NiDungson52cuhimnTritccbngilny!

Cu 4.2 Trnh by khi quttrithcn c i qua , chng minhrngn l sn phm tinh thn
caisnghinthcxhi.(STT:38)
n l mttrong nhng cinicannvn minhnhnloi.Trithcnlsphnnhxhi
ncixhirtcoitrngvcaotngio,mtxhirtmtritlvinhngcimsau:
Do chu nh hng bi tinhsadsfSAthnVa m Trit hc n Cikhng th phn chiar
rngthnh ch nghaduyvt v ch nghaduytm, phpbinchngvphpsiuhnh,mchyuchia
thnh hthngchnhthngvhthngkhngchnhthng.Trongcctrngphitrithccthlunc
s an xen gia ch ngha duy vt v ch ngha duy tm, gia phpbinchngv phpsiuhnhvi
nhau, songxu hngchung l bin i tv thnnhuthn,t tnhiu duyvtnduytmhaynh
nguyn.Cctrngphitrithcthngktcmkhnggtbtrngphitrithctrc
Do chu nh hng su sc bi cc t tng tn gio m trit hc n c i thngl mt b
phnl lun quantrng to nn ndung gio lcacc tn gioln.Tuynhin,tngiocanc
xu hng hng nii su tmhiuisngtmlinh,tinhthnphthinrascmnhcalinhhnc
nhnconngi.Vvy,trithcncTrungimangnngtnhchtduytmchquanvthnb.
Trit hc nC Trung i travgiiquytrtnhiuvn.Khibnnvnbnth
lun, cc trngphixoay quanhvn tnhkhng, emilpkhngvc,quycicvci
khng th hin mt trnh t duy tru tng cao. Song, vn quan tm nhiu nht li l vn
thuc vlnhvcnhn sinh (bn cht, ngha ca i sng,ngungcnikhcaconngi)digc
tn gio vi xu hnghngninhntmkimphngtin,conng,cchthcgiithotchng
sinhrakhiiukintnhinvkinhtxhikhcnghit.
Trit hc n va mang tnh thng nht,va mang tnh a dng. Thng nht ch dtrc tip
hay gintipn u bchiphibiquannimngnhtthcaUpanishadhuhtcctrngphiu
hngngiithotmtsnguynlchungcnhiutrngphi.adngchtrithcnchia
thnh nhiu khuynh hng, nhiu nhnhnhtrchnghaduyvt,mitrngphilnhngconng
khcnhauingiithotnhiuvnkhcnhauctranhngtrngphikhcnhau.
Trongthiknytonbhthngtrithcncchiathnh9trngphi:
Sutrngphichnhthngl:
+Vedanta: xut hin vo th k II TCNaracckingiisiuhnhvduytmvnguynnhnhnh
thnhthgii(vtrvvnvt)
+ Samkhya: xut hin vonhngnm350250 TCN. Llun c bn ca phi ny lhcthuyt duy
vtvbnnguyncathgii
+ Yoga: xut hin vo th k th II TCN. T tng trit hc ct li ca phi ny l s tha nhn
nguyn l hp nhtca v tr ni mi c thv thng qua ccphngphp yoga m mi cthc th
tp luyn khai thc csc mnh ca v trtim ntrong mnh lm ch mnh, tin ti lm ch
mitrng,vsaucng,vntisgiithot.
1

+ Mimansa: xut hin vo th k th IITCN.Mimansa a ra cc kin nhm bin h, cngc v

tuyn truynchocc nghithc c cpntrongVanichung,tronggioloBlamnHinu
niring
+ Vaisesika: xut hin vo th k II TCN. Ni dung t tng ca phi ny v phi Nyayac nhiu
imging nhau. T tngchoca phinytp trung trong nguyn t lun,logichcvnhnthc
lun.
+Nyaya:xuthin vo thk III TCN L lun c bn ca phinybaogm3 bphnlnguynt
lun,logichcvnhnthclun
Batrngphikhngchnhthngl:
+Lokayata:trngphitrithcvthn,duyvt,chtrngkhoilcduynhtn
+ Jaina: xut hin vo khong th k V TCN. T tngtrit hc c bn ca phi ny lthuyt v s
tngi,cdunghaquannimvthcthbtbinviquannimvthng.
+ Buddha (Pht gio): xut hin vo khong th k thV TCN. Kinh incaPhtgio chia thnh
Tamtng(Kinh, Lut, Lun). Tam tngli c chialm2 loi l i thavTiutha.Ttngtrit
hc c bn ca Phtgionguynthy ch yu niv th giiquan vnhnsinhquancaPhtthchca
tritlvcikhvconngditkh.
Nhng c imc bn trn ca trit hc nl doiu kin t nhin, kinhtxhican
c iquynh.Docc iukintnhin,v con ngi, v xhi, vkinh t,chnhtr,vnhavtn
gio, tm linh, nn trit hc n tri qua nhiubcthngtrm,tonnntcscmangbncht
rt n , rtphngng.
Trithcnraivphtcngnhccnntrithckhcudatrn
nhngcsnhtnh,nlsnphmtinhthncaisnghinthcxhi:
Sphttrin ca trit hc nl s u tranh giacctrng phi vsuychocngnphnnh
nhu cu ca isng xhi trong tngioltrungtmim.Mtkhc,sphttrincatrithcn
ch yu itheohng tun t thay ivlng,tcnhngnguynlnntngctratthi
cxa,vsauchphttrin,bsung,honthin.
Bin chngtrong trit hc n mang tnh chtngy th,duytmsphttrinitheovngtrn,
tunhon.iunydo cngx nngthnbitlp,khpknnquynh.KhcvitrithcTrung
Quc, t duy trongtrithcn khng trngci c th, huhn hmunvtcinyinci
tuyti.Stntidaidngcacngxnngthnvchquchuharungtlhaicimln
nht, chi phivnhhngtitonbccmtlchscan,nhtlnhhngnsphtcavn
ha v trit hc.Trn c s phng thcsnxut chu ,x hi n cktcuvi banhmc
bn:nhm (thcchtlquanhgianh,dngh),cngngttrlngxvbang(tiuquc)vich
ng cp ngt ngho.Xttrong iu kintn ti xhinhvythtrithccan gnchtvi
vntngiovtmlinhcnglyutkhchquan
Quan h ng cp n lmchoktcux hi giai cp thmphc tp.Theo kinh in
Blamnv B lut Manucan, trong x hi cbnccpln: Tng l cc os(Brahman)
qu tc vngcng,tngs,vs(Ksatriya)tdo:thngnhn,inch,thngdn(Vaisya)nl
2

v tin dn (Ksudra). Ngoira cn c hng cnginh c coi lngoi lx hi (Paria).Sphnbit

v ng cp, chngtc, dng di, tngio,ngh nghiptora nhng xung t ngmngm trongxhi
nhngbkimgibiscmnhvtchtvtinhthncanhnctngio.
iu kin a l ca mi trng ca nrt a dng, phc tp nhni nonhimtr,samckh
cn, thitit, kh hu khc nghit,hnhn linminthmvo,chintranhlintcxyralmcho
dncvccbtcnbphnhahtscphctp.ylnhngyuttcng,nhhngtrc
tip n isng,tmt, tnh cm ca ngidnn iu buc hphi tm n,cuxin cc
lc lngsiunhin, bn ngoi l Thng cugip.Ccvntngio,tmlinhnysinh,tntiv
phttrintrnmnhthinthcny.
Trit hc nkhng ch ny sinh t nhng c s nutrnmcngnviccthnhtucakhoa
hc, k thut v vn ha ca n . Cc bin ng lncciu kin vtnhin,v con ngi, v x
hi, vkinht, chnh tr,vnhav tn gio, tm linh lm xut hin cc trngphi tronghaihthng
trithcnutrn.
Cu 23: Anh /Chhygiithch cunicaV.I.Lnin:Cthnhnghavnttphpbinchngl
hc thuyt vsthng nht ca cc mt i lp. Nh thl nm c ht nhncaphp chng,nhng
iuihiphicnhngsgiithchvsphttrinthm(STT:14)
Trli:
PBCl h thng cc nguyn l,quylut, phmtrchuynha ln nhauphn nh milinhvs
vnng,phttrincathgiivtcht.
*Nguynl lnhnglun imxutpht,nhngttngchocamthcthuythayllunm
tnh chnl ca chngl hin nhin,khng thhaykhngcnphichngminhnhngkhngmuthun
vithctinvnhnthcvlnhvcmhcthuythayllunphnnh.
Vitnhcchlmthcthuyttrithc,PBCDVcxydngdatrn2nguynlcbn:NLv
milinhphbinvNLvsphttrin.
NL v mi lin hphbin: Khi khi qutt nhng biuhincthcaMLHxyratrongcclnh
vckhcnhaucathgii,NLvmilinhphbincnidungnhsau:

+ Mi s vt, hin tng, qu trnh trong th gii u tn titrong munvnMLH rng

bucqualilnnhau.

+ Trong mun vn MLH chi phi s tn ti caSV, HT,QTtrong th gii c MLHph

bin. MLHphbin tnti khch quan phbin,nchiphimtcchtngqutsVvPTcami
SV,HT,QTtrongthgii.
NL v s pht trin:Khikhiqut tnhngbiuhin cth ca s pht trinxyra trongcclnh
vckhcnhaucathgii,NLvsphttrincnidungnhsau:

+MiSV,HTtrongthgiiukhngngngVvPT.

+PT mang tnhkhchquanphbin,lkhuynhhngvnngtnghptinlntthp

n cao, t n gin n phc tp, t km honthin n hon thincamth thng vtcht dovic
giiquytmuthun,thchinbcnhyvchtgyravhngtheoxuthphnhcaphnh.
3

* Quylut: lnhng milinh khchquan,bncht,tt nhin, chung,lpli giaccsvt, hin

tngvchiphisvnng,phttrincachng.PBCDVgm3quylutcbnsau:
1QLthngnhtvutranhcaccmtilp:
Mtilp:SVlmttphpccyut(thuctnh)tngtcvinhauvvimitrng.Ktqu
ca s tng tc ny lccyut to nn bnthnSVcmtsbininhtnh,trongcmtvi
yu t bin i tri ngc nhau. Nhng yu ttringc nhau (bncnh nhng yu t ging hay khc
nhau)tonncscaccmtilptrongSV.MLtntik.quanvphbin.
Thng nht ca cc mt i lp lccML kgtchri nhau tc ML ny lyML kia lm iu
kin, tin cho s tn ti ca mnh l cc ML ng nht nhau tctrong chngcha nhng yu t
ging nhau cho php chng ng tn ti trong SV l cc ML tc ng ngang nhau, tc s thay i
trongMLnyttyuskotheosthayitrongMLkia,vngcli.

utranh caccML:Dtntitrongsthngnht,songccMLlunutranhvi
nhau, tc chng lun tc ng qua li theo xuhngbitr,phnhhayloiblnnhau.Hnhthcv
mc u tranhcaccML rt adng,trong thtiuln nhaulmthnhthccbitcacc
ML.

