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    Mcluhan understandind the Media 1964

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    65 views16 pages

    McLuhan Understanding Media 1964

    Uploaded by

    lujomogil
    Mcluhan understandind the Media 1964

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 16
    s/Undernending Media fost of blueprints and cased dat and “ob” ata way eu Basie fonds “escape” and “vicarious living” have dwindle Ere Ae new scene of leeonic involvement, TV engines AoT Shunt eaplre the Draleike character of che TV sage aa ae of euabling she Bind to see by having this inage Boel ey ont thers, We need two all medi ieee to enue sto se on itation Ga puge 9 there ae some lines ftom Romeo and Juliet whinge modifed vo make an alloion to TV. Some reviewers Paemeeied hr das was an involontary mibqueaon eter the ave o ance fare scl andthe loge ercloposat by «generation ad mess, bs og be wee eet a ths conry Fara Pood cll the at “he seen the race’ Art radar acs 28 "an easky alarm Fre SE were, cong wr to dsover socal and perce Sloe of ene o prepare to cope with them, This cones - Menta with the popolr ides of tho fan ian sety warang tem,” 0 Soni Wer H when enar as new ar as che Se nok ey to media sudy but to the derelop- outa mre ve pew ct food zesty inion he Span for cy protecon that had preceded rae. The Mec the way of the else fevdhack of the new ext Hatbons got Goch sy wel prove to be che case with much of Sern soo curl, rosy nocing ofthe genealcy oe ie can aford toe oaly those posons of chem Ghar tabace the prepton of our technologies, nd ther poyehic vee eet consequcnces Arar raar envionment takes on te Freer napensble percep taining rahe chan the oe ecto Jag da forthe eee While teats radar fede Seok a dynam and changing corporate image, thelr orpse Pee neo eile eto change but rater to maiexin an ered ‘may Me Duard permanent gol even ais the nos droping couse cows pave area dacovered the fuulty of changing ‘Bo gaa often a we change ou Technolgies, Contents Part I Tnxoduction to che Paperback. Eason Tnwcoduction $ Medivm Is the Menage 7 2 Medis Hor and Caid. 22 Resets ofthe Overheted Medi “33 “The Gadget Lover: Narco as ‘Narco #t Hybrid Energy: Les Lino Dangereuses a8 Media as Tranlaors 56 (Callenge and Collapse: The Nemesis of Ceestvy 6 Part it The Spoken Word: Flower off 77 9 The Ween Word: An Eye foran Ear #1 * silContener Roads and Paper Routes 89 [Nomber: Profle of the Ceowd 106 (Clothing: Our Fsteaded Skin 119 Hsing: New Look and New Ouook 05 2» ‘Money: The Poor Mans Credit Get 31 (Cocks: The Scent of Tine 45 “The Prat: How to Dig e157 Comics: Mad Vesibule wo TV. 164 “The Pied Word: Archtec of ‘Naionaim “170 ‘Wheel Beye and Airplane 179 ‘The Phoegraph: The Brothel without Wall 188 Pres: Goverment by ‘News Led 203 Mororcar: The Mechanical aide 217 ‘Ae Keeping Upset ‘wih the Joneses 226 (Gamer: The Exenions of Man 234 “Telegraph: The Socal Hormone 246 The Typewriter Ingo the Age ofthe een Whim 258 “The Telephone: Sounding Bas oF Tnkling Symbol? 265 ” » 2 B Contem/sit The Phonograph: The Toy That Strnk the Naina Chat 278 Movies: The Reel World 284 Radio: The Tribal Drum 297 “Televsion: The Timid Giant 308 Wespons: War ofthe eons 338 Awomaton: Leaning a Living 346 Further Readings for Media Study 361 6 /Undersending Media porchologicl efor Literate man undergoes mach separation of FE fmagimsiv, moon and sense if, as Ronse (and later the Romande’ poe and philosopher) proclaimed log 2po “Today the mere meation of D, H Lawrence wil sree to real the twentieth-cotury efor made to by-pass lerte man in feder to recover human “wholeness” If Westen Irate man ‘och disociation of lane seasbilty from his we of the apaber, be als wine his personal feedom to disociate ‘mel rom can and fay Thi freedom to spe sn indvidoal ‘arecr minifewed ise inthe ancene world in etary ie. Car teers were open to sens ia Republican Rome, as mach a in [Napoleonic France, and forthe same reasons. The new Itescy fd ered an homogeneoos and maleable sea ia which che ‘obligy of armed groupe and of smbldous individuals, equally. ‘was as novelas wae prc 410 Tewss noc unt headven ofthe telegraph —> dar meager could ave faster han Roads and. sscscager Before this ends and the wri Paper Routes tr werd were clowiy ieerelted Te is only since the telegraph that information Iie derached flf from Such solid com> ‘odises ar one and papyrus, och = ‘money had carer deached lf from Tides balon, aad set and har ended a paper. The term “eooamunicabon™ bas fad an exensive we in coaneetion with ade and ridge, nx routes, ier, abd ‘als even Before became eansformed Ito “formation movement” ia the elee- ‘Ge age, Peripe there ao more sue way Of defining the characer of the etre age than by fie studying these (ofthe ken of wanporssion ar communi ‘hi, and then the canon of the idea cen ranspore ro informasion by meus of decry: The word "metaphor" i fom fhe Greek motr ps pherin, co eaey 99 serom or transport. In this book we are 90/Undersending Mediz anced with ll forms of anor of goods and information ‘thas meuphor and excaage Eh form of rsepore no only Euro, bux wane aad forms, the sender, the Fee nd the mesage The ow of any iad of meta erenson of fn ahere the patterns of interdependence among pemple, i ‘ik he rat ong oa see itis «poner theme of thi ook ht al echnloies ae exons of our phys and nervous yene terest power Shu spec Apuin los there ware such incre of owe aed Spec new eens of owstve woud not oece of woud be Eordea ror an cree of power of speed in a0y hind of frouping of say components whmtcrer b ius daption Frat hinge of orpnizaion. The akeraton of tc {pooping tnd the fomadon of rew commune, ecear wih {ie Taceoad speed of informacion movement by means of Dupe meng td rod eanspore Sach speed. mets meh Ihre cncel at mck gest dances. Hinonaly, ie meant the Tormatn ofthe Remsn Epc and the drepion of he revo iy tats fhe Grek word Before he sof paps Tu aiphabecroced he incendie for baling ft, hardcace {oad the wld town ad the cyst were sual forms tat ‘ld ere “Vilage and ciy-srteesenly ate form tt inca all human eds and functions, Wich grester spe and therefore Gest mlary conol st detance, the cy-sae called. Src nclasve snd seleconsined, te noes and Foetions ere Crecnded ine speci sees of am empte. Spee tends {Spare fonts both sommercial nd polar and acceler Son beyond spn in ny sytem becomes drupton and beak llown, So when Arad Toye ears i Sty of Hizory, fo manive Jocumetien of she breskdowns of Sian 1 bagaw by sping "One ofthe mos compienous mars of ‘Eumpunon ae have ready noice, eee ce 9 di Imepeting chisaon pecs» repueve by sbriting t0 force golital nication ina siveral sate” Dsiegraon I epee altar the comequnce of ever faster maveene ‘Tinfounaion By coors on exebent oad ‘Roads and Paper Rowtes/9t Specsup crn wha some enamine refer to a cee marin arose: When hs Boos too extensive forthe ge ‘Sry sad consol comer pies begin each themes Stu sc up new ceneranrgin systems of the wm. The mos familar example the story of he American colonic of Grest Bain, When ite tincen colin aga to develop. «cone Siderbie socal and econonie Ife of the own, they fe the teed o become comets themelres, with tt owe rns. THs he tie when the orignal ecter may make + more Agere ‘sors of ccrazed cone ofthe margin idee. Great cian di The sownes of sea tvel proved stogetet fale: ute to the maintenance of so extensive an empie on mete SEtcergin bss. Land powers can more easy sain» sed ‘Soteagin paren tha sea powers Tee the Felt slowness Ps cael ta incr se powers former mage ees iS lnd of seeding pros Ss powes ho endo eet com {Ci whose marie snd lind epic favor te cetermargia SSructre, Blot specs ete cers everywhere Marge eu to exit om hi ple. Lack of homoge in speed of information movemene cre- sec ies of perm in rgenion Tes que predic testy new mean of mowing information walker ay ove sro whatever. So longs the ne” tens every hts avalible tthe sine time there i» pomsbity ha Be Sroctare my be changed without Breaown Where there ae fre dsepiaces i sec of ovement. ae beowecn sit and fai avd