ANCIENTPERIODANDEARLYINHABITEDAREAS

Period

Year

Paleolithic

35000
yrs
ago

Mesolithic 11000
yrs
ago

Neolithic

Metalage

5000
yrs
ago

2500
yrs
ago

Maincharacteristico
Inhabitants
livesincaves
mainxtvtcollecting
forestproduct&
hunting
startedusingstone
tools(simpleand
crude)
livesincaves,along
riversandlakes
startfarming
usedmorerefined
stonetools
Abletomake
earthenware

usedmore
sophisticatedtools
startrearing
livestock
start
communincating
startcreatingobject
andusingaccessories
populationgrew
developed
residentialareain
wideopenlandnear
rivers
moreorderlyand
sedentarylifestyle
practisedcustoms

Area
tampanestuary,
perak
niahcaves,
Sarawak
tingkayu,sabah

chacaves,
Kelantan
kecilcaves,
Pahang
kepahcaves,
kedah
jenderamhilir,
Selangor
madaicaves,
sabah
gamantangcaves,
sabah
niahcaves,
Sarawak
Samewith
Mesolithicplaces

langriver,
Selangor
langarriver,
Selangor
muarriver,johor
tembelingriver,
Pahang
tganuriver,tganu

EMPIREOFMALACCAHISTORY
TheGoldenAgeofMalacca
wasfoundedbyParameswarain1403
MalaccagrewintogreatempireinMalayArchipelago
wellknownascenterformaritimetrade,thespreadofIslam
anempirewithadvancecivilization
Therulerwastheheadofstate,theIslamicregionandthearmy
the government was based on two laws (Malacca Law, Malacca
LawoftheSea)

ReasonbehindMalaccasglory
i.
itsstrategiclocationmidwayalongIndiaandchina
ii.
MalayasLinguaFranca
iii.
usageofcurrencysystem
iv.
strongtradetiesbetweenforeigncountries
v.
reasonabletaxationsystem
vi.
efficientadministrativesystem

FromPoliticalSide
i.
ReceivedprotectionfromChinaagainstSiam
ii.
strengthen its position by building diplomatic ties with
JavaandIndia

FallofMalacca
endedin1511afterPortugeseattack
Reached supremacy under the rule of Sultan Mansur Syah but
declibedthereafter

Internalfactor
afterthedeathofTunPerak,Malaccabecomelackedofefficient
leader
hissuccessor,TunMutahir,wasaweakleader.Asaresult,there
wereoftenstrugglesforpowers
sultanMahmudpaidlessattentiontotheadministration,bribery
andhightaxes,causepplsplitanddisunited
malay ppl become hostile to Indian Muslim. Evidence, Sultan
MahmudcommandedTunMutahirandTunAlitobeputtodeath
duetothebetrayalofKitulandRajaMandaliar.
later, Chief Minister Tepok replaced him, but he was very old
oredy.
Continued misunderstanding and dispute caused segregation
amongppl.

Externalfactor
discoveryofCapeofGoodHopeinSouthAfricabyBartholomew
Diazin1488easiertosailfromWesttoEast.Asaresult,easier
forPortugesetoinvadeMalacca
Internal conflict and high taxes caused merchants to move to
otherports

MALAYAUNDERBRITISHPOLICY

THE BACKGROUND OF WESTERN COLONIZATION (bace

notestulistgn)

ColonialEra
FactorsforColonizing
i.
vastnaturalresources
ii.
place for them to extend their political influence and
Christianfaith

Table1:Colonistsandthefeaturesofdomination

PortugeseandDucthColonization
portugese,leadbyAlfonsodeAlbuquerque,tookoverMalaccain
1511

Mainreason
i.
Tocontrolmaritimetradeineast
ii.
tospreadChristianity
iii.
FAILED.Duetotheinconsistencybetweentheirtrading
practiceandreligion
although they did conquer Malacca, their objectives was not
completely achieved bcoz Malays often attacked them, limiting
theirinfluenceonlytothevicinityoftheFort
PortugesecolonizationledtothefallingofMalaccaabdthestart
ofnewkingdom,theJohoreRiauMalayKingdom.
with assistant from johor, Dutch defeated Portugese and took
overMalaccain1641
thedutchonlyinterestedintinoresinMalaypeninsula.

BritishColonization
focusontheopeningofSingapore

TheAcquisitionofPenangandSingapore
EnglishmerchantssetupBritishEastHindiaCompanyin1600to
improvetradeintheregion.
in 11 August 1786, Sultan Abdullah made an agreement with
FrancisLighttoprotectKedahfromSiam.Thus,PenangIslandwas
giventoBritish
on6thFeb1819,StamfordRafflesoccupiedSpore.
achievedthruBritishmanipulationinalocalissuebetweenChief
MilitaryofficerAbdulRahmanandSultanAbdulRahmaninRiau.

ANGLODUTCHTREATY1824(PERJANJIANBELANDA1824)
wassignedon17march1824
mainaimendtherivalrybetweenBritishandDutch
Factorsofrivalry
i.
trade
ii.
DutchwerenothappyBritishgotSingapore
iii.
GotworsewhensomeBritishpplgotkilledinAmbon
Effectofthistreaty
i.
Dutch handed Malacca to British in exchange with
Bangkahulu
ii.
AreaofsouthofSingaporebelongstoDutch
iii.
AreaofnorthofSingaporebelongstoBritish
iv.
Agreedtoworktogethertofightpiratesxtvt

StraitsSettlement(NNS)
Penang,MalaccaandSingapore
These states were united on 1829 with Penang was the first
capitalstatewithgovernorashead.
st
on1 April1867,theadministrationofNNSwastransferredfrom
Calcutta,IndiatoLondon.
thus,declaringNNSasBritishcolonialterritory

BritishInterventioninMalayStates,SabahandSarawak
The first Malay states that accepted British intervention were
Perak,N9,PahangandSelangor
thisstateswerecalledFederatedMalayStates
FactorsofBritishIntervention
i.
internalweakness
ii.
no unity among inhabitants, thus allowing British to
installanadvisor
iii.
Presence of important natural resources such as tin
ores.
iv.
Strongcompetitionamongwesternpowers
Tomakeadministrativebecomemoreefficient
i.
BritishintroducedResidentsystem.Roleofresidents,to
adviceSultan
ii.
everystateswasdivideintodistrict,division,parish,and
villages
iii.
policeforcewereestablishedforpeacekeeping

Fromeconomicviewpoint
i.
taxation system and imposition of license on boats and
firearmswereintroduced
ii.
banonslaverysystem
iii.
immigrationofforeignworkers

THESTRUGGLEAGAINSTCOLONIALIST
DatoBahaman
Pahang,18911895
In1888,J.P.RodgerwasappointedasPahangsResidentandhe
introducedthepostTaxCollectorandmagistrate
Localdignitarieslosttheirsourceofincomefromtaxes
aholywarwaslaunchedagainstBritish
Tokjanggut(HajiWanHassan)
kelantan,1915
therebelliowasbetterknownasthePeasantsRebellion
oppositionstartedwhentheBritishappointedaDistrictOfficerin
PasirPutih,andimposestaxesonlocalppl.
arroganceoftaxcollectormakesthingsworse
thecaptureofPasirPutihPoliceStationandtheestablishmentof
atemporarygovernment
MatKilau
sonofTokGajah
joinedrebellionagainsttheBritishimperialism(PahangRebellion
18911895)
havemanyabilities(canpretendtobedeadforhours)
SharifMasahor
Sarawak,185360
objectiontoJamesBrookeoccupyingtheareaofSungaiRajang
Combined with Datuk Patinggi Abdul Gapur toattack the British
fortsinKanowitandKuching
LarutWar
aseriesof4warsstartedinJuly1861andendedwiththesigning
ofthePangkorTreatyof1874.
JWWBirchwasappointedasthePerakresident
CaptainSpeedywasappointedastheministerofLarut
the conflict was fought among local Chinese societies, Ghee Hin
andHaiSanoverthecontrolofminingareasinPerakwhichlater
on involed the rivalry between Raja Abdullah and Ngah Ibrahim
(MinisterofLarut)