MuthunBC,tcsthngnhtvutranhcaccML,tntik.quanphbinva
dng(MT bn trong MTbnngoi MT c bn MTkgcbnMTchyuMTthyuMTtrong
t nhin MT trong x hi MT trongt duy). S tcnglnbnthnsvtlngungc,nglc
camisvnng,phttrinxyratrongthgii.

ChuynhacaccML(giiquytMTBC):sthngnhtmangtnhtngignlin
visnnhcaSVsutranhmangtnhtuytignlinvisV,thayicaSV.MTBCpht
trintng ng viqutrnhthng nht cc ML chuyn tmc trutngsangcthcnsu
tranhccML chuyntmcbnhlngsangquytlittlmxuthincckhnngchuynhaca
cc ML. Khi k k.quan hi ,mttrong kh nng bin thnhhinthc,ccMLtthchinqu
trnhchuynha. MTBC scgiiquytkhiccMLtphnhchnhmnhbinthnhcikhc.
Vi haiphng thc chuyn ha nh sau: MLnychuynhathnhMLkiatrnhmivchai
MLcngchuynhathnhmtcith3no.

Nd quy lut: Cc MTBC khc nhau tc ng kg ging nhau n qu trnh vn ng v

pht trin ca s vt. Mi MTBC u tri qua cc giai on t sinh thnh(sxut hin ca cc ML)
sanh hin hu (s thngnhtv u tranhcaccML), ri gii quyt (s chuyn ha ca cc ML).
MTBC c gii quyt,ci c mt ici mi raivinhngMTBCmi haythayivaitrtcng
ca MTBC c.MTBC l ngungccamis vn ngv phttrin. Do ,Vv PT trongthgii
vtchtltbnthnn.
>Php bin chng i hixemxtsthngnhtcaccmtilpmtcchcth,xemxtnhng
mi quanh c th.ycng l bn chtcas ngnht mang tnh binchng,sngnhtccha
ngccyutkhcbit.


>Nhn mnhtnhcht quan trngcasthngnhtcaccmtilp,V.I.Lninara
mt nhngha na v php bin chng:Cthnhngha vn tt php bin chnglhcthuytvs
thng nht ca cc mt ilp. Nhthl nm c ht nhn ca phpbin chng, nhng iu i
hi phi c nhng sgii thch vmt spht trin thm.Phpbin chng l s pht trincan,cc
mtilpvmuthunhtnhncaphpbinchng.
2 QL chuyn ha tnhngthayiv lngdnnnhngthayivchtvngcli:MiSV
u c c trng bng s thng nht gia lng v cht. SV btubng s thay i vlng mt
cchlintc hay timtin) nu lng ch thay itrongchavtquimntthchtkgthayi
cn bn khi lngthayivtqua, qu im nt thcht sthayicnbn,bcnhynhtnh
s xy ra. Bc nhylmchochtthay mt cch gin onhaytbinchtcmtichtmirai.
Chtmi gy rasthayiv lng. S thay i vlng gy rasthayiv chtvsthayiv
chtgyrasthayivlnglphngthcV,PTcaSVtrongthgii.
3 QL ph nh ca ph nh: MiSV u lin h lnnhauvlunvnngphttrin.Phttrinl
mt chui cclnphnh BCc gn lin vivicgiiquytmuthunvthchinbcnhyvcht
xy ra bn trong SV.PBCmantnhk.quanniti,kthatinln.QuamtslnPBCxuthin
P ca P,xclp ci c mttrnh caohn. PcaPvchra khuynh hngphttrinxonc
tinlncamiSVtrongthgii.

*Ngoi nhng nguyn lv QL, PBC cn c sucpphm tr: ci ring vccchung,nguynnhn

vktqu,ttnhinvngunhin,nidungvhnhthc,bnchtvhintng,khnngvhinthc.

Tm li, PBC DV l h thng cc quan im ca con ngi v th gii, l h thng cc

phng php nhnthcvcitothgii,lhthngccgitrconnginhgiviuchnhcc
hnhvitronghotngcamnh.

37.nhnghavgiaicpcaLninvnghaphngphpluncanhngha(STT:16)
C. Mc tngxcnhn,tnhtrng phnchiaxhithnhccgiaicpkhngphidongphthin
m do nhiu nh s hc t sn nh Chie, Ghid, Minh pht hin ra. Hai pht minh ca C. Mc:Ch
ngha duy vtlchsv hcthuytvgitrthngdlcsllunkhoahc,lmsngtbnchtca
quanhgiaicp.
Nm 1919, trong tc phm sngkinv i,V.I. Lnin a ra nh nghav giai cp: Ngi ta
gi giai cp,nhngtpon to lngm nhng ngi khcnhau vavcahtrongmththngsn
xutx hi nht nh tronglchs, khcnhau vquan hcah (thng thngth nhngquanhny
c phplutquynh vtha nhn),ivinhngtliusnxut,vvaitrcahtrongtchclao
ngx hi, vnhvyl khcnhau vcchthc hngthvvphncacixhithocnhium
5

h c hng. Giai cp lnhngtpon ngi, mtpon ny cth chim ot lao ng ca tp

onkhc,dochcctponcavkhcnhautrongmtchkinhtxhinhtnh.
TnhnghagiaicpcaV.I.Lnincthrtranhngctrngcbnvquanhgiaicp:
Giaicplnhngtponngicavkhcnhautrongmththngsnxutxhinhtnh.
Giaicp khng phi lphm tr xhithng thngml phmtr kinhtxhictnhlchs.Giai
cp khng phi lsnphm ca sn xut ni chungm l snphm ca nhng h thng snxutxhi
nhtnhtrong lch s.Mih thng giaicptngngvimththngsnxutxhi,vbnchtl
th thng nht ca cc mt i lp. Do khng th hiu c c trng ca tng giai cp c th nu
khng t ntrong hthng,tc l trongmi quan hvigiaicpilpvin.Ningiaicplni
nskhcnhaugiacctponngivavtrongmththngkinhtxhinhtnh.Trongh
thng kinh tx hi ,tponnginyltponthngtr,tponngikialtponbtr.
lccgiaicp.ylctrngchungnht.
Ccgiaicpcquanhkhcnhauvquanhivitliusnxut.
ylskhcnhaucbnnhtvcnglctrngcbnnht.Giaicpchn,achphongkin,t
bn lnhngtpon giavthngtrtronghthngkinhtxhimhlibiu,docctpon
ny chim hu t liu sn xut xhichiphilaongcacctponngikhc,khngctliu
hocc ttliusnxut.Nhngtponngibmttliusnxut:nl,nngn,vsnbucphi
phthucvocctponthngtr.
Ccgiaicpkhcnhauvvaitrtrongtchclaongxhi,tchcqunlsnxut.
Tp onngi no (giai cp) chim hu t liu sn xut ngnhin givaitrlnho,chhuyhot
ngsnxutvluthngtrnquymtonxhicngnhtngnvkinht.
Ccgiaicpkhcnhauvphngthcvquimthunhpcacixhi.
Giaicpnochimhutliusnxut,tchcvlnhosnxut,tponciukinthc
hinmcchl chim ot lao ng thngdcaccgiaicplaong.Trongxhinl,giaicpn
lphi sng nhsc vt. Trongxhiphongkingiaicpnngnchchng20%cacidomnh
lm ra 80% phi cngnpchoa ch v nh nc phongkin.Trong x hitbngiaicpcngnhn
v tng lptr thclmthunhncmtphnsnphmlaongcamnhdihnhthctinlng.

 ltinbnsclaong.Ngy nay c nh t bn s huti sn vi gi tr trn 50t USD, vs

100tvnhiutrmtUSD...Nghalsbtbnhngtrongxhitbntiptcgiatng.
Trong cc ch x hi cgiaicpikhng ngoihaigiaicp cbnikhng cn c nhng giai
cp,tnglpxhitrunggian.
Trong c cu giai cp x hi nc ta hin nay, ngoicc giai cp cngnhn,nng dn,tng lp tr
thcv cc tnglp nhn dn lao ng cn c tng lptsntnglpnyciukinphttrintrong
nn kinht thtrng. Vkinht t bn t nhn lmtb phnkhng th thiutrong nnkinhtnhiu
thnh phn, tng lp t sn c vai tr tch cc vo s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho tnc.
ng nhin c mu thun v li ch gia nhngngi lao ng lm thuvi tng lp t sn... Trong
iukincathi k qu nc ta hin nay,ccloimuthuntrnccoilmuthuntrongni
bnhndn.
nghaphngphplun:
L lun v giai cp cachngha McLnin c nghaquan trngv phng phplun.Sraica
giai cp lm cho s phnha giu nghongy cng tr nn r rng,ccgiaicpnhnthcrbncht
ca mnh(giai cp thng tr giai cpbtrquanhbcltbbclt2giaicplunilpnhauvli
ch), t muthun giai cp ngycngln,khng th c sbnh ng v av v quynlcchocc
giai cp. Trongiukin xhi csphnhagiaicpthsvnngcaccmuthuntrongphng
thcsnxut biuhinralmuthungiaccgiaicptrongisngchnhtrxhi.Sphnbitgiai
cp ltin cho u tranhgiaicptrong x hi. Cucutranh giaccgiaicpcbnquytnhxu
th,tnhchtcasvnngxhi.

46.
Tisaotrong cng cucxydng ch nghax hi VitNamchngtattyuphixydng
nntngtinhthncaxhi,nhngnidungcbncanntngtinhthnlg?

Vnhalnntngtinhthncaxhi:Vncthmnhuntrongmiconngivtrongc
cngng,ctruynli,nitipvphthuyquaccthh,cvtchthavkhngnh
vngchctrongcutrcchnhtrxhicadntc.

