

4 k

VO

4V

7.9

1 ()
6 V 4 (= 0 )
10 k
= (6V)
= - 15
VO6V
4 k
4 V 6 (= 0 )
10 k
= (1 +
)(4V)
= 14
VO4V
4 k

VO

= VO6V + VO4V
= - 15 + 14

= 1

2 a
V V
6 Va
= a O3
3
4 10
10 10
7.9 Va = Vb = 4
4 V VO
6V 4 V
=
3
4 10
10 10 3
20
= 16 4 VO

4VO

= 16 20

= - 4

VO

= -4/4

= -1

 7 7 11

7.5 (Summing Amplifier)

()

()
7.10

V2
V3

R1
R2
R3

Rf

0
a

V1

VO
-

7.10
7.10

( 0)
KCL a
I

V V
I = a O , I1
Rf

= I1 + I2 + I3
(7.13)
V V
V V
V V
= 1 a , I2 = 2 a , I3 = 3 a (7.14)
R3
R1
R2

Va = 0 (7.14) (7.13)

R
R
R
VO
= - f V1 + f V2 + f V3
(7.15)
R3
R2
R1

(Summer)

7 12

7.6 VO IO 7.11
10 k

2V

2 .5 k
1V

a
b

IO
+

5 k

+
2 k

VO
-

7.11

7.11 (7.15)

R
R
VO = f V1 + f V2
R
R
1
2
10
10
= ( 2 ) + (1) k
2.5
5
= (4 + 4 )

= - 8

IO 10 2
VO = 8 Va = Vb = 0
b
IO = I10k + I2k
V 0 VO 0
= O
+
10
2
= 0.8 0.4
= 1.2

 7 7 13

7.6 (Difference Amplifier)

(Instrumentation Amplifier)
R2

V1

V2

R4

VO
-

V
R3

R1

7.12
7.12 ( :0)
KCL a
V V
V1 Va
= a O
R2
R1
R
R
= 2 +1 Va 2 V1
(7.16)

VO
R1
R1
b KCL
V 0
V2 Vb
= b
R4
R3
R4

Vb
=
V
(7.17)
R3 + R4 2
Va = Vb (7.17) (7.16)
R
R
R4
= 2 +1
V2 2 V1
VO
R
+
R
R1
R
1 3 4
R1 + 1

R R
R
= 2 R 2 V2 2 V1
(7.18)

VO
R1
R1
3 +1
R4
V1 = V2 VO = 0
(Reject a Signal Common)

7 14

R
R1
= 3
R2
R4
(7.18)
R
R
VO
= 2 V2 2 V1
R1
R1
R2
(V V )
=
R1 2 1

(7.19)

(7.20)

R1 = R2 R3 = R4
(Subtractor)
VO

= (V2 V1)

(7.21)

7.7 V1 V2
VO = 5V1 + 3V2
1 7.12 (7.18)
R2

=5
R1
R2

= 5 R1

R1 + 1
R2 R2
R1 R 3
+1
R4
R1 + 1
R

5 R2
3 +1
R4
6
5
R3
+1
R4
R3
+1
R4

R3
R4

=3

=3

3
5

6
= 53
5
=1

 7 7 15

R3 = R4 R1 = 10 k R3 = 20 k R2 = 50 k
R4 = 20 k VO = 5V1 + 3V2
2 1
7.13
3 R3
V2

5 R1

R6

5 R1

V
a
V1

VO

R1

7.13

VO

= Va 5V1

Va

= 3V2

VO

= 3 V 2 5 V1

R1 = 10 k R2 = 20 k R1 = R2 = 10 k

7 16

7.8 Instrumentation Amplifier 7.14

( 1 ) 7.14
R 2R
= 2 3 +1 (V2 V1)
VO
R1 R 4
+
-

V1

R1

A1
R3

+
V

R4

R2

V
R3

A3

VO

R1

A2

R2
2

7.14

A3

VO
VO

R2
(V V )
R1 O2 O1

A1 A2 I 3

VO2 VO1

= I (R3 + R4 + R3)
= I (2 R3 + R4)
V V
= a b
R4

Va = V1 , Vb = V2
I

V V
= 1 2
R4

V V
VO1 VO2 I (R3 + R4 + R3) I 1 2
R4

 7 7 17

VO

R2
(V V )
R1 O2 O1

R 2 2R 3
+ 1 (V V )
R1 R 4 2 1

VO

(Cascaded OpAmp Circuits)

+
-

+
-

V 2 = A 1V 1

A2

V 3 = A 2V 2

A1

V1

A3

V O = A 3V 3

7.15 3

1 1 2



A
= A1 A2 A3
(7.22)
(Stage)


()

7 18

7.9 7.16 VO, IO

a

3 k

12 k
4 k

10 k

IO

20 m V

VO
-

7.16

12
Va
= + 1 (20)
= 100
3
2
10
= +1 (Va)
VO
4
10
= + 1 (100)
= 350
4
IO 10 k
V V
= O 3b
IO
10 10
Vb = Va= 100
IO

(350 100 ) 10 3
10 10 3

= 25

 7 7 19

7.10 7.17 VO V1 = 1 V2 = 2
6 k

10 k

2 k

V2

5 k

VO

8 k
4 k

V2

15 k

+
B

7.17

A B C

6
Va
= (V1)
= 3(1)
= 3
3
Vb

8
4

= (V2)