JapaneseInvasion
from15feb194215august1945
theentirecountryandSingaporeweredefeatedinjust70days
theattacksstartedfromtwodirections,EastandWest
KotaBharuKuantanMersing
on12dec1941,JitraPenangSlimRiver
jan1942,KL
BothJaptroopsmeetsinJohorBaharu
15feb1942,SingaporefellintoJaparmy

MainaimtoestablishNewGreatEastAsiaGovernment

TheJapVictory
Dueto
i.
Britishwasnotpreparedfortheattack
ii.
Japhasacomprehensiveplan(spiesinMalaya)
iii.
japsarmywerewelltrained
iv.
theyhadpracticalwartactics

EffectsofJapInvasion
Insocialaspect
i.
worsentherelationshipamongraces
ii.
chineseseekrefugeattheedgeofthejungle
Ineconomicaspect
i.
Malayawasincompleteconfusion
ii.
economicstructureweredestroyed
iii.
economicxtvtweredisrupted
iv.
inflationoccurs
Frompoliticalaspects
i.
periodofmiseryforlocalcitizens
ii.
politicalawareness
iii.
MalayswereattractedbythesloganAsiaforAsians
iv.
ChineseestablishedMPAJA
v.
CommunistPartyofMalayabecomesstronger
vi.
Japusepolice(malayppl)tofightMPAJA,causingmore
racialfriction
vii.
After Japs surrendered, the bloody conflict lasted two
weeks

COMMUNISTPARTYINMALAYA

DECLARATIONOFEMERGENCYIN1948

Emergency
closelyrelatedtodevelopmentandxtvtoftheMCP
communismcreptintoMalayaintheearlyof1920thruabranch
ofKuomintangParty.
ObjectivesofMCP
i.
To overthrow the British government and established
theCommunistRepublicofMalaya
assoonasWWIIended,someoftheMCPguerillasemergedfrom
the jungle and prepared a strategy to take over the controlling
power
the form Malayan Races Liberation Army (MRLA) or also known
asThreeStars
MCPsetupsupplybadpublicspyunitcalledMinYuen
FunctionsofMinYuen
i.
Getfoodandmedicalsuppliesforguerillasinjungle
ii.
ObtainedinfoonBritishxtvt

NoSupportforCommunistIdeology
forMalays,communismwasagainstIslamicteachingasitdenied
theexistenceofGod
MCAisestablishedtosafeguardtheinterestoftheChineseppl
incidently, the Malayan economy was quite stable at that time
andmostMalayancitizenswereagainstMCP
in 1948, following the Calcutta Resolution, the MCP launched
attacksrubberestatesandtinmines

CommunistUprisingandTerrorism
The Asian Communist Young Cingress held in Calcutta in Feb
1948,influencedtheMCP
however, MCP failed to conquer country thru constitution and
peace
thus,theyuseviolencetodefeatBritish
injune1948,MCPlaunchedanarmeduprisinginMalaya
on6oct1951,SitHenryGurneywasshotdeadbycommunist
thisattackshockedBritishandactionsweretaken
i.
Emergency
ii.
TheBriggsPlan
iii.
Militarysteps
iv.
Psychologicalwarfare(theTemplerPlan)

DeclarationofEmergencyandEmergencyLaws
16 june 1948, Sir Edward Gent declared Perak and Johor
emergencyareas
17june1948,wholeMalayawasdeclared
declaration was due to the killing of three European estate
managerinPerak
23July1948,MCPwasofficiallyoutlawed
Impact
i.
Roadblocksandcurfewinareaswherecommunistwere
rife
ii.
Introductionofregistrationsystem(IC)

TheBriggsPlan
to eradicate communist xtvt thru a strategy to relocate the
squatterareasfromtheedgeoftheforesttoanewvillage
launchedstarvationmovement
weakened Min Yuen xtvt and forced the communist out of the
jungles

MilitaryMeasures
SirGeraldTemplerreplacedSirHenryGurney
usedmilitaryforcetofightthecommunist
include13battalionsofEnglishsoldiers,GurkhasandMalays
forminghomeguardssystemin1953
recruitingassistantfromCommonwealthCountries

PsychologicalWarfare
SirGerardTemplertookthisaction
thoseactionsare
i.
Making conditions easier for non Malays to obtain
citizenship
ii.
Pardoning large number of MCP members who
surrendered
iii.
Rewardingpplwhogiveinforegardingcommunist
iv.
Givingoutpamphletscallingthecommunisttogiveup
v.
Introducedthesystemofwhiteandblackareas.White
freefromcommunist

TheBalingNegotiation
MCPnegotiateswithgovernmentofMalaya
heldinBaling,Kedahin28,29dec1955
Government
vs MCP
TunkuAbdulRahman

ChinPeng
DavidMarshall
ChenTien
TanChengLok
RashidMaidin

negotiation failed becoz MCP rejected governments pffer and

refusedtolaydowntheirarm

ImpactofEmergency
31 July 1960, Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaimed the end of
Emergency
MCPfailuredueto
i.
Their offensive act against the Malayan Union
Government
ii.
LackofsupportfromtheMalayancitizen
iii.
Lackofprotectionfromothercommunistcountry
many were killed, property were destroyed, economy was
crippled
newvillagewithpublicfacilitiesunlikethoseintraditionalmalay
villagewidenedthesocialgap

THESTRUGGLETOINDEPENDENCE

Malayaobtainedindependenceon31staugust1957
struggle for independence can be divided to two stages (bloody
andwithoutbloodshedstage)

MALAYANUNION
Japsurrenderedin1945andwiththeWWIIended
period between Jap surrendered and the return of British to
Malaya gave the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) to take
opportunitytotakeoverthegovernmentinMalaya
MCPcontrolledMalayafor14days
BritishreturnedtoMalayainSept1945

to restore peace, British Military Administration (BMA) was

established
the military system did not last and British proposed a new
systemcalledMALAYANUNION

ProposalforSettingUptheMalayanUnion
in 10 oct 1945, the Bristish Parliament presented a white paper
withthecontentthattheBritishaimedtocreateanewsystemof
administrationinMalayaknownasMU
MainObjectivesofMU
i.
to ensure that the economic interest of the British in
Malayaispretected
ii.
cutdownadministrativecost
iii.
tograntindependence

Harold MacMaichael was vested with responsibility to get

agreementofalltheMalayrulers
jan1946,constitutionofMuwaspassedonandon1April1946,
MUwasofficiallyproclaimed
EdwardGentasthefirstGovernor

OppositionAgainstMalayanUnion
strongestoppositioncomesfromtheMalays
Individually
i.
they voiced their opposition thru the media such as
MajlisandUtusanMelayu
Collectively
i.
organizedbyMalayUnionsatstateandnationallevel
ii.
demonstration by 10000 ppl on 15 dec 1945 when Sir
MacMichael arrived at Kelantan to obtain Sultans
signatures
iii.
jan1946,50000ppldemoinKedah
iv.
10Feb1946,15000helpdemoinJohor
v.
InSelangor,CongressofMalayUnionswasheldfrom14
march1946
nd
vi.
11may1946,2 congresswasheldinJohor
vii.
DatoOnnJaafarastheUMNOpresident

viii.
ix.