Tkhingtaraivtrongsutlchslnhocchmngncta,ngtaluncoivnhal
mtbphnquantrngcasnghipcchmng.QuanimnyccptrongCnglnh,
ngli,chinlccangvcNghquytHinghTW5KhaVIIIkhngnh:
Vn
halnntngtinhthncaxhi,valmctiu,valnglcthcysphttrinKTXH

Khinim,bnchtcavnha:
Thutngvnhaxuthintluitrongngnngnhnloivchonnayvnhal
mttrongnhngkhinimphctpvkhxcnh.Song,cthnhnghavnhanhsau:
vn
halhotngtinhthnnhmphthuynhngnnglcbmsinhvbnchtcaconngi
sngtoraccgitrvtchtvtinhthndatrnccchunmc:chn,thin,mnhm
duytrstntivphttrincacnhnvcngngxhi.Vnhacnglhotng
nhmtoranhnggitrnhngchunmcxhi,lmitrngth2,cininuidngs
hnhthnhnhncchconngi
.TheonhnghacaTngthkUNESCOth
vnhaltng
thsngngcchotngsngtocacccnhnvcccngngtrongqukhvtrong
hinti.Quaccthk,hotngsngtoyhnhthnhnnhthngccgitr,cctruyn
thngvthhiunhngyutxcnhctnhringcamidntc
.
Hotng vn ha l hotng sn xut raccgi tr vtcht vgi tr tinh thn nhmgio
dc con ngikhtvng hngticichn,ci thin, ci m vkhnng sng to rachn,thin,
m trongi sng. Vi ngha thvnhac mt trongtt c cc hotngcaconngi,d
lhotng sn xut vt cht vsnxuttinhthn,haytrong quan h giao tip, ng x xhi
trongthingxvithinnhin.
Vn ha c 7 thuc tnh :
mt l vn ha mang tnh lch s,
hail vn ha mangtnhtruyn thng do
nhnggitrvnhaclugi,phttrinvtruynbquaccgiaionlchstthhnysangth
h khc,
bal vn hamangtnhdntcthhinrbnscvnhadntc, vnhanilncim
ca mt dn tc,biu hinbnlnh,tmhn,ctcchca1dntc,
bnlvnhamangtnhgitr(vt
th,phivtth, vt cht hoc tinh thn),
nml vn ha bao gi mang tnhnhnsinh,chcconngi
mi sng to vn ha vhon thin mnhthng qua mi trngvnha,
su lvnhamang tnh pht
sinhv
byl
trongxhicgiaicp,vnhabaogicngmangtnhgiaicp.

Vnhal ng lcthcy pht trin

:Vn ha khidyvphthuymitimnngsngto
ca con ngi. Trong thi i ngy nay, vic pht huy tim nng sng to ca con ngi c tm quan
trngtbit, timnngsngtonynmtrongccyutcuthnhvnha,nghaltrongshiubit,
tm hn, o l, li sng, thhiu,trnhthmmcamicnhnvcaccngng.Hmlngtr
tu,hm lng vn ha trongcclnhvc ca i sngcon ngingycngcaothkhnngphttrin

kinht x hicng ln. Do vy,i vimtnnkinh t, munphttrinbnvngthnglckhng

ththiulphttrinvnha.
Vn ha l si ch xuyn suttonb lch s ca dn tc,n lm nn scsngmnh lit,gip cng
ng dn tc Vit Nam vt qua sng gi v thcghnh tn tiv khng ngng pht trin. Vvy,
chngtachtrnglmchovnhathmsuvomilnhvccaisngxhiccgitrvnha
trthnhnntngtinhthnbnvngcaxhi,trthnhnglcphttrinkinhtxhi
+ Ngun lcni sinh ca s pht trincamtdntcthm sutrong vn ha.Spht trin ca mt
dn tc phi vn tici mi,tipnhn cimi, tora ci mi, nhng li khngthtchricingun.
Phttrinphidatrncingun,bngcchphthuycingun.Cinguncamiqucgia,dntc
lvnha.
+ Kinh nghim imi nc tacng chng trng, ngaybnthn spht trin kinh tcng khng
chdoccnhntkinhtthuntytora,mncndoccgitrvnhaangcphthuy.
+ Ngy nay,trong iu kin cuccch mngkhoahcv cngngh hin i,yut quytnhchos
tngtrng kinh tltrtu.Vvy,mtncgiuhaynghokhngchchcnhiuhayttinguyn
v laongmtrchtlckhnngphthuynmccaonhttimnngsngtocangunlccon
ngihaykhng.Timnmsngtonynmtrongccyutcuthnhvnha.
+ Trong n kinh t th trng, mt mt vn ha da vo tiu chun ca ci ng, ci tt, ci p
hngdnv thcyngi laong.Mtkhcvnhasdngscmnhcaccgitrtruynthng,
caoldntchnchxuhngsngbilichvtcht,sngbitint.
+ Trong vn bo v mitrng vs phttrin bnvng, vn ha gip hn ch li sng chy theo
hammun qu mc ca isng x hi tiu th,dnnchcnkittinguynthinnhin,nhim
mitrng.

Vnhal mctiucasphttrin

: Vnha th hin trnhd phttrin v thc, trtu,

nng lc sntoca con ngi. Vi spht trin ca vn ha,bncht nhn vn, nhn o ca mi c
nhn v c cng ng cbidng vphthuy, trthnh gi trcaoquv chun mc ca ton x
hi.
+ Mctiuxydng mt x hiVitNamdngiu,ncmnh,xhicngbng,dnch,vnminh
chnhlmctiuvnha.
+ Thc tchothy,miquan hgia vn ha vphttrin lvnbcxccamiqucgia.Nhtl
cc nc vn trcyl thuca th vic gii quytvn nylaicnghahtscquantrng.Tuy
nhin,trong nhn thcv hnhng,mctiukinhtthnglntmctiuvnhavctvtr
utintrongcckhoch,chngtrnh,chnhschphttrin.

Vnhacvaitrquantrngtrongvicbidng,phthuynhntconngivxydng

xhimi.
9

Vicphttrinkinhtxhicnnnhngngunlckhcnhau:tinguynthinnhin,vn,nhng
cc ti nguyn thin nhinnyuchnvcthbkhaithccnkit.Chctrithcconngimil
ngun lc vhn, c kh nng ti sinh vtsinhkhng baogicnkit.ccngunlckhcscs
dngchiuqukhingunlccongicchtlngcao.

Cu41:
PHNTCHNHNGDUHIUNHNBITCBNCANHNCPHPQUYN
VITCCHLGITRPHBIN.(STT54)
I/Khinimnhncphpquyn.
Nh ncphp quynl mt hnh thct chcnhnc cbitm csng trcaonht
caphplut,vinidungthchinquynlccanhndn.
II/Duhiunhnbitcbncanhncphpquyn.
1.

Nhncphpquynlmthnhthctchcnhncmcsngtrticaocaphp

lut.
Vi hnh thc t chc x hi theo m hnh nh nc php quyn th php lut phi tr thnh tiu
chun vcnc cn bn nht,caonhttrongmihotngcabnthnnhnc,cctchcxhiv
micngdn.
y l du hiu biu nht v phng din php l xc nhmtnhncno c phi lnh
ncphpquynhaykhngvlnhncphpquyntrnhno.
Tnhphp quyncahnhthc tchc nh ncphpquynphilcaonhtngaycivichth
quynlcmcdchthquynlctraphplut.
2.

Nh ncphpquynlhnhthctchcnhncmquynlcnhncthhinc

lichvchcaiasnhndn.
Du hiu ny cho thy mi c nhn trong xhict chc theo hnh thcnhncphp quyn
u c t cch cng dn v t cch l c nhn t do.Vi t cch cng dn, mi cnhn buc phic
ngha vv quynli theo quy nh ca lut php vi t cch c nhntdo,micnhncquynlm
bt c iu gmphplutkhngcm.Phplutchcmnhnghnhvicnhnvcctchcchnhtr,
x hi noxm hiti li ch ca cc cnhn vcc tchckhccngnhlichcaxhi.Nhvy,
nmrngphmvihotngtdosngtocamicnhn,vmitchctrongxhi.
10

3.

Nhncphpquynlhnhthctchcnhncmcsmbothctmiquanh

hucvquynvtrchnhimgianhncvcngdn.
Quyn ca cng dn thuc vtrch nhimcanhncv ngcli, quyncanhncthuc v
trch nhim ca cngdn. Nh ncphichu trch nhim trc mi cng dn v nhng viphm php
lut ca mnh, lm phng hi n li ch ca cng dn, ca cct chc trong x hi.Ngc li, cng
dn v cc t chc trong x hi phi thchinccngha vv chutrch nhimv nhng hnhvi ca
mnhtheoquynhcaphplut.
44.Phn tch miquanhgiatmlxhivhttng,tisaotmlxhivhttng
l haigiaion thp v cao ca thc xhinhngtmlxhilikhngtrctipsinhraht
tng?(STT:16)

Tmlxhi
baogmtonbtnhcm,cmun,thiquen,tpquncaconngi,camtb
phnx hi hocton bx hi hnh thnh dinhhngtrctipcaisnghngngyca
hvphnnhisng.
Tml x hic c im: phnnhtrc tiptntixhi,nhngltrnhphnnhthp,
phnnhtpht tn tixhi.Tmlxhighilinhngmtbngoicaxhinnnkhng
vchra y ,rrng,suscbnchtccmiquanhxhi.Nhngquannimcaconngi
trnh tm l x hi mang tnh cht kinh nghim, yu ttr tu an xen vi yu t tnh cm
chathhinvmtllun.Ncvaitrquantrngtrongvicphttrinthcxhi.

H t tng l trnh caoca thc x hi,hnhthnhkhiconnginhnthcsuschnv

nhng iukinsinh hot vt cht ca mnh.Httngckhnngisuvobnchtsvt,
voccmiquanhxhi.
H t tng l nhn thc l lun vtnti x hi,l h thngnhngquan im t tng(chnh
tr,trit hc,oc,nghthut,tngio)lktqucaskhiquthonhngkinhnghimx
hi. H t tng c hnh thnh mt ccht gic, nghal n chnh thnht gicbicc
nhkhoahcvctruynbtrongxhi.

11

Khi nghin cu v h t tng cn c s phn bit h t tng khoahcv h ttngkhng

khoahc. H t tng khoa hc phn nh chnhxc,khchquanccmiquanhvtchtcax
hi. Cn h t tngkhng khoahctuycng phn nh cc miquan hvtchtx hi nhng
dimthnhthcsailm,ho,xuyntckhchquan.
L mt b phn ca thc x hi, h t tngnhhngrtlnnsphttrincakhoahc.
Lchscc khoa hc tnhin chothytcngrtquantrngcahttng,cbitlvai
trcattngtrithctrongqutrnhkhiquttiliu.
Miquanhgiahttngvtmlxhi.
H t tng vtml x hituyl hai trnh,haiphngthcphnnhkhcnhaucathc
x hi,nhngchng c mi lin htcng qua lilnnhau.Chaiuc ngun gc ttnti
x hi vphn nh tn tix hi. Nhng trong, tm lx hi to iukinthunlihocgy
tr ngichos hnhthnh, struynb, s tip thu ca con ngi ivimt ht tngnht
nh (tm l, tnh cm giai cp l iu kin thun li cho cc thnh vin giaicptip thu ht
tngcagiaicp).Milinhgiahttng(cbitlttngkhoahc,tinb)vitml
x hi, vi s sinh ng phong ph ca i sng thctins gip cho h t tng bt xcng,
gimsailm.
Ngc li, ht tng, l lunx hi s lm giatng yuttrtuchotmlxhi.Httng
khoahcs thcytml xhiphttrintheohngngn,lnhmnh.Httngphn
khoahcskchthchnhngyuttiucccatmlxhiphttrin.
H t tng khngra i trctipttml x hi,khng lsbiuhintrctipcatmlx
hi.
Bt k t tngno khiphn nh cc mi quanhngthithngthicngthakcchc
thuyt x hi, nhng t tng v quan im tn ti trc . Th d,ttng tngiothi
k phong kin th hin li ch ca giai cp phong kin nhng li c bt ngun trc tip t
nhng t tng duy tm thic i vnhngttngoC c thik u cngnguyn. S
ra i pht trincat tng trithcMc,cng khngtrctipraittmlxhicagiai
cp cngnhn lc , m lskhi qut llun tkinh nghim ca cuc utranhcagiaicp

12

cngnhn,phnnhiukinkinhtxhilc,khiqutcctrithccanhnloi,ktha
trc tip t cc hc thuyt trithc, kinht hc chnh trv ch ngha xhi khoahc th k
XVIIIuthkXIX
R rng, h ttngx hi lin kt hu c vi tm lx hi, nhng nkhngnginlsc
ctmlxhi.