= 2(2)

= 4

Va Vb
10
10
VO
= ( Va + Vb)
5
15
2
= 8.333
= [ 2(3) + (4)]
3

7.7
7.7.1 (DigitaltoAnalog Converter)
DAC
DAC 4 7.18 DAC 4
Binary Weighted Ladder 7.18 ) (
) Rf / Rn

7 20

R
R
R
R

= f V1 + f V2 + f V3 + f V4 (7.23)
R
R
R
R
2
3
4
1
V1 (Most Significant Bit : MSB) V4
(Least Significant Bit : LSB)
0 5
0 1 (On Off) DAC

VO

V1

D ig ita l in p u t

F o u r - b it

(0 0 0 0 - 1 1 1 1 )

DAC

V2

R1

A n a lo g o u tp u t

V3

R2

V4

R3

M SB

Rf

R4
-

LSB

VO

)
)
7.18 DAC 4 ) )

7.11 7.18 Rf =10 , R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 40 R4 = 80 k

[0000], [0001], [0010], , [1111]
(7.23)
R
R
R
R

= f V1 + f V2 + f V3 + f V4
VO
R
R
R
R
2
3
4
1
= V1 + 0.5 V2 + 0.25 V3 + 0.125 V4
1 0 [0000] [V1 V2 V3 V4]
(0)
7.2

7.2 DAC 4

Binary
- VO
Binary
- VO

0000
0
1000
1.0

0001
0.125
1001
1.125

0010
0.25
1010
1.25

0011
0.375
1011
1.375

0100
0.5
1100
1.5

0101
0.625
1101
1.625

0110
0.75
1111
1.875

0111
0.875

 7 7 21

0.123 1.0000 1.125
4 0.125
(
)

7.7.2 (Instrumentation Amplifier)

Instrumentation Amplifier (IA)
IA
(Data Acquisition
System)
Instrumentation Amplifier IA
7.14 ( 7.8)
3 7 7.19 ) RG
7.19 ) 7.8
VO

= AV(V2 V1)

AV

= 1+

+
-

V1
In v erte d in p u t

(7.24)

2R
RG

(7.25)

1
R

RG
G ain se t

V2

- 2
+

N o n in v e rtin g in p u t

7.19

VO

O u tp u t

7 22

7.13 7.19 R1 = 10 k , V1 = 2.011 V2 = 2.017 RG

500
)

) VO
)
AV

2R
RG
2 10,000
= 1+
500
= 1+

= 41

) VO
VO

= AV(V2 V1)
= 41(2.017 2.011)

= 246

Instrumentation Amplifier
(Cancel) IA 3
1. RG
2.
3. VO V1 V2

IA
IA LH0036
100 10
1 1,000

 7 7 23

()





(Cascaded )

(Instrumentation Amplifier)

7 24

7
1.

741 2 10 2
50 ._7.1 VO/VS
IO VS = 1 V ( 9.0041 362 )

VS

5 k

741

40 k

I1= 0

15 k

VO

5 k

20 k

I2= 0

40 m V

VO

._7.1

3.

._7.2
( 120 8 )
V
._7.3 0 = R
IS
R

R1

IS

VO

IS

R2
R3

VO

4.

._7.3

2.

._7.2

._7.4

V
R R
._7.4 0 = R1 ( 1 + 3 + 3 )
IS
R1 R 2

 7 7 25

5.

._7.5 VO ( 7 )
4 k
+
5 k

VO
-

2 k

8 k

3V

._7.5
._7.6 VO IO ( 3.8 1.425 )
8 k

20 k

1 .5 V

10 k

2V

IO

6 k

6.

1 .2 V

4 k

VO
-

._7.6
4
( R1 = R3 = 10 R2 = R4 = 40 )
R2
V
R3
V1

V2

VO

R4

R1

7.

._7.7

7 26

._7.8 IO ( 2 )
40 k

8 .0 0 V

8.

20 k
+

8 .0 1 V

20 k

IO

10 k

40 k

._7.8
._7.9 VO IO
( 10 1 )
+

4 V
IO

4 k

._7.9

6 k

VO
-

9.

 7 7 27

10. ._7.10 V1 = 2 V2 = 1.5 VO

( 9 )
60 k
2 k

V2

20 k

50 k
4 k

V2

30 k

._7.10
11. DAC 3 ._7.11

V1
V2

10 k

10 k
20 k
40 k

V3

._7.11

) |VO| [V1 V2 V3] = [0 1 0]

) |VO| [V1 V2 V3] = [1 1 0]
) |VO| = 1.25 [V1 V2 V3]
) |VO| = 1.75 [V1 V2 V3]
) 0.5 ) 1.5
) [1 0 1]
) [1 1 1]

VO

7 28

12. RG IA ._7.12
142 R 25 ( 354.6 )

+
-

V1
In v erted in p u t

1
R

RG
G a in set

V2

- 2
+

N o n in v ertin g in p u t

._7.12

VO

O u tp u t