UMNOfightforindependence
Malayrulersdidnotpresentduringtheinaugurationof
MU
MalaysopposedtheMUforanumofreasons
i.
thegrantingofcitizenshiptothenonMalays
ii.
erosionofMalayrulerspowerandsovereignty
iii.
MacMichaelsthreatsingettingtherulerssignatures
OppositionalsocamefromformerBritishofficers
i.
Frank Swettenham, R.O Winstedt, George Maxwell and
CecilClementiSmith
Thenonmalays
ii.
the nonMalays accused MU to be colonial and
undemocratic
iii.
theylostinterestbecozBritishdecisiontopostponethe
enforcementofcitizenshipright
iv.
theyhadnocapableleadersandwerenotveryawareof
politicsofMalaya
v.
thespiritofnationalismwasstillinthedirectionoftheir
countryorigin

TheFailureofMalayanUnion
i.
strongoppositionfromtheMalays
ii.
nostrongsupportfromthenonMalays
iii.
wrongtiming
iv.
wrongintroduction(didnottakeintoaccthewishesof
pplinMalaya)
v.
oppositionfromformerBritishofficers
vi.
MUendonJuly1946

UMNO
foundedbyDatoOnnJaafar
opposedtheMUandunitedtheMalaystofightforindependence

PETA
IkatanPemudaTanahAir(1947)
aradicalandsocialistparty

REIDCOMMISION
Reid Commission led by Lord Reid, setup in 1956, draw up
constitutionforIndependentMalaya
received suggestion and views from various organization and
individuals
the most important memorandum, out of 131 received, the one
fromAllianceandtheMalayrulersweretakenintoaccount
Lord Reid encouraged suggestion and views not just from
groups/organizationbutalsofromindividually
theprocesswentthruseveraldrafts
the constitution was accepted and approved by the Federal
Legislative Council on 15 Aug 1957. Came into effect on 27 Aug
1957

Itsfundamentalprinciplesare

13MAY1969
riotsbetweentheMalaysandChinese
twoincidentthatcausesthisriots
i.
ChineseinSetapakattackedagroupofMalaywhichon
theirwaytotheUMNOprocession
ii.
In Bukit Bintang, a Malay couple were murdered by
Chineseradicalasbothofthemwerecomingoutfroma
movietheater
duetothese,agroupofMalayprotestertakerevengedbykilling
twopassingChinesemotorcyclistandtheriotbegan
196pplhaddied,149werewounded
declaration of Emergency on 14 until 16 may throughout the
country
(basedonChapter10)
thisriotstartswithsomemisunderstandinginKampongBaru,KL
some supporters of the opposition camp were over enthusiastic
intheircelebrationofthepartysvictoryinthegeneralelection
their actions went a bit too far and beyond the confines of the
lawandsocialethics
their humiliating shouts and unruly behaviour angered some
supporters from another party which was in the governing
coalation
uncontrolled exchanged of words soon developed between the
twoparties(ChineseandMalayparties)

MAGERAN1969(MAJLISGERAKANNEGARA)
after the Emergency on the 16 may 1969, Malaysia was directly
instructedbyAgong
Mageranisformedtofindthesolutionand wayssothatthe 13
mayriotsdoesnothappenedagain
actionstakenare:
i.
ProducedRukunNegara(toincreasepplsunderstanding
ontheConstitution)
ii.
EstablishedNewEconomyPolicy(NEP)

THEBACKGROUNDOFTHEFORMATIONOFMALAYSIA
(Bacenotestulistangan,chapter3ALL)

DEMOCRATICGOVERNMENT

twotypesofgovernmentexistintheworldtoday(autocracyand
democracy)
Inautocraticsystem
power is concentrated in a single person (wicked ruler,
ignoresthevoiceofppl,completelydeniespplspower)
nicknamedasironfistedrulers
Indemocraticsystem
powerofgovernmentcomesfromtheppl
priorityisgiventothevoiceandrightsoftheppl
channeledthruparliamentandgeneralelection

THEDUTIESOFYANGDIPERTUANAGONG
theKingisaboveeveryoneinMalaysiaandcannotbeconvicted
inanytrialnorinwhatevercourt
butHisHighnesscanbeconvictedinspecialcourtprovidedfor
thus, this show that every citizen (include King) is subjected to
thelawsofcountry
YangdiPertuanAgongisanexaltedconstitution
to prevent this constitution from being tarnished, and to gain
completetrustofppl,thereareseveralthingsthatKingcannotdo
i.
Not allowed to continue with his duties as the ruler of
hisstatenorholdanysalariedposition
ii.
Cannotdobusiness
iii.
Cannot leave the Federation for more than 15 days at
onetimeexceptonofficialnationalmatters
AsstatedinConstitution
i.
HisMajestyisthechiefheadofstateandtheobjectof
everycitizensallegianceandobedience
ii.
Hesymbolizesthenation
iii.
He is a component of Parliament and the countrys
supremehead
iv.
He appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the
courtstocarryoutjusticeonhisbehalfandtodecideon
anyconflictonthelaws
v.
All official government actions and execution of the
countrys regulation are carried out in the name of
Agong
Selection
theYangDipertuanAgongisselectedbyrotationfromamongthe
MalayrulersoftheninestatesinFederations
every ruler, when his turn comes, qualifies to become Agong
unlessheisstillateenagerorhehimselfdoesnotwanttobecome
one
otherreasons
mentalorhealthproblem
at least 5 members of the council convinced
thatheisunfittobecomeKing
for a period of 5 years (can be shortened due to decease or
withdrawfromtheposition)
can also be shortened if His Highness ceases to be ruler of his
ownstates

ThepowerofYangDipertuanAgong
canusehispowerinthefollowingmatters
i.
AppointedofthePM
ii.
NottoconsenttothedissolutionofParliament
iii.
RequestforameetingoftheRulersCounciltobeheld
iv.
He is also the Supremacy Head of Federations Armed
Forces

PARLIAMENT,JUDIACIARY,EXECUTIVE
(Bacechap4..grrrr)

DEFINITIONOFMALAY
someone who practices the religion of Islam, who normally
speaks in Malay language and observes Malay customs and
traditions
a person who is Malay by birth, but is not a Muslim, is not
recognized as Malay and does not qualify to receive any of the
specialright
(from chapter 8) Malay ppl regard themselves as the early
indigenouspopulationofPeninsulaMalaysia
mostoftheMalaypplinPeninsularMalaysiaarethedescendent
ofpplwhooriginatedfromIndonesianArchipelago

CONSTITUTIONCOMMONLIST
Constitution a collection of measures and guideline for
regulatingtheadministrationofacountry
theguidelinecontains:
i.
Basisformakingthelaw
ii.
Basisfreedom
iii.
Rights and responsibilities of various parties including
governmentandppl
iv.
Citizenship
v.
Judiciary
vi.
Finance
vii.
Generalelection
viii.
Distribution of powers among various parties (federal
andstate)
awrittenconstitutionissupportedbyvariousadditionaldocand
othersources
aconstitutionthatworksisalivinganddynamicconstitution(not
fixed,adjustedandupdatedduetocurrentneeds)

BackgroundofMalaysianConstitution
by1946,thesituationinMalayarchipelagoareasbelow
i.
TheNorthBorneoCompanygaveupitsrightandpower
overNorthBorneo
ii.
CharlesBrookehandedoverhispowerinSarawak
iii.
Malay states were divided into three forms of
government,NNS,FMS,andUFMS.

BritishsetupMalayanUnionon1April1946andisaccompanied
byaconstitutionnamedMalayanUnionConstitution
afterMalayanUnionhadfailed,newconstitutionismade,which
istheFederationofMalaya(PTM)Constitution1948
in1948Agreement,itstatesforthepreparationofselfrule
duetothisagreement,electionisdoneon1955andAlliancewon
51seatsoutof52seats.
18jan6feb1956,aconstitutionalmeetingwasheldinLondon.
Reid Commission was formedto draw up constitution for a free
andindependentFederationofMalaya
sixyrslater,afterMalayabecomeindependent,Singapore,Sabah
andSarawakjoinedtobecomeanewnation,Malaysia
thus,needanewconstitution,CobboldCommissionwassetupin
April1962.
CobboldCommissiontask:
i.
ExaminetherxnofpplofSabahandSarawak
thisnewconstitutionbegantoacton16sept1963

TheSuperiorityofTheConstitution
inMalaysia,theconstitutionisthesupremepower
itallocatepowertothefederalandstatelevel
Atfederallevel
i.
Parliamentisthelegislativebodytomakelaws(act)
ii.
Have responsibilities in matters of defense and
education
atstatelevel
i.
State Legislative Assembly (DUN) is the legislative body
thatmakelaws(enactment)
ii.
Concerning local matters such as hawkers license or
IslamicLawoutsidetheFederalTerritory
both legislative bodies are empowered to make laws and these
lawsarelegal
however,lawsmadeoutsidetheirjurisdictionareillegal

TheContentsoftheConstitution
i.
MalaysiaisaFederation
ii.
Malaysiaisaconstitutionalmonarchy
iii.
Malaysia is a country that practices parliamentary
democracy
iv.
Religious freedom with Islam as the official religion of
Malaysia
v.
SupremacyoftheConstitutionandruleoflaw
vi.
Doctrine of the separation of power in which the
judiciary,thelegislativeandthegovernmenthaseachits
freedomtocarryoutitsdifffunctionswithnoconflictof
interest
vii.
ValidityandtransparencyoftheJudiciarywithexclusive
powerssubjecttotheprovisionsoftheConstitution
viii.
National languages, citizenship and the special right of
MalaysandthenativestribeofSabahandSarawak

UniquenessoftheMalaysianConstitution
have special features to adaptto condition of physical structure
andpopulationcompositionresultingfromhistoricaldevelopment
assetoutbelow:
i.
Theroyalsystemthatexistedsincemanycenturies
ii.
Thepositionofthestatesthatnormallyhavetheirown
autonomyandstrength
iii.
Theformationofpluralsociety(IndiansandChinese)
iv.
TheentryofSingapore,SabahandSarawak

ConstitutionAmendments
Reasonsandrationalforamendments:
i.
To maintain efficient management of the country s
administration such as standardizing the regulation of
landmattersinthestatesoftheFederation
ii.
To control the countrys peace as happened several
times to the regulation relating to the Internal Security
Act
iii.
Sothatthepplsinterestcanbeprotectedifitisfound
thatthepresentlawarenorsatisfactory

THERIGHTOFMALAYSIACITIZENSHIP
Citizenshipspecialstatusheldbythepplwhohavetherightto
beinacountry
Thespecialrightsare:
i.
Therighttovoteinanelection
ii.
The right to take an active parts in politics including
contestingforanelectionseat
iii.
Therighttofillapostthatisexclusivelyforcitizenonly
iv.
Free to own landed property and to be considered for
specialtermsrelatingtopropertydevelopment
v.
The right to receive a num of benefits and facilities in
the country including welfare benefits, educations and
soon
vi.
Freedomofmovementthroughoutthecountry
vii.
Therightnottobeexiled
Thecitizensroleinacountry
i.
Give national services including joining the army if
requiredto
ii.
Abidethelawsandhelpsrunthesysteminthecountry
iii.
Contribute to the productivity of the country in
whateverfieldhetakes
iv.
Participate and as far as possible, support the national
programmesandeventssuchastheIndependenceDay
celebration

Waysofacquiringcitizenship
i.
JusSoli
basedonthelawsofthebirthplace
for ppl who born in Malaysia btwn 31 aug 1957 and
October1962.
thosebornafter1962canbecomecitizeniftheyfulfill
oneofthebelow
Themotherorfatherisacitizenatthetimeof
hisbirth
At the time of his birth, the mother or the
fatherhasbeenresidinginthecountryor
Atthetimeofhisbirth,hewasnotacitizenof
anycountry
ii.
JusSanguinis
followstheblooddescent
relies solely on the citizenship status of the father. If
the father of the newly born is a citizen of the
Federation, he too become a citizen regardless of
whetherheisbornoutsidethecountry.
however, the newly born that is born outside the
countrywillonlyinheritshisfatherstatusifthefathers
citizenshipstatusis:
HisownfatherwasborninMalaysia
Hisfatherholdsapostinthepublicservicein
theFederalorStatelevel
His birth was registered at the office of a
Malaysian Consulate or with the Malaysian
governmentwithinoneyearafterhisbirth
iii.
Marriage
isgiventhruregistration
thefollowingconditionmustbefulfilled
IfthehusbandisacitizeninOct1962orprior
tothat,andthemarriageisstillbinding
The foreign women ahas lived in the
Federation for two years before the
application is made, has the intention to
continuelivingintheFederationandisofgood
conduct
iv.
Naturalization
provides opportunity to resident who are not born in
MalaysiatobecomeMalaysiancitizen
thefollowingrequirementsmustbefulfilled
Aged21andabove,and
HavelivedintheFederationforatleast10out
of 12 years from and up to the date of
application,and
Have the intention of live permanently in the
country,and
Ofgoodconduct,and
HavesufficientknowledgeinMalaylanguage

LossofcitizenshipStatus
i.
Rejectthecitizenshipforpersonalreasons
ii.
Hasviolatedsomelaws,whichare:
Hehasbecomethecitizenofanothercountry
Heisenjoyingtherightsandfacilitiesinother
country,whereasthoserightswereonlygiven
tothecitizenofthosecountry
A woman becomes the citizen of a foreign
country thru marriage with a man from the
countryconcerned
Actsnegativelyshowingheisnolongerloyalto
Malaysia
Hasbusinessoftieswithahostilecountry
Hasbeensentencedinastatewithinaperiod
of 5 years after becoming a citizen of the
Federation,withajailsentenceofnotlessthat
12monthsorfinednotlessthanRM5000.
Gives service to other country without
permission
Lives continuously in a foreign country unless
he is on service with or on behalf the
Malaysiangovernment
Thecitizenshiphasbeenfalselyobtained
Aforeignwomanwhoacquiredhercitizenship
status thru a marriage, is divorced from the
husband, except in the case of divorce where
thehusbandhadpassedaway

CHINESEIMMIGRANT
they in large number after 1848, the year Long Jaafar found tin
oresinLarut,Perak
the Chinese at that time, comprised merchants who settled in
Malacca, Kuala Tganu and at the estuary of Johor and Pahang
rivers.
thismigrationofChineseandIndianstartedafterthefoundingof
th
tin ores in the mid of 19 century, caused the total population
riserapidly
mostofthemworkedasbusinessmanandcraftsmen
injohor,thearrivalofChinesebetween192562wasduetothe
encouragement from Temenggung Ibrahim for the purpose of
openinggambierandblackpepperplatation
th
in the early 20 century, most of them continued to live in the
country
in 1930s, immigration requirement were tighten; Jap took over
China and WWII erupted causing the Chinese to live on in
Malaysia
during WWII, Chinese formed MPAJA and in 1948 they formed
MRLA.

duringemergency,thosewholiveattheedgeofthejunglewere
moved to new villages to prevent them from being used and
forcedtogivehelptothecommunistguerillas
most of the Chinese in Malaya originated from Fukien,
KwangtungandKwangsiinSouthChina
the entered the country thru the contract system (3 years)
arranged by agents. However, this system is eliminated in 1914
andmanyChinesemigratedindividually
in 1931, the population of non Malays (53.2%) was higher that
Malays(44.7%).Outof53.2%,39%wasChinese
FactorsthatleadChinesetomigratetoMalaya
i.
DifficultiesoflivinginChina(experiencehardshipdueto
rapid increase in population, frequent natural disaster,
limitednaturalresources)
ii.
Political instability in the district of South China
(Manchu dynasty that ruled the China at that time is
consideredtobeforeigner)
iii.
Growthinthetinandrubberindustry
iv.
PoliticalstabilityofMalaya
v.
Migrationfacilities(steamshipandagents)
vi.
Chinese population characteristic (Kwangtung and
Fukien,theyliketravelling
main cluster of Chinese ppl in Malaya; Hokien, Hakka, Teochew
andFukien

NATIONALINTERGRATION

Nationalunityreferstotheunitingofvariousgroupsthathave
differentsocialandculturalbackgrounds,intoonephysicalentity

The concept of integration a process of uniting groups with

different background into one entity bound by common norms,
valuesandinterests
definition of integration reveal that it contains an important
element and that is the groups that unite, despite their varied
background,feeleachasenseofbelonging

Nationalintegrationanabstractprocess,acomingorabinding
togetherthatisgenuineandtimeconsuming
thisconceptofnationalintegrationhasoftenbeensynonymously
takentomeannationalunityandsolidarity
unityandsolidarityarepoliticalconceptthatrefertoasituation
wheretheaimisthesame,compromiseandclosecooperationto
achievethesameobjective
thisismadepossiblebyregulationsorstructures
integration on the other hand, is a situation of spontaneous
understanding and communication that arise naturally without
imposition(arisesduetomutualadaptation)
theconceptofunityasappliedinMalaysiameansAprocessof
uniting the members of society and the country as a whole thru

national ideologies so that the members of the society can build

upidentity,commonvaluesandasenseofbelonging

Importanceofnationalintegration
i.
To ensure social stability which then leads to national
development
The process of national Integration in Malaysia can be analysed
basedonthemodelofcontactbetweendiffethnicgroupsorraces

Segregation
characteristic of a split among the ethnic groups in a
country (by residence, school system, transportation,
publicfacilities)
Accomodation
a process where the ethnic groups are aware of each
othersnormandvaluesbutthetcontinuetosafeguard
theirownliving culture.However,theyliveinharmony
andrewspecteachother
Acculturation
the process that is sometimes known as cultural
assimilation. Happens when ppl from a minority group
accept the norms, value and patterns of behaviour
(cultres)ofthemajoritygroups.Thisprocessisaprocess
of borrowing or accepting the cultural element of the
majority griups without changing the original cultural
element
Assimilation
a process that is sometimes given the name of
structural assimilation to differentiate it from
acculturation or cultural assimilation. The concept of
assimilation is about the entry into a dominant society
thrufriendshipandcloseconnection
Amalgamation
a process that happens when culture or race mixes to
formtypesofnewcultureandrace(thruintermarriage
betweenethnicgroupsorraces)

NationalIntegrationProblem
i.
Prejudice
Attitude towards other groups based on
common generalizations (stereotype), on
evidencethatarenotconcrete
Prejudgmentaction
ii.
Communalism

Attitude of favoring ones own ethnic

community
iii.
Ethnocentrism
Refers to the beliefs that onesown culture is
superiortothatofothers
thesethreeintegrationproblemabovearedueto:
i.
Ignoranceofotherethnicgroups
ii.
Processofsocializationlimitedtowithinethnicgroups
iii.
Communalpolitics
iv.
Socioeconomicdifferent
v.
Culturaldifferences
vi.
Segregationorphysicalseparation

StrifeTowardsUnityandNationalIntegration

Politicalefforts
i.
actions thru the legislative system, laws and acts are
made by the Parliament to settle problem related to
unity
ii.
theactspassedbyParliamentsafeguardsunderstanding
amongtheraces
iii.
Provide Internal Security Act (ISA) to protect the
countrysinterestsandinternalsecurity
iv.
The Alliance, unites parties into one bigger multi racial
organization
Economicefforts
i.
Creating Malay entrepreneurs by giving loans, licenses
andworkcontracts(PERNAS, MARA,UDAhelpsMalays
whoareactiveinbusinessworld)
ii.
Employment opportunities were given to the
bumiputeracommunitybycreatingindustrialzoneswith
thenecessaryfacilities
iii.
Encouragingforeigninvestortoinvestinthecountry
SocialandCulturalefforts
i.
Encouragingthesharinggofvaluesamongtheraces
ii.
The education curriculum is adjusted for the
introductionofculturalelementsandinteractionamong
variousraces
iii.
Agencies and organizations that have a role to play in
racialunityweresetup(KEMASandRukunTetangga)

NationalIntegrationStrategiesinMalaysia
i.
Unitingthemembersofanethnicgroupbeforetryingto
createnationalunity
ii.
Reducingtheeconomicdifferencesamongethnicgroups
iii.
Implementation of all policies , economic, social and
cultural
iv.
To make sure policies and decisions that are made are
implemented, the decision made should be based on

the principle of compromise among the leaders of

ethnicgroups

MethodtoAchieveNationalIntegration

Methodforsociopsychologicaldevelopment
i.
Formaleducation
ii.
Cocurriculumxtvt
iii.
Socialgroupsthatinvolveallethnicgroups
iv.
Socialxtvt(involveallethnicgroups)
v.
Tourismwithinthecountry
vi.
Massmedia
MethodforSocioEconomicDevelopment
i.
Improvingeducationalinfrastructure
ii.
Createbumiputeraentrepreneursandprofessional
iii.
Developmentinthesmallenterprisesector
iv.
Developmentofruralinfrastructure
v.
Developmentoftheruralfolks

RUKUNNEGARA
was officially proclaimed by the Yang DiPertuan Agong on 31
August1970,onthedayMalaysiacelebratedits13thnationalday.
this idea was formulated a few months after the 13 may, 1969
tragedy

TheObjectivesofRukunNegara
i.
Toachieveagreaterunityamongtheppl
ii.
Tomaintainademocraticwayoflifestyle
iii.
Tocreateajustsocietyinwhichthenationswealthcan
beenjoyedtogetherinafairandequitablemanner
iv.
Toensurealiberalattitudetowardstherichanddiverse
culturaltradition
v.
To build a progressive society which shall be oriented
towardsmodernscienceandtechnology

ThePrinciplesofRukunNegara
i.
BeliefsinGod
ii.
LoyaltytoKingandcountry
iii.
UpholdingtheConstitution
iv.
RuletheLaw
v.
DecorumandMorality

NEWECONOMYPOLICY(NEP)
toensurethatnooneethnicgroupwoulddominateaparticular
fieldorsector
NEPsobjectivesistorestructuresociety
amongthestepstakenare:
i.
To increase employment opportunities for the
Bumiputerasattheprofessionalandmanagementlevel
positionsinthecorporatesector
this effort had seen changes in the increasing num of
Bumiputerasinpositionsthatwerepreviouslydominatedbynon
bumiputera
from the point of view of the distribution of ethnic groups
accordingtoemployment,certainethnicgroupsarestilldominant
in certain occupations. (Chinese are still dominant in the filed of
administrationandmanagement)
later on, the number of Bumiputera gradually increase in many
sectors
thus, government effort in restructuring employment has been
successful
(FromChap11)
NEPisaframeworkforalongtermplan,extendsoveraperiodof
20years(19711990)
itinvolvedfourfiveyearMalaysianPlans(MP)startingwithMP2
andendingwithMP5
TwomainobjectivesofNEPare:
i.
Toreduceanderadicatepovertyregardlessofethnicity
ii.
To restructure the society as to eliminate community
identificationthrusectors
Thestrategiesoutlinedtoeradicatepoverty:
i.
Modernize the living condition of the lower income
groups
ii.
Expand employment opportunities for all Malayasian
citizenregardlessofraces
iii.
Encourage participation in sector of high potential and
highproductivecapacitysucasbusiness,industriesand
services
iv.
Improve further the productivity of the poor, thereby
increasingtheirincome
Thestrategiescarriedouttorestructuresociety
i.
Raisethepplsownershipintheprivatesector
ii.
BuildabusinesssocietyamongtheBumiputeras
iii.
Developed areas that has remained backward but high
inpotential

resulting in a higher rate of growth in the national

economy
ii.
to create max competition, a high demand for
management expertise and entrepreneurship and
developopportunitiesforBumiputerabusiness
iii.
to control the growth in size of the public sector which
could produce negative effects on the governments
financialstability
iv.
toimproveprofitsthrudemocraticdistribution
v.
to inculcate attitude or practical values to love the
nation thru cooperation, efficiency, uprightness,
effectivenessandresponsibility
privatizationisconsideredtobeeffectivewhenthegovernments
burdenandfinanceisreduced

iv.

Enhanceeducationopportunitieswithinandoutsidethe
country
generally, the NEP succeeded in curbing racial violence from
eruptingagainasitdidin1969
the philosophy of NEP, which is to create national unity and
integration thru development with fair distribution has been
finallyfruitful

UDA
Businessdevelopment
was established to intensify bumiputera involvement oriented
towardstheformationofacommercialsociety

VISION2020
Acrusadesloganormottothatis,afightbasedonasloganpicked
bythegovernmenttoempowercitizentotransformMalaysiainto
adevelopednation
thetargeteddevelopednationisonepatterneduponthecountry
itselftakingintoaccthediversityofraces,religion,hoistoricaland
culturalbackground,customandeasternvalues
the desired developed Malaysian nation is holistic in nature,
developedfrom:
Economic aspect increasing income per capita or
becomingfullyindustrializedcountry
Wellbeingofsocietyinallaspectoflife

THEPRIVATIZATIONPOLICY
A policy that supports the Malaysian Incorporation Policy and
transfergovernmentsectorfunctionsandactivitiestotheprivate
sector
this policy indicates that government was ready to reduce and
giveupanumberofgovernmentxtvtinthecountrytotheprivate
sectortoraiseproductivityqualityandadministrativeefficiency
theprivatizationxtvtwasconcentratedonanumberofprojects
thathadnotbeensatisfactorilyimplementedwhetherintermof
effectivenessorproductivity

Objectives:
i.
to bring about effective management to improve
economic performance and services as a whole, finally

NATIONAL INDUSTRIALIZATION POLICY (NIP) 2nd phase

ofMP

WhyNationalIndustrialPolicyisintroduced:
i.
rapideconomicgrowth
ii.
highandcontinueddemandsforindustrialgoods
iii.
growingfuturelaborneeds
startingfromthe80s,governmentencouragedthedevelopment
of heavy industries that would equip the ppl with high
technologicalskills
industrialdevelopmentwassatisfactoryin60s,70sand80sbut
themanufacturingsectorwasslow
Malaysia depends heavily on electrical, electronic and textile
product
product standards too was a problem and made local products
lesscompetitivecomparedtoforeignproducts
thus,Malaysialaunchedtwoimportantstudiesin1983
i.
MalaysianIndustrialPolicyStudy(MIPS)
ii.
IndustrialMasterPlan(IMP).
the purpose of MIPS was to assess and to amend existing
industrialpoliciesandtoreviewinvestmentincentivesandexport
promotionpolicies
the purpose of IMP was to formulate general industrial
development objectives besides determining the strategies for
smallsectorwithpotential
theeconomicdeclinedin19851986showedtheweaknessinthe
countrysindustrialstructure
the NIP was made a catalyst to raise organizational productivity
employeesskillsandtodetermineandencourageaddedvaluefor
entrepreneurstoworktogethertodevelopthenation
the formulation of NIP symbolizes the governments
determination to energies the industrial sector so that the
manufacturingbecomesoneoftheimportantsourcesofnational
income
inMP7,theindustrialstrategieswastoincreasehightechnology
basedproductiontocutdownthedependenceonlabor

NATIONALPLANNINGPOLICY3rdphaseofMP
Purpose/focus:
i.
TocreateafairerandmoreunitedMalaysiansociety
ii.
Oriented more towards poverty among the poorest
groups and also relative poverty between and within
ethnicgroups
this was the first stage of the countrys stride towards being a
developedcountryasenvisagedinVision2020.
thePMproclaimedthisvisionforthefirsttimeon28Feb1991
oriented towards a balanced development generate rapid
socioeconomic growth followed by subsequently by income
distribution
Governmentsefforts
i.
Support and assist bumiputeras thru governments
agencies (involvement of bumiputera community is
targetedtobe30%)
ii.
Jointventuresandthespiritofsharingofferedbymore
advancedandforwardcommunitiesorgroups
iii.
Improvedandextendedfurtherthesocialfacilitiestobe
enjoyedbyallcitizens
iv.
Activeinvolvementofprivatesectortogetherwithother
strategies in the implementation of OPP2, provide
employmentopportunities
v.

NATIONALBUDGET
Agovernment/nationalbudgetis a legal document that is often
passedbythelegislature,andapprovedbythechiefexecutiveor
president
Forexample,onlycertaintypesofrevenuemaybeimposedand
collected

Property
taxis
frequently
the
basis
formunicipalandcountyrevenues, whilesales taxand/orincome
taxarethebasisforstaterevenues,andincometaxandcorporate
taxarethebasisfornationalrevenues.
The two basic elements of any budget are
therevenuesandexpenses.
In the case of the government, revenues are derived primarily
fromtaxes.
Government expenses include spending on current goods and
services,
which
economists
callgovernment
consumption;government investment expendituressuch as
infrastructure investment or research expenditure; andtransfer
paymentslikeunemploymentorretirementbenefits.
Budgetshaveaneconomic,politicalandtechnicalbasis.
Unlikeapureeconomicbudget,theyarenotentirelydesignedto
allocatescarceresourcesforthebesteconomicuse.
They also have a political basis wherein different interests push
andpullinanattempttoobtainbenefitsandavoidburdens.
The technical element is the forecast of the likely levels of
revenuesandexpenses.

GOVERNMENTAGENCIES

PETRONAS
Petronas, short forPetroliam Nasional Berhad, is a Malaysian
ownedoilandgascompanythatwasfoundedonAugust17,1974.
WhollyownedbytheGovernment,thecorporationisvestedwith
theentireoilandgasresourcesinMalaysiaandisentrustedwith
the responsibility of developing and adding value to these
resources.
Petronas is ranked amongFortune Global 500's largest
corporations in the world.Fortuneranks Petronas as the 95th
largestcompanyintheworldin2008and80thlargestin2009
ItalsoranksPetronasasthe13thmostprofitablecompanyinthe
worldandthemostprofitableinAsia
Since its incorporation, Petronas has grown to be an integrated
international oil and gas company with business interests in 35
countries.
AsoftheendofMarch2005,thePetronasGroupcomprised103
wholly owned subsidiaries, 19 partly owned outfits and 57
associatedcompanies.

Together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is

involved in various oil and gas based activities. TheFinancial
Timeshas identified Petronas as one of the "new seven
sisters":the most influential and mainly stateowned national oil
andgascompaniesfromcountriesoutsidetheOECD.
TheGroupisengagedinawidespectrumofpetroleumactivities,
includingupstreamexplorationand production of oil and gas
todownstreamoil refining; marketing and distribution
ofpetroleum products; trading; gas processing andliquefaction;

gas transmissionpipelinenetwork operations; marketing

ofliquefied natural gas;petrochemicalmanufacturing and
marketing; shipping;automotive engineering; and property
investment.
ThePetronas Twin Towerswere officially opened on Malaysia's
42nd National Day, August 31, 1998 in the Corporation's 24th
Anniversaryyear.

UDA
-TheUrban
Development
Authority
of
Malaysia(Malay:Perbadanan Pembangunan Bandar; commonly
abbreviatedasUDA)isagovernmentalagencyinMalaysia.
It serves to launch and oversee urban development projects
related to business, industry, and housing. It is also tasked with
developingurbaninfrastructure.
UDAdevelopsandreappropriatesurbanstructuresasitseesfit.
Although this is mainly confined to redeveloping "dilapidated
buildings", UDA is also responsible for conservation of historic
urbanbuildings.
Several new towns have been developed by UDA, including
theTaman Tun Dr IsmailsuburbofKuala Lumpur,Bandar Tun
HusseinOnninSelangor,andBandarBaruUDAinJohorBahru.
The development projects of UDA are implemented by its
subsidiaries, PNS Development, UDAMurni Development,
UDAPEC,SBBU,andPERUDADevelopment.

RISDARubberIndustrySmallholders'DevelopmentAuthority
RISDA was established in 1973 with the mandate to accelerate
the modernization of rubber smallholdings by providing
replanting grants, extension and technical advisory services on
the implementation of innovations emanating from research in
planting techniques, and training in farm management,
processingandmarketing.
RISDAisalsoresponsibleforgroupprocessingdevelopmentand
has established processing centres throughout the country to
provide smallholders with facilities for processing their raw
materials.
ThefunctionsofRISDAare,interalia:
ToadministertheRubberIndustry(Replanting)Fund;
Tomanageandoperateapprovedprojectsandschemes;
To implement all innovations emanating from research
thatareappropriatetothesmallholdersector;
To cooperate and maintain liaison with all government
agencies concerned with research, extension services,
the provision of agricultural credits, processing and
marketingofrubber;
To ensure that the smallholder sector is modernized in
everysenseinordertoimproveitseconomicwellbeing.

Servicestotherubbersmallholdersareprovidedthroughvarious
developmentprogrammes/projects.
Replanting is the main activity, although other related activities
andsupportingservicesareprovided.
Blockorgroupreplantingisbeingencouraged,coupledwiththe
latesttechnologiesthroughthetransferoftechnology.
TheProductionIncentiveProgrammecoverstwomajorprojects,
i.e., the supply of agricultural inputs and an increase in
productionandprocessing.
Human development is also given priority so that smallholders
willreadilyacceptnewdevelopmentconcepts.
One of the strategies for developing the rubber smallholder
sector is through cooperative movement where available
resources (i.e., human resources, capital and management skills)
arepooled.

IKIM
The Institute of Islamic Understanding, Malaysia was first
suggestedduetotheconfusionamongMuslimsandnonMuslims
regardingIslam,whichledtomisunderstandingandanimositynot
only between Muslims and nonMuslims but also among the
Muslimsthemselves.
Whetherwelikeitornot,manynonMuslimsareoftheopinion
that Islam is a religion that is closely related to backwardness,
poverty and weaknesses. Of late, Islam has been closely
associatedwithviolenceandirrationalityanactorthoughtwhich
iswithoutprinciples.
WearedeeplydisappointedwiththisincorrectviewofIslamand
Muslims. But the truth is that Muslims and Islamic nations are
reallyleftbehind,weakanddependentonothernationsandtheir
peoplefortheirvariousneedsinlifeinthismodernworld.Atthe
same time, the Muslims themselves find difficulty to cooperate
and be united. They easily allow themselves to be used as tools
and to serve the interest of others. They are also unable and
sometimesdonotwanttohelpeachother.Disunityandanimosity
among them is so apparent as they often disagree among
themselves.
TheadministrationofIslamiccountriesinthisageisusuallyweak,
backward, often chaotic and disorderly. There is no Islamic
countrywhichcanbeconsideredamajorpowerandrespectedby
theworldatlarge.AllIslamiccountriesareonlyconsideredtobe
developingcountrieseventhoughtherearesomewithenormous
wealth.ThemainreasonforthisisthattheIslamiccountriesare
lackingintechnologyandsophistication.

ASEAN
OrganizationofSouthEastAsianCountries
setupfollowingtheBangkokDeclarationof8August1967
all five Foreign Minister of the members countries at that time, Tun Adam Malik of Indonesia, Tun
Thanat Khoman of Thailand, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, Narcisco Ramos of the Philippines and Tun
AbdulRazakofMalaysiaunanimouslysignedthedeclaration
7January1984,BruneijoinedASEAN
th
March 1999, Cambodia became the 7 member or ASEAN followed later by Vietnam, Myanmar and
Laos,making10membersaltogethernow
ASEANwassetupbecoz:
i.
Thefailuretobuildupacomprehensive,sustained,unifiedregionalandinternationalstrength
thru th South Asia Organization (ASA) that was established on 31 July 1961 with only
PhilipinnesandMalaysiaasthemembers
ii.
ThefailureofMAPHILINDO,establishedin1963
ASEAN contributes towards economic, social and political development thru various programme for
exampletheKualaLumpurDeclaration(1971)
the agreement was ratified for the proclamation of South East Asia region as a zone that is neutral,
peacefulandfreefromallformofforeigninterference
TheProclamationwasknownasZOPFAN(ZoneofPeace,FreedomandNeutrality)
ASEANalsoreachedagreementwiththeEuropeanEconomicUnion(EEC)
the concept of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was implemented to underline the importance of the
aspectofmaritimeboundariesasarightforcommoneconomicexploitationlikemineralsandfishing.At
thesametime,itisalsotoavoidpoliticaldisputesamongcountriesintheregion

COMMONWEALTHORGANIZATION
isanorganizationofformer,independentBritishcolonies
theorganizationsymbolizesanassociationofeffectiveinterwovennetworkingthatholdstogetherthe
formercolonial territoriesascountriesthatare stillunitednotjustwithBritain butwithotherformer
BritishprotectoratessuchasAustralia,NewZealand,Canada,IndiaandSriLanka
today,thereare19membersofCommonwealthincludingMalaysia
MalaysiausestheCommonwealthasabridgetoparticipateinvarioussocioeconomicandpoliticalxtvt
MalaysiaistheCommonwealthSecretariatfordrawinguptechnicalcooperationprogrammessuchas
technologymanagement,agriculturaltraining,environmentandremotesensing

SOUTHSOUTHCOOPERATION
is a strategic programme for strengthening friendly ties among members of the Movement of Non
aligned Countries or NonAligned Movement (NAM) specifically in the aspect of protection of trade,
banking and finance, price fixing and commodities, industry, information exchange, investment and
technicalcooperation
SouthSouthCooperationemergedforthefirsttimeintheAsiaAfricaConferenceinBandoengin1955
the conference proclaimed the importance of economic development and cooperation among
memberscountries
technical programmes and aid were combined in the form of expertise, training, pioneer projects,
equipment,exchangeofexpertiseandlocationofinstitutionaltrainingandresearchatthenationaland
internationallevel
th
NAMs13 ConferencehostedbyKualaLumpurin2003endedwithacollectivecalltoseekjusticeand
freedom from oppression and economic hegemony, besides making war illegal to solve worlds
problem

MALAYSIAANDTHEORGANIZATIONOFISLAMICCOUNTRIES(OIC)
asanIslamicnation,Malaysiaisarespectedrolemodelbecozofhercontinualeffortsatforgingcloser
tieswithotherIslamiccountriesintheworld
MalaysianleadershavealwaysendeavoredtoenhanceandestablishthegloryofIslam,sincethetime
ofthefirstPM,TunkuAbdulRahman
theoutcomeofthiswasthedecisiontoformtheOrganizationofIslamicCountries
thedecisionwasmadeattheConferenceofIslamicForeignMinisterinJeddahinMarch1970
the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) was set up in May 1971 and was known as the Islamic
CommonwealthorIslamicSecretariat.Totalwith43countries

Themainobjectiveofthispolicyis
i.
to increase the quality of management among the workers as well as creating a community
with good value and positive working ethics with the aim of accelerating Malaysias
development.

ADMIRALCHENGHO
Decades before Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in search of a water route to Asia, the
ChinesewereexploringtheIndianOceanandWesternPacificwithsevenvoyagesofthe"TreasureFleet"
thatsolidifiedChinesecontrolovermuchofAsiainthe15thcentury.
TheTreasureFleetswerecommandedbyapowerfuleunuchadmiralnamedChengHo.ChengHowas
bornaround1371inChina'ssouthwesternYunanProvince (justnorth ofLaos)withthenameMaHo.
MaHo'sfatherwasaMuslimhajji(whohadmadeapilgrimagetoMecca)andthefamilynameofMa
wasusedbyMuslimsinrepresentationofthewordMohammed.
When Ma Ho was ten years old (around 1381), he was captured along with other children when the
ChinesearmyinvadedYunantotakecontrolovertheregion.Attheageof13hewascastrated,aswere
otheryoungprisoners,andhewasplacedasaservantinthehouseholdoftheChineseEmperor'sfourth
son(outoftwentysixtotalsons),PrinceZhuDi.
MaHoprovedhimselftobeanexceptionalservanttoPrinceZhuDi.Hebecameskilledintheartsofwar
anddiplomacyandservedasanofficeroftheprince.ZhuDirenamedMaHoasChengHobecausethe
eunuch'shorsewaskilledinbattleoutsideofaplacecalledZhenglunba.(ChengHoisalsoZhengHein
thenewerPinyintransliterationofChinesebuthe'sstillmostcommonlycalledChengHo).ChengHowas
alsoknownasSanBaowhichmeans"threejewels."
Cheng Ho, who was said to have been seven feet tall, was given greater power when Zhu Di became
emperorin1402.Oneyearlater,ZhuDiappointedChengHoadmiralandorderedhimtooverseethe
constructionofaTreasureFleettoexploretheseassurroundingChina.AdmiralChengHowasthefirst
eunuchappointedtosuchahighmilitarypositioninChina.

LOOKATEASTPOLICY
IntroducedbyTunMahathirMohamad
Itsobjectivesare:
CallingforcitizentomakeJapanandSouthKoreaasthemodelthatmustbefollowed.Besides,
bothcountrieshavestrongdiplomatictieswithMalaysia
Someprogrammesunderthispolicyare:
Privatizationpolicy
Sendingmorestudenttostudyabrodinthosecountries
Followedtheirheavyindustryandproducediplomatictiedwiththecountries
Theusageofpunchcardinworkingsystem
Worksmartandworkhardcultures

ThispolicyisdesignedtoemulatethewaysofthedevelopedcountriesintheEastsuchasJapan,and
SouthKorea.
HeconsideredthatthesecretoftheJapanesesuccessanditsremarkabledevelopmentliesinitslabor
ethics,morale,andmanagementcapability.
The "Look East" was a framework for learning from successful Japanese and South Koreans, and
adaptingsomeoftheapplicablevaluesintoMalaysianneeds.

FirstVoyage(14051407)

ThefirstTreasureFleetconsistedof62ships;fourwerehugewoodboats,someofthelargesteverbuilt
inhistory.Theywereapproximately400feet(122meters)longand160feet(50meters)wide.Thefour
were the flagships of the fleet of 62 ships assembled at Nanjing along the Yangtze (Chang) River.
Includedinthefleetwere339foot(103meter)longhorseshipsthatcarriednothingbuthorses,water
shipsthatcarriedfreshwaterforthecrew,trooptransports,supplyships,andwarshipsforoffensive
anddefensiveneeds.TheshipswerefilledwiththousandsoftonsofChinesegoodstotradewithothers
duringthevoyage.Inthefallof1405thefleetwasreadytoembarkwith27,800men.
Thefleetutilizedthecompass,inventedinChinainthe11thcentury,fornavigation.Graduatedsticksof
incensewereburnedtomeasuretime.Onedaywasequalto10"watches"of2.4hourseach.Chinese
navigatorsdeterminelatitudethroughmonitoringtheNorthStar(Polaris)intheNorthernHemisphere
ortheSouthernCrossintheSouthernHemisphere.TheshipsoftheTreasureFleetcommunicatedwith
oneanotherthroughtheuseofflags,lanterns,bells,carrierpigeons,gongs,andbanners.
ThedestinationofthefirstvoyageoftheTreasureFleetwasCalicut,knownasamajortradingcenteron
the southwestern coast of India. India was initially "discovered" by Chinese overland explorer Hsuan
Tsangintheseventhcentury.ThefleetstoppedinVietnam,Java,andMalacca,andthenheadedwest
acrosstheIndianOceantoSriLankaandCalicutandCochin(citiesonthesouthwestcoastofIndia).They

remained in India to barter and trade from late 1406 to the spring of 1407 when they utilized the
monsoon shift to sail toward home. On the return voyage, the Treasure Fleet was forced to battle
pirates near Sumatra for several months. Eventually Cheng Ho's men managed to capture the pirate
leaderandtakehimtotheChinesecapitalNanjing,arrivingin1407.

father was and in 1430 he resumed the Treasure Fleet voyages by ordering Cheng Ho to resume his
duties as admiral and make a seventh voyage in an attempt to restore peaceful relations with the
kingdoms of Malacca and Siam. It took a year to gear up for the voyage which departed as a large
expeditionwith100shipsand27,500men.

SecondVoyage(14071409)

Onthereturntripin1433ChengHoisbelievedtohavedied;othersstatethathediedin1435afterthe
returntoChina.Nonetheless,theeraofexplorationforChinawassoonoverasthefollowingemperors
prohibitedtradeandeventheconstructionofoceangoingvessels.

AsecondvoyageoftheTreasureFleetdepartedonareturntriptoIndiain1407butChengHodidnot
command this voyage. He remained in China to oversee the repair of a temple at the birthplace of a
favoritegoddess.TheChineseenvoysonboardhelpedtoensurethepowerofakingofCalicut.Thefleet
returnedin1409.
ThirdVoyage(14091411)
Thefleet'sthirdvoyage(ChengHo'ssecond)from1409to1411consistedof48shipsand30,000men.It
followedcloselytherouteofthefirstvoyagebuttheTreasureFleetestablishedentrepots(warehouses)
andstockadesalongtheirroutetofacilitatetradeandstorageofgoods.OnthesecondvoyagetheKing
ofCeylon(SriLanka)wasaggressive;ChengHodefeatedtheking'sforcesandcapturedthekingtotake
himtoNanjing.
FourthVoyage(14131415)
Inlate1412,ChengHowasorderedbyZhuDitomakeafourthexpedition.Itwasn'tuntillate1413or
early1414thatChengHoembarkedonhisexpeditionwith63shipsand28,560men.Thegoalofthistrip
was to reach the Persian Gulf at Hormuz, known to be a city of amazing wealth and goods, including
pearlsandpreciousstonesmuchcovetedbytheChineseemperor.Inthesummerof1415,theTreasure
FleetreturnedwithabountyoftradegoodsfromthePersianGulf.Detachmentsofthisexpeditionsailed
southalongtheeasterncoastofAfricaalmostasfarsouthasMozambique.DuringeachofChengHo's
voyages, he brought back diplomats from other countries or encouraged ambassadors to go to the
capitalNanjingontheirown.
FifthVoyage(14171419)
Thefifthvoyagewasorderedin1416toreturntheambassadorswhohadarrivedfromothercountries.
TheTreasureFleetdepartedin1417andvisitedthePersianGulfandtheeastcoastofAfrica,returning
envoysalongtheway.Theyreturnedin1419.
SixthVoyage(142122)
Asixthvoyagewaslaunchedinthespringof1421andvisitedSoutheastAsia,India,thePersianGulf,and
Africa.Bythistime,AfricawasconsideredChina's"ElDorado,"asourceofriches.ChengHoreturnedin
late1421buttheremainderofthefleetdidn'tarriveinChinauntil1422.
EmperorZhuDidiedin1424andhissonZhuGaozhibecameemperor.Hecanceledthevoyagesofthe
TreasureFleetsandorderedshipbuildersandsailorstostoptheirworkandreturnhome.ChengHowas
appointedmilitarycommanderofNanjing.
SeventhVoyage(14311433)
TheleadershipofZhuGaozhididnotlastlonghediedin1426attheageof26.HissonandZhuDi's
grandson Zhu Zhanji took Zhu Gaozhi's place. Zhu Zhanji was much more like his grandfather than his

It'slikelythatadetachmentofoneofChengHo'sfleetssailedtonorthernAustraliaduringoneofthe
sevenvoyagesbasedupontheChineseartifactsfoundaswellastheoralhistoryoftheAborigine.
After the seven voyages of Cheng Ho and the Treasure Fleets, Europeans began to make headway
toward China. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africa's Cape of Good Hope, in 1498 Vasco da Gama
reachedChina'sfavoritetradingcityofCalicut,andin1521FerdinandMagellanfinallyreachedAsiaby
sailing west. China's superiority in the Indian Ocean was unrivaled until the 16th century when the
PortuguesearrivedandestablishedtheircoloniesalongtherimoftheIndianOcean.

NATIONALBUDGET
Agovernment/nationalbudgetisalegaldocumentthatisoftenpassedbythelegislature,andapproved
bythechiefexecutiveorpresident
Forexample,onlycertaintypesofrevenuemaybeimposedandcollected
Property taxis frequently the basis formunicipalandcountyrevenues, whilesales taxand/orincome
taxare the basis for state revenues, andincome taxandcorporate taxare the basis for national
revenues.
Thetwobasicelementsofanybudgetaretherevenuesandexpenses.
Inthecaseofthegovernment,revenuesarederivedprimarilyfromtaxes.
Government expenses include spending on current goods and services, which economists
callgovernment consumption;government investment expendituressuch as infrastructure investment
orresearchexpenditure;andtransferpaymentslikeunemploymentorretirementbenefits.
Budgetshaveaneconomic,politicalandtechnicalbasis.
Unlikeapureeconomicbudget,theyarenotentirelydesignedtoallocatescarceresourcesforthebest
economicuse.
They also have a political basis wherein different interests push and pull in an attempt to obtain
benefitsandavoidburdens.
Thetechnicalelementistheforecastofthelikelylevelsofrevenuesandexpenses.