Chapter 3

Transformers

DC Voltage and AC Voltage

DC Voltage:
Its polarity doesnt change in time.

Average12 V

DC Voltage and AC Voltage

AC Voltage:
Its polarity change in time and it has zero average value.
Positive
alternance

Negative
alternance

Average is
zero

Transformer
Transformer:
Is an electric machine that converts energy from an AC source to another.
Output AC voltage level can be changed by transformer turn ratio.
It is invented for decreasing the losses of transmission systems.

Primary
Winding

Secondary
winding

Ideal Transformer

Ideal Transformer

Ideal Transformer

N1 2 V2
)
N 2 I2

Impedence Transformation

Non-ideal Transformer
Finite permeability

Non-ideal Transformer
Leakage flux

Non-ideal Transformer
Core and copper losses

Specifying Parameters of
Transformers
Open Circuit Test

Rc and Xm is very high

when compared with R1
and X1

Specifying Parameters of
Transformers
Open Circuit Test

The angle
between
V1 and I1
| | = 1 cos()
| | = 1 sin()
1
| |
1
=
| |

Specifying Parameters of
Transformers
Short Circuit Test

Rc and Xm is very high

when compared with
R2 and X2

Specifying Parameters of
Transformers
Short Circuit Test

Example
An open circuit test were performed for
1000 VA 220 V/110 V transformer. Rfe and
Xm are calculated 1630 ve 500 ,
respectively. By using these information;
a) Find the input current.
b) Find cos().
c) Find input power.
Note: Rfe and Xm are the parameters which
are seen from primary winding.