or barwoenslplne and typewriter, mis cone Eis occr within onan The msopas of or ie come a tat cs fr such dacrepunies If omogencay of Spero were toc there woud bea fbelion and na brerkdown. ‘With prin, ola uni via homogenity became fesbl foe the fine te: ln ancient Rome, however ere Was only he Tigi oper manuscnpe co piece the opcky. or to reduce the Slcednuiy, of the wil elogey sol whee the paper rope {ade he one were vce hey were in oro age ering fvctioing, Ths the od yu returned and feodalsn Eine! epblcnin. ‘n/Undernenting Medis Ie seems obvious enough that technical means of speedup should wipe out the independence of wiles and citys ‘Wheneversped-ap has oetered he new centralise power always ‘aes action to homogenize as many marginal areas as posible. “The proces that Rome effected by the phones alphabet geared {ois paper soutes has been earring ia Raa forthe ls cen- fry, gin, from the earent example of Afi we can observe how very aoch viel procesing”of the haman psyche by lplabede meine wil be needed before any appreciable oP homogenized tcl ogunietion is pomble: Moch of ts Sioa! procsing wos done he soc word By alert Technologies asia Any, The plone alpher has mo sa However a's sands of man oar ofthe cows ial echo ‘nber athe neva il wos of lin organon. "The snaen of Afsen cols compcted by the new leon ecology. Werern nan ana ing de Western {iedby hs own new spesip sr mach he Altes ae beng ‘erblized by our od pi and ado ecology. If We derood ur own neh old and nev thee cof and der ‘upton could be pognmned snd sychonze. he wey 0e- ewe soy in eclng and spring fonctions oer © {ve pet op, however, these ie fhe ee of ate Shu and unsvarcncs of he Sonn leas ever Been tha in he ‘Were world cles Seif-comsinses of the cee and ts onc own cre sens threaten he ogo sctre 20d Sheena aoe Newahe sidundewandang ops ston, nd IRevof sedan scam wo ave ion ofthe fen he are Tp the dag of comprehension The poof te mare of spenup by whe, rad a per enon of power ina rer hore homogeneous a Edom spc. Thur heel pte of the Roman technology Sas ot ened wotl ping bad given rod sod whee 4 ct geemer speed tha tha of the Rom, vonex Yee the Specdp of the decceue ae bs dopng for He Hea, BS Woeem man a she Rew paper sour were for eal ‘ibgus Our speedup voly want's dow exon cured och omer eo pos bara ata inplonon sds esa. Roads and Paper Rowtex/03 of ct finn On pci ged ion Ot Tecan ares Wy ape on Sonor sanchtiog of neil to pee Sere ew ww of he gob ge Te ge, Mendod cia Toy ey tire Sect een fh uma ea: yep and Sy sappy edo wpe the evn det Sea date ae eae age come mvs Ceyie be oc cetoseye opt on et ha oe aa Wane wo Nat Tinie goss of cs we dent ou er meds, Schecter word sd ered a Ea say eel ses or cen cua the Sw et om om Etre ee oy as Steno! he schol St suse are to ‘ppd icy cwy?n i wel bn ee ilo roel rece, Tao een at Siete emerson opin tivo or eagy Scar wu vase or ple of bg pope Tee dupe one whe ose xgore wisn wet aa ppd age are mes oo SEE IE sg lr oto sd ope ch Syd ming sn pc Sl Mor wee 12 eee n hp ue wr by eran yo ce Gaccrnay ea pred or aon a frm Se pre So of be no Some wes ave ouced a tk ler Sof ten woman, bene ele ad (beeen eo woman best er arc pe bop he ene age of per ste wien he Snes we of mane er an Testis, when epee volun of tape COE IES: nowy nara he we ad te ed STctegay cen on cones ere be ‘Sun, gente pot for nfm wie tf be ‘Sir comme hem Selec ad toed he pee {Seton tl for eng vee of ow $51 po em oye pong coves wee here w/Undernandng Media ‘ws ivion of bor and specie cafe sis Improvement of Wiha and road move and re broghe the to othe once Jn tvccproclspnglte soon of five and-ake Te» procer we hve sen inthis cnr ithe movree. Geet iprove™ Then in sos Brough the Gy mote and more tothe county. “Fav ond became asa fore euney by the me people equ oll about “lig » pin inthe ema” Wik Soper Igiways the rond bose wal beoren min snd the cane ‘Tita cane te sage of he haghny ely, ley srereing ondnoouy atom the conn, dsoling sil eer ces ao {fe petwing seeps than dole ter popelstons toy. Winkar esse comers fer dsrapaonof