CU48:nh nghav bn chtconngicaC.Mcdngchbnchtringtngcnhn

conngihaydngchchungbnchtcacgingloingi,tisao?
nh ngha v bncht con ngi ca C.Mcdng dng ch chung bn cht ca cging loi
ngi.
Quanim ca Mc Lnin vbnchtconngi:con ngi l mt thc th thngnht gia hai mt
sinh vt v xhi. Theoquanim duy vt,lchstn ti vpht trin ca con ngi lunchuschi
phitcngbi3loiquilutsau:quylutsinhhc,quyluttmlthc,quylutxhi.
Trong Luncng vPhbch,Mc khng nhv bn cht con ngi:Bnchtconngi
khng phi l ci tru tng c hu ca c nhn ring bit , trong tnhhinthc ca n, bn chtcon
ngi tng ha cc mi quan hx hi. Vinh ngha ny, Mc a raphm tr con ngithc
tin khng phi l ci nhn tru tng ml cth cmtnh,ct vo trong hot ng sn xut
thctin, xemxt trong miquanhkhngtchrivitnhin,xhi.Conngilmtsinhvt,cng
c ngha con ngi l mt b phn ca t nhin, gn b vi qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca t
nhin.Song l mt thcth t nhinlun hot ng v chang trongmnhnhngkhnngtoln
v sphttrin.Bnchtconngikhngphilcibtbinmnluncphttrintheostinb
calchs.Vvy,mithiikhcnhauscnhngmungikhcnhau.
TheoMcthconngilktqucalchsphttrinvtchtgiitnhin.TrongBnthokinh
t trit hc 19844 C.Mcvit: Con ngil mt sinh vt c tnh loigiitnhinlthnthv
c ca con ngi V con ngi l mt bphn cagiitnhin.Conngimunphttrinvtham
gia vo cc hot ngx hi,trc htphi tnti, phi c thamncctinvtnhinnhmt
cthsinhvtxhi.

13

37.nhnghavgiaicpcaLninvnghaphngphpluncanhngha(STT:16)
C. Mc tngxcnhn,tnhtrng phnchiaxhithnhccgiaicpkhngphidongphthin
m do nhiu nh s hc t sn nh Chie, Ghid, Minh pht hin ra. Hai pht minh ca C. Mc:Ch
ngha duy vtlchsv hcthuytvgitrthngdlcsllunkhoahc,lmsngtbnchtca
quanhgiaicp.
Nm 1919, trong tc phm sngkinv i,V.I. Lnin a ra nh nghav giai cp: Ngi ta
gi giai cp,nhngtpon to lngm nhng ngi khcnhau vavcahtrongmththngsn
xutx hi nht nh tronglchs, khcnhau vquan hcah (thng thngth nhngquanhny
c phplutquynh vtha nhn),ivinhngtliusnxut,vvaitrcahtrongtchclao
ngx hi, vnhvyl khcnhau vcchthc hngthvvphncacixhithocnhium
h c hng. Giai cp lnhngtpon ngi, mtpon ny cth chim ot lao ng ca tp
onkhc,dochcctponcavkhcnhautrongmtchkinhtxhinhtnh.
TnhnghagiaicpcaV.I.Lnincthrtranhngctrngcbnvquanhgiaicp:

Giaicpl nhng tp on ngic a vkhc nhau trongmth thngsnxut xhi nht

nh.
Giaicp khng phi lphm tr xhithng thngml phmtr kinhtxhictnhlchs.Giai
cp khng phi lsnphm ca sn xut ni chungml snphm ca nhng h thng sn xut x hi
nhtnhtrong lch s.Mih thng giaicptngngvimththngsnxutxhi,vbnchtl
th thng nht ca cc mt i lp. Do khng th hiu c c trng ca tng giai cp c th nu
khng t ntrong hthng,tc l trongmi quan hvigiaicpilpvin.Ningiaicplni
nskhcnhaugiacctponngivavtrongmththngkinhtxhinhtnh.Trongh
thng kinh tx hi ,tponnginyltponthngtr,tponngikialtponbtr.
lccgiaicp.ylctrngchungnht.
Ccgiaicpcquanhkhcnhauvquanhivitliusnxut.
ylskhcnhaucbnnhtvcnglctrngcbnnht.Giaicpchn,achphongkin,t
bn lnhngtpon giavthngtrtronghthngkinhtxhimhlibiu,docctpon
ny chim hu t liu sn xut xhichiphilaongcacctponngikhc,khngctliu

14

hocc ttliusnxut.Nhngtponngibmttliusnxut:nl,nngn,vsnbucphi
phthucvocctponthngtr.
Ccgiaicpkhcnhauvvaitrtrongtchclaongxhi,tchcqunlsnxut.
Tp onngi no (giai cp) chim hu t liu sn xut ngnhin givaitrlnho,chhuyhot
ngsnxutvluthngtrnquymtonxhicngnhtngnvkinht.
Ccgiaicpkhcnhauvphngthcvquimthunhpcacixhi.
Giaicpnochimhutliusnxut,tchcvlnhosnxut,tponciukinthc
hinmcchl chim ot lao ng thngdcaccgiaicplaong.Trongxhinl,giaicpn
lphi sng nhsc vt. Trongxhiphongkingiaicpnngnchchng20%cacidomnh
lm ra 80% phi cngnpchoa ch v nh nc phongkin.Trong x hitbngiaicpcngnhn
v tng lptr thclmthunhncmtphnsnphmlaongcamnhdihnhthctinlng.
ltinbnsclaong.Ngy nay c nh t bn s huti sn vi gi tr trn 50t USD, vs
100tvnhiutrmtUSD...Nghalsbtbnhngtrongxhitbntiptcgiatng.
Trong cc ch x hi cgiaicpikhng ngoihaigiaicp cbnikhng cn c nhng giai
cp,tnglpxhitrunggian.
Trong c cu giai cp x hi nc ta hin nay, ngoicc giai cp cngnhn,nng dn,tng lp tr
thcv cc tnglp nhn dn lao ng cn c tng lptsntnglpnyciukinphttrintrong
nn kinht thtrng. Vkinht t bn t nhn lmtb phnkhng th thiutrong nnkinhtnhiu
thnh phn, tng lp t sn c vai tr tch cc vo s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho tnc.
ng nhin c mu thun v li ch gia nhngngi lao ng lm thuvi tng lp t sn... Trong
iukincathi k qu nc ta hin nay,ccloimu thun trnccoilmuthuntrongni
bnhndn.
nghaphngphplun:
L lun v giai cp cachngha McLnin c nghaquan trngv phng phplun.Sraica
giai cp lm cho s phnha giu nghongy cng tr nn r rng,ccgiaicpnhnthcrbncht
ca mnh(giai cp thng tr giai cpbtrquanhbcltbbclt2giaicplunilpnhauvli
ch), t muthun giai cp ngycngln,khng th c sbnh ng v av v quynlcchocc

15

giai cp.Trongiukin xhi c s phn ha giai cpthsvnngcaccmuthuntrongphng

thcsnxut biuhinralmuthungiaccgiaicptrongisngchnhtrxhi.Sphnbitgiai
cp ltin cho u tranhgiaicptrong x hi. Cucutranh giaccgiaicpcbnquytnhxu
th,tnhchtcasvnngxhi.
Cu 20:
P
hn tch c s l lun v nhng yu cu phng php lun ca phng php h thng
(/phngphp i t trutngncth/phngphpthngnhtcilchsvcilgch).Victun
th nguyntcnyskhcphccnhnghnchgtronghotngnhnthckhoahc?Lymtv
dminhhavicvndngphngphpnytronghotngnghincukhoahc.
(Qunh:STT51)
1.Csllunvnhngyucuphngphpluncaphngphphthng:
+
Csllun:
Mikhch th (s vt,hin tng, qu trnh) tn ti trong th giiuccoinh nhnghthng
mi khch thhthnglmttphpgmnhiuyutcmilinhvinhauvvimitrngxung
quanh tonnmttrtttchcnhtnh,ccutrcnnhvlunthchinnhngchcnngxc
nh nhm duy tr s tn ti v pht trin ca chnh mnh s tc ng qua ligia cc yu tcah
thng tonnnhngthuc tnh tng hp tnh chnhth ctrngchohthngtronghthngchnh
th,citonthbaogicnglnhntngshcccbphnhayccyuthpthnh.
Bnthnmi khchth h thngval mt hthngvalmtyuthaybphncamththng
khc ln hn trong th gii tn ti tnh xp cp ca hthng khch thl h thng hay l yu t ch
mangtnhtngi.
Khikhch th lh thng c xc nh, s tc ng qua li gia cc yutvinhauhayvimi
trng l nguyn nhncamisbindng,thay icakhch th hthng theo mtxu hngnht
nhtnhhng ch ca h thngtnhhngchcahthnglmchotrtttchccahthng
khngngngcimikhchthhthngvvykhngngngphttrin.
+
Nhngyucucbncaphngphphthng:
Trongnhnthckhoahcphi:
Phn chia khchthh thng(itng m hot ng nhnthc hay thctintcngn)rathnh
ccyut,xcnhmitrngmkhchthtnti
Phthin c nhng mi quan h,linh tt yu,n nhgiaccyutxcnhcutrc,vchr
chcnng,lmsngttrtttchccakhchth.
Xc nh cc thuc tnh tng hp pht hin ra tnh chnhth ca h thngvch rccmilinh,
tngtcgiahthngvmitrng.
Phthinratnhhngchcahthngvxuhngphttrincakhchthhthng.
16

Mc d mi khch th tn ti trong thgii u c coi nh nhng hthng nhng phng php h

thngchpdngchiuqunghincunhngkhchththhinrtnhhthng.
2. C s l lun v nhng yu cu phngphp lun caphng php i ttru tng n c
th:
+
Csllun:

Cic th lphm trdng chs tntitrongtnhdangnbaogmcicthkhchquan(s
tn ti casvttrong nhng mi quan h,linh vinhngsvtkhctronghinthc)vcicth
chquan(sphnnhcicthkhchquanvotrongqutrnhnhnthc).

Ci tru tng
l phm tr dng ch kt qu ca s tru tng ha tch mt mt, mt mi lin
h,no rakhisvt nhcitngthphongphadngnlsphnnhmtbphn,mtmt
ca ci cthkhch quan. T nhngcitrutngnytduytnghpchnglithnhcicthtrong
tduy.
Nhn thc xt n cnguphn nh
cic th khchquan
,nhngli xutphttnhng
ci c th
cm tnhtinnxydng nhng ci tru tng, c bit lnhngcitrutngkhoahc.Nhnthc
khoahcbt u t vicxydngnhng
citrutngkhoahc(mikhinim,mitin,minh
l, minhlut, milunim,)phn nh mt kha cnh bn chtca s vt.y mnh nhnthc
khoahcthng qua vic tip tc o su nhng citru tng xy dngthm nhng citrutng
misaucngtnghpttcnhngcitrutngkhoahcxydngthnh
cicthtrongtduy
,
cicthphnnhccibnchtsuscvycahintngitngangnghincu.

Cic th ltnhkhng phi l tng stri thcv nhng mt, tnh cht ca s vt,m ltrithcsu
sc, tng i y v i tng ang nghin cu nh mt chnh th c nhng yu t, nhng mt,
nhng mi quanh tc ng qua li ln nhau. Do, phitnghpnhiucitrutngcc
ci
c thtrong tduyphnnhsthngnhttrongtnhadngcaitngtntitronghinthccv
s mi lin h, quanh vinhngs vt khcv ngthicmunvnmilinh,quanhbntrong
ca n,vi nhng tnh cht khc nhau, lunvnngphttrin.VvyC.Macvit:Cicthsdl
c thv nlstnghpcanhiusquynh,nhvy,nlsthngnhtcanhiumtkhcnhau.
Cho nn trong tduy, ci cthbiuhin l qu trnhtnghp,lktquchkhngphilimxut
pht, mc d n l im xut pht thc s v do cng l im xut phtcatrc quan v cabiu
tng.
Qutrnh nhnthckhoahcdatrn
cicthcmtnhxydngnhng
citrutngltnh
vt
nhng ci tru tngl tnh tnghp thnh
ci c thtrong t duy
.Qutrnh vn ng, pht trinca
nhnthc khoa hc dng nh quay v vi ban u, vvicicth,nhngkhngphilquayvvi

17

ci biu tng ca ci tonth cmtnhm l quay vvi ci tng ha nhiuci quynh, nhiu mi
quanhcatduy.
+
Nhngyucucbncaphngphpittrutngncth:
Nhnthc khoahcphithng nht hai qu trnhnhnthc vn ngi lp: t
c th(cm tnh)n
trutng
vt
trutng
n
cth
(trongtduy).

T c th (cm tnh)ntru tng i hiphi da vo nhng tiliucm tnh thngquaphntch
xy dng cc khi nim, nhng nh ngha, nh l, nh lut, .n gin, trutng phn nh tng
mt, tngthuc tnh ca i tng ang nghin cu. T nhng ci tru tngbanuxydngnhng
citrutngtiptheo

T tru tng n c th (trong t duy)
i hi phi da trn nhng khi nim, nhng nh
ngha,n gin, tru tng thng qua tng hp bin chng xy dng ci c th (trong t duy) l
thuyt(hthngnhnghiubitsuscvitngangnghincu).
3. C s l lunv nhng yu cu phngphp lun caphng php thng nht ci lch s v
cilgch:
+
Csllun:

Cilchs l phm tr dng ch qu trnhphtsinh,phttrinvtiuvongcasvttrongtnha
dng, sinh ng ca n.
Ci lgch l phm tr dng ch tnh tt yu,quylut, bn cht ca s vt
(lgch khch quan) hay mi lin h ttyugia cc t tng (lgch ch quan). Ci lgch lciphn
nh ci lch s,do ,n phiphthuc vo cilchs nhngnkhngphilssaochpmymc,
ginn cilchsml phn nh ci lch s di dng rt gn,sng to. Ci lgch chngqualci
lch s nhng thot ra khi hnh thi ngu nhin,vnvt ca ci lch s.Nhn thckhoa hc l s
thng nht ca haiphngphp nhn thcilp b sung nhau:phngphp lch sv phng php
lgch.

Phng phplchsihiphitihinlitrongtduyqutrnhlchscthvinhngchititca
n,ngha lphi nm ly svnng,phttrinlchscasvttrongtonbtnhphongphcan.
Phng php lchs c gitr to ln v quan trngtrong cc khoa hc lch s. Khngc phngphp
lch s s khng c khoa hc lch s. Tuy nhin, khng phi vi mi i tngvicp dngphng
phplchsumanglihiuqu.

Phng phplgch i hi phi vchra bn cht,tnh ttnhinquylutcaqutrnhvnng,pht
trincas vt di hnh thctru tngv khi qut can,nghalphiloibcingunhin,vn
vt rakhi tin trnh nhnthc svnng,pht trin ca s vt.Phng phplgch i hi phi ti
hinli cilgchkhchquantrongsphttrincasvtihiqutrnhtduyphibtutkhi
im ca lchsnhng tp trungnghincusvtdi hnhthc pht trintngihon thin ca
18

n. N c gi tr to ln v quan trng trong cc khoahcl thuyt. Biv, u thcan l chn

khng nhng phn nh c bn cht, quy lut ca s vtmcnti hin clchs ca s vt mt
cchkhiqut,trnnhnggiaion chyunkthpvicnghincuktcucasvtvivictm
hiulchscabnthnsvt.

Phng phplchs v phngphp lgchl haiphngphpnghincuilpnhaunhngthng
nhtbinchngvinhaugipxydnghnhnhcthvsuscvsvt.Biv,munhiubncht
v quy lut ca svtth phihiulchsphtsinh,phttrincanngthicnmcbncht
v quy lut ca svtthminhnthcclchscanmtcchngn.Khinghincucilch
s, phngphp lch s cng phi nmlysidylgchcanthngquamphntchccs
kin, bin clchs.Cnkhitmhiubncht,quylut,phngphplgchcngkhngthkhngda
vo cctiliulchsunnn,chnhlchng.Tuynhin,tytheoitngvnhimvnghincu
m nh khoa hc c th sdng phng php no lchyu. Song, d trnghpnocngphiqun
trit phng phpthng nht lgch vlchs v khc phcchngha ch quan t bin, cng nhch
nghakinhnghimmqung.
+
Nhngyucucbncaphngphpthngnhtcilchsvcilgch:
Trong qu trnh nhnthc i tng,lgchphttrincattngnhtthitphitrnglpmtcchc
bn, tng qut vilchsphttrin ca itng.Lgchnhnthcphitihinlilgchkhchquan
casvnng,phttrincahinthc.
4. Vicvndng phngphp trn skhc phcc nhng hnchtronghotngnhnthc
khoahcsauy:

5.Vdminhhavicvndngphngphpthngnhttronghotngnghincukhoahc:
V dminh ha
:
Vndngphngphp hthng trongtmhiuvnhanhnthctruynthngVit
Nam
(pdng phngphp hthng vo vicdyhcbiVnhanhnthctrongGiotrnhCs
VnhaVitNamcaGS.TS.TrnNgcThm)
Phng phph thng pdng vo vic tm hiu cu trc vn ha cho thycutrchthngvnha
lmt chnh th gm cc yu ttrong mi quanh tngtc. Vn ha nhn thc cng lmththng
vinhiu yu ttrong quan h vi nhaunh vy.iuchothyctrngbnscvnhaVitNam
qua vn ha nhnthc tngungctngungc,shnhthnh,qutrnhvnngtnhnthcvtr
cho n nhn thc con ngi, tnhn thckhng gian n nhnthc thigian trong s ng nhtbi
yu t chungtduynng nghiplngphn,lnghpquaqutrnhvnng:mdngTamti
Nghnh.Tnh hthng ca vn hanhnthcVitNamthhinquamiquanhbinchng:ng
nhtilpgiaccyut(cctritlnhnthc)vqutrnhvnng,phttrincachng.Phng
19

phphthngtrathchhpvhudngvivicdyhcmnCsvnhaVitNamnichungv
cbitvibihcVnhanhnthcniring.

Nguntiliuthamkho:
1.SchTrithcTiliuthamkhochohcvincaohc.Chbin:TS.BiVnMa
2.Trangweb:

http://js.vnu.edu.vn/upload/2014/04/1346/2.pdf

Cu 19: Nguyn l? Nguyn tc?Miquan hgiachng.Anh/Chhynunhngyucuphngphp

lunvphntchcslluncanguyntcphttrin.Victunthnguyntcnyskhcphcc
nhnghnchgtronghotngnhnthcvhotngthctin.(IM)
1.Nguynllg?
Nguynl lnhnglun im xut pht(ttng cho) ca mthcthuyt(llun)mtnhchn
l canl hin nhin, tc khng th haykhngcnphichngminhnhngkhngmuthunvithc
tinvnhnthcvlnhvcmhcthuytphnnh.
Nguynl c khi qutt kt qu hot ngthc tin nhnthcludicaconngi.Nval
c s l lun ca hc thuyt, val cngc tinh thn nhn thc (lgii tin on)v ci toth
gii.
C hai loi nguyn l: nguyn l ca khoahc(cng l, tin ,quylutnntng) vnguynl ca
trit hc. Php binchngduyvt c hainguynl cbn. l nguyn l vmilinh phbinv
nguynlvsphttrin.
2.Nguyntclg?
Nguyntclnhngyucunntngihichthphitunthngtrnhtnhmtmcch
ramtcchtiu.
3.Milinhgianguynlvnguyntc
nghaphngphpluncanguynlthhinquaccnguyntctngng.Nghalcsllun
ca cc nguyn tc l cc nguyn l: c s l lun ca nguyn tcton din vnidung nguyn lv
milinhphbin,cslluncanguyntcphttrinlnidungnguynlvsphttrin
4.Nhngyucuphngphpluncanguyntcphttrin
Tronghotngnhnthcyucuchthphi:
Phthinnhngxuhngbini,chuynha,nhnggiaiontnticabnthnsvttrongst
vnngvphttrincachnhn
Xydng c hnhnhchnhthvsvtnhsthngnhtccxuhng,nhnggiaionthayi
cantphthinraquylutvnng,phttrin(bncht)casvt.
Tronghotngthctinyucuchthphi:
20

Chtrngnmiiukin,khnngtnticasvtnhnnhngccxuhng,nhnggiai
onthayicthxyraivin
Thng qua hot ngthc tin, sdngnhiucngc,phngtin,binphpthchhp(mtrcht
l cng c, phng tin, bin php vt cht) bin i nhng iu kin, pht huy hay hn ch nhng
kh nngtn ti casvtnhm lolis vt vn ng, pht trintheohnghpquylutvcli
chochngta.
5.Cslluncanguyntcphttrin
Cslluncanguyntcphttrinlnidungnguynlvsphttrin.
Svnngvsphttrin
Vnng lthuctnhchu,lphngthctnticavtchtvnngchiunhsthayi
ni chung.Vnnghiutheonghachungnht,tcchiulmtphngthctnticavtcht,
lmt thuc tnh c hu ca vt cht, thbaogmttc mi s thay i vmiqutrnhdinratrong
vtr,ktsthayivtrnginchontduy.
Phttrin lkhuynhhng vn ng tin ln t thp n cao,tn gin n phctp, t kmhon
thinnhonthinhn,domuthuntrongbnthnsvtgyra.Phttrinlmtkhuynhhngvn
ngtng hp ca h thngs vt, trong ,svn ngc thayinhng quynhvcht(thayi
kt cu t chc)cah thng svttheokhuynhhng tin b gi vai trchocnsvnng
c thay i nhng quy nh v cht ca svttheoxu hng thoi b vs vn ngchc thay i
nhng quy nhv lng ca s vt theo xu hng n nh gi vai tr ph o,cnthitchoxuhng
chotrn.
+Haiquanimcbnvsphttrin(stinha):sphttrincoinhlgimivtngln,nh
lp li v s pht trin coi nh s thng nht ca cc mt i lp.Quan im thnht thcht cng,
ngho nn,khkhan.Quan im thhai l sinh ng. Ch cquan im th 2michotachakhaca
svnng,cattthymiciangtntichcnmichotachakhacanhngbcnhy
vt, ca s gin oncatnhtim tin, ca s chuyn ha thnhmti lp, ca s tiu ditci
cvsnysinhracimi.
Phttrin nh s chuynha:giaccmtilpgiachtvlnggiacicvcimigiaci
ring v ci chung gia nguyn nhn v kt qu gia ni dung v hnh thc gia bn cht v hin
tnggiattnhinvngunhingiakhnngvhinthc.
Pht trin lqu trnhtthncathgii vt cht,mang tnh khch quan, ph bin va dng:pht
trin trong gii t nhin v sinh pht trin trong gii t nhin hu sinh pht trintrong xhipht
trintrongtduy,tinhthn.
Nidungnguynl
Misvt,hintngtrongthgiiukhngngngvnngvphttrin.
Phttrin mangtnhkhch quanph bin,l khuynh hngvnng tng hptinlnt thp n
cao, tn gin n phc tp,t km honthin n hon thinhncamththngvtcht,dovic
giiquytmuthun,thchinbcnhyvchtgyravhngtheoxuthphnhcaphnh.
21

6. Victunthnguyntcnyskhcphccnhnghnchgtronghotngnhnthcv
hotngthctin.
Qun trit v vn dng sng to nguyn tc pht trin s gip ch th khc phccquan im (t
duy)siuhnhtronghotngthctinvnhnthccachnhmnh.

Cu36:

TrnhbyquanimcbncachnghaMcLninvchnhtr.

Ch ngha Mc Lnin khngnhchnh tr lun mangbnchtgiaicp.Bnchtgiaicpcachnhtr

c quy nhbi li ch ,trc htl li ch kinh t ca giai cp,n lun vn ngtrongmiquanh
giakinhtvichnhtr.Lninchorng:"chnhtrlsbiuhintptrungcakinht"
Chnh trkhngchmangbnchtgiaicpmcnmangbnchtdntc,chonntrongutranhchnh
tr ,vicxl quanh giai cpdntcctrartthngxuyn.Khngthtuytihavngiai
cp m qun vn dn tc v ngc li. Nu tuytihavn giai cp sdnti ch ngha bit
phi,nu tuyti ha vn dn tcths ri vo ch nghadntcccoan.Vngiaicp,vn
dn tc gn lin vivn nhn loi .Chnhtr hini luncoi trngvn nhnloi,giiquytvn
nhn loi trnquan im giai cp.Gii phnggiaicp,gii phng dn tc,gii phng xhil nhng
vn quan h gn b mt thit vi nhau ca nn chnh tr v sn,tr thnh xu hng phttrin ca
chnhtrnhnloi.
Cc nh kinh in mcxit ch ra rng, u tranh chnhtr lnh cao ca u tranh giai cp.u tranh
giai cplhintngttyucalchs.Cucutranhnytriquabancthang,bagiaion,phnnh
ba trnh pht trin khcnhau ca u tranh giai cp t tpht ntgic,tsthamnnhngnhu
cusinhhottcthinnhnthcvhinthchasmnhlchscagiaicp.
Trnh thpnht cautranh giai cplutranhkinht.Thngquautranhvnhnglichkinh
t hng ngy m gic ng cng nhn v li ch giai cp.Tuy l hnh thc thpnht nhng lirtquan
trngvntomitrngthctin,gipgiaicpcngnhngicngvaitrsmnhlchscamnh.
Giaionth 2 ca u tranhgiaicpl u tranh t tngl lun .Cc nh kinhinchrarng,giai
cp v sn l giai cp trit cch mngkhngphiv n l giaicpnghonht,mtrchtvlich
ca n ilpvi li ch ca giai cp tsnni dinchophng thcsnxutcchmng.Ccng

22

cngchr kthcagiaicp v sn ltonb giai cp t sn quc t ,chkhng phichdngli

mt vi nh t bn c bit .V vy ,giaicpv sn skhng th honthnh c s mnhlchs ca
mnhl gii phng ton xhithot khi ch pbc bc lttbn,xydngxhicngsnchngha
nunhnkhngcvtrangbng1ttnglluncchmnglchnghaMcLnin.TheoLnin,
gic nggiaicp lm cho cngnhn hiu rsmnhlchscamnhthphitinhnhcucutranh
t tnggiiphng cngnhn khi httng tsnvccttngkhngvsn,allunmcxit
vo phong tro cng nhn,lm cho giaicpvsntgiaicp"tn"(tpht)thnhgiaicp"chon"(t
gic)
Giaionth 3 (cao nht) cautranh giai cp lutranh chnhtr.Nhimv c bncautranh
chnh tr l thtiub mynhncc,thit lp nn chuyn chnhmi vsdngchuynchnh
xy dng xhimi.Lcny,vnginhquynlcnhncctramtcchtrctip.utranh
chnh tr gn lin visbng ncch mng x hi .C Mc cho rng:"bcth1trongcuccchmng
cngnhn l giai cp v sn bin thnhgiaicpthng tr,l ginh ly dnch".Lnincngkhngnh
:"ch nginom rng vic thanhn u tranh giai cp n mctha nhnchuynchnh vsnth
mi l ngimcxits. liu khc nhausu sc nht giangimcxitvngitiutsn(vct
snln)tmthng".
Theo C Mc th bt c mt cuc cch mng xhi no cngc tnh chtchnh trv n trc tip ng
chm ti vn quyn lc chnh tr,trctiptuyen chinvi thchc.Mt khc ,btc1 cuc cch
mng chnh tr no cng c tnh cht xhiv ntvn ci to ccquan hx hic,xydngcc
quanh x himi trn mi bctincacchmng.Chnghn, cuccch mng vsnginhquyn
lc vo tay giai cp v sn,thitlpquyn lc v sn,xy dng ccquanhxhimi,trchtlquan
h v s hu t liu sn xut,xa b s hu t bn ch ngha ,xc lp quan h s hu x hi ch
ngha...Cng cn lurng,chnghaMcLninnhnmnhchthcacchmngvsn,trchtv
ch yu lgiaicpv sn c sinhra t nn snxut icng nghip ,chkhngphibtk v sn
nokhc(vsnlumanh,vsnnngthn...)
Nh vy ,ch ngha Mc Lnin ch ra 3 hnh thc u tranhgiaicpcbn,v khngnh rng ,cc
hnhthc ny cquan hmtthitvinhau,nhhngvbsungchonhau.utranhttngllun
23

v u tranh kinh t phc v u tranh chnh tr .u tranh chnh tr l hnh thc u tranh cao
nht,quytnhthnglicuicngvcnbncagiaicpvsnivigiaicptsn.
Cu6.

Chng minhrng,trithcphngTythiphchngcnithtslcngctinhthnca

giai cp t sn vcctnglp tin btrong x hiutranh vi cc th lccnhmtodngnnmtthi

imi.
Thi kPhc hngcacc ncTyu l giai onlchsqutxhiphongkinsangxhit
bn (th k XVXVI).Tnhchtqubiuhintrnttcccmtcaisngkinht,chnhtr
xhi,vnhottngthikny.

V kinht: Bt u t thk XV, Tyu, chphongkinvinnsnxutnhvcco

lut h khcTrungcbcvothiktanr.Nhiucngtrngthcngxuthin,banuItalia,
saulansangAnh,Phpvccnckhc,thaythchonnkinhttnhinkmphttrin.
S pht trincakinh t t bn ch nghathcysphttrin ca khoa hc, kthut.Nhiu cng c
lao ng c ci tin v hon thin. Vi vic sng ch ra my ko si v my in lm cho cng
nghip dt,cng ngh n lot c bit pht trin, nht lAnh.Skhmphvchtohnglotng
h c hc gip cho con ngi c thsnxutc k hoch, tit kimthi gian v tngnngsutlao
ng.
Nhng phtkinv ng bin,tmra nhng min t mi, phthinra chuM...cngtoiukin
phttrinchonnsnxuttheo hngtbnchngha.Thngmi,thtrngtraoihnghogia
cc nc c m rng giao lu quc t c tng cng, nh m cc nc pht trin smnh
Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha... thi nhau xmchim thuca mrng vic khai thc thinnhin vth
trngtiuthhngho.

Vxhi:ngthivisphttrincasnxutvthngnghip,trongxhiTyuthik

ny, s phn ho giai cp ngy cngr rt.Tng lp t sn xut hin gmccchxng cng trng
th cng, xngth,thuynbun... Vaitrv vtrcahtrongkinhtvxhingycngln.Hng
lot nngdnt nngthn dic rathnhth,trthnhngilmthuchocccngtrng,xngth.
H thamgia vo lc lnglaong xhimi,lmhnhthnhgiaicpcngnhn.Cctnglpxhi
24

trn i din cho mt nn sn xutmi,cngvinngdnutranhchngchphongkinangsuy

tn.

V vn ho, ttng: Cngvi s pht trin vkinhtvxhi,khoahckthutvttng

thi k Phchng cngtcs phttrin mnh m. Cc nh ttng thiPhchngphphn

mnh m cc gio l Trung c. M u l nh trit hc ngi pha Nam nc c, Niclai Kuzan
(14011464). Tip lccnhkhoa hctrithcnhNiclaiCpecnich(14751543)ngiBaLan
Lna Vanhxi (14521519) nh danh ho, nh ton hc, c hc, k s ngi Italia Gioocan
Brun (15481600) ngi Italia Galil Galil (15641642) ngi Italia. Trong s nhng thnh tu
khoahct nhin cnhhng toln n nhn thcduyvt v th gii,nitrihnclthuytnht
tm ca Niclai Cpecnich (14751543), nh bc hc vingiBaLan. Niclai Cpecnich ng
trn lp trngcatrithcduyvt bc bthuytatmdoPtlm(ngiHyLp)xuttth
k th II, mt gi thuytsailmcoi qu t ltrungtmcahmttrivvtr.Thuytnhttmca
Niclai Cpecnich ging mt nnngnvothgiiquantngio,thnhc.Githuytcangl
mt cuccch mng trntri,botrcmtcuc cch mngtronglnhvcccquanhxhispxy
ra.
Trong thii Phchng, cc nh ttng tsn bnhvctrithcduyvt,vndngnchng
li ch ngha kinh vin v thn hc Trung c.Cuc u tranh ca ch ngha duy vtchng ch ngha
duy tm thng c biu hin di hnhthccthlkhoahcchngtngio,trithcthcnghim
i lp vi nhng lp lun kinhvin. Cuicng,schuyn chnh ca gio hi vs thng trcach
ngha kinh vin Trung c khngngn c sphttrinbcucakhoahcthcnghimvtrit
hc duy vt tinchonhngthnhtumivnhngcimmicatrithctrongccthktip
theo.
Thi kcni l thi k pht trin rcrcaTyu trntt cccmtcaisngxhi.ls
pht trin tip tc cachngha tbn, ca khoahcv t tng, trong c ch ngha duy vt trit
hc,nhngvinhngcimmi.

25

Khcvi thik Phchng,thi cn i (th k XVIIXVIII) cc nc Ty u lthikgiaicpt

sn ginh c thng li vchnh tr trc giai cp phongkin.Bacuccchmngtsnlnn
ravthnhcng:CchmngtsnHLancuithkXVICchmngtsnAnh(16421648)Cch
mng tsnPhp (17891794). ycnglthikphngthcsnxuttbnchnghacxclp
v tr thnhphngthc sn xut thngtr Ty u.Nto to ranhngvnhimichokhoahc,
k thut pht trinm trchtlkhoahctnhin,trongchcttitrnhlcscin.
c im ca khoa hc t nhin thi k ny l khoa hc t nhin thc nghim.c trngy tt yu
dn n thi quennhn nhn i tng nhnthc trongs trutng tch ri,clp,khngvnng,
khng pht trin, nu cninvnngthchyulvnngcgii,mymc.lnguynnhn
chyulmchotrithcduyvtthiknymangnngtnhmymcsiuhnh.

1.

Chranhngimtngngvkhcbitgiaquannimvconngitrongtrithcphngng

viquan nim v con ngi trongtrithcphngTyvviquannimvconngitrongtrithcMc

Lnin.
1.1.QuannimvconngitrongtrithctrcMc.
a.Quannimvconngitrongtrithcphngng.
Cc trng phi trit hc
tn gio phng ng nhPhtgio,Higionhnthcbnchtconngi
trn csth gii quan duy tm, thn bhoc nh nguyn lun.Trong trit hc Phtgio,conngil
s kt hpgia danh v sc(vt cht vtinhthn).i sngconngitrn trn thchl ogic,h
v. V vy, cuc i con ngi khi cn sng ch l sng gi, l tm b. Cuc sng vnhcu l phi
hngticiNitbn,nitinhthnconngicgiithottrthnhbtdit.
Nhvy, d bchi phibi thgii quanduytmhocnhnguyn,suyncng,conngitheoquan
nimcacchcthuyt tn gio phng ngu
phn nh sailm vbnchtconngi,hng
tithgiiquanthnlinh
.
Trong trit hc phng ng, vi s chi phi bith gii quan duy tm hocduyvt chtphc,biu
hintrong ttng Nhogio,Logio,quannimvbnchtconngicngthhinmtcchphong
ph. Khng T cho bncht con ngi do thinmnhchiphiquytnh,cnhnchnhlgitr
26

cao nht ca con ngi, c bit lngi qun t. Mnh Tquytnhthin caconngivonnglc
bmsinh, do nh hng ca phong tc tpqun xu mconngi bnhim ci xu,xaricittp.
V vy,phithng qua tu dng, rn lun gic o c ca mnh. Cngnh KhngT, Mnh
T cho rngphilylngnhn i, quanh o c dn dt con ngi hngticcgitroc
ttp.
Trit hc Tun T li cho rng bn cht con ngi khi sinh ra l c,nhngc th ci bin c,phi
chnglicicythconngimittc.
Trong trit hc phng ng, cn cquan nimduytmchorngtrivconngicncthhohp
vinhau (thinnhn hp nht). ng TrngTh,mtngi ktha Nhogiotheokhuynhhngduy
tm ccoan quan nimrngtri v con ngi cththng hiu ln nhau (thinnhncmng).Nhn
chung,ylquanimduytm,quycuciconngivovaitrquytnhcathinmnh.
Lo T, ngi m u cho trng phi o gia, cho rng con ngi sinh ra t o. Do vy, con
ngiphisng v vi,theol t nhin, thunpht,khnghnhngmtcchgito,gp,trivi
tnhin.
Quannim ny biu hin t tngduytmchquan ca trit hc o gia .C th ni rng,vinhiu
h thngtrithckhc nhau, trit hc phngng biu hintnhda dngvphongph,thinvvn
con ngi trongmiquan hchnh tr, oc.Nhnchung,conngitrongtrithcphngng
biu hin yu t duy tm, c pha trn tnh cht duy vt cht phc ngy thtrong mi quanh vit
nhinvxhi.
b.QuannimvconngitrongtrithcphngTy
TrithcphngTytrcMcbiuhinnhiuquannimkhcnhauvconngi:
Cc trng phitrithctngiophngTy,cbitlKitgio,nhnthcvnconngitrnc
s th giiquan duy tm,thn b. TheoKitgio,cuc sng con ngi dongticaoanbi,spt.
Con ngi v bn cht l k c ti. Con ngi gm hai phn: th xc v linh hn.Thxcs mt i

27

nhng linh hn th tn ti vnh cu.Linh hn l gi tr cao nht trong con ngi. V vy,phi thng
xuynchmscphnlinhhnhngnThinngvnhcu.
Trong trit hc Hy Lp ci, conngicxemlimkhiucatduytrithc.Conngiv
th giixung quanhl tm gngphn chiulnnhau.Conngilmttiuvtrtrongvtrbaola.
Prtago mt nh ngybin cho rng con ngil thco cavtr.QuannimcaArixttvcon
ngi, chorngchclinhhn,tduy,trnh,tr,nngkhiunghthutllmchoconnginibt
ln,conngi lthang bc cao nht ca vtr. Khi cao nhnc,ngxemconngilmtng
vtchnhtr.
Nhvy, trithcHy Lp c i bc ucsphnbitconngivitnhin,nhngchlhiu
bitbnngoivtnticonngi
Trit hc Ty u trung cxemconngi lsn phm ca Thng sngto ra.Mis phn, nim
vui, ni bun, s may rica con ngiudo Thng xp t. Tr tu con ngi thphn lch
anh minh sng sut ca Thng . Con ngitr nnnh btrccuc sng nhng nh bnglng
vicucsngtmbtrntrnth,vhnhphcvnhculthgiibnkia.
Trithcthi k phc hng
cnicbitcaovaitrtrtu,ltnhcaconngi,xemconngi
lmt thc th ctr tu. l mt trongnhngyutquantrngnhmgiithotconngikhimi
gngcung cht hp m ch nghathn hc thi trung c ptchoconngi.Tuynhin,nhn
thc y bn cht con ngi c v mt sinh hc v v mtx hi thcha c trng phinot
c.Conngimichcnhnmnhvmtcthmxemnhmtxhi.
Trong trit hc cin c, nhng nh trit hc niting nh Cant, Hghen pht trin quannim
v con ngi theo khuynh hngchnghaduytm.Hghen,vicchnhncamtnhduytmkhch
quan, thng qua s vn ng ca nim tuyt i, chorng,conngi l hinthnca nim
tuyti.Bcdiu hnh ca nim tuytithngquaqutrnhtthccattngconngi
a con ngi tr v vi gi tr tinh thn, gi tr bn th v cao nht trong i sng con ngi.
Hghen cng l ngi trnh by mt cch c h thng v cc quy lut ca qu trnh t duy ca con
ngi, lm r c ch ca i sng tinh thn c nhntrong mi hot ngcaconngi.Mcd con
28

ngicnhn thctgcduytmkhchquan,nhngHghenlngikhngnhvaitrchth
caconngiivilchs,ngthilktqacasphttrinlchs.
T tng trit hccanhduyvtPhoibc vt qua nhng hn ch trong trithcHghen hy
vngtmnbnchtconngi mt cch ch thc.Phoibcphphn tnhchtsiutnhin,phivt
cht, phi th xcv bn chtconngitrong trit hc Hghen, ng thi khngnh conngi dos
vnngcathgiivtchttonn.
Con ngil kt qu casphttrincathgiitnhin.Conngivtnhinlthngnht,khng
th tch ri. Phoibc caovaitr v trtuca con ngivitnhcchlnhngcthngi.l
nhng con ngic bit, adng,phong ph, khngai gingai.Quan imnydatrnnntngduy
vt, cao yu t tnhin, cm tnh,nhm gii phng cnhn con ngi.Tuy nhin, Phoibc khng
thycbnchtx hitrongisngconngi,tchconngikhinhngiukinlchscth.
ConngicaPhoibclphilchs,phigiaicpvtrutng.
C th khi qut rng, cc quan nimv con ngitrong trit hc trc Mc, d l ng trnnntng
th giiquan duy tm,nhnguynlunhoc duy vt siu hnh,ukhng phnnhngbnchtcon
ngi. Nhnchung, cc quan nimtrnuxemxtconngi mt cch trutng,tuyt ihomt
tinh thnhocthxcconngi,tuyt ihomttnhin
sinh hc m khngthy mtxhitrong
i sng con ngi. Tuy vy, mt s trng phi trit hc vn t c mt s thnh tu trongvic
phntch, quanst con ngi, caoltnh,xclpccgitrvnhnbnhchngconngiti
tdo.lnhngtincnghachovichnhthnhttngvconngicatrithcmcxt.
1.2.QuannimcatrithcMc
Lninvbnchtconngi.
a.Conngilmtthcththngnhtgiamtsinhvtvimtxhi.
Trit hc Mc k tha quan nim v con ngi trong lch s trit hc, ng thi khng nh con
ngihinthclsthngnhtgiayutsinhhcvyutxhi.
Tin vtchtutinquannimphindinchvnhnmnhmtkhacnhnotrongbnchtx
hicaconngimchanulncngungccabnchtxhiy.

29

Vi phngphp bin chng duy vt,trithcMcnhnthcvnconngimtcchtondin,c

th,trong ton b tnh hin thcx hi ca n,m trcht l vn lao ngsnxutra ca civt
cht.
C.Mcv Ph.ngghen nulnvai tr lao ng sn xut caconngi:Cthphnbitconngi
viscvt bng thc, bngtn gio, ni chungbngbtccigcngc.Bnthnconngibt
u bngst phnbitvi sc vtngay khi con ngibtusnxutranhngtliusinhhotca
mnh
l mt bc tindotchccthcaconngiquynh.Snxutranhngtliusinhhot
camnh,nhthconngigintipsnxutrachnhisngvtchtcamnh.
Thng qua hot ngsnxutvtcht, conngilmthayi,cibintonbgiitnhin:Con
vtchtisnxutrabnthnn,cnconngithtisnsutratonbgiitnhin.
Tnh x hi ca con ngi biuhintrong hot ngsnxutvtcht. Thng qua hot nglao ng
sn xut, con ngi sn xut ra ca civtchtv tinh thn, phcv isngcamnhhnhthnhv
pht trin ngn ng t duy xc lp quan h xhi. Bivy, lao ngl yu tquyt nh hnh thnh
bnchtxhicaconngi,ngthihnhthnhnhncchcnhntrongcngngxhi.
L sn phm ca t nhin v x hi nn qutrnh hnh thnhv phttrin caconngi lun bquy
nhbi bah thngquylutkhcnhaunhngthngnhtvinhau.Hthngccquyluttnhinnh
quy lut v s ph hp c th vi mi trng, quy lut vstraoi cht, v di truyn,bin d, tin
ho... quy nhphng din sinhhccaconngi.Hthngccquyluttml
thchnhthnhv
vn ngtrnnntng sinh hc ca con ngi nh hnhthnh tnh cm, kht vng,nimtin,ch.H
thngccquylutxhiquynhquanhxhigiangivingi.
Ba h thng quy lut trn cng tc ng, to nn th thngnhthon chnhtrong i sngconngi
bao gmc mt sinh hc v mt xhi. Miquanhsinhhcvxhilcshnhthnhhthng
ccnhucusinhhcvnhucuxhitrongisngconnginhnhucun,mc,nhucutisn
sutxhinhucutnhcmnhucuthmmvhngthccgitrtinhthn.
Vi phngphp lun duy vt bin chng,chng tathyrngquanhgiamtsinhhcvmtxhi,
cngnh nhu cu sinh hc vnhucux hi trongmiconngi l thng nht.Mtsinhhclcs
30

tt yu tnhin ca con ngi, cnmtxhilctrngbnchtphnbitconngiviloivt.

Nhucu sinhhcphicnhn ho mang gi trvnminh ca conngi,vnltn,nhucu
x hikhngththotlykhitincanhucusinhhc.Haimttrnthngnhtvinhau,hoquyn
vonhautothnhconngivithoa,conngitnhin
xhi.
b.Trongtnhhinthccan,bnchtconngiltnghonhngquanhxhi.
T nhng quannim trnh by trn, chngtathyrng,conngivtlnthgiiloivttrnc
ba phngdin khc nhau:quan hvi t nhin, quan h vi x hivquanhvichnhbnthncon
ngi. C bamiquan h, suy n cng u mangtnhx hi, trong quan h xhigia ngi
vingi lquanh bn cht, bao trmttcccmiquanhkhcvmihotngtrongchngmc
linquannconngi.
Bi vy, nhn mnh bn cht xhicacon ngi, C.Mc nu ln lun ni ting trongLun
cng v Phoibc :Bn cht con ngi khng phi l mt ci tru tng c hu ca cnhn ring
bit.Trongtnhhinthccan,bnchtconngiltnghonhngquanhxhi.
Lun trn khng nh rng, khng ccon ngitru tng thotlymiiukin,honcnhlchs
x hi.Conngi lun lun c th,xcnhsngtrongmtiukinlchscthnhtnh,mtthi
i nht nh. Trong iu kin lch s , bng mi hot ng thc tin ca mnh, con ngi to ra
nhng gi trvtchtv tinh thn tn tiv phttrinc th lc v tduytrtu.Chtrongtonb
cc mi quanh x hi(nhquanhgiaicp,dntc,thiiquanhchnhtr,kinhtquanhc
nhn,gianh,xhi...)conngimibcltonbbnchtxhicamnh.
iucnlulluntrnkhngnhbnchtxhikhngcnghalphnhnmttnhintrong
isng con ngi tri li,iu mun nhn mnh sphn bit giaconngivthgiingvt
trcht lbnchtx hi v y cng l khcphc s thiu st caccnhtrithctrcMc
khng thy c bn cht x hi ca conngi.Mt khc, cibnchtvi nghalciphbin,ci
mang tnhquylutchkhngthlduyciduynht.Docnphithycccbiuhinringbit,
phongphvadngcamicnhnvcphongcch,nhucuvlichtrongcngngxhi.
c.Conngilchthvlsnphmcalchs
31

Khng cthgii t nhin, khngc lchs x hi thkhng tn ticonngi.Bi vy,conngil

sn phm ca lch s, ca s tin ho lu dicagii husinh. Song, iuquantrng hnc l: con
ngilunlun lchth ca lch s
xhi. C.MckhngnhCihcthuytduyvtchngha
cho rngconngil sn phmcanhnghon cnh v gio dc... cihcthuyty qun rngchnh
nhngconngilmthayihoncnhvbnthnnhgiodccngcnphicgiodc.
Trong tcphm Binchngcatnhin,Ph.ngghencngchorng:thvtcngcmtlchspht
trin dn dn cachng cho ti trngthihin nay ca chng. Nhng lch s ykhng phido chng
lm ra vtrong chng mc m chngtham d vo vic lm ralchsy th iu din ram chng
khnghbitvkhngphidomuncachng.Ngcli,conngicngcchxaconvt,hiutheo
ngha hp ca t ny bao nhiu thconngi licng tmnh lm ralchscamnh mt cch c
thcbynhiu.
Nhvy, vitcchl thcthx hi,conngi hot ngthc tin,tcngvotnhin,cibin
gii t nhin, ng thi thc y s vn ng pht trin ca lch s x hi.Thgii loi vt da vo
nhng iu kinc sn ca t nhin. Con ngith tri li, thng qua hot ngthc tin camnh
lmphongphthmthgiitnhin,titolimttnhinthhaitheomcchcamnh.
Trong qu trnh ci bin t nhin, con ngi cnglmra lch s ca mnh. Con ngilsnphmca
lch s, ng thil ch th sng to ralchscachnh bn thn con ngi. Hot nglaong sn
xutval iu kinchos tn ti ca con ngi, va lphng thc lmbinii sngvb
mt x hi.Trnc s nm bt quy lut ca lch s xhi, con ngi thng qua hot ng vt chtv
tinh thn, thc y x hi pht trin t thp n cao, ph hp vimctiuvnhucudoconngit
ra .Khng c hot ngcaconngithcngkhngtntiquylutxhi,vdo,khngcstn
ticatonblchsxhiloingi.
Khng cconngi tru tng, ch c conngicthtrongmigiaionphttrinnhtnhcax
hi. Dovy, bn cht conngitrongmiquanhviiukinlchsxhilunlunvnng,bin
i cngkhng phi thayi chophhp.Bnchtconngikhngphilmththngngkn,m
lh thng m, tng ngviiu kintnticaconngi.Mcdltnghoccquanhxhi,

32

con ngic vai tr tch cc trongtintrnhlchsvi tcch lchthsngto.Thngqua,bn

cht con ngicng vn ng bini cho ph hp.C th ni rng, mi s vnng vtinlnca
lch s squynh tng ng(mcdkhngtrngkhp)visvnngvbinicabnchtcon
ngi.
V vy, pht trin bn cht con ngi theo hng tchcc,cnphilmchohon cnh ngycng
mang tnh ngi nhiuhn. Hon cnh chnhl ton b mi trngtnhinvxhitcngn
con ngi theo khuynh hng pht trin nhm t ti cc gi trc tnh mc ch, t gic, c ngha
nhhng giodc.Thngqua,conngitipnhnhoncnhmtcchtchccvtcngtrli
honcnh trn nhiuphng din khcnhau: hot ngthc tin, quan h ng x,hnh viconngi,
s pht trincaphm cht trtuv nnglctduy, ccquylutnhnthchngconngitihot
ng vt cht. l bin chngcamiquan hgia con ngi v hon cnhtrong bt kgiaion
nocalchsxhiloingi.

Cu 28: Da vo nhngyucucanguyntc thngnhtgiathctinvllun,phntch

cunicaC.Mc:Vkhcas phphn cnhin khngththaythcsphphnca
vkh,lclngvt cht chcthbnh bng lclngvt chtnhnglluncngs
trthnhlclngvtcht,mtkhinthmnhpvoqunchng
.

Giithchlunim

V kh ca s ph phn l dng ngi bt, bng ming,

bng liniphphnthkhngth
thaythsphphncavkhlsngn,bolc,scmnhvtcht.

Vaitrcathctinivinhn
thc,llun:
phixutphttthctin,datrncsthc
tin,isu vo thc tin, phi coitrngcng tc tng kt thc tin. Nu xarithctinsdn
nsailmcabnhchquan,duych,gioiu,mymc,quanliu,tcllu
nsung.

Vaitrcanhn
thc,llun
ivithctin:ihillun
phixmnhp
vothctin
hngdnchothctin,giiquytccvndothctint
ra.Nutuyt
iquvaitr
33

thctinsrivochnghathcdngvchnghakinhnghim.
khcthngquathctin
Mt
llunthonchnh,honthi
nchnhmnh.

Chngminhlunim

TronghttngchctrcaHeghenchialm2phi

PhiHeghengi:Cigtnticihpl~>bochahinthc

PhiHeghentr:Cighplcitnti~>chirahinthc

PhiHeghentrlcnocngchira,phphnhin
thcnhngkhngtinhnhthayihin

thc,xhiho
nkhngthcitothgii.
cchthayitrongtduy.Nhngtduy,llu

Nm 1941thk19,McphphnphiHeghentr,tbphiHeghentrvtchraxydng
trng phi trit hc cho ring mnh. Mc khngsiuhnh,Mcthyrvaitrto ln ca tinh
thn v khng th khng c l lun,
thi khng . Mc cho rng l lun

nhng dng l lun

khngc sc mnhnh c lc lngvt
cht, ch c lc lngvt
chtmi nh
clclngvt
cht.Llun,
khitmclclngvt
cht
tinhthnchcscmnhmt
xmnhp
vovbinthnhscmnhvt
cht.Lclngvt
chtlgiaicpvsn, giai
cpcngnhn.
Giaicpvsntrc yutranhkhngkhng thnh cngdokhngcl lun
dnng.V
vy
Mcthyrngcnphimanglichogiaicpvsnmt
llun,
vothctinl
al lun
giai cp cng nhn Ch ngha McLeninxm nhp
vo giai cp cngnhnlmgiaicpcng
nhn gic ngh,
hng dn, lnh o giai cp Cngnhnbit:Talai? tatun?nlm
g?iv u?k thcatalai?lmthnonhkth.Ttorascmnhvt
cht
chngligiaicptsn.
Llun
khngngunhinmc.Llun
cxydngtllun
thctincuc
sngtthnh
tu, t tng quan nim
caMctskhiqut,tngkttha
chung ca loi ngi. L lun
34

tinutranh cagiaicpvsn.Llun
caMckhngphill lun
sung,l lun
caMc
cxydngxmnhpvothctin,hngdnthctinlgiaicpcngnhn.

Quagiithchryucusthngnhtgiallunvthctin.

35