1.

.
(,,)
,

,
, .

. P1 ,
h

P2

P2 - P1 = g h .

P2 - P1 = g dh .

P2 - P1 = g h(),
P2 - P1 = g dh()
:
g :
h :
P1, P2 :

1)

.
(V),

(P),(T)

PV = nRT

. n (mol),

R 8.31 J/mol K .

.
.
)

(Boyle), V, P ,

?=m/v .

P/=Const

PV = Const .

( m )

P = Const/ .? .

1/273.15
Vt

, 1

. 0 V0 ,

P = Const

Vt = V0 (1 + 1/273.15.t) = V0( 1+ .t) (Charles) .

)
1643
. ,

76 cm

 .

.
,

P=

g h .

P , ? 13.595 g/ ),

(9.80665

m/s2), h .

< 5-2 >

)

.

.
. 1 ,

1 m

76 cm .

.

h 76 cm .

, , 76 cm
, Pa .

Pa = Hg. g. h .

1 atm = (0 ) X () X ( )
= 13.595 x 103 (kg/) x 9.80665 (m/s2) x 0.76 m
= 1.01325 x 105 (N/) = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 1013.25 hPa

1 1 , 76 cm ,

1033.23cm .

13.595

13.595 x76 =

10.33 m .

10 m .

P0 ?

P/y = -g . -

,

,

. 6 km

 1/2 .

.

, .

1960 SI
( N/) , 1971 (Pa)
. 1 Pa 1 1/ 101.325 .
8.5 cm

98066.5

kg/ , .

1 kg/ = 98066.5Pa = 98.0665kPa = 0.0980665 MPa 100kPa 0.1 MPa

()

,() .

 1 bar = 105 N/ = 105 kg.m/s2 = 105 Pa

mmH2O = mmAQ = mmWG = mmWs = mmWC
Psi = Lb/in2 = 0.07030 kg/ (1kg/ = 14.2233 Psi)
Torr = mmHg = 1.35951 x 10-3 kg/ = 13.595 mmH2O
1)
, ,
0

(Absolute

Pressure), (Gauge Pressure),

(Differential Pressure) .
)

1

.

1

1 10

.

1 ,
1 10 .
)

45

0 0 mmHg

, ,
.

Absolute Pressure

"abs" .

()
0 ,
. , 45

760 mmHg

Gauge Pressure

" G" .

.
. P
(P2 - P1) .

< 5-4 , >

2)

1 2 ,

1 ,

2 .

(,,,,)
(,,) (,,)

(,,,, )

(

1.0 (1.0 ), 1.0

0.5, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 )

, ,


100 kg/

100 kg/ 1.5

.
2 ,
1.5 .
"USE NO OIL" .