the ld owe couary complen tn hd eceared with whe! and road. With {he pins the cake beg to have the sme slender rein to mn neds ne merce do They became corto of how Cos ecing te doar foro fds ssc Ines: The Sead he ued an les fox tenes oe nd ore for Feoreadon The uavlr now tre othe sewn and thereby ‘oreo epeince the ac of emvling. Ar people ted 0537 {ivan ove ince might wel be whol in ig ey, he jects, wheter hes ose Tlyo of New Vor, nigh jst [Nal bein coe Jouge sof mel epennce cone {uuc. He wl begin to cel ely afer he ane Mant, the coun, ss onented and fuhioned by sane, by highway, and by cen nfcmacon gern, fede eam dace hore th somndc ees that pcedod {be hel. The bee gather onthe nde to mediate uk “The penpals met inp on exing socal fone nd'secrnon and darpton, ody the scelertion {end ob tl and then pce the min foci a Tiymboe ste acelin foto raring ihe placa into mort probleme, pining tote amsgue Zod {rowed with dog cary ogo 6d ksh a fll fi Sibunce, boca iior dongs Fart, he foresineling Trafic mount in power, see be sore poem of helng and eying, but te phys poobln i ened imo poyelon {opal ene the Enis of ce permis ery mation Roads and Paper Rowtes/95 of vl aswel. Ths pipe applies to all medi say. All ‘ens of crcange ad of ma eters tend oie [rove hy seerson Spx in rm, secre problems of oem and srocroe. The olersrngenents ha no een made ‘wha lew to sch sped, and people Begin ose & ining {Dey of if vals 2 thy ty tke the old pay for Sje to he new and ipcter overeat. These problema, ower ate no new. Jebus Gaunt fine ct spon ming Poser te oh mam of whee ve ERC Gy of Ramen onderto peep. lnproved {8 he Remiuancerrmed the eee wad owns ito some "Pao othe coniderableSiftion of power though phe bet and papyr, even the septs of Kings eo extend their rule {S gaal cme were opposed ot home bythe picly Buea: ‘Bes. Ther complex ad snwielly snd of stone Hnscipson ade widecogog exp ape very deogros fo sch ae ‘Eowoplne The Sooppls Ultvom de whe sxecind power (rete hereof men nd thors who ght onl he py {Sl resorer of trons were noe of onetime sd pace In the {a Teen, ju chs ind of sgl epored the Book of Sancti) when the tren of el Bsoghe Samal to {Gre then s Hing Sumac expand eo thom she mare of igh, SS posed wo pei, ule Tiwi mae of eng tal ip pt it ey ep la iS leo then ag hin or epee fsa nd pl of rnd be tse poh SET teaver sd ae bern ae SRS RE ieee yor Sephora be col a bg SSE Robe wal yor lan our syed ond earings en Sc bx fh nd pe em Be Parsdorcly, the effecr of the wheal and of paper ia or- nizing new power mrucarer was ot ro decentaze but *9 ‘encase A speedup in communications always enables 2 96/Undernantng Media cer authority to extend i operations to more distant margins. ‘Tre meroducton of alpaber ac pupyrve mea See many more people ad tobe timed = srber snd sdminiraeors However, fe rsuking extension of homogenization and of uniform taiing (89 oot come fat playin the ancient or medieval world to any iret depres Ie watnor rally ans the mechanization of wring IB the Remicance hat imenvaly waied and conalized power tos posible, Since this proces irl occurring shoul Be ey or ws oar tha ic was inte armies of Egypt and Rome that Kind of democrstiion by wiform cehnological edvaton foccrred. Carer were then open to ele for thee with Inert {mining Inthe chapeer onthe seen word we sw how pho ‘etc wing tramlated bal man nt 2 visa world and invited fin to undertake the viwl organization of space. The presly {roops in the temples bad been mare concerned with the ecords ‘Shebepat and wih the contol ofthe nner space ofthe unseen than wih ourvard miliry conquer: Hence dere was 2 cash ‘Denween the prety monopolize of knowledge and those who ‘wished to apply iabroad at aew conquest and power. (Ths same ‘hh now sects berween the university andthe business world) Terre this Kind of ray the igpzed Prleny 0 xb he fret Ibary a¢ Aland a2 comer ofinperil power, The Foge sa of cv eran and sibs asigned to many specialist. ‘cas wos an snc and coontervsing force to the Egyptian pristhood. The library could serve she politcal organization of Enpite in a way that did nor inert he priesthood at all A ‘ov disimiar rivalry i developing eoday berween the atomic ‘SSents and chore who are manly concerned With power. If we reve tae the city ar cemter Wasi the fist instance an aggregate of thestened Wilger & chen easier for us (0 fap how such haraved companies of refuges might fon out [Broan eapre. The cy-sate as form wat not 2 fesponst 10 pucelul commercial developmen, boc 1 hudding for security kt anarchy and isolation, Thor the Grek ety-tate was 2 ‘bal form ef inchaive and lnegrl community, quite walk the special cies that grew up 5 extensions of Roman miliary Roads and Paper Rowes/97 pansion. The Gres cysts evenly degre by the ‘Stal cin of specie trading and the separa of fncone ied pre nb iy on is eae way ons of he cnt power The Chek cite cade ae ® 1 iy under al ede up a once # cere sei tn wih her gua, Tae in rere cling amples sod i podecrffom che comer in ng feces rds of he nom Kh et Fee cy stinpto sapere tide es ‘Stu wo “sed coucber cy ee asthe Greeks i, eer {han dea with the ovenes te ap doped margin or eal : 1 bad oriew of the sacra changes ine enpiznon of ace a hy ried from wheel rsd and papyrer could g> 2 iw Tee wo ie ig which kes al of sa {rou exesos ofthe priate phys Body. The vile, how. rer, assed form of coma deren rom te of food.guering haters sod hem for wages ay be sede ‘sry and may begins dvsion of abr and fncton. Their being ongresved ila frm of acelin of aman ase ‘wile provide momencam fr farther seperton and pei: {ion of accom, Such are the condone forthe een of fee Ssrwhel eo peed prodoton snd excings. Thess sai, he “suiions tae intent communal confi nd ropa that Send men hoding inc evr lrgeraggrepsesin oder tT SSE the scented sce of ther communi. The vlags {sc awepe op int the cere byway of race sod for he pon of tc ad proeon Te vile hed eae al aman factions informs ofl ines. Inthie mild frm everyone cold play any les Paria ar igh nl ogeintion ws low Th te for nla fer sebly tn sy typeof ergot, Neverthe he Caimgenene of lage Tort fate cane cle or grees Snensey andthe neve sepenton of fonson to cope with thread and competion The lagers had al prtspted 98/Undernending Media inthe seaooa sisal that in the city became the specialized {Gece dean, Momnford fel that "The village nese prevaled In the devlopment of che Geer cies, down tothe fourth cen > (Phe City in History) Tes his extension and trans. {Son of the aman oane igo the wig model without ls of Corporal unity tht Morford wer a3 criterion of excellence for Sy forms in any tine or locale. This biologi approach co the ‘tun-made environment is sought ray once more i the electric ge How strange thot heen of the "harman sale” shoal ave SSovel quite without appel daring the mechanical ceaares. "The natural tendency of the enlaged community of the icy ito incre the inensity and aceleraceFancions of every Sore whether of speech, or caf, of curency and exchange ‘Ths inten mpl an inceable extension ofthese actions by ‘nbdivson or whats the sme thing, ew invention So that veh ‘hough he ety wa formed ar + Kad of protective hide or shield for nan, this protesve layer was purchased a the cost of mex ined sruggle within the walle War games soch a those de “rived by Elerodors beget blond baths berween the cite “Envy Rum, lw cour and akerplace ll cquired the in ‘ne image of diviive competion tha is nowadays led “he Int race" Nevertele, ie was amid such itatons eae man Produced his grew invention ss comeeriestants These in Teavions were extensions of imal by means of concentrated {oil by which he hoped ro nestaze dstres. The Gresk word jones or ol” was stem bed by Hippocrates, the father of Fate, o describe the ight ofthe bod in diese. Today this {Basis called bomen or equim a2 sategy ofthe sty ing powec of anybody. All orpniasions but espeely biologi) Oey arggle to resin constne in te ier ond amis. the varus of outer shock and change. The man-made sci vironment tan extension of man's physical body is no excep- {Son The cy, a form ofthe body politi, responds toe prosures and eraons by sesoureful new extensons—alays ie efor ee vain pores oman, een, tnd homes Reads and Paper Resses/99 “The cy, having been formed fr protecon, unexpected ened fie ees and new hyd eer from cee {Exe tery of ncn a wwedgee bas forth ino Uggresion. The san of the village, followed by the reiaance (tthe cy, expanded int the exsunion and ita of enpire. ‘Thue tht spe af the dius sad toon syadcome ee fel by thre Ing through them, as normal phys expreions of coumer inant recovery from die. “The thd atge of sowgele for equ among the {once within the sy tok te frm of empte, or = ane fateh generated the exenson of aman seein hel rend Sd aphatee We can symptize wit thre who Bie mia ‘hove tols provident mene of bringing order Sane set ‘of tubueace snd anarchy. Thee rok sould ave seemed = lv for of Yoregn ai” ending the sing ofthe comer {Othe barbarian marie Ac she momen, for timp we ae {pein the dark abou the pola nplctons of Teisar By Seis these tlt eens of our nervous system, here ian sttomaic respon in ll the organs ofthe body pli of ‘mankind Sah new intesy of proximiy imposed by. Tear {Sit for sia reangement of al orgine inorder Yo mie Sin sying power snd equiriom."Therescting and Teaming roc for ery ch wl be ec sooner rater thane "Tie tie fcr in evry decion of bashes and nance il sete sew pateras Aton the people ofthe world range Sew voto f power wil appar tmexpectedy ‘The fllbown cy concider wih the devlopmene of wating epecilly of phonede writing, the speci form of Tring tat makts» Gon berween sgh and soond. Te was {rh is nsrument that Rome war able to reduce the ial ares Tosi vial order The eects of phone racy do ao Se fend pom penonion oe esjlery for their aecepranc. Ts Echooopy for wansning the reson tribal world iat Ea ‘canny snd visty is soomade. Roman roads and Roman sees wre wnfonn an fopeable wherever they. ‘vcd There ws o aspen othe coors af loa il or 100/Uaderstnding Mes som. With the desing of ppyes sup, che wheed tae Soppton tse ond to Depevason of papyran tomng fom ‘i Ronn ls of Egy sn the decleof bareroersey, sod Gf amy ongunenon fo wel. Th the medierd world grew ‘Sp without uniform rads or cies or breocaces and i fought XE sek slr chy forms fought mllwysr and se {odsy ge the smote For nw speed and power ae neve ‘Spe wih xing plan seal a ving bw he igh ro oe ent comy tts Monlord patos fear tar wae abo present SS Room cy wih i wheled aie, marly the ned for ‘od sige aveoes cored sary movement 2 £9 pros the pomp and cromtsace of power In the Reman the omy or he we fre amend wee tng procs By mene of elds wiform an replaceable pura is Roman milary machine nade sd delvered he goods, ery amch inthe manner of dry dung the sly pave fended eroloson, rae followed she leon More han {hae the leon were the inal hing, ol nd umeons ew cae wer He new fers manned by uifrmly ned ny persone: With the spend of ery afer pring, he nd Ceara the ered solder and che weaning FReory food became lew wale: Tews obviour rough in upleons amice Napoleon, wh hi cae armicy war the Indussol revelation Holos nached ars lng protected fom "The Roman amy as + mobile india) weskh-making foes eet ain 2 wae cansamer pac athe Roman {owns Dion of Iibor always cester » separion beeen root and cones vena tendo seperate the lace of ‘Souk and the Unig space. Before Roman inert bareacay, tig compare vo the Ronan consumer speci had bee ‘rnin wor Ti face war tonal in he nda own spurte and inthe si aon fhe pladiacra {ues (Pano scones) The pate sponge sd the collec Ex Sponge beth sucking oot for hie rior of seston, Roads and Paper Rowes/101 schieved« hore dincones and lsc that matched the rst power of the predatory army machine. ‘With the curing of he suppl of papyrus by the Mo- Inmmedins the Mediterraneen long 2 Roman lake, becime “Mastin lake, and the Roman center collpeed. What fad been ‘he margins ofthis ‘recrare became indepengent fetes 0a 3 new fend, erator bas The Roman center ol Taped by the fifth ceneary ao. a5 whe oud and paper